SI Units and Conversion Table

Type of quantity S1 units symbol [definition] Relation with other unit

(Name of Unit) (Eg. with prefix) (Indicated by S1 unit)
Length m
(meter) (lan, mm, J1m, nm) A(= lO- IO m = O.lnm)
Area rn 2
(cm2, mm 2 ,J1m2 )
Volume rn3
(dm3 , cm3 , mm3 ) mL (= 1O-6 m3 = cm3 )
{L (= 10- 3 , m3 = dm3 ))
Mass kg
(kilogram) (Mg, g, mg, J1g)
{t (= Wkg = Mg))
Density kg/rn 3 gjcm 3 (= Wkgjm3 = Mgjm 3 )
(Mg/ m3 )
Time s
(second) (Ms, ks, ms, J1s)
{min ( = 60s))
{h ( = 3.6ks))
{d ( = 86.4ks))
Freq"o",y ) Hz [s I]
(hertz) (GHz, MHz, kHz)
Frequency of vibration

Wavenumber rn- I A-I (= lO IO m- l )

cm- I (= 102m- I )
Velocity rn/s
Acceleration mjs2
Force N [kg· mjs2] dyn (= 10 -5N = lOJ1N)
(newton) kgf (= 9.80665N)

Pressure, Stress Pa [N/m2] kgf/mm2 (= 9.80665MPa)

(pascal) (GPa, MPa, mPa) bar (= 105Pa = O.lMPa)
Torr ('" 133.32Pa)
266 SI Units and Conversion Table

atm (= 101325Pa)
psi ("" 6.8948 x 103Pa)
ksi ("" 6.8948 x I06Pa)

Stress intensity factor MPa·m 1/ 2 kgf/mm3/2 (= 0.31012MPa. ml/2)

N/mm3/2 (= 0.031623MPa' ml/2)
Amount of substance mol
(mole)
Concentration mol/m 3
{mol/L (= 103moVm3 =
kmoVm3 )}

Mass (molar) concentratior mol/kg

Chemical reaction rate molls
Rate of chemical reactiom moVs
Energy J [N ·m] erg (= 10 7J = O.1jl1)
(joule) (MJ, kJ, rnJ) kgf· m ( = 9.80665J)
Work energy· quantity {(eV (= 1.60218 x 1O- 19 J)} caltb (= 4.1840J)
of heat calrr (= 4.1868J)
kWh (= 3.6 X 106J = 3.6MJ)
Momentum of force N'm ft· Ib ("" 1.3558J)
Power (watt) W [J /s = V ·A]
kgf· m (= 9.80665N . m)
Power density W/m2
Molar energy J/mol
(kJ/mol)
cal/mol (= 4.184J/mol)
erg/atom (= 1 x 1O-7I/atom = 6.022 x
10 16J/mol)
Surface energy J/m2 eV /atom(= 1.60218xlO-19J/atom =
9.6485 x 104J/mol)
erg/cm2 (= 1O-3J/m2 = rnJ/m2)
Kelvin temperature K
Celsius temperature {OC ( = T(K) - 273.15)} [OC = 5/9 ( °F-32)]
Thermal conductivity W/(m·K) cal / (cm· sec· deg)
( = 0.4184kJ / (s . m . k)
Specific heat capacity J/(kg· K) cal / (g . deg)
(= 4. 184kJ (kg· K)
Heat capacity}
Entropy JjK call deg (= 4.184 J / K)
Molar entropy }
Molar heat capacity J/(mol· K)
 267

SI Prefixes for ten integral multiple

Multiple Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol
10 1" atto a 10 2 centi c 106 mega M
10- 15 femto f 10- 1 deci d 109 giga G
10- 12 pico P 10° BASE UNIT 10 12 tera T
10-9 nano n 10 deka da 1015 peta P
10-6 micro J1 102 hecto h 10 18 exa E
10- 3 milli m 103 kilo k
Index

