Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138

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Engineering Failure Analysis

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engfailanal

The finite element analysis of collapse loads of single-spanned MARK

historic masonry arch bridges (Ordu, Sarpdere Bridge)
⁎
Abdulkadir Cüneyt Aydina, , Suat Gökhan Özkayab
a
Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, 25030 Erzurum, Turkey
b
Ardahan University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, 75000 Ardahan, Turkey

AR TI CLE I NF O AB S T R A CT

Keywords: The current methods used in estimating the collapse loads of masonry arch bridges have been
Masonry arch bridges examined, and a study has been made aiming the calculation of the behaviors of the single-
Collapse loads spanned masonry arch bridges shows under certain loads with the method of static analysis.
Finite elements The model used for the study was 3D formed with the ANSYS package program, and the
Static analysis
results of the analysis were achieved using this program, as well. The model that was created was
obtained by using the original dimensions of the historical Sarpdere Bridge located within the
province of Ordu. The results obtained have shown compliance with the existing studies in the
literature.
In addition, the effects of the loads on the bridge that were applied to the different places on
the system were examined, and the behaviors of the single-span masonry arch bridges under the
loads applied were evaluated. The filler and sidewalls on left and right sides of the arch bridge
were differentiated the loading about 10%.

1. Introduction

Historical structures are one of the most essential parts of the cultural heritage. Historical monuments are the witnesses of our old
traditions and the symbols of the cultural identity. It is not possible to understand, interpret and retrace the period of civilization,
without them. They represent the details related with the technology in design, material characteristics, workmanship, architectural
features and spiritual value of their periods. Actually, there exist only two basic ways to bring the past into today's world; literature
and historical structures. These are remarked as the living history, on which human beings past is reflected, it will not be wrong to say
that they are the proof's showing the spirit and charm of the heritage.
Conservation and restoration of historical structures require a sensitive systematic study in order to achieve proper results. In
addition to a deep knowledge of the ethics of conservation, one should have good technical skills and sufficient information related to
the structure and material. This means that specialized people who take the necessary education should perform the conservation of
historical structures. As well, conservation requires not only a multidisciplinary work, including history, but also architecture and
engineering as the basic sciences. For proper intervention, understanding of the structural behavior and good engineering judgment
with sufficient experience of the old construction techniques and concepts and correct interpretation of the analysis results of
comprehensive structural analyses are needed. The master historical structures was designed not only for complex load carrying
system and continuous interaction of domes, vaults, arches, minarets and pillars, but also for architectural concepts and for enough
light and proper acoustics. [3,9,25].

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: acaydin@atauni.edu.tr (A.C. Aydin).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.11.002
Received 1 June 2017; Received in revised form 17 October 2017; Accepted 6 November 2017
Available online 07 November 2017
1350-6307/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A.C. Aydin, S.G. Özkaya Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138

Fig. 1. Plastic stress-strain diagram.

Fig. 2. Sarpdere Bridge [1].

Fig. 3. Longitudinal and transverse appearances of the Sarpdere Bridge.

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A.C. Aydin, S.G. Özkaya Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138

Fig. 4. Three dimensional finite element model of Sarpdere Bridge.

Linear load chart

45
Maximum live linear load (t/m)

41.2 40 41.5 40.01

35 34.4
31.98
30
28.5
25
21.7 23.2
20
15
10
5
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Distance to the mid point of chart(m)

Fig. 5. Linear load chart.

Singular load chart

Maximum live load (t)

50
(11. Analysis) (13. Analysis)
41.2 40
40.01
(9. Analysis)
30 31.98
(12. Analysis)
20
(10. Analysis) 23.2
21.7
Series1
10

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Distance to the mid point of arch

Fig. 6. Singular load chart.

Turkey (Anatolia) is also one of the most important regions about historical construction and stone masonry arch bridges due to
the geographical location and rich cultural heritage. Unfortunately, although the Turkish stone arch bridges have been widely
sprouted in Turkey and surroundings, studies related to these structures have been rare. Almost no studies in which engineering
properties and structural analyses were discussed have been carried out. Being convenient to span large distances, arch form is
generally subjected to compressive forces because of its geometric shape. Therefore, arch is among the most commonly utilized
structural forms in masonry buildings. Even if many of the historical bridges have been exposed to the great earthquakes, they
survived to the present day. The fact that the old masters made such enormous works without the knowledge of any engineering
evokes admiration. The thing that first comes to mind is whether they had information related to how similar products in their hands
had been made or would be made before they made them. Perhaps the old masters received inspiration from the nature while
creating their works. Because, a similar form of the masonry bridges they designed in order to pass the gaps are shapes that already
exists in nature [8,10–15,20,23].
The arching had been only possibility for long spanning construction units in stone. Especially, stone bridges had constituted
prestige products in the group of early curved structures. From those bridges, only few remained to exist. Wars, floats, intemperies,
earthquakes and other sources of casualty make the bridge structures, through centuries and millenniums disintegrate. Some of them
installed on relatively active road itineraries would be repaired or reconstructed. Therefore, thousand years old stone arched bridges

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Maximum live load (100*MPa)

21.85 19.12 43.7 21.85 19.12

Area affected by distributed load (m2)

Fig. 7. Distributed load graphic.

