Name : J R DUBLUIS Teacher: Dr.

Gonzales
Course: 2ND YEAR MAST -PHYSICS
Date Submmitted: May 11, 2018

REQUIREMENT FOR PHYSICS 206 (MODERN PHYSICS II)

A. A ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Category Particle Name Symbol Anti Mass B Le Lμ Lτ S Lifetime(s)

Particle
Leptons Electron-neutrino <2eV/c 2 0 +1 0 0 0 stable
νe νe
Muon μ- μ+ 105.7 0 0 +1 0 0 2.20 x 10-6
Muon-neutrino <0.17 0 0 +1 0 0 stable
νμ νμ
Tau τ- τ+ 1,784 0 0 0 +1 0 < 4 x10-13
Tau-neutrino < 18 0 0 0 +1 0 stable
ντ ντ
Hadron Pion π+ π- 139.6 0 0 0 0 0 2.6 x10 -8
Meson
π0 self 135.0 0 0 0 0 0 0.83 x10 -16
Kaon K+ K- 493.7 0 0 0 0 +1 1.24 X 10 -8
K 0s K 0s 497.7 0 0 0 0 +1 0.89 X10 -10
K 0L K 0L 497.7 0 0 0 0 +1 5.2 X10 -8
Eta η self 548.8 0 0 0 0 0 < 10 -18
η' self 958 0 0 0 0 0 2.2 X10 -21
Baryons Lambda Λ0 Λ0 1,115.6 +1 0 0 0 -1 2.6 X10 -6
Sigma ∑+ ∑- 1,189.4 +1 0 0 0 -1 0.8 X10 -10
∑0 ∑0 1,192.5 +1 0 0 0 -1 6 X10 -20
∑- ∑+ 1,197.3 +1 0 0 0 -1 1.5 X10 -10

B. APPLICATION OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

GENERAL APPLICATION DETAILED DESCRIPTION
1. Diapers Using particle accelerators, chemists were able
for the first time to see the detailed wet structure
of the superabsorbent polymer material used in
diapers. That enabled them to adjust and
improve the formula for the superabsorbent
polymers until they had the perfect material—the
one that’s used in all modern-day diapers.
2. Shrink wrap
3. Cargo scanning
4. MRI
5. Workforce development
6. Heart valves
7. Intense light for research
If you buy a Butterball turkey, you have particle
accelerators to thank for its freshness. For
decades now the food industry has used particle
accelerators to produce the sturdy, heat-
shrinkable film that Butterball turkeys—as well as
fruits and vegetables, baked goods, board games
and DVDs—come wrapped in.
More than 2 billion tons of cargo pass through
ports and waterways annually in the United
States. Many ports are now turning to high-
energy X-rays generated by particle accelerators
to identify contraband and keep ports safe. These
X-rays penetrate deeper and give screeners more
detail about the nature of the cargo.
The life-saving medical technology known as
Magnetic Resonance Imaging makes detailed
images of soft tissue in the body. Unlike X-rays,
MRIs can distinguish gray matter from white
matter in the brain, cancerous tissue from
noncancerous tissue, and muscles from organs,
as well as reveal blood flow and signs of stroke.
Key aspects of this important technology
emerged from particle physics research.
Many of the people trained in particle physics
move on to jobs in industry, medicine, computing
or other fields where their skills are in high
demand. You might find an expert on particle
detectors exploring for oil or an accelerator
scientist working on cancer treatments.
Physicists are improving the safety of artificial
heart valves by designing a new material
bombarded with silver ions from a particle
accelerator. The treated surface of the material
keeps the body from identifying the valve as an
invader and surrounding it with potentially
dangerous extra tissue.
Circular particle accelerators bend the paths of
speeding electrons, causing the electrons to emit
light. This light is a powerful research tool with
many applications. Dedicated synchrotron
accelerators known as light sources allow
scientists to control the intensity and wavelength
of light for research that’s led to better batteries,
greener energy, new high-performance materials,
more effective drug treatments and a deeper
understanding of nature.
 8. Grid computing The World Wide Web isn’t the only computing
advancement to come out of particle physics. To
deal with the computing demands of the LHC
experiments, particle physicists have created the
world's largest Grid computing system, spanning
more than 100 institutions in 36 countries and
pushing the boundaries of global networking and
distributed computing.
9. Furniture finish For a quarter of a century, companies around the
world used beams of electrons from particle
accelerators to make scratch- and stain-resistant
furniture. The surfaces of these treated desks,
shelves and tables look like wood but are nearly
impossible to scuff.
10. COSMOLOGICAL APPLICATION Particle physics helps understand the origin of
the universe and its current status. It provide
evidences that the universe is expanding.

