A Novel 12-Teeth/10-Poles PM Machine with Flux
Barriers in Stator Yoke
Gurakuq Dajaku, Dieter Gerling
Abstract — Using magnetic flux barriers in the stator yoke of
electric machines with fractional slots, tooth-concentrated
winding it is possible to reduce or even to cancel some space
harmonics of low order in air-gap flux density resulting in
lower rotor losses induced by the armature reaction field. This
technique is applied to a PM machine with 12-teeth/10-poles
winding during designing of an electric machine for automotive
application. According to the new technique a prototype
machine is buildet and some measurement results are given.
The first measurement results for the induced voltage show a
good agreement with the simulation data.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the last years, permanent magnet (PM) brushless
machines with tooth concentrated winding are increasingly
used in several industry applications. High-power density,
high efficiency, short and less complex end-winding, high
filling factor, low cogging torque, fault tolerance, and
cost-effectiveness are the main advantages that characterize
the fractional-slot concentrated winding (FSCW) compared
with the distributed winding. Using FSCW different
combinations of numbers of poles and numbers of teeth are
possible [1, 2]. However, the magnetic field of these
windings has more space harmonics, including
sub-harmonics. These unwanted harmonics lead to
undesirable effects, such as localized core saturation, eddy
current loss in the magnets [3 to 5], and noise and vibration
[6, 7], which are the main disadvantages of these winding
types.
There have been several works in the last decade devoted to
improve the performances of the FSCW regarding to
reduction of winding sub-harmonics. The techniques
presented in [8-10] are essentially based on doubling the
tooth concentrated winding and shifting the winding sub-
systems by a specific number of slots. In this way the sub-
harmonics of the considered winding are reduced or even
canceled, however using this technique also the fundamental
winding factor is reduced by 3.4%. On the other side the
manufacturing complexity and cost of the winding increase
with increasing of number of winding coils (coil insolation,
connection and so on). To overcome these drawbacks, a
novel method for reducing the winding sub-harmonics
without negatively influencing the fundamental (working)
winding factor and also the manufacturing process is
presented in [11]. Different from [8-10], the reduction of
sub-harmonics with the new technique is realized using
simple concentrated coils with different number of turns per
G. Dajaku is Senior Scientist with FEAAM GmbH, D-85577 Neubiberg,
Germany (e-mail: Gurakuq.Dajaku@unibw.de).
D. Gerling is Full Professor at the University of Federal Defense Munich,
Institute for Electrical Drives, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany (e-mail:
Dieter.Gerling@unibw.de).
978-1-4673-0142-8/12/$26.00 ©2012 IEEE
coil-side. Investigation of eddy current losses in rotor
magnets performed in [12] shows that using this simple new
winding type the magnet losses can be reduced more than
60%.
Different from the previous solutions where the reduction of
winding sub-harmonics is performed by modification the
winding type or the coil construction another new technique
proposed in [13] solve the same problem by modifying the
stator yoke in specific locations. Of course, it is true that for
influencing the winding harmonics it is required to modify
something in the winding layout or construction, however,
the method presented in [13] reduce the effect of winding
sub-harmonics indirectly by using flux-barriers in stator
yoke. Using this simple and moderate solution the air-gap
flux density sub-harmonics can be reduced down to zero.
Furthermore, this technique is related also with additional
advantages for the electric machine such as it enables a high
efficiency cooling, solves indirectly the noise problems and
so on.
In this paper a 12-teeth/10-poles PM machine with
concentrated winding and flux barriers in stator yoke is
presented. The first part of the paper describes the theoretical
background and the main characteristics of the new machine
type. Afterwards, using finite element methods (FEM) a PM
machine with the new stator structure is designed. In the last
section a short overview for the machine prototype and the
first measurement results are given.
II. CONVECTIONAL 12-TEETH/10-POLES WINDING
TOPOLOGY
A PM machine with 12-teeth and 10-poles is illustrated in
the following figure 1. Its stator winding differs from that of
conventional PM machines in that the coils which belong to
each phase are concentrated and wound on adjacent teeth, as
illustrated in figure 1, so that the phase windings do not
overlap. For this winding type, the magnetomotive force
(MMF) distribution and corresponding space harmonics are
shown in figure 2. It is shown from figure 2-b that the 1st, 5th,
7th, 17th and 19th are the dominant space harmonics for this
winding type. For the 10-pole machine, however, only the 5th
stator space harmonic interacts with the field of the
permanent magnets to produce continuous torque. The other
MMF space harmonics, in particular the 1st, 7th, 17th, etc.,
which have relatively large magnitudes, are undesirable and
in some cases they limit the usefulness of this winding type
in different specific applications.
Using Fourier series function the MMF distribution for the
12-teeth/10-poles winding can be described using the
following equ. (1).
36
 ⎛ ⎞ III. FLUX BARRIERS IN STATOR YOKE
m 2 ⋅ w ⋅ ν ξw ˆ π
Θ(x, t) = ∑ ⋅ ⋅ i ⋅ cos ⎜ ωt − ν x + δ ⎟
2 πν ⎜ τp ⎟ As is mentioned previously, a simple method for reduction
ν ⎝ ⎠ (1) of sub-harmonics for the tooth concentrated windings by
using winding coils with different number of turns per coil
with side is developed in [11]. Figure 3-a show the basic idea for
ν ⎛ 5 π⎞ ⎛ 1 π⎞ reduction of sub-harmonics by using a compensation
ξw = cos ⎜ ν ⎟ ⋅ sin ⎜ ν ⎟
⎝ 6 2⎠ ⎝ 6 2⎠ winding and figure 3-b shows the winding realization using
(2)
only concentrated coil however with different turns per coil
side. With n1 is denoted the number of turns of coil sides in
where, m is number of phases (m=3), ν ξ w is the winding
the slots which contain the coils of the same phase, however
factor, iˆ is the phase current amplitude, δ is the load angle, with n2 is denoted the number of turns of coil sides in the
ω is the angular frequency, w is the number of turns per slots which contain the coils of different phases. The relation
phase, and ν is the space (MMF winding) harmonic. between n1 and n2 is:
n1 = n2 − 1, and 50% ≤ n1 / n2 < 100%

