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function of the smoothness of the growing surface. As an approach maintains the desired crystalline structure and
explained by Sloan and McGhie (1988), the smoothness of prevents undesired crystallization. Controlling crystallization
the growing surface is a function of the entropy factor . is not an easy task since our understanding of how para-
For materials with low entropy of fusion the planes of meters influence crystal formation and growth is lim- ited,
the growing surface are rough, and initiation of new and even the theories presented here are hampered by being
growth layers is relatively easy. For materials with high simplistic and fraught with sometimes unrea- sonable
entropy of fusion, such as TAGs, the densely packed assumptions
planes forming the growing surface are smooth, and
initiation of new layers are relatively difficult. It should be mentioned that if the rates of nucleation
However, planes which are not as densely packed may and crystal growth are known as a function of super-
exhibit intermediate roughness for materials with high cooling or supersaturation; it would be possible to
entropy of fusion. For the purposes of this review article, model the crystal size distribution as a function of time
it is sufficient to say that for less densely packed planes (Kloek, 1998). In the special case of constant rates of
of TAG crystals, which may imply a rough surface, the nucleation and growth, and assuming spherical crystals, the
growth rate is approximately proportional to the local Avrami equation formulates the volume fraction of
super saturation. This may be explained qualitatively by solids, 8, as a function of time (Avrami, 1939a, 1939b;
considering that ordered domains necessary for growth Kloek, 1998):
can easily attach to kinks on the surface, resulting in
continuous growth. Typically, this type of continuous where it is assumed that no impingement or aggregation of
growth occurs at high levels of super- saturation or crystals occur. Much has been written in the litera- ture
super cooling. For densely packed crystal planes, which on the use, misuse, and manipulation of the Avrami
present a smooth growing surface, the crystals grow via equation in its application to fat crystallization, and the
a ‘layer-by-layer’ progression through secondary reader is referred to this literature (Khanna & Taylor,
nucleation events on the smooth surface. Therefore, on 1988; Long, Shanks, & Stachurski, 1995; Marangoni,
the smooth surface, for growth to occur a nucleus of 1998; Supaphol & Spruiell, 2000; Toro-Vazquez, 2001;
critical size must be formed; to which molecules will Toro-Vazquez, et al., 2000; Toro-Vazquez & Dibildox-
then attach to form another layer of the smooth surface. Alvarado, 1997; Wright, Hartel, Narine, & Marangoni,
Consequently, the growth kinetics may be modeled in a 2000; Wright, Narine, & Marangoni, 2001).
similar manner to that used to model nucleation kinetics The overall crystallization rate is affected by the fol-
in the bulk and described before. The growth rate is lowing factors (Best, 1988; deMan, 2000; Toro-Vazquez
proportional to the rate of nucleation on the surface, and et al., 2001):
one can therefore definean activation free energy of
nucleation for the surface. Therefore, the crystal growth
rate is an exponential function of super saturation or 1. Heat transfer rate.
super cooling (based on the development given before of 2. Mechanical agitation rate.
homogenous volume nucleation). Ovsienko and 3. Additives and impurities.
Alfintsev (1980), and Rousset (2002), provided an 4. Bulk viscosity.
equation for the crystal growth rate. 5. Formulation of fat systems.