Sources:

https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/archive?topic=3379

C. WORDED PROBLEMS ON RADIO ACTIVITY AND HALF LIFE WITH SOLUTIONS

1. The half life of radium is 1.62 x 103 years. How many radium atoms decay in 1.00 s in a
1.00 g sample of radium? The atomic weitht of radium is 226 kg/kmol.
SOLUTION:

0.00100 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
N =( 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) (6.02 𝑥 1026 ) = 2.66 x 1021 atoms
226 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
The decay constant is
0.693 0.693
λ= = = 1.36 x 10 -11 s-1
𝑡1/2 (1620 𝑦)(3.156 𝑥 107 𝑠/𝑦)
 ∆𝑁
then = λN = (1.36 x 10-11 s-1 )(2.66 x 1021) = 3.61 x 1010 s-1
∆𝑡
is the number of disintegrations per second in 1.00 g of radium.

2. Technetium -99 ( 𝟗𝟗
𝟒𝟑𝑻𝒄) has an excited state that decays by emission of a gamma ray. The half-life
of the excited state is 360 min. What is the activity, in curies, of 1.00 mg of this excited isotope?
SOLUTION:
The activity of a sample is λN. In this case,
0.693 0.693
λ= = = 3.21 x 10 -5 s-1
𝑡1/2 21 600 𝑠

We also know that 99.0 kg of tc contains 6.02 x 1026 atoms. A mass m will therefore contain
[m/(99.0 kg)](6.02 x 1026) atoms. In our case, m = 1.00 x 10-6 kg , and so

1.00 𝑥 10−6 𝑘𝑔
Activity = λN = (3.21 x 10 -5 s-1)( )( 6.02 x 10 26)
(99.0 𝑘𝑔)

= 1.95 x 1014 s-1 = 1.95 x 1014 Bq

3. Cobalt 121 is a radioactive substance with a half-life of 10,000 years. A geologist finds a deposit of
Cobalt 121 which weighs 1.5 grams. He estimates the original deposit contained 20 grams of Cobalt
121. How old is the deposit?
SOLUTION:
a = pe-0.0000693t
1.5 = 20e-0.0000693t
0.075 = e-0.0000693t
ln 0.075 = ln e-0.0000693t
ln 0.075 = (-0.0000693t) ( ln e)
ln 0.075 = -0.0000693t
𝑙𝑛 0.075
= 𝑡
−0.0000693
37,377.59 = t
The deposit of Cobalt 121 is 37,377 years old.
4. Carbon-14 is one of the isotopes of carbon, with a half life of 5,730 years. Find the decay constant
(λ) for this element.
Solution:
t1/2 = ln 2 / λ = 0.693 / λ
Therefore, rearranging terms, we get:
λ = ln 2 / t1/2 = 0.693 / t1/2 = 0.693 / (5730 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60) sec = 3.836 x 10 -12 per
second.
So the decay constant of Carbon-14 is 3.836 x 10-12 per second.

5. A source consisting of 1μg 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝑷𝒖 is spread thinly over one plate of an ionization chamber.
Alpha-particle pulses are observed at the rate of 80 per second, and spontaneous fission pulses at the
rate of 3 per hour. Calculate the half life of 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝑷𝒖 and the partial decay constants for the two modes
of decay.
SOLUTION:

|dN/dt| = Nλ
N = (1.0 × 10−6 ) (6.02 × 1023/242 )= 2.487 × 1015

|dN/dt| = Nλ
80 + (3/3,600) = 2.487 × 1015 ( 0.693/T1/2)

Solving for T1/2, we find T1/2 = 2.15 × 1013 s or 6.8 × 105 years

For α-decay: 80 = Nλα = 2.487 × 105 λα

λα = 1.01 × 10−6 year−1

For fission 3/3,600 = 2.487 × 1015 λf

λf = 1.05 × 10−11 year−1

6. A freshly prepared sample of a certain radioactive isotope has an activity of 10.0 mCi. After
4.00 h, its activityis 8.00 mCi. Find
(a) the decay constant and
(b) the half-life.
(c) How many atoms of the isotope were contained in the freshly prepared sample?