Fig. 1. PM machine with the conventional 12-teeth /10-poles winding a) b)

topology. Fig. 3: Realization of the new winding according to [11].

Analogous to the above solution, the new method proposed

in [13] reduce the effect of winding sub-harmonics indirectly
be increasing the magnetic resistance in specific machine
location according to the well known relation between flux
density B, magnetic resistance Rm and winding MMF Θ S ,
MMF [p.u.]

B = Θ S / Rm (3)
a)
Therefore, according to (3), the effect of winding
sub-harmonics can be reduced by reducing the stator MMF
in specific slots [11] or by increasing the magnetic
resistances in specific stator core location as follows [13].
Figure 4 shows a simple magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC)
for an electric machine with smooth rotor and the new
12-teeth/10-poles winding shown in figure 3-b. For
simplicity only one part of phase-A is presented. With R0 to
R3 are denoted the magnetic resistances of corresponding
magnetic flux paths.
MMF [p.u.]

b)

Fig. 2: MMF distribution and the corresponding MMF spectrum for

the conventional 12-teeth /10-poles winding topology.

Fig. 4: Magnetic equivalent circuit for one tooth pitch.

37
Applying the Ampers law around the stator slot-1, winding conductors which is presently mostly near the slot
opening [14]. Otherwise, the available space in the deeper
v∫ Hdl = ∑ I (4) slots can be used also for a direct cooling of coil winding
using cooling channels directly inside the slot, figure 6-d,
and, for the case n1 = n2 − 1 (new winding [11]) we have which increase the power capability of the electric machine.
Further, using another solution with unhomogenous stator
φ1 ( 2 R0 + 2 R1 + R2 + R3 ) = 2n1 I (5) yoke structure (materials with different mechanical stiffness
characteristics) the vibration resonance frequencies can be
The resulting magnetic flux for this conditon is
moved outside the operation speed of the machine and the
2n1 I noise problems can be solved indirectly. This technique is
φ1 = (6) used for designing of a PM machine presented in chapter IV.
2 R0 + 2 R1 + R2 + R3

In other side, according to (3) the same condition as under

(6) can be realized also using the convectional winding
( n1 = n2 ) however by modifying (increasing) the magnetic
a)
resistance R2* 1) in stator yoke. Thus, for the new stator yoke
structure we have
2n2 I
φ1 = (7)
2 R0 + 2 R1 + R2* + R3
b)
From the above relations (6) and (7) the stator yoke
resistance for the new stator structure should be
n2
R2* = ( Re′ + R2 ) − Re′ (8)
n2 − 1

with c)
Re′ = 2 R0 + 2 R1 + R3

The following figure 5 shows the new stator structure with cooling channel
flux barrirs in stator yoke.
flux barriers
d)

Fig. 6: Different solutions for the new stator structure.

III.2 AIR-GAP FLUX DENSITY CHARACTERISTICS

In following the air-gap flux density of a 12-teeth/10-poles
PM machine with the convectional and also with the new
stator structure is investigated. Figure 7 shows the geometry
of the PM machine with flux barriers in stator yoke (deeper
Fig. 5: Magnetic equivalent circuit for the new stator structure.
slots), however, figure 8 compares the air-gap flux desnity
harmonics due to stator currents. As well is shown, using the
III.1 REALIZATION AND OPPURTUNITIES new stator topology the air-gap flux density sub-harmonics
completely can be reduced.
The realization of the new stator core with flux barriers in
stator yoke cane be performed by modyfying the stator yoke
structure in different ways such us using holes of different
shapes, using stator slots with different slot deepth or
dividing completely the stator yoke in specific locations. The
following figures 6-a to 6-d show different possible
solutions. Of course, as is mentioned previously, the new
stator topology is related also with different additional
advantages. Figure 6-b shows the stator structure with
different slot deeth. Using such the solution the coil-sides in
the corresponding slots can be shifte away from the
slot-opening region to reduce pproximity effect in the
1)
Of course each magnetic resistance can be modified to fulfill the required
condition, however the magnetic resistance of the stator yoke is the single
resistance which fulfill the above requirements without influencing the flux Fig. 7: A 12-teeth/10-poles PM machine with new stator.
density of neighbouring slots.