abnormal layer 84 carbide film 38

accumulated load time 260
acicular a 194
acicular a2 microstructure 216, 217
acicular a 192
acicular martensite 62
adiabatic temperature rise 243
age hardening Ill, 113
age hardening alloy 118
allotriomorph 56
allowable initial crack length 31
alumina 229,238
amorphous alloy 144
antiphase boundary 115,215
aspectratio 148,175,192
ausferrite 102
ausforrning 65
austemper treatment 101, 103
austempered ductile iron(ADI) 89,101,
102
austenite ('Y) 54
austenitizing 53, 66
bainite 67,102
bainite transformation 55
bainitic ferrite 67
BCT 61
biaxial stress 129
blunting straight line 92
body center cubic(BCC) 5,54,57,61
brittle fracture 5,6,38,39,229
brittle hydride 223
bull's eye 91
carburized specimen 44
carburized steel 8, 82, 83
cask 89,92-94,99
casting defects 107, 154
catastrophic accidents 5,6
change of martensite morphology 61
characteristic distance 38, 227, 234
Charpy absorbed energy 147,149
chevron-notch 237
chill 106
classical fracture theory 33
classification and significance of various
fracture test 41
classification of titanium alloys(based on
microstructure) 191
cleavage 5,7,33,35,155,228
cleavage crack 92
clip gage 26
CO2 process 144
coherency 57
coherency (at the interface between particles
and matrix) 117
colony 194,197,198,202
columnar crystal 146
compact tension 12
complete equiaxed 'Y microstructure 222
compliance changing rate method 45,2l3
compocasting method 164
composite material 221
compressive residual stress 84, 85
Computer Aided Instrumented Charpy
impact testing (CAl) system 42
270 Index
concept of fracture mechanical analysis on
critical flaw size 30
considerable measures for strengthening and
toughening in aluminum alloys 139
continuous precipitation 58
continuum mechanics 38
controlled rolling 78
covalent bond 1,4,227,247
crack 50
crack arrest fracture toughness 18
crack closure 10,40, 107
crack deflection 156, 177
crack initiation point 93,213,214
crack propagation energy 42
crack propagation initiation toughness
193,195,198
crack propagation resistance 173, 194
crack propagation resistance toughness
195, 196, 198
crack trapping 184
crack-tip opening displacement 24
crack-tip stress field 19
craze 250
creep 112
creep fracture 12
critical cleavage stress 19,35
critical fracture strain 39
critical fracture stress 38, 227
critical notch tip radius 213
critical strain energy release rate 129,227,
234
critical stress 34, 118, 231
cross slip 113, 118
CTOD 25,27, 125
damage tolerant design 30
dashpot 249
debonding at the interface 91,120
decohesion 91
definition of a crack initiation point 92
deformation twin 7,61,74,219
dehydrogenation (thermo-chemical
treatment process (TCP» 204
dendrite arm 144
dendrite arm spacing 146, 147
dendrite cell size 144,146,147
dense dislocation wall (DDW) 113
development of materials 1
die cast 141,143
diffusion type transformation 55
dimple 7,37,91, Ill, 120, 171,200
direct current electric potential
difference(EP) 93
directionally solidified 146, 147
directionally solidified method (DS) 221
discontinuous fiber reinforced metal matrix
composites (DRM) 163
discontinuous precipitation 58
dislocation 37,218,219,250
dislocation cell structure 113
dislocation climb 113
dislocation loop 120
disordered (f3) phase 215
dispersoid 117,124,139
dual phase 75,77
ductile cast iron 89,90
ductile crack 36
ductile fracture 6,36,37,39, 128, 144,250
ductile fracture surface 90
ductile fracture theory 125
ductile-brittle transition 6,11,24,36,115
duplex 209,221
dynamic fracture toughness 18
dynamic fracture toughness testing 242
dynamic recrystallization 220
dynamic tear (DT) test 36
eco-materials
effective crack length 24
effective plastic strain 122
effective stress 121, 167
effective stress intensity factor range 107
elastic strain energy 17, 34
elastic strain energy release rate 23, 212
elastic stress concentration 118
elastic-plastic asymptotically analyzing
174
elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM)
24,44,51,92
elastic-plastic fracture toughness (Jd 211
elastic-plastic fracture toughness (J,e) test
12,93
elastomer 249
electrolytic charging method 203
end point of crack blunting 92
environmental embrittlement 222
epoxy 13, 260
equiaxed (l'2 222
 Index 271