SOLUTIONS:
(a) From R = R0e−λ t , the decay constant is
1 𝑅𝑜 1 10.0 𝑚𝐶𝑖
λ= 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = ( )ln ( ) = 5.58 x 10-2 h-1 = 1.55 x 10-5 s-1
𝑡 𝑅 4.00 ℎ 8.00 𝑚𝐶𝑖
(b) The half-life is
𝑙𝑛 2
T ½= = 12.4 h
𝜆

(c) The number of original atoms can be found if we convert the initial activity from curies into becquerels
(decays per second):
1 Ci ≡ 3.70 × l010 Bq.
R0 = 10.0 mCi = (10.0 × 10−3 Ci)(3.70 × 1010 Bq/Ci)
= 3.70 × 108 Bq
Since R0 = λN0 , the original number of nuclei is

𝑅𝑜 3.70 𝑥 108 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦𝑠/𝑠

N0 = = = 2.39 x 10 13 atoms
𝜆 1.55 𝑥 10−5 𝑠

7. A radioactive nucleus has half-life T1/2. A sample containing these nuclei has initial activity R0
at t = 0. Calculate the number of nuclei that decay during the interval between the later
times t1 and t 2.
SOLUTIONS:

The number of nuclei that decay during the interval will be

N1 – N2 = N0 ( e -λt - e -λt2 )

We wish to write this expression in terms of the half-life T1/2 and the
initial decay rate R0. First, from the definition of λ, we have

𝒍𝒏 𝟐
λ=𝑻
𝟏/𝟐
e -λt = e ln2 (-t/T1/2 ) = 2 -t/T1/2
Now we find No:

𝑹𝒐 𝑹𝒐 𝑻𝟏/𝟐
No = =
𝝀 𝒍𝒏𝟐
Substituting in these expressions, we find that

𝑹𝒐𝑻𝟏/𝟐 𝑹𝒐𝑻𝟏/𝟐
N1 – N2 = ( e -λt - e -λt2 ) = (2 -t/T1/2 - 2 -t/T1/2 )
𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝟐

8. A 3H nucleus beta decays into 3He by creating an electron and an antineutrino according to the
reaction

Determine the total energy released in this decay.

SOLUTION:
a. Adding one electron , the reaction becomes
Ignoring the slight difference in ionization energies,we have
b. The total energy released is the Q value:
Q = (MH3 – MH3) C2
 Q = (3.016 049 u – 3.016 029 u)(931.5 MeV/u)
Q = 0.0186 MeV
Q = 18.6 keV

9. The 14C isotope undergoes beta decay according to the process given by equation below. Find the
Q value for this process.

SOLUTION:
Adding six electrons to each side , this is the same as

The Q value is
Q = ( MC-14 – MN-14 – Mv)C2

Q = [ 14.003242 u – 14.003074 u – 0 ](931.5 MeV/u)

Q = 0.156 MeV

10. A living specimen in equilibrium with the atmosphere contains one atom of 14C (half-life 5 5 730
yr) for every 7.70 3 1011 stable carbon atoms. An archeological sample of wood (cellulose,
C12H22O11) contains 21.0 mg of carbon. When the sample is placed inside a shielded beta counter
with 88.0% counting efficiency, 837counts are accumulated in one week. We wish to find the age of
the sample.
(a) Find the number of carbon atoms in the sample.
(b) Find the number of carbon-14 atoms in the sample.

SOLUTION:

(a) The number of carbon atoms in a

𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝒈 𝟔.𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔

Nc = ( )( ) = 1.05 x 10 21
𝟏𝟐.𝟎 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍

(b) 1 in 7.70 x 10 11 carbon atoms is a 14 C atom. Then,

𝟏
(No)c14 = 1.05 x 1021 (𝟕.𝟕𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 )= 1.37 x 10 9