1.

Stripper Column:
Stripping is a physical separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by
a vapor stream. In industrial applications the liquid and vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows.
Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or trayed column.[1]
Stripping works on the basis of mass transfer. The idea is to make the conditions favorable for the component, A,
in the liquid phase to transfer to the vapor phase. This involves a gas–liquid interface that A must cross. The total
amount of A that has moved across this boundary can be defined as the flux of A, NA.

An example of a bubble cap tray that could be found inside of a stripping column.
Stripping is mainly conducted in trayed towers (plate columns) and packed columns, and less often in spray
towers, bubble columns, and centrifugal contactors.[1]
Trayed towers consist of a vertical column with liquid flowing in the top and out the bottom. The vapor phase
enters in the bottom of the column and exits out of the top. Inside of the column are trays or plates. These trays
force the liquid to flow back and forth horizontally while the vapor bubbles up through holes in the trays. The
purpose of these trays is to increase the amount of contact area between the liquid and vapor phases.
Packed columns are similar to trayed columns in that the liquid and vapor flows enter and exit in the same manner.
The difference is that in packed towers there are no trays. Instead, packing is used to increase the contact area
between the liquid and vapor phases. There are many different types of packing used and each one has
advantages and disadvantages.

2. Reactor:
A chemical reactor is an enclosed volume in which a chemical reaction takes place.[1][2] In chemical engineering,
it is generally understood to be a process vessel used to carry out a chemical reaction,[3] which is one of the
classic unit operations in chemical process analysis. The design of a chemical reactor deals with multiple aspects
of chemical engineering. Chemical engineers design reactors to maximize net present value for the given reaction.
Designers ensure that the reaction proceeds with the highest efficiency towards the desired output product,
producing the highest yield of product while requiring the least amount of money to purchase and operate.
Normal operating expenses include energy input, energy removal, raw material costs, labor, etc. Energy changes
can come in the form of heating or cooling, pumping to increase pressure, frictional pressure loss or agitation.

Chemical reaction engineering is the branch of chemical engineering which deals with chemical reactors and their
design, especially by application of chemical kinetics to industrial systems.

The most common basic types of chemical reactors are tanks (where the reactants mix in the whole volume) and
pipes or tubes (for laminar flow reactors and plug flow reactors)
Both types can be used as continuous reactors or batch reactors, and either may accommodate one or more
solids (reagents, catalysts, or inert materials), but the reagents and products are typically fluids (liquids or gases).
Reactors in continuous processes are typically run at steady-state, whereas reactors in batch processes are
necessarily operated in a transient state. When a reactor is brought into operation, either for the first time or after
a shutdown, it is in a transient state, and key process variables change with time.
3. Absorber:
An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste
heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process.

Absorption refrigerators are often used for food storage in recreational vehicles. The principle can also be used
to air-condition buildings using the waste heat from a gas turbine or water heater. Using waste heat from a gas
turbine makes the turbine very efficient because it first produces electricity, then hot water, and finally, air-
conditioning (called cogeneration/trigeneration).

The American National Standards Institute standard for the absorption refrigerator is given by the ANSI/AHRI
standard 560–2000.[1]

Both absorption and compressor refrigerators use a refrigerant with a very low boiling point (less than −18 °C (0 °F)).
In both types, when this refrigerant evaporates (boils), it takes some heat away with it, providing the cooling effect.
The main difference between the two systems is the way the refrigerant is changed from a gas back into a liquid so
that the cycle can repeat. An absorption refrigerator changes the gas back into a liquid using a method that needs only
heat, and has no moving parts other than the refrigerant itself.

The absorption cooling cycle can be described in three phases:

1. Evaporation: A liquid refrigerant evaporates in a low partial pressure environment, thus extracting heat from
its surroundings (e.g. the refrigerator's compartment). Because of the low partial pressure, the temperature
needed for evaporation is also low.
2. Absorption: The now gaseous refrigerant is absorbed by another liquid (e.g. a salt solution).
3. Regeneration: The refrigerant-saturated liquid is heated, causing the refrigerant to evaporate out. The hot
gaseous refrigerant passes through a heat exchanger, transferring its heat outside the system (such as to
surrounding ambient-temperature air), and condenses. The condensed (liquid) refrigerant supplies the
evaporation phase.