equiaxed a 191,195,198,201-203,221 fracture surface-roughness-induced closure

equiaxed y (NG) 209 107
equiaxed cell structure 113 fracture toughness 13,17-19,23,179
equivalent crack length 235 fracture toughness test (by bending) 26
equivalent inclusion 135 fracture toughness testing specimen 27
equivalent stress 167 fracture toughness-strength correlation map
estimation method of crack-tip opening 14
displacement 28 full lamellar 209,213,222
eutectic 142,146,147,150,151,155
gas pore 141, 148, 154
eutectic cell boundary 92, 102
general yielding 24
evaluation methods for toughness 239
generalized stress 167
evaluation of fracture toughness 92
glass phase 237
extra super duralumin (ESD) 136
glass transition temperature 248
extrinsic toughening mechanism 218
grain boundary corrosion (damage) 84
grain boundary fracture 123,126,128
face centered cubic 54 gray cast iron 91
face-centered cubic martensite 206
face-centered orthorhombic martensite habit plane 61
206 hard-eye treatment 105
fatigue characteristics (following with the hexagonal close packed (HCP) 5
changing of Si content) 154 hexagonal martensite 206
fatigue crack growth properties of ductile high pressure squeeze-casting method 164
cast iron 106 high purity pig iron 98
fatigue crack propagation curve 156, 159 high speed steel (HSS) 238
fatigue crack propagation rate 30 high strain region 128
fatigue crack propagation resistance 206 high temperature ausforming 65
fatigue fracture 7 Hooke's law 33
fatigue fracture behavior 182 hydride 203
fatigue fracture surface (ferrite matrix ductile hydrogen absorption 222
cast iron) 90 hydrogen embrittlement 5,203,222,223
fatigue fracture toughness 9 hydrogen softening 204
FCC 6,57 hydrogenation (for Ti-A1 intermetallic
ferrite (a) 7,53,55,56,60,72,77,90,91 compound) 204
hydrostatic pressure stress 168
ferritic matrix 96, 98
hypereutectoid steel 54, 57
ferritic matrix ductile cast iron 89, 100
hypoeutectic 141,142,147,154
ferritic-pearlitic steel 68
finer precipitated a 192 idiomorph 56
finite element method (FEM) 50,166 impact fatigue 8,83,84, 108,260,261
fish eye 8, 83, 84 impact response curve 242,255,257
flared molding 144 improved ausforming 65
flow stress 39,42,48,93, 168, 175, 180 in-plane sliding mode 19
flow stress curve 35,227 inclusion particle (coarse) 118
formation morphology of ferrite 60 inertial loading 255
fractography 7, 92 inexpensive toughness evaluation method
fracture mechanics 10, 17, 37 41
fracture mechanics parameters 11 inoculation 96
fracture mechanism of ductile cast iron 90 insoluble second phase particles 146
fracture progress range 172 interface debonding 128, 180,200,202
272 Index

interface fracture mechanics 244 metallic bond 2

intermediate phase 112, 114 micro band (MB) 113
intermetallic compounds 209 micro-Brown movement 248
ionic bond 2,227,232,247 micro-fractography 42
micro-void 37,250
killed steel 43 microalloying 70
Knoop indenter 237 microcrack 91,173,174,184,217,218,
220,228,229,231,233,236
large angle grain boundary 57 midrib 62
large scale yielding 24, 50 miniature type testing method 41
Larson-Miller parameter 81 mirror area 258
lath 59,66,71 mismatch 57
lath martensite 61 monoclinic 243
law of mixture 77 monomer 4
linear elastic fracture 11,19,25,49 morphology and distribution of graphite
linear motor car 75,260 99
linear polymer 248 multi-axial stress 50
liquid embrittlement 5 multiple regression analysis 146
load-deflection curve (in the fracture
toughness test) 26,42 natural frequency 256
local yielding 5 near r microstructure (TiAl) 213
logarithmic decrement 253, 255 nearly two phase lamellar (NL) 209
low stress brittle fracture 18,36,42,48 necessary and sufficient condition for brittle
low temperature brittleness 5,37,41,149 fracture 35
low temperature quench 76 needle-likeferrite 102
lower bainite 59,65 needle-shaped intermetallic compound
148
macro-crack initiation 199 net polymer 248
macrocrystal grain 147 neutron irradiation embrittlement 80
main alloying elements of aluminum alloys Nishiyama's relationship 59
111 nodularity of graphite 100
maraging steel 53,71, 189 nodule 58
maraging treatment 72 nominal crack initiation energy 42,74
martensite 54,63,65,66,72,77,78,106, non-destructive test 28
205 non-equilibrium segregation 181
martensite packet 40 non-heat treatable type (aluminum) alloys
martensite transformation 55 112
massive martensite 61 non-linear elastic fracture 49
material group 2 nonmetallic inclusions 116, 141, 144
material tearing modulus 44 notch 36
matrix microstructure 96, 107 notch brittleness 5
Maxwell model 249 notch effect 6, 8, 231
mean free path between graphite nodules notched specimen 212
98 nuclear fusion reactor 75
mean stress 39 number of graphite nodules 100
measurement of fracture toughness 26
mechanical properties of titanium alloys opening mode 19, 20
189 opening ratio 107
metal matrix composite 163 ordered lattice 215