Table 1
The material properties taken into consideration in theoretical analyses [3].

Material Elasticity module Poisson ratio Mass density

(N/m2) (kg/m3)

Stone arch 3.0E9 0.2 1600

Side walls 2.5E9 0.2 1400
Filler 1.5E9 0.25 1300

do not likely reflect the original shape. Still, they do exhibit, at least, the appearance of ancient taste. Before going to description of
few exemplar cases, it should be again recalled that the curvilinearity is a feast to the eyes and the brain. The arch is the initial stage
of this festivity [19].
The examples above and many more like these examples may have been a source of inspiration for the old masters regarding the
different forms of the bridges both in terms of length and aesthetics. In order to determine whether the old masonry bridges are really
required to be strengthened or not, the first task of us the engineers is to determine the critical loads that will give rise to collapse.
The preservation of historical buildings is of growing interest in many countries worldwide. Scientists and engineers perform
historical, archeological and in situ investigation to repair, maintain and extend its lifetime. The repair and maintenance of historical
masonry structures, generally a structural intervention of the existing structure, are reasons for the need of better understanding of
these structures. The basic question arises: What is the carrying capacity, serviceability and the safety degree of the structure before
and after intervention? To answer this question is extremely difficult in case of masonry structures, because the determination of
material and geometrical parameters is generally uncertain. The architectural design of those buildings lacked a structural design that
took advantage of the material properties and that allowed appropriate links between image and construction to be taken into
account. Indeed, a detailed evaluation of historical, cultural, architectural and structural aspects is required in order to make correct
decisions ([10,18,25]).
We encounter the formation of the computer models related to the experimental studies and investigation of the experiments
made by comparing the results obtained from the model analysis and the test results. In the analysis of structures, strength, stiffness
and stability characteristics are considered as the three main criteria. The structure should be strong enough to carry the imposed
loads, including its self-weight. Large deflections and differential displacements should not occur in the structure, either locally or
overall. In this respect, it is also important to know the load history of the structure also. Lack of information about the loading
history, strength and stiffness characteristics of the structural materials reduce the accuracy and validity of the results obtained from
the structural analysis. In addition, an exact structural analysis should take into account the crack patterns, the crushing phenomena
and the actual deformations [2,25].
Before the start of the experimental studies, creating a computer modeling of the test assembly is advantageous. For example, the
issues such as determination of the measurements and parameters belonging to the experiment mechanism and experiment samples,
determination of the number of the test samples to be tested, determination of the critical points where data will be obtained during
the experiment can be possible with finite-element modeling and the analysis of these models. Thanks to this type of models,
minimizing the number of test samples to be tested and due to this, quite considerable economic advantages in terms of material,
labor and time can be provided.
The complex heterogeneous material characteristics of masonry, however, limit the validity of conventional methods. Because of
the developing techniques in construction, even experimental results become to be an insufficient reference for developing a correct
model. Thus, numerical analysis methods of computer based system, have gained increasing importance and started to be the most
preferable ones for both engineers and architects in order to perform an inclusively successful study on historical masonry structures.
In addition, understanding the failure, designing the strengthening system, creating 3D representation of the structure and static &

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Table 2
Linear loadings.

Analysis results

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 1 is 48.97 t/m, and the deformed state of the
model after installation.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 2 is 32.3 t/m, and the condition of the cracks and
fractures on the model due to loading.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 3 is 27.5 t/m, and the displacement situation the
Y component in the analysis of the node points.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 4 is 34.4 t/m, and the total vector displacement
situation in the analysis of the node points.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 5 is 33.1 t/m, and the deformed state of the model
after loading.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 6 is 41.5 t/m, and the displacement situation the
Y component in the analysis of the node points.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 7 is 28.5 t/m, and the condition of the cracks and
fractures on the model due to loading.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 8 is 28.5 t/m, and the total vector displacement
situation in the analysis of the node points.

dynamic analysis of the material require numerical analysis methods. Especially, seismic behavior of masonry structures represents a
very difficult task if handled with traditional methods. Analytical modeling of masonry monuments could also reveal that the load is
shared by different structural components and load path followed, which cannot be predicted by conventional analysis methods due
to non–linear behavior and intrinsic geometrical complexity of the material (made of blocks interconnected by mortar joints) [25].
There is a lot of work that has been made to this subject. Hatzigeorgiou et al. [17], has modeled historical masonry Artha Bridge
with finite elements, and they have applied linear and non-linear static and dynamic analysis on the model. Boothby [4] has

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Table 3
The distributed loadings.

