FDAS Firepro Hydraulic Calcs

E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R., Inc.
FIREPRO SYSTEMS:
FDAS/ SMOKE DETECTION/ EXTRACTION,
AIR PRESSURIZATION,
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
& HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
BY
William J. Juan, mepf, rmp, pee
0943 0616 215/0919 605 4873/ 0995 5253 107
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ESHE Advocates /PISMAP-PSUMP Groups /MEPFS ENGINEERS../
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January 2018
Invocation
• Amang Banal, pinupuri Ka namin at
pinasasalamatan sa mga biyaya at sa tuloy-
tuloy mong paggabay sa amin, Maraming
salamat po sa pagkakataon na makapaglingkod
sa aming mga kapatid at sa aming Bayan, Sana
po ang mga gawaing ito ay magdudulot ng
positibong resulta na magbibigay ng dagdag na
kaalaman, kakayahan at kaunlaran ng bawat
isa at para sa aming Bayan, Lahat pong ito ay
aming itinataas sa Iyo Dakilang Ama sa
Pangalan ng Inyong Anak na si Jesus, Amen…
Short Resume of Speaker/Lecturer
 Engr. William Jacinto Juan, rmp,pee,mepf

PEE-Top 1 (Oct.1980)/ Asso.EE-Top 3 (Sept.1979) / Asst.EE-Top 8 (Aug.1976) /
RMP-Top 5 (Sept.1989) / Radio Amateur License DU1-ICH (94.6% rating)
Former National Chairman – IIEE Balik Liwanag & IIEE Electrical Safety Committees
B S M E 1987 – NU / B S E E 1976 – NU
President – Phil.Integrated Society of Master Plumbing (PISMAP, was PIPES), 2014-present
 Founding President – Phil. Society of United Master Plumbers (PSUMP), 2013
 Co-founder, E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R.S.,Inc. (a political group)
 Lecturer/ Director for Skills Training, MEPF Engineers Co.
 Chief Engineer of FEMP Safety Engineering Construction, 2013-present
 Was President/CEO/Founder of Versatech Consultants & Mngt.Corp., 1985-2015
 Former Chair - IIEE Electrical Safety Committee
 Was Engineering Consultant/ Designer for PICOP/ SMC/ Parsons/ AEP/ Caltex/ Petron/
 Coca Cola/ Unilever-Selecta/ Avida / DMCI-UPDI/ Motolite Projects
 EE Professor @ National U, 1979-1991
 National President - Pugad Lawin Philippines, Inc., 2009,2010,2011
 President – Rotary Club of Pasig North, RID3800, 2005-2006
 Co-Broadcaster – Talakayang Pinoy-KakammpiOnline & DWAD 1098Khz
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• 1a. Introduction to Firepro Systems
• 1b. Fire Detection & Alarm Systems (FDAS)
• 1c. Air Pressurization Systems
• 1d. Smoke Extraction Systems
• 2a. Wet Sprinkler Systems
• 2b. Hydraulic Calculations
• Prepared By:
• William J. Juan, mepf/rmp/pee
Part 1a -
INTRODUCTION
to FIREPRO
SYSTEMS
1a.1 Is FDAS & FIREPRO Mandatory?
•Yes!
•In order to save lives!
•In order to save
properties.
1a.2 The Filipino Home Needs a
Fire Alarm System!-1
• Data from the Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP) show that the Philippines had 17,000
fire incidents in 2015, causing more than P3
billion worth of damage on properties.
• Data from BFP show that 70 percent of fire

incidents last year occurred at homes.
• A recent market survey conducted shows
that 84 percent of Filipinos consider fire as
the second top threat to physical safety,
next to earthquakes at 91 percent. Other
potential physical threats include building
collapses (69 percent), terrorism (64
percent) and floods (33 percent).
• According to worldwide statistics, about 40% of the
causes of fires is electrical in nature. This comprise
the highest type of the causes of fires, including
some of the 7 big sensational fires in the country,
• i.e. 1) Resorts World Manila (June 2017, 37 died of
suffocation), 2) Kentex (March 2015, 72 died, mostly
due to suffocation), 3) Tuguegarao Bed & Breakfast
Hotel (2010, 16 died of suffocation), 4) Manor Hotel
(2001, 75 died), 5) Damas de Filipinas (1998, 53
died), 6) Lung Center (1998, 27 died), 7) Ozone Disco
(1996, 162 died).
• A survey shows that only 17 percent of
Filipino homes have fire alarm systems,
compared to 97 percent of commercial
buildings.
• While commercial buildings have fire exits,
smoke detectors, sprinklers and CCTVs,
houses do not follow the same standards
and protocols.
1a.6 Let Us Ponder On This
Situation…
• There are no Smoke Detectors or Fire Sprinklers
in your room or in your home,
• You were too tired from work, had a good night
out with friends, you had a drink too many,
went home, went to bed, into deep slumber…
• Then unfortunately, an accident happened, a
fire broke out in your room or in your home,
• If nobody wakes you up, you could succumb to
suffocation due to smoke…
1a.7 SMOKE/FIRE DETECTION/ALARM/
EVACUATION/ LIFE SAVING PROCESS
SMOKE
FIRE BREAKS! DEVELOPS
SMOKE DETECTORS FIRE ALARM

ACTUATED CONTROL
PANEL (FACP)
OR HEAT DETECTORS OPERATES
ACTUATED
AIR PRESSURIZATION IN
AUDIO-VISUAL ALARMS – ESCAPE ROUTES STARTS;
ROTATING BEACON + SMOKE EXTRACTION IN
BUZZER/ RINGER/ HOOTER ENCLOSED AREAS
+ SMART WATCH VIBRATOR
SAFE EVACUATION
1a.8 FIRE SUPPRESSION/
LIFE/PROPERTY SAVING PROCESS
JOCKEY PUMP RUNS CONTINUOUSLY TO MAINTAIN PRESSURE
IN HYDRAULIC LINE UP TO SPRINKLER NOOZLES
FIRE BREAKS! FIRE BUILDS UP
HEATS UP THE BI-METALLIC NOOZLE

SPRINKLER NOOZLES OPENS TO SPRAY WATER
WATER SPRINKLERS PRESSURE DROPS

IN HYDRAULIC
IN BURNING AREA
HEADER
FIRE PUMP SPRINKLER/S CONTINUE TO

STARTS PUT- OFF FIRE
FIREMEN CONNECT THEIR

FIRETRUCKS
HOSE TO FIRE DEPT. CONN./
ARRIVE
CONTINUE TO PUT-OFF FIRE
1a.9 THE FIRE TRIANGLE
1) Oxygen (20% in Air),

2) Heat/Spark
3) Fuel
12
1a.10 POSSIBLE SOURCE OF SPARK FROM
SUPPLY OF FLAMMABLE GASES IN CLASSIFIED
AREAS/ HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
In leading gasoline stations (Class
1, Division 2 areas), the electrical
panelboards/CBs/switches
(possible sources of spark) are
installed in electrical rooms (or in
unclassified areas) which are CIRCUIT
provided in the service building of BREAKERS
the gas stations. This scheme is
very very much safer than the
condition in the photo. In our
country where the temperature
during summer time is quite hot (up
to 39 to 40 degrees Centigrade), UNLEADED
this may create situations where GAS
the volatility of gasoline becomes
greater, rendering the situation very
dangerous and explosive.
The actual distance of
the convenience outlet
from the gasoline
dispensing nozzle is
less than the minimum
distance of 1.5 meters
(or 5 feet) as specified
by the PEC/ NEC.
1a.11 SPREAD OF FIRE
CONVECTION
15
1a.12 DEVELOPMENT OF FIRE
1. CONVECTION 2. RADIATION
Radiation is a way in
which energy moves
from one place to
another.
Convection is a mode of heat

