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Electromagnetic
radiation is the emission
and transmission of energy
in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Check The answer shows that 5.75 × 1014 waves pass a fixed
point every second. This very high frequency is in accordance
with the very high speed of light.
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Iclicker question 1
Which of the following frequencies corresponds to
light with the longest wavelength?
hn = KE + W or KE = hn - W
where W is the work function and depends how
strongly electrons are held in the metal and KE is
kinetic energy
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Example 7.2
A. 3.64 x 10-38 J
B. 1.09 x 10-27 J
C. 3.61 x 10-19 J
D. 5.45 x 1012 J
Example 7.2
(b) Following the same procedure as in (a), we can show
that the energy of the photon that has a wavelength of
5.00 × 10−2 nm is 3.98 × 10−15 J .
(b) Knowing both the work function and the frequency of light,
we can solve for the kinetic energy of the ejected electron.
Example 7.3
Solution
(a) Setting KE = 0 in Equation (7.4), we write
hn = W
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Bohr’s Model of
the Atom (1913)
1. e- can only have specific
(quantized) energy
values
2. light is emitted as e-
moves from one energy
level to a lower energy
level
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
E = hn
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Ephoton = DE = Ef - Ei
ni = 3 ni = 3 1
Ef = -RH ( 2 )
nf
ni = 2 1
Ei = -RH ( 2 )
nf = 2 ni
1 1
DE = RH( 2 )
ni n2f
nnf f==11
Important note: this is only for H atom!
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Example 7.4
Then from Equations (7.2) and (7.1) we can solve for the
wavelength of the photon.
u = velocity of e-
m = mass of e-
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Example 7.5
Example 7.5
Strategy
We are given the mass and the speed of the particle in
(a) and (b) and asked to calculate the wavelength so we
need Equation (7.8).
A. 9.1 x 1031
B. 2.0 x 1012
C. 4.1
D. 1.9 x 10-11
E. 3.3 x 10-42
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Solution
(a) The uncertainty in the electron’s speed u is
44
Quantum Numbers
quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)
l=0 s orbital
n = 1, l = 0
l=1 p orbital
n = 2, l = 0 or 1
l=2 d orbital
n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2
l=3 f orbital
if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2
ms = +½ or -½
ms = +½ ms = -½
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For any given value of l
there are 2l + 1 orbitals 48
Where 90% of the
e- density is found
for the 1s orbital
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Quantum number l and orientation in space
l = 0 (s orbitals)
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Quantum number l and orientation in space
51
Quantum number l and orientation in space
l = 2 (d orbitals)
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Example 7.7
Check The values of n and ℓ are fixed for 4d, but mℓ can have
any one of the five values, which correspond to the five d
orbitals.
ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2 5 orientations is space
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quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)
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Iclicker Question 5
If the quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) for
an electron are 5, 1, 1, -½, what subshell
is the electron in?
A. 5s
B. 5p
C. 6s
D. 6p
Pauli exclusion principle - no two electrons in an
atom can have the exact same four quantum numbers
Four possible quantum numbers:
(n, l, ml, ms)
Existence (and energy) of electron in atom is described
by its unique wave function y.