Analysis results

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 14 is 0.20 MPa, and the displacement situation the
Y component in the analysis of the node points.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 15 is 0.36 MPa, and the total vector displacement
situation in the analysis of the node points.

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 16 is 0.10 MPa, and the deformed state of the
model after loading

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 17 is 0.15 MPa, and

The total maximum load-carrying capacity of analysis 18 is 0.22 MPa, and the location of the cracks and
fractures on the model due to loading.

investigated the behaviors of the filled arch bridges under the vehicle loads experimentally and with the method of finite elements.
He has examined five different bridges, and he has analyzed four of these bridges with ANSYS program. Fanning and Boothby [5]
have analyzed the Griffith bridge in Dublin, Ireland with ANSYS program as 3 dimensional solid element, and they have done an
analysis of the models. Toker and Ünay [26] have tried mathematical modeling techniques on the arch model that has been de-
veloped to reflect the general arched stone bridge typology and under various load effects. Ural et al. [22] have stressed the ar-
chitectural and engineering properties of historical arch bridges in Turkey. [27]have modeled the concrete-filled steel Beichuan
Bridge in the ANYS finite elements program, and they have performed analytical models and dynamic experimental analyses.
In this study, ANSYS package program was used. In the ANSYS program, there are a large number of ready-made element's
modules that may be needed during modeling. With the help of these modules, the single span arch example was modeled by using
the ANSYS program.

2. Formulation

ANSYS finite element program, its geometry or material stress-unit deformation relationship, a variety of iteration procedures are
used for the solution of nonlinear systems. If no selection is made, Newton-Raphson method is used automatically. ANSYS finite
element program uses Newton-Raphson method for non-linear analysis solutions. This method, which is known as Newton-Raphson
or as the procedure of variable rigidity takes into account the difference in force that will occur at points of node within the system
which makes a displacement under the influence of the external loads. The first displacements are found from the rigidity matrix
calculated for the position within the structure that has not been deformed. Each subsequent iteration step, the deformed state with

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A.C. Aydin, S.G. Özkaya Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138

the structure is taken into consideration, and tangent stiffness matrix is calculated. Newton-Raphson procedure makes a linear
solution by using the unbalanced load vector (the difference between the external force applied and the force generating the tension
of the elements). The unbalanced load vector is recalculated according to whether there is convergence or not. The solution continues
until convergence is provided. If convergence fails, smaller load increments are used.
Reproducing the rigidity matrixes for each iteration will give rise to both loss of time, and problems such as storage spaces
because of the multitude of the data. In an effort to reduce these problems, modified Newton Raphson Method has been developed. In
this method, the initial system stiffness is used for each iteration. Thus, the stiffness matrix that has been created for only once for
each load increment, and that has been stored is not continuously changed. In the ANSYS program, the modified Newton Raphson
method is especially recommended for static and dynamic analyses. In spite of the fact that the solution process causes a lot of time
compared to Newton Raphson method, fewer matrix processes are used. One of the nonlinear solution methods is the Initial Stiffness
method. This method and the Modified Newton Raphson method are similar to each other [6,7,21].
Structural analysis is generally performed in the elastic field, often following with Finite Element Methods which can be extended
to non–linear behavior for more sensitive cases. In the non-linear analysis, the material behaves elastically up to its yield point (at
which deformation becomes non-recoverable). But beyond the plastic limit, it continues to withstand its yield stress without taking
further stress. The deformation development and the crack patterns are usually indicated by this analysis. It is also possible to carry
out non-linear analyses with damage models very useful into the evaluation of the stiffness loss at global and local level. This type of
analysis requests the elastic and inelastic properties and the strength of the material. The results that can be gained are the strain
behavior, the stress distribution and the collapse mechanism of the structure. In addition to the vertical ones, in presence of hor-
izontal actions, a non-linear static analysis can be carried out [24,25].
Structural analysis, which is based on limit behavior of masonry structures, identifies the collapse mechanisms, ultimate stress
distributions (at least on critical sections) and load capacities. It is an effective tool for understanding the main aspects of the overall
behavior and for evaluating the structural system of the historical masonry constructions. It assumes a rigid no-tension constitutive
model for masonry, which implies that the masonry body behaves as an assemblage of rigid elements kept together by compression
forces (by plastic zones where all the deformations are concentrated and where the stresses reach the border of the strength domain)
(Fig. 1) and crack at regions characterized by tensile stresses [25]. (See Figs. 2–7.)
In this approach, if the line of thrust passes outside the entire cross-section, plastic hinges are developed and finally, a mechanism
forms meaning the failure of structure. Plastic behavior of masonry structures is defined by this limit state [25]. As the most useful
method in engineering, finite element analysis used to analyze the structure. Through the modeling process, eight nodes and three
degrees of freedom per node is used by using ANSYS software SOLID65 type element. Fixed boundary conditions in the foundation
sections and sidewalls are considered and the non-linear analysis has been performed based on the Drucker-Prager failure criterion.