38
Fig. 8: Comparison of air-gap flux density harmonics due to stator currents.
Fig. 10: Induced no-load voltage at 3000 rpm.

IV. DESIGN OF A PM MACHINE FOR AUTOMOTIVE

APPLICATION
Using the new stator structure a low cost (LC) 12-teeth/10-
poles PM machine with inset magnets in rotor is designed.
The stator core consists of twelve simple tooth/yoke stator
segments of iron core material and of six additional stator
yoke components of non-magnetic material which are used
as flux-barriers and also for fixing (mounting) the complete
stator structure, figure 9. The rotor consists of a simple core
structure with 10 rectangular magnets. The main
requiremens during design of this PM machine type are
listed as follows:
• Maximum DC votage, UDC,max = 12 V
• Maximum short-time torque: Tmax=4 Nm @ 1200
rpm Fig. 11: Torque-speed curve for differeent excitation conditions.
• Maximum speed nmax =3000 rpm
• Active volume (Dout=80mm, length =70 mm)
• Pasive cooling V. MACHINE PROTOTYPE AND THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL
• Low cost RESULTS
• Low cogging torque & low torque ripple Figure 12 shows the prototype for the designed PM machine
with the new stator structure, however, figure 13 shows the
experimental setup which consists from the LC motor
(prototype machine), torquemeter, load DC machine, and
additional measurement devices. The measurement results
for the no-load induced voltage are shown in figure 14,
however, the first measurements for machine torque are
presented in figure 15.

Flux-barriers (non-
magnetic material)

Fig. 9: Geometry of the designed LC PM machine.

Under the given geometrical and electrical constraints the

presented PM machine is designed and analysed using 2D
finite elements method (FEM). The obtained results for
no-load induced voltage and torque-speed curve are
presented in the following figures 10 and 11, respectively.
Fig. 12: Designed LC PM machine prototype.

39

Fig. 13: Experimental setup.
Fig. 14: Measurement results: Induced no-load voltage at 3000 rpm.
Fig. 15: Measurement results: Torque vs. speed for different phase voltage.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a novel solution for reduction of air-gap
flux-density sub-harmonics for fractional slot tooth
concentrated windings using magnetic flux barriers in stator
yoke. Using the new stator structure, a low cost 12-teeth/10-
poles PM machine for automotive application is designed.
The prototype machine is build and the first measurement
results are given.
The presented technique is used for improving the
performances of a 12-teeth/10-poles concentrated winding,
however, it is applicable to any tooth concentrated winding.
Further, the new method is related also with additional
advantages for the electric machine such as it enables a high
efficiency cooling, solves the noise problems and so on.
40
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Gurakuq Dajaku; Dr.-Ing. Gurakuq Dajaku is with FEAAM GmbH,
Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany, phone: +49 89
6004-4120, fax: -3718, e-mail: Gurakuq.Dajaku@unibw.de.
Born in 1974 (Skenderaj, Kosova), got his diploma degree in Electrical
Engineering from the University of Pristina, Kosova, in 1997 and his Ph.D.
degree from the University of Federal Defense Munich in 2006. Since 2007
he is Senior Scientist with FEAAM GmbH, an engineering company in the
field of electric drives. From 2008 he is a Lecturer at the University of
Federal Defense Munich. His research interests include the design,
modelling, and analysis of electric machines.
Dr. Dajaku recive the Rheinmetall Foundation Award 2006 and the ITIS
(Institute for Technical Intelligent Systems) Research Award 2006.
Dieter Gerling; Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Gerling is head of the Institute of
Electrical Drives at the University of Federal Defense Munich, Werner-
Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany (phone: +49 89 6004-
3708; fax: -3718; email: Dieter.Gerling@unibw.de).
Born in 1961, Prof. Gerling got his diploma and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from the Technical University of Aachen, Germany in 1986
and 1992, respectively. From 1986 to 1999 he was with Philips Research
Laboratories in Aachen, Germany as Research Scientist and later as Senior
Scientist. In 1999 Dr. Gerling joined Robert Bosch GmbH in Bühl,
Germany as Director. Since 2001 he is Full Professor at the University of
Federal Defense Munich, Germany (http://www.unibw.de/EAA/).