transfer which includes the
3. CONDUCTION
movement of the molecules of the
material. It is only observed in
liquids and gases. It is not possible Conduction is the
in solids because the molecules in transfer of heat from
solids are tightly packed and are not one molecule to
free to move. another through a
substance.
16
1a.13 The Classes of Fires
Ordinary Combustibles
Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many
plastics require a water type extinguisher
labelled A.
Flammable Liquids
Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers,
grease, solvents, and other flammable liquids
require an extinguisher labelled B.
Electrical Equipment
Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical
equipment, computers, and other electrical
sources require an extinguisher labelled C.
18
•Part 1b -
•FIRE DETECTION
& ALARM SYSTEM
(FDAS)
1b.1 Why is a FDAS Required?
1b.2 FDAS Block Diagram
H2S/ CO/ LPG/ CH4 SMOKE EXTRACTION FANS

GAS SENSORS/
PRESSURIZATION FANS
DETECTORS
SMART WATCHES/
VIBRATE
1b.3 Criteria for FDAS Layout-1
1b.6 Types of FDAS System
1b.7 Conventional Type of FDAS-1
1b.8 Conventional Type of FDAS-2
1b.9 Addressable Type of FDAS
1b.10 Schematic Diagram of
Addressable Type FDAS
1b.11 Fire Alarm Control Panel
(FACP)
1b.12 Advantages of Addressable
Type FDAS
1b.13 FDAS Input Devices/Sensors
1b.14 FDAS Input Devices/Detectors
1b.15 FDAS Schematic Diagram
Showing Input Devices/ Sensors
1b.16 FDAS Heat Sensors-1
1b.17 FDAS Heat Sensors-2
1b.18 Photo-Electric Smoke
Sensors
1b.19 Ionization Type Smoke
Sensors
1b.20 Flammable Gas Sensors
(To Prevent Possible Explosion/Fire)
1b.20.1 FLAMMABLE & TOXIC Gas
Detectors – CO
CO or Carbon Monoxide is a Carbon Monoxide
colorless, odorless, tasteless, Detectors should sound
flammable, toxic or poisonous the alarm and
automatically run smoke
gas, slightly lighter than air.
extraction or ventilating
• Produced during fires in enclosed fans.
areas due to incomplete
combustion.
• Present in enclosed or partially
enclosed parking levels of buildings
and malls due to smoke from
parked vehicles that are running
idle.
1b.20.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO), the Silent Killer
CO is often called the invisible silent slow killer. Carbon monoxide is
an odorless, colorless gas created when fuels (such as gasoline, coal,
natural gas, propane, CH4, plastic/ wood/ paper, etc.) burn incompletely.
In enclosed spaces like malls/ theaters/ offices/ hospitals/ hotels/
motels/ dorms and in homes, smoke from fires, or from cooking
equipment that burn fuel are potential sources of carbon monoxide.
Vehicles or generators running in poorly ventilated semi-enclosed
parking floors or garages may also produce dangerous levels of CO.
“The dangers of CO exposure depend on a number of variables,
including the victim's health and activity level. Infants, pregnant women,
and people with physical conditions that limit their body's ability to use
oxygen (i.e. emphysema, asthma, heart disease) can be more severely
affected by lower concentrations of CO than healthy adults would be.”
“A person can be poisoned by a small amount of CO over a longer
period of time or by a large amount of CO over a shorter amount of
time.”
http://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/By-topic/Fire-and-life-safety-equipment
1b.20.2 FLAMMABLE & TOXIC Gas
Detectors – H2S
H2S Gas Detectors H2S or Hydrogen Sulfide is a colorless,
should sound an corrosive flammable toxic or
alarm and poisonous gas, with the odor of rotten
automatically run eggs, and slightly heavier than air.
gas extraction or
ventilating fans. • Present in natural gas, a by-product during
refining crude oil, an oil refinery flare
continuously burns toxic H2S; Also present in
fuel oil depots and gasoline stations.
• Present in sewer water, inside septic tanks or
in sewage treatment plants, in swamps.
• May enter homes through the toilets if trap
water seal is lost due to evaporation or
siphonage.
1b.20.3 FLAMMABLE Gas Detectors
- LPG 1) LPG is a mixture of propane (30 -
40%) and butane (60 - 70%), it is
stored as a liquid under pressure, is
colorless & odorless in its natural
An LPG Gas Detector should state.
automatically shut-off the 2) LPG vapour is heavier than air.
electrical Solenoid Valve on the Therefore, the vapour may flow along
gas supply line. the ground and into drains and be
ignited at a considerable distance
SHUT-OFF
from the source of leakage.
3) LPG is odorized before distribution,
such that any escape of gas may be
noticeable by its smell by adding ethyl
mercaptan.
4) LPG forms a flammable mixture

when mixed with air within the
flammability limit to large volumes of
vapour/air mixture and thus cause
considerable hazard.
1b.20.4 FLAMMABLE Gas Detectors
- METHANE GAS
Methane Gas (CH4) is mainly
Methane Gas (CH4)
natural gas, a colorless, odorless
Detectors should sound an
highly flammable gas, highly
alarm and automatically run
explosive, but it is not toxic, not
gas extraction or ventilating
corrosive. Methane gas explosions
fans.
are responsible for the 2007
Glorietta 2 explosion and many
deadly mining disasters.
• Present in sewer water (like the toxic
H2S), in septic tanks or in STPs;
Together with toxic H2S, may also
enter homes through the toilets if
trap water seal is lost due to
evaporation or siphonage.
1b.21 FDAS Combination Sensors
1b.22 Selection of Other FDAS
Sensors-1
1b.23 Selection of Other FDAS
Sensors-2
1b.24 FDAS Output Devices-Audio
1b.25 FDAS Output Devices-Visual
1b.26 FDAS Output
Devices - Vibrate!
This smart watch when made to vibrate could be designed
to be a component of a comprehensive FDAS system.
When this special watch is provided with a SIM card, an
addressable type FACP can be programmed to send a signal
to this smart watch when fire is detected by the detectors.
A person who wears this watch and who is asleep during a
fire may have a greater chance to be awakened and
possibly escape the burning building. In the present FDAS
system, there are only 3 out of 5 senses in humans that are
part of the fire detection process, i.e. (1) the sense of
smell, if you are near the fire or inside a burning room, (2)
the sense of sight and (3) the sense of hearing – which are
caused by the audio-visual output devices, like bells,
buzzers or hooters and strobe lights or blinkers. This watch
which can vibrate can therefore add a 4th important
dimension in Firepro system.
1b.27 Referral Codes/Approvals of
FDAS Components/ Systems
1. Fire Code of the Philippines 2008 - BFP
2. Philippine Electrical Code - Part I
3. Philippine Electronics Code - Book 2 -
FDAS
4. NFPA 72 - National Fire Alarm and
Signaling Code (USA)
5. Underwriters’ Laboratories (UL)
6. Any other internationally recognized body
acceptable to Purchaser/ Consultant.
1b.29 Common FDAS Abbreviation
FACP – Fire Alarm Control Panel
RAP – Remote Annunciator Panel
SD – Smoke Detector HD – Heat Detector
FD – Flame Detector FGD – Fire-Gas Detector
MPS – Manual Pull Station FS – Flow Switch
SS – Supervisory Switch FAC – Fire Alarm Cabinet
SL – Strobe Light AB – Alarm Bell
EOL – End of Line Resistor CP – Call Point
UV – Ultra-Violet Light IR – Infra Red Light
CONV – Conventional ADD – Addressable
1b.30 TYP. FIRE DETECTION & ALARM
SYSTEM (FDAS) LAYOUT
1b.31 DETECTOR LAYOUT
• FOR EASY LAYOUTING, THE STANDARD
DISTANCE, CENTER-TO-CENTER OF SMOKE OR
HEAT DETECTORS IS:
THREE (3) METERS EACH WAY