3. Application

In the scope of the study, the behaviors of the historical bridge on the Sarpdere Brook located between Şahinkaya and Akoluk
villages subject to Ulubey Town of Ordu Province under certain loads have been examined. Sarpdere Bridge, which is one of the
traditional arched stone bridges of the region has a history of about 200 years. The bridge which has a fixed radius single spanned
arch was built as a masonry structure. The bridge consists of holding grinder arch parts, side walls and fill material.
In the figure, longitudinal and transversal appearances of the historic arch bridge are given. The total length from the bridge is 15.
6 m, total arch space and height are 8.2 m and 5.8 m, respectively. The side walls of the bridge consist of stone walls, which are 0.5 m
thick.
It is very important that the material properties that should be taken into consideration in the theoretical analyses of the
structures that have survived up to the present day such as the historical bridges are determined correctly. Due to the difficulties for
the determination of material properties of such structures similar studies on the literature have been examined and material
properties taken into consideration have been determined [16]. In this study, the material properties given in Table 1 have been used
for Sarpdere Bridge. (See Tables 2 and 3)
In the finite-element model of the bridge, 7680 pieces of three-dimensional solid elements have been used. The three-dimensional
finite-element model of the bridge that has been generated by using the finite-element program ANSYS by using SOLID65 elements is
given in Figure.
In the analyses, singular, linear and distributed loads have been used. The behavioral acts of the model against the loads that have
been applied have been examined. The graphical representation of the linear load analyses that have been made is as follows.
The graphical representation of the singular load analyses that have been made is as follows.
The graphical representation of the distributed load analyses that have been made is as follows.
A total of 18 pieces of loading analysis have been made, and the results above have been achieved.

4. Conclusion

Within the scope of the study, non-linear analyses have been made for the general conditions of the arched structures and for the
cracks and fractures that might occur under various loads. In these analyses, non-linear finite element models have been generated
with the help of the ANSYS program, and their analyses have been made. In the Model, Solid65-type reinforced concrete element
included in the package program has been used. It has been observed that when the finite element analysis approached the maximum
load that the arch bridge can carry, it can no longer reach a solution and the analysis stops. For this reason, the examination of the

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behavior of the arch after the maximum load point has not been possible.
The nonlinear static pushover analysis of the mentioned historical arch bridge has shown that, the reachable point can be the
maximum load or an earlier point, by using SOLID65 type elements in ANSYS. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is not possible
that the modellings made with the ANSYS program will substitute for an experimental model on its own and that they can be used in
the examination of the behavior after the maximum loading point under the light of the current studies for that kind of historical arch
bridges. Moreover, according to the various applied loadings, the critical points have been determined. The step by step increase of
loading resulted cracks and then collapse of the arch. Thus, the collapse load and load application point is recorded as critical loading
point.
The variation of load distribution just before the collapse was in a decreasing tendency near the L/2 section, unlike after the L/4 of
arch length to the left and right ends. Finally, it has been observed that the loads applied to the right and left of the arch in an equal
distance are different, though small, from the filler and the side walls.
Historical masonry structures are generally suffer from man-made (dams, railways, new settlement, vandalism, etc.) and natural
(earthquakes, floods, landslides, etc.) hazards. Especially, the ones causing lateral stresses onto the structure should be studied
carefully. The structural vulnerability of old masonry against the tension forces necessitates to find the most effective strengthening
technique in order to conserve the historical monuments for a long time. In order to make a correct decision on the strengthening
technique for an historical masonry structure, a comprehensive evaluation (structural diagnosis and safety assessment) should be
done. The investigation of the site and the existing structural condition, material characteristics, load propagation of the structure,
etc. should be carefully carried out for such a study. Moreover, the criteria of choosing a particular and an effective solution should be
compatible with the techniques and materials used in the original construction of the monument and respectful to its unique con-
ception and historical value.
As regards compatibility problems, it is worth noting that repair techniques were used in the past centuries and the present ones
are sometimes only a reproposal of them using modern materials, which can be incompatible with the existing ones. A better
knowledge of the traditional techniques and new research to apply them in a modern way will be one of the major issues of the future
research of the authors in this field. At present, in fact, very few research has been carried out on the behavior of rubble and multiple
leaf stone structures before choosing the appropriate repair techniques.

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