original,8 grain 194,195,198,201
out-of plane sliding mode 19
overage 116,118,122,124,139
oxide metallurgy 70
oxide-induced closure 107
P addition in low carbon steels 70
packet 62,66,71,194,198,202
paired dislocation sheets (PDS) 113
parabola pattern 258
Paris region 259
Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) 75,
234,237,243
peak age 122
pearlite 7,54-56,59,68,91
pearlitic matrix 96
pearlitic transformation 57
Peierls stress 62
perfect brittle material 34
pinning effect 66, 68
plane strain 135
plane stress 20,21
plane stress fracture toughness 28
plastic constraint 19
plastic deformation (stretch) 107,181
plastic hinge 42
plastic strain 167
plastic stress concentration factor 130
plastic stress intensity factor 26
plastic surface energy 19, 119
plastic zone 23,24,91,125,128,172,199
polycrystal 59
polymer 4
polymerization 247
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 13,252
pore 232, 233, 236
potential energy 26
potential method 132
powder metallurgy 164
precipitation free zone 122
precipitation hardening 112
precision casting (investment casting) 164
preform 164
press boundary (PB) notched specimen 44
primary precipitation a 193
process 143
process zone 40,47,173,199,228,229,
231
process zone size 229, 233, 234, 236
Index 273
propagation resistance toughness 193
ratio of ductile fracture surface 44
recovery coefficient 240
relationship between the strength and
fracture of aluminum alloys 115,
116
released strain energy 22
residual life evaluation 41
retained,8 structure 191
retained austenite 84, 102, 105
retrogression and reaging (RRA) 136,182
reverse transformation 64
rheocasting method 164
rimmed steels 43
river pattern 7
rotating disk type impact fatigue testing
machine 83, 260
rotational center 27
rupture 5
Schiebungumwandlung 61
second phase particle 116,117,120,144,
199
second type perfect oval integral value 30
secondary graphite 100, 103
semi-solid process 143
shear ligament 217,218,220
shear lip 29,42,131,133
shell molding 144
short crack 10
shot peening 9,86
shrinkage cavity 107, 141
silica particles filled epoxy 252
singular stress field 172, 174
size effect 229
slip line 12, 128
slip line pattern 113
small angle grain boundary 57
small scale yielding 24
solid solution strengthening 111
solid-liquid coexistence 143
solution treatment 72,112,151,155,182
solution treatment and aging (STA) 191
sorbite 106
span 240,252,254
specimen size effect 48
spherical crystal 4
spinodal decomposition 55
274 Index

spray-dry method 178 Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal (TZP) l3,

stabilization of austenite 74
stable phase 114
stacking fault energy 62, 113
standard V-notched specimen 44
starting temperature of martensite
transformation 60
stop block method 46
strain aging 80
strain controlled ductile fracture 38
strain controlled fracture 199
strain energy density 25
strength and toughness of ceramic 227
strength deterioration index number 260
strengthening and toughening of aluminum
alloy III
strengthening and toughening of ceramic
237
strengthening and toughening of ductile cast
iron 101
stress concentration 34,36,151,172,203
stress controlled brittle fracture 38
stress corrosion 31
stress field at the crack tip 50, 184
stress field in a crack-tip 20
stress induced transformation 8,73,85,
237,243
stress intensity factor 9, 17, 19,21,23,
120,218,255
stress intensity factor range 155
stress intensity rate 257
stress ratio 30
stress shielding effect 173,174,184
stress triaxiality 39
stress-strain curve (aluminium alloy) 138
stretched zone 92
striations 8, 84, 184
sub-boundary 64
sub-colony 194,198,202
sub-grain 113
sub-structure 113
super saturated solid solution 55
super-saturated solid solution 58, l34
surface defect 251
tearing modulus 153
tensile hydrostatic pressure 121
tensile test 36
tetragonal 72, 243
231,237
texture l39
theoretical strength 33,62
thermal mismatch 222
thermal residual stress 180
thermomechanical control process 78
thermoplastic 247,250
thermosetting plastic 247, 248
thin-walled ductile cast iron 106
threshold stress intensity factor 108, 155,
184
thumbnail ductile crack 42
tongue 7
total strain theory 174
toughened AD! 105
transformation induced plasticity 53,72
transgranularfracture 124, 128
transition behavior of ferritie ductile cast
iron 96
transition temperature characteristics 97
transition temperatures of ferritie ductile cast
iron and cast steel 95
triaxial stress 129,167
twin density 65
ultra-high strength steel 11
Umklappumwand1ung 61
underaging 114
uniaxial stress 129
unit cell 4
unsolved inclusion particles 139
unstable brittle fracture 20
unstable fracture 18,24, l30
unstable rapid fracture 116
unusual leakage 29
upper bainite 59
upper shelf absorbed energy 44
vacancy clustering 201
van der Waals bond 2,247,249,250
van der Waals force 4,251
variant 64
various types of molding and casting 144
void 7,39,90,91,100,105, Ill, 116, 117,
120-122,126,129, 130, 145, 166, 168,
180,181,194,199,200,250
void growth controlled type fracture 172
void growth rate 121
 Index 275

void nucleation (stress-controlled type, work hardening 112, 115

plastic strain-controlled type) 167
void sheet 122
wake 107, 231
Weibull distribution parameter 170
Widmannstiitten structure 56
Widmanstatten a (acicular a) 192
work hardening exponent 126
work hardening index number 128
work softening 115
worked fibrous microstructure 113
Yokobori 18,233