1b.32 TYP. FDAS RISER DIAGRAM-1
1b.35 TYP. FDAS FULL SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM
FDAS COMMON BRANDS
FIRE TRACING FOR TYPE “C” FIRES
•Part 1c -
• AIR
PRESSURIZATION
SYSTEM
1c.1 STAIRWELL PRESURIZATION
SYSTEM (NFPA 92)
1c.2 TYP. STAIRWELL PRESURIZATION
Variable Frequency Driven
SMOKE
SMOKE
1.c.3 STAIRWELL PRESURIZATION FANS or SPFs
(NFPA 92)
• In the event of a fire emergency, the stairwells are frequently the primary
escape route and may also serve as the primary access route for firefighting
teams. In these smoke control zones, stairwell pressurization fans (or SPF)
are used to pressurize stairwells to limit smoke infiltration by maintaining
positive pressure across closed stairwell doors. Fans used for stairwell
pressurization should be designed to operate at low enough pressures so
that exit doors can be safely opened during evacuation.
• Just like the Fire Pump, the SPF system should be automatically be operated
by the operation of the FDAS system.
• It is recommended here to use variable frequency driven SPFs in order to
maintain the correct positive pressure (a pressure differential of not more
than 0.25inch w.g. or 62.2 Pa) and prevent the occurrence of an over
pressure that may hinder the easy opening of the exit doors.
1.c.4 STAIRWELL PRESURIZATION
SYSTEM STANDARDS (NFPA 92)
• THE MOST STRINGENT STANDARDS ARE IN:
• 1) Country: Canada Code: NBCC 1990
• Door velocity: 4.72 cu.m/sec + 0.094 cu.m/sec for
every door
• Number of Effective Open Doors: Four (2 Doors on 3
Floors, Exit Door)
• No mention of Air Pressure (min. or max.)
• 2) Country: USA Code: NFPA 92A, 1988

• Pressure: 45 Pa min. to 133Pa max.
• No mention of air velocities
1.c.5 AIR PRESURIZATION CALCULATIONS
1/2
PRES S URIZATION CALCULATIONS : Method 1 Q= Kf *Al*(DP) NOTES
ZONE 1 Eqn. 4.8a - from
Q = Flow Rate (cfm) ASHRAE
of Smoke MDesign
anagement
1/2
Q= Kf *Al*(DP) K f = Coefficient, 2610 Systems,
2
A l = Flow Area, ft pg. 42
DP = Pressure Diff., 0.05, in H 2O
Flow/ Leakage area calculations:
Table 1
Total
Structural Number of Height Length Depth Area Flow Leakage
Flow area
Component item Area Area values
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft 2) (ft 2) (ft 2) taken from:
ASHRAE
Design
of Smoke
Doors 26 3 7 0.3 7.8 M anagement
1 2 2
Walls 2 20 170 6800 0.001 6.8 1997 UBC
2 20 200 8000 0.001 8
Ceiling 1 200 170 34000 0.0005 17 1997 UBC
Total = 41.6
Total Flow Area:
(summed from
Table 1) Al = 41.6 ft 2
Coefficient: Kf = 2610
Pressure
Difference: DP = 0.05 in H20
Volumetric Flow
Rate: = 24278.33 cfm
Q = 24278.33 cfm
1.c.6 HP SIZE OF PRESSURIZATION FAN
• FROM EXAMPLE
• Q = 24,278 CFM MINIMUM
• FROM A TYP. FAN PERFORMANCE CURVES OF A
MANUFACTURER OF HEAVY DUTY INDUSTRIAL
FANS & BLOWERS, THE HP RATING IS FROM
10HP TO 15HP
• USE: 15HP, 230V, 3PHASE, 60 HZ, 29,000CFM,
With Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Controller,
pressure switch set at 3 to 5 psi above the
internal pressure of the inner enclosed areas.
•Part 1d -
• SMOKE
EXTRACTION
SYSTEMS
1.d.1 TYP.
LOW RISE
BUILDING
SMOKE
EXTRACTION
-1
1.d.2 TYP.
LOW RISE
BUILDING
SMOKE
EXTRACTION
-2
1.d.3 TYP. MEDIUM RISE BUILDING SMOKE
EXTRACTION
1.d.4 TYP.
HIGH RISE
BUILDING
SMOKE
EXTRACTION
1.d.5 TYP. CAR PARK SMOKE EXTRACTION
1.d.5 KENTEX FACTORY SANS ROOF VENTILATION
W/C CAN ALLOW EXIT OF C.O. GAS/ SMOKE
1.d.6 IF THERE WAS ALREADY C.O. EXTRACTION AT
THE KENTEX FACTORY, THE FATALITIES WOULD
HAVE BEEN GREATLY REDUCED
1.d.7 TYP. WAREHOUSE SMOKE EXTRACTION
PART 2a -
FIREWATER
SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
By:
• Henry E. Suarez, rmp/pme
20
2a.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a non-profit
organization established in 1896 to reduce the world burden of fire and
other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating concensus
codes and standards, research, training and organization.
Factory Mutual is an organization of insurers established in 1835 and

composed of mutual property and casualty insurance company. Their
objective is to provide insurance and safety services for large manufacturing
companies, institutions, commercial, and large housing buildings or projects.
Underwriters Laboratory (UL) is a non-profit organization founded

in 1894 in the US and a safety, testing, and certification organization which
permits to use its listing mark or logo as it stamps mark of appoval of goods
and materials after standardized and stringent testing.
88
2a.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fire Pump is a fire fighting equipment or apparatus usually
connected to the fire protection piping system and provided with a
dedicated source of steady water.
Jockey Pump is a small pump that maintain the required pressure

in the wet sprinkler system.
Fire Pump Controller is an electrical panel that controls the

operation of the fire pump automatically.
Jockey Pump Controller is an electrical panel that controls the

operation of the jockey pump automatically to maintain system
pressure.
89
2a.3 CODES & STANDARDS COMPLIANCE
Every architect and fire protection designer shall comply and
conform with the following codes and standards:
Main Code: The Fire Code of the Philippines and its Implementing
Rules and Regulations (RA 9514)
Referenced Codes: The National Building Code of the Philippines

The Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Code
Uniform Mechanical Code
NFPA 1- Fire Prevention Code
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)
National Electrical Code (NEC)
Standards: The National Fire Protection Association Standards

Factory Mutual (FM) Standards
Underwriter's Laboratory (UL) Standards
American Waterworks Association (AWWA)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Applicable City Ordinances
21
2a.4 FIRE PROTECTION
APPROACH
Protection of a building and its contents from damages by
fire can be divided into two (2) categories:
(1) Passive Fire Protection System
(2) Active Fire Protection System
31
2a.5 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
“The combination of all methods used in a building to warn people of an
emergency, provide for safe evacuation, and restrict the spread of fire, and
includes both active and passive protection.” Passive Fire Protection or PFP
features relate to elements of construction which are generally part of the fabric
of the building as opposed to active features such as sprinklers, detectors, alarms,
etc. Examples of PFP features in typical buildings are:
•fire rated walls, floors, ceiling and roofs, i.e. the use of CHB walls, use of
gypsum board and/or fiber-cement board (Hardiflex) panels which are
made of fire-retardant materials (in lieu of plywood panels)
•fire and smoke control doors
•fire and smoke stopping seals, collars, pillows, blankets, etc for services
penetrations
•fire rated protective coatings or concrete encasement for structural steel
members, etc.
•fire and smoke dampers/ curtains
•fire rated glass systems
•fire rated lift landing doors
•fire rated ducting
33
2a.5a DETAILS of PASSIVE FIREPRO
2a.6 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Sprinkler System
The most widely used apparatus for fire protection in buildings is

the automatic sprinkler system.
The Fire Code of the Philippines requires an approved and

supervised sprinkler system conforming to NFPA 13 for buildings
15 meters high from ground floor to topmost floor level or more.
(Section 10.2.14.6)
Sprinkler system consists of a network of piping installed at the

ceiling or roof and supplied with water by means of an approved
fire pump from a suitable source.
56
2a.7 When is a Wet Sprinkler
System Mandatory?
• AS REQUIRED IN THE R.A. 9514, WHICH IS THE NEW FIRE CODE OF
THE PHILIPPINES, FOR A BUILDING NOT MORE THAN 4-STOREYS,
AN AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS NOT MANDATORY,
EXCEPT IF IT IS A HOTEL, A MOTEL, A DORMITORY, A HOSPITAL, OR
A BUILDING INTENDED TO STORE FLAMMABLE MATERIALS.
• OTHERWISE, INSTEAD OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM, A DRY STAND-
PIPE SYSTEM COMPLETE WITH FIRE HYDRANTS WITH FIRE HOSE
PER FLOOR IS REQUIRED & FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION
(SIAMESE TWIN). IN ADDITION, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ARE
REQUIRED IN EACH FLOOR LEVEL.
• FOR A BUILDING ABOVE 4 STOREYS, AN AUTOMATIC FIRE
SPRINKLER SYSTEM COMPLETE WITH A FIRE PUMP AND A JOCKEY
PUMP IS MANDATORY.
2a.7a DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WET & DRY FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM
• Wet Systems
The wet system is basically consist of pipes with sprinklers and/or fire hose
cabinets provided on each floor level. In this type of system, the pipes are full
of firewater at standard operating pressure and are ready to act instantly if
the sprinkler nozzles are activated or exposed to heat. This system has a
stationary fire pump and a fire department connection (Siamese twin)
provided with check valves. A jockey pump or an elevated water tank is
provided to continuously operate to maintain the hydraulic pressure, a
minimum 7 psi to the farthest sprinkler nozzle in terms of hydraulic pressure.
• Dry Systems
These systems are usually not filled with firewater. But during tests, the pipes
are filled with fire water up to the valves of the fire hose cabinets at standard
operating pressure. When there is a fire, the firewater from a stationary fire
pump of the facility or from a fire truck through the fire department
connection (Siamese twins) enters the pipes to the fire hose cabinets.
TYPES OF SPRINKLER LAYOUT
2. LOOPED-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

At least two paths to
each sprinkler head
1. TREE-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Only one path to each 3. GRIDDED-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
sprinkler head
There are two paths to
each sprinkler head
72
Details of Wet Sprinkler System
77
2a.10 FIRE PUMPS
2. VERTICAL-IN-LINE
1. HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASE
4. VERTICAL TURBINE
3. PACKAGED TYPE ENGINE DRIVEN 90
90
2a.11 FIRE PUMP SELECTION
Fire pump selection is based on the requirement of
NFPA 20 standard and not similar to selecting a pump
used for domestic water supply.
Fire pump is needed to enhance the water pressure

from water tank or cistern tank.
Fire pump is selected based on the total head required

and system flow requirement of the fire protection system.
Fire pump is selected using the pump characteristics curve.
Is fire pump normally FM approved/

UL listed?
No. Any centrifugal pump can be qualified as fire

pump as
long as its selection is based on the performance
requirements as shown.
Fire pump characteristic curves
91
2a.12 FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM W/ FIRE PUMPS/
JOCKEY PUMP/ WATER TANK - What are Lacking?
BRANCHES
FIREWATER TANK
RISER MAIN
FIREPUMP CONTROLLER SPRINKLERS
FIREPUMP-1
JOCKEY PUMP
CROSS MAIN
FIREPUMP-2
MAIN LINE
2a.13 FIRE DEPT CONNECTION -
SIAMESE TWIN (NFPA 13)
2a.14 Typ. Minimum Fire Protection
Facility (NFPA 13)
A fire hose cabinet
must be provided on
each end of the
building lobby near
the stairs, with the
length of the fire
hose that could
reach the farthest
point on the floor or
level (20M or 15M).
2a.15 SPRINKLER HEADS / NOOZLES
 NFPA 13
requires a
minimum starting
pressure of
7 psi for sprinklers
 Min. operating
temperature is 57
degrees
Centigrade.
2a.16 Typical Minimum Fire Water
Sprinkler Facility
 An elevated firewater tank with
adequate volume (minimum 30 3M high Water
minutes supply) which can Tank at 15M
elevation,
deliver firewater to the sprinkler
15 psi at the tank
heads at the minimum operating bottom.
pressure of 7psig is a minimum
requirement for fire protection
of a building. And in this case, a
registered master plumber can 7 psig
sign and seal the fire protection Min.
plans. Pressure
drop on the
fire water
supply lines,
say 5 psi.
2a.17 A SPRINKLER SYSTEM with NO
JOCKEY PUMP
 This schematic riser
diagram shows an
Elevated
Firewater Tank
which maintains the
minimum pressure
in lieu of a Jockey
Pump.
Fire pump which is FM approved/ UL listed is required by establishments such as
industrial, institutional, commercial, offices and residential which fire insurers are
members or affiliated with FM global or as an Owner option.
What is the requirement of RA 9514 regarding fire pump application?
The new Fire Code of the Philippines (RA 9514) in Section 10.2.6.6-4f it says…” Fire
pumps shall be approved and shall deliver not less then the required fire flow and
pressure, Such pumps shall be supplied with adequate power source and shall be
automatic in operation. Where the wet standpipe system is supplied with water from
the domestic supply of the building, approved fire pumps shall not be required
provided the domestic pump used delivers the required fire flow.”
The code is not specific regarding FM approval or UL listing.
What is the difference in price between an non- UL/FM and UL/FM fire
pump?
A UL/FM fire pump is some 20 to 50% higher in cost.
98
92
Table 2-20 Summary of Fire Pump Data
Minimum Pipe Sizes (Nominal)
Pump Rating Suction1, 2 Discharge1 Relief Valve Relief Valve Meter Device
(in.) (in.) (in.) Discharge (in.)
gpm L/min (in.)
25 95 1 1 3/ 1 11/4
4
50 189 11/2 11/4 11/4 11/2 2
100 379 2 2 11/2 2 21/2
150 568 21/2 21/2 2 21/2 3
200 757 3 3 2 21/2 3
250 946 31/2 3 2 21/2 31/2
300 1,136 4 4 21/2 31/2 31/2
400 1,514 4 4 3 5 4
450 1,703 5 5 3 5 4
500 1,892 5 5 3 5 5
750 2,839 6 6 4 6 5
1,000 3,785 8 6 4 8 6
1,250 4,731 8 8 6 8 6
1,500 5,677 8 8 6 8 8
2,000 7,570 10 10 6 10 8
2,500 9,462 10 10 6 10 8
3,000 11,355 12 12 8 12 8
3,500 13,247 12 12 8 12 10
4,000 15,140 14 12 8 14 10
4,500 17,032 16 14 8 14 10
5,000 18,925 16 14 8 14 10
1 Actual diameter of pump flange is permitted to be different from pipe diameter.
96
2a.20 DESIGN PROCEDURE-1
1. Determine occupancy classification.

1.1 Light Hazard
1.2 Ordinary Hazard
a. Ordinary Hazard Group 1
b. Ordinary Hazard Group 2
1.3 Extra Hazard
a. Extra Hazard Group 1
b. Extra Hazard Group 2
2. Create sprinkler piping layout on the plan and

determine most remote area of operation.
2a.21 DESIGN PROCEDURE-2
3. Calculate the number of sprinkler heads and
branches within the area of operation.
4. Select the applicable density from density/area

curve of NFPA No. 13
5. Provide pipe sizes on the sprinkler piping layout from

branches, cross main, feed main, riser down to the
fire pump discharge outlet.
6. Use the standard hydraulic calculation form from

NFPA No. 13.
2a.22 DETERMINING
SPRINKLER HEADS QUANTITY
1/2
Total Sprinklers to Calculate = Design Area/Area per

Sprinkler
Number of Sprinklers on Branch Line= 1.2A / S
Where: A= Design Area, sq ft

S= Distance of Sprinklers on Branch Line, ft
2a.23 HYDRAULIC CALC FORM
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION FORM
Sprinkler Fittings & C- K-

Location
Flow (gpm) Pipe Size Pipe Equivalent Length psi/ft/ Req. Pressure
Devices factor factor
q Nom lgth Pt
None ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
q Nom
103
tot
lgth
Pe
Pt
2a.24 DENSITY/AREA CURVES
4
2a.25 Sprinkler System Protection
Area Limitations
The maximum floor area on any one floor to be protected
by sprinklers supplied by any one sprinkler system riser or
combined system riser shall be as follows:
(1) Light hazard = 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(2) Ordinary hazard = 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(3) Extra hazard

(a) Pipe schedule = 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2)
(b) Hydraulically calculated = 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
(4) Storage High-piled storage = 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2) and

storage covered by other NFPA standards
62
2a.26 Occupancy Classifications
1. Light hazard occupancies include occupancies
having uses and conditions similar to the following:
1.1 Educational/ Schools
1.2 Hospitals
1.3 Institutional
1.4 Libraries, except large stack rooms
1.5 Museums
1.6 Nursing or convalescent homes
1.7 Offices/ Commercial/ Malls
1.8 Residential/ Hotel/ Motel/ Dormitories
1.9 Restaurant seating areas
1.10 Theaters & auditoriums, excluding stages & prosceniums
1.11 Churches
1.12 Clubs
1.13 Eaves/overhangs, combustible construction w/ no combustibles
1.14 Unused attics
63
2a.27 Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 1)
include occupancies having uses & conditions
similar to the following:
2.1.1 Automobile parking and showrooms
2.1.2 Bakeries
2.1.3 Beverage manufacturing
2.1.4 Canneries
2.1.5 Dairy products manufacturing and processing
2.1.6 Electronic plants
2.1.7 Glass and glass products manufacturing
2.1.8 Laundries
2.1.8 Restaurant service areas
Take note, the red colored occupancies are usually present in
malls or commercial buildings (Light Hazard type).
64
2a.28 Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 2)
include occupancies having uses & conditions
similar to the following:
2.2.1 Cereal mills 2.2.2 Chemical plants — ordinary

2.2.3 Confectionery products 2.2.4 Distilleries
2.2.5 Dry cleaners 2.2.6 Feed mills
2.2.7 Horse stables 2.2.8 Resin application area
2.2.9 Stages 2.2.10 Textile manufacturing
2.2.11 Tire manufacturing 2.2.12 Repair garages
2.2.13 Tobacco products manufacturing 2.2.14 Wood machining
2.2.15 Wood product assembly 2.2.16 Leather goods manufacturing
2.2.17 Libraries — large stack room areas 2.2.18 Machine shops
2.2.19 Metal working 2.2.20 Mercantile
2.2.21 Paper & pulp mills 2.2.22 Paper process plants
2.2.23 Piers & wharves 2.2.24 Post offices
2.2.25 Printing & publishing
65
2a.29 Extra hazard occupancies (Group 1)
include occupancies having uses and
conditions similar to the following:
3.1.1 Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409, Standard
on Aircraft Hangars)
3.1.2 Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas
3.1.3 Die casting
3.1.4 Metal extruding
3.1.5 Plywood and particle board manufacturing
3.1.6 Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F (38°C)]
3.1.7 Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling, vulcanizing
3.1.8 Saw mills
3.1.9 Textile picking, opening, blending, garneting, or carding,
combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or burlap
3.1.10 Upholstering with plastic foams
66
2a.30 Extra hazard occupancies (Group 2)
include occupancies having uses and
conditions similar to the following:
3.2.1 Asphalt saturating

3.2.2 Flammable liquids spraying
3.2.3 Flow coating
3.2.4 Manufactured home or modular building
assemblies (where finished enclosure is present and has
combustible interiors)
3.2.5 Open oil quenching
3.2.6 Plastics processing
3.2.7 Solvent cleaning
3.2.8 Varnish & paint dipping
2a.31.a NFPA Tables…
Table 8-5.2.2 Light Hazard Pipe Schedules
Steel Copper
1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
11/4 in. 3 sprinklers 11/4 in. 3 sprinklers
4 in. See Section 5-2 4 in. See Section 5-2
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
Table 8-5.2.3 Number of Sprinklers above and below a Ceiling

Steel Copper
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm. 67
2a.31.b NFPA Tables…
Table 8-5.3.2(a) Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
8 in. See Section 5-2 8 in. See Section 5-2
Table 8-5.3.2(b) Number of Sprinklers — Greater than 12-ft (3.7-m) Separations

Steel Copper
68
2a.31.c NFPA Tables…
Table A-8-5.4 Extra Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
1 in. 1 sprinkler 1 in. 1 sprinkler
Table 10.10.2.1.3 Flow Required to Produce a Velocity of 10 ft/sec (3 m/sec) in Pipes

Pipe Size Flow Rate
In. mm gpm L/min
4 102 390 1,476
6 152 880 3,331
8 203 1,560 5,905
10 254 2,440 9,235
12 305 3,520 13,323
69
2a.31.d NFPA Tables…
Table 5-7.2.2 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Sidewall Spray
Sprinkler)
Light Hazard O
Combustible Finish Noncombustible or Combustible Finish
Limited-Combustible
Finish
Maximum distance along the wall (S) 14 ft 14 ft 10 ft
Maximum room width (L) 12 ft 14 ft 10 ft
Maximum protection area 120 ft2 196 ft2 80 ft2
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2.
Table 5-8.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Extended Coverage Upright and
Pendent Spray Sprinklers)
Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard Extra Hazard
Protection Spacing Protection Spacing Protection Spa
Area Area Area
Construction Type (ft2) (ft) (ft2) (ft) (ft2) (f
Unobstructed 400 20 400 20 —
324 18 324 18 —
256 16 256 16 —
— — 196 14 196 1
— — 144 12 144 1
Obstructed 400 20 400 20 —
noncombustible (when 324 18 324 18 —
specifically listed for 256 16 256 16 —
such use) — — 196 14 196 1
— — 144 12 144 1
Obstructed N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N
combustible
For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2. 70
2a.32 Example of Wet Sprinkler
System Piping Layout-1
78
79
Note: Are
the
sprinklers
inside the
bathrooms
really
needed?
This is the
farthest
sprinkler
noozle from
the Fire
Pump.
81
2a.36 Details of Wet Sprinkler System
Piping Layout
82
PART 2b -
HYDRAULIC
CALCULATIONS
By:
• Henry E. Suarez, rmp/pme
2b.1 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Our presentation deals with hydraulic calculations of the
wet sprinkler system of a factory under Ordinary Group
occupancy hazard classification.
The example is a 5-storey factory building with top of riser

elevation to center of fire pump discharge at 70 ft. This building
is served by a 4-inch riser and believed to be within 4,831 sq.
m. sprinkler protection coverage per riser.
The remote area of sprinkler operation is 1500 sq ft with a

water density of 0.15 gpm/sq ft.
This remote area contains 15 sprinkler heads in 3 branches.

2B.2 FIREPRO PLAN @ 5TH LEVEL
This is the farthest sprinkler noozle from the Fire Pump.
2b.3 END SPRINKLER START CONDITIONS
We start at the physically most remote sprinkler head.
Each sprinkler has a protection area coverage. This means that

the sprinkler head has a specific protection coverage floor
area. Our example covers 130 sq ft per sprinkler head.
First step is calculate the flow from the remotest sprinkler

head.
Thus: From Qs = A x D where: Qs = flow, gpm

A = protection area coverage
sq ft
D = density
2b.4 FLOW (gpm) @ END SPRINKLER
Therefore: Qs= 130 sq.ft x 0.15 gpm/sq.ft = 19.5 gpm
From : Q= k(p)½ where: Q= sprinkler flow, gpm

k= sprinkler k factor NFPA 13
p= pressure from individual
sprinkler, psi
Thus: p= (Q/p)² = (19.5/8)² = 5.94 psi
But NFPA 13 requires a minimum of 7 psi operating pressure to
meet the density requirement.
Therefore: Q= (8)(7)½ = 21.2 gpm, the water flow at the

farthest sprinkler from the Fire Pump.
2b.5 Hydraulic Calcs Worksheet-1
Location
q Nom lgth Pt 7
ftg Pf
1 Q 21.2 Act.
tot Pe
2 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
3 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
2b.6 FIREPRO PLAN W/ FLOW @ SPRINKLER #1
Now the starting conditions entered, we can now compute for
the pressure loss through the pipe supplying the 21.2 gpm
flow @ 7 psi to sprinkler #1. Looking at the remote area:
2b.7 FORMULA for FRICTION LOSS PIPES
Sprinkler # 1 is supplied by a 10 ft by 1”Ø pipe Schedule
40. Calculate the friction loss through pipe by using the
Hazen-Williams friction loss formula:
1.85
4.52× Q × L
Pf = 1.85 4.87
C ×D
Where,
Pf = Total friction loss in piece of pipe (psi)
Q = Total flow in pipe (gpm)
L = Length of pipe (feet)
C = C-factor of pipe (from NFPA-13 (2007) Table 22.4.4.7)
D = Diameter of pipe (inches)
These variables are all self-explanatory except for the C-factor. This variable simulates the internal
roughness of the piece of pipe and differs depending on sprinkler system type and pipe type. NFPA-
13, Table 22.4.4.7 indicates C Values as follows:
2b.8 C – Values of Pipes by Hazen-Williams
Use C=120 for Black Iron Steel Pipe. Apply inside diameter of pipe

Location
q Nom 1" lgth 10-0 Pt 7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe
2 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
3 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
2b.10 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS on the 1” PIPE
Calculate now the friction loss thru the 1” pipe supplying
21.2 gpm to sprinkler # 1:
4.52 × 21.21.85 ×10

Pf =
120 1.85 ×1.049 4.87 = 1.449-psi, or 1.5 psi
We can now enter the friction loss in the work sheet.

Since there is no elevation change in the ends of this pipe, the pressure
loss due to elevation is 0 and is also entered in the worksheet. Pressure
loss due to elevation will be discussed later.

Location
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
3 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
Now that we have the starting pressure at sprinkler #1 and the friction pressure
required to get our 21.2-gpm to sprinkler #1, we can add these two to get the
pressure needed at sprinkler #2.
Now that we know the pressure at sprinkler #2, we can calculate the actual flow from
sprinkler #2 with the increased pressure of 8.5-psi. This is done with the equation:
Q = k * p ½, which yields

Location
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q Nom lgth Pt 8.5
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
3 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q = 8 8.5 = 23.3-gpm; this is entered in the appropriate place on the worksheet.

Location
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom lgth Pt 8.5
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
3 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
Now we add the flow from sprinkler #1 and sprinkler #2 to get the total flow through
the pipe supplying sprinkler #2. Notice that the variable q = the flow from a single
sprinkler and the variable Q = the total flow in the system.

Location
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
ftg Pf
Q 44.5 Act.
tot Pe
3 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
2b.15 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS on 1 ¼” PIPE
Now that we know the total flow in the pipe supplying sprinkler #2, we use the
Hazen-Williams formula to calculate the friction loss pressure in the pipe
supplying sprinkler #2.
The pipe supplying sprinkler #2 is a piece of 1 ¼-inch schedule 40 10-feet

long, which would yield the following friction loss calculation:
4.52 × 44.51.85 × 10
Pf = 1201.85 × 1.38 4.87
= 1.50-psi
Now we add the pressure at sprinkler #2 and the friction loss through the pipe
supplying sprinkler #2 to get the pressure at sprinkler #3.
Enter all of the pipe information and friction loss data in the worksheet.

Location Devices factor factor
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
At this point you should begin to notice the back-and-forth process of calculating
sprinkler flow and friction loss. Since we last calculated friction loss, this should give a
clue that the next step is to calculate sprinkler flow. Indeed, since we now know the
actual pressure at sprinkler #3, we can calculate the actual flow from sprinkler #3
which is as follows:
Q = k * p ½ = 8 * 10 ½ = 25.3 gpm

Location
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q Nom lgth Pt 10.0
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
Q = 8.0 10.0 = 25.3-gpm; this is entered in the appropriate place on the worksheet and the total flow
also through the pipe supplying sprinkler #3 can be calculated by adding the flow from sprinkler
#3 to the flow through the pipe supplying sprinkler #2.

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
ftg Pf
Q 69.8 Act.
tot Pe
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
2b.19 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS on 1 ½” PIPE
Now we will calculate the friction loss pressure in the pipe supplying sprinkler #3.
The pipe supplying sprinkler #3 is a piece of 1 ½-inch schedule 40 10-feet long,

which would yield the following friction loss calculation:
4.52 × 69.81.85 × 10
Pf = 1201.85 × 1.614.87
= 1.6-psi

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
ftg Pf
Q 97.0 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
2b.22 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS on Next 1 ½” PIPE
Now we will calculate the friction loss pressure in the pipe supplying sprinkler #4.
The pipe supplying sprinkler #4 is a piece of 1 ½-inch schedule 40 10-feet long,

which would yield the following friction loss calculation:
4.52 × 97.01.85 × 10
Pf =
1201.85 × 1.614.87 = 3.0-psi

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q Nom lgth Pt 14.6
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
Now that we know the actual pressure at sprinkler #5, we can calculate the actual flow
from sprinkler #5 which is as follows:
Q = k * p ½ = 8.0 * 14.6 ½ = 30.6-gpm; this is entered in the appropriate place on
the worksheet and the total flow also through the pipe supplying sprinkler #5 can be
calculated by adding the flow from sprinkler #5 to the flow through the pipe supplying
sprinkler #4.

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
ftg Pf
Q 127.6 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
2b.26 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS on 1 ½” PIPE SUPPLYING
SPRINKLER #5
The pipe supplying sprinkler #5 is a piece of 1 ½-inch schedule 40 1’-11 ½-inches long.
Also, in this piece of pipe there is a fitting at the connection to the main which must be
accounted for in the friction loss calculation.
NFPA-13, section 22.4.4.7 (3) states “Calculate the loss for a tee or a cross where
flow direction change occurs based on the equivalent pipe length of the piping
segment in which the fitting is included.” This tells us when to include a fitting in
the friction loss calculation, when flow direction changes.
NFPA-13, section 22.4.4.7 (4) states “The tee at the top of a riser nipple shall be
included in the branch line, the tee at the base of a riser nipple shall be included
in the riser nipple, and the tee or cross at a cross main-feed main junction shall be
included in the cross main.” This tells us where to include the fitting, into upstream
piece of pipe. This is why the Tee fitting at the cross main at point A on our drawing
is added to the branch line friction loss calculation and not the friction loss through the
piece of 4-inch main.
If you are wondering about all of those Tee fittings that the sprinklers are threaded
into, NFPA-13, section 22.4.4.7 (9) states “Friction loss shall be excluded for the
fitting directly connected to a sprinkler.” Therefore we ignore the Tee fittings for
the sprinklers.
Now we know to include a Tee fitting in our friction loss calculation for the pipe
supplying sprinkler #5. This is entered in our worksheet.
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg Pf
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
Now that we know there will be one Tee, we must add some equivalent footage of
1 ½-inch pipe to account for the additional friction loss through the Tee. This is found
in NFPA-13, Table 22.4.3.1.1. In this table the pipe sizes are across the top and the
fittings are along the left side. If you find the intersection of “Tee or cross” and “1 ½
in.”, you will find an equivalent footage for this fitting of “8”. This means that you
include an additional 8-feet in the friction loss calculation.
When entered into the worksheet it will appear as follows:

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 Pf
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
2b.29 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS on the Tee &
1’ PIPE to Sprinkler #5
This makes our total length of pipe in our friction loss calculation = 1’ + 8’
(for the Tee) = 9’-0”, which would yield the following friction loss calculation:
1.85
4.52 × 127.6 ×9
Pf = 1201.85 ×1.614.87 = 5.0-psi

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q Nom lgth Pt 19..6
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
2b.31 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS on 4” PIPE to Point A
Adding the pressure at sprinkler #5 and the friction loss pressure in the pipe supplying sprinkler
#5, we have the pressure required at point A in our system. This is 23.6-psi. With this piping
arrangement, 23.6-psi is required at point A to get the required minimum amount of water and
pressure through sprinklers #1 through #5.
Since there are no more sprinklers to account for on this line, the next step is to simply calculate
the friction loss from point A to point B.
This pipe is a piece of 4-inch schedule 10 10-feet long, which would yield the
following friction loss calculation:
4.52 × 127.61.85 × 10
Pf =
1201.85 × 4.26 4.87 = 0.04-psi; we will round this to 0.1-psi.
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
Now we add the pressure at point A and the friction loss through the pipe supplying
point A to get the pressure at point B.

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 18-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 9-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q Nom lgth Pt 19.7
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
2b.34 Flow Adjustments
Flow adjustments are required to balance two different calculated flows at the
same point in a sprinkler system. Obviously, two separate flows and pressure
cannot exist at the same point. Notice below that the pressure at point A, where the
first branch line connects to the main is 19.6-psi but the pressure at point B, where
the second branch line connects to the main is 19.7-psi. Since the pressure is
increased at point B, all of the sprinklers will overflow due to the higher pressure.
However, in order to continue our calculation we must know how much water will
actually flow through the second branch line.
The formula used to calculate this is as follows:
PH
Qadj = QL ×
PL
Where:
Qadj = Adjusted Flow
QL = Calculated Flow in the Low Pressure Line
PH = Calculated Pressure in the High Pressure Line
PL = Calculated Pressure in the Low Pressure Line
Now that we are at point B in the system we must add the flow for sprinklers #6
through #10. Since this branch line is typical to the first, we can use an additional
formula to calculate the additional flow through this second branch line due to the
increased pressure at point B of 19.7-psi.
Note the two pressures highlighted in the worksheet below:

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q Nom lgth Pt 19.7
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
The pressure required to get our minimum end sprinkler conditions down our typical branch line
was calculated to be 19.6-psi at point A. But our pressure at point B is 19.7-psi. Our calculated
flow for our typical branch line was 127.6-gpm. We can use our formula to calculate the actual
flow down our second branch line based on the higher pressure.
PH 19.7
Qadj = QL × = 127.6 × = 127.9-gpm
PL 19.6
We now show this flow as the flow through the second branch line and add the
two flows to get the total flow through the piece of pipe supplying the second
branch line.
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom lgth Pt 19.7
ftg Pf
Q 255.5 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
2b.37 CALCULATE FRICTION LOSS from Point C to Point B
Next comes the friction loss calculation for the flow from point B to point C.
This pipe is a piece of 4-inch schedule 10 10-feet long, which would yield the
following friction loss calculation:
4.52 × 255.51.85 × 10
Pf =
1201.85 × 4.26 4.87 = 0.2-psi

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
Now we add the pressure at point B and the friction loss through the pipe
supplying point B to get the pressure at point C.

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q Nom lgth Pt 19.9
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
The pressure required to get our minimum end sprinkler conditions down our typical branch line
was calculated to be 23.6-psi at point A. But our pressure at point C is 23.9-psi. Our calculated
flow for our typical branch line was 127.6-gpm. We can use our formula to calculate the actual
flow down our third branch line based on the higher pressure. . .
Qadj = Q × PH/ L = 127.6 × 19.9/ 19.6 = 128.6 gpm
We now show this flow as the flow through the third branch line and add the two
flows to get the total flow through the piece of pipe supplying the third branch line.

Location
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.6 Nom lgth Pt 19.9
ftg Pf
Q 383.9 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
2b.41 Remaining Hydraulic Calculations
By looking at our drawing, you will notice that we are past the last flowing sprinkler.
There will be no more flow additions for sprinklers. The remainder of the calculations
is only for friction loss for a flow of 383.9-gpm through the piping system down the
cross main, through the riser and out to the connection to the street.
Next we will calculate the friction loss to point C from the top of the riser, node TOR.
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 1/2 Pt 19.9
2E ftg Pf
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
TOR Q 383.9 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
The length of 4-inch schedule 10 pipe is 126’-0 ½”, or 126.04’ excluding fitting length. Enter this
value in the worksheet. Now we must enter the equivalent footage for the fittings in this run of
pipe. From node C to node TOR there are two elbows. In order to get our equivalent footage for
these fittings, we again reference Table 22.4.3.1.1. We will see the equivalent footage for one
elbow is 10- feet; therefore two elbows will equal 20-feet equivalent footage. However, we are not
finished yet because the title of the Table is “Equivalent Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Length Chart.

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 19-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
TOR Q 383.9 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
2b.44 FRICTION LOSS from TOR to BOR to FP
From top of riser (TOR) to bottom of riser (BOR) to centre of fire pump, the total length of 4”Ø BI Pipe,
Sch. 40 considered is 70 ft with 2- elbows, 1- alarm check valve, 1- gate valve, and 1- swing check valve.
Now we have the sprinkler system demand at the top of the riser. To get to the bottom
of the riser we add the pipe and fittings for the riser.

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
TOR Q 383.9 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
The friction loss equation now becomes,
Pf = 4.52 × 283.9^1.85 × 152.3 = 5.1 psi, enter this in the worksheet.
120^1.85 × 4.26^4.87

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf 5.1
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe 0
q Nom lgth Pt 25.0
ftg Pf
TOR Q 383.9 Act.
The equivalent length (ft) for the valves and fittings is:
2x10 (2-elbows) + 2 (1-gate valve) + 2x22 (1-swing check valve+ 1-alarm check valve) = 66 ft.
Enter this value in the worksheet.

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf 5.1
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe 0
q Nom 4 2E lgth 70 Pt 25.0
1GV ftg 66 120 Pf
TOR Q 383.9 Act. 4.26 2CV tot 136. Pe
q Nom lgth 00 Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
The friction loss equation now becomes,
Pf = 4.52 × 383.9 ^1.85 × 136 = 5.5 psi
120 ^1.85 × 4.26 ^4.87

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 1/2 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf 5.1
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe 0
1GV ftg 66 120 Pf 5.5
TOR Q 383.9 Act. 6.357 2CV tot 136 Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
Notice we have not added the friction loss to the total pressure yet. This is because there is one
other type of pressure that must be accounted for at this point. This is elevation pressure. You will
notice from the riser detail that the elevation difference between the TOR and BOR points is 70’-0”.
As water rises, it must overcome gravity. This type of pressure is calculated by an oft-used constant
in fire protection: 1-foot of elevation = 0.433-psi/ft of pressure.
In our example we have 70.0-feet of elevation from point TOR to BOR.
This elevation pressure is: 70.0-feet x 0.433-psi/ft = 30. -psi. Enter this in the worksheet.
Location
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf 5.1
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe 0
1GV ftg 66 120 Pf 5.5
TOR Q 383.9 Act. 6.357 2CV tot 136 Pe 30.
q Nom lgth Pt 3.0
60.5
ftg Pf 333
BOR Q Act. 3
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf 5.1
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe 0
1GV ftg 66 120 Pf 5.5
TOR Q 383.9 Act. 6.357 2CV tot 136 Pe 30
q Nom lgth Pt 60.5
ftg 120 Pf
BOR Q 383.9 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
TEST Q Act.
2b.51 Add Flow for Fire Hose Cabinet
Ordinary Hazard Group 2. This will be required to determine our hose stream allowance
from Table 11.2.3.1.2:
Notice there is no additional pressure required for the hose allowance. It is simply added as flow since the fire
department will use the pump on the pumper truck to produce the pressure needed. The final sprinkler demand
requirements are: 633.9 gpm x 60.5 psi
This makes our final demand requirements as follows:
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf 5.1
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe 0
1GV ftg 66 120 Pf 5.5
TOR Q 383.9 Act. 4.26 2CV tot 136 Pe 30
q Nom 4 lgth Pt 60.5
ftg 120 Pf
BOR Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
TEST Q 383.9 Act.
tot Pe
HOSE q 250.0 Nom lgth Pt 60.5
ftg Pf
Q 633.9 Act.
tot Pe
2b.53 RISER PIPE SIZE ANALYSIS
Based on calculated system capacity of 633.5 gpm select a listed fire pump of
750 gpm.
Compute for flow velocity in 4”Ø pipe:
From Q = VA where: Q = 750 gpm

A = 3.1416D²/4
V = Q/ A = 4Q/3.1416D²
V = (4)(750)(1/7.48)(1/60)/(4.26/12)²/(3.1416)
V = 16.9 fps
At 150% pump discharge: V = (1.50)(16.9) = 25.35 fps.
Per NFPA 20 pump discharge through the pipe should not exceed 20 fps at 150%. So
try 6”Ø pipe.
For 6”Ø pipe: V = (4)(750)(1/7.48)(1/60)(6.357/12)²/3.1416 = 7.6 fps
Check velocity at 150%: V = (1.50)(7.6) = 11.40 fps ˂ 20 fps NFPA 20 limit!

None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
1 Q 21.2 Act. 1.049
tot 10-0 Pe 0
2 q 23.3 Nom 1 1/4" lgth 10-0 Pt 8.5
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.5 8
Q 44.5 Act. 1.38
tot 10-0 Pe 0
3 q 25.3 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 10.0
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 1.6 8
Q 69.8 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
4 q 27.2 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 10-0 Pt 11.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 3.0 8
Q 97.0 Act. 1.61
tot 10-0 Pe 0
5 q 30.6 Nom 1 1/2" lgth 1-0 Pt 14.6
T ftg 8-0 120 Pf 5.0 8
Q 127.6 Act. 1.61
tot 9-0 Pe 0
A q 0.0 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.6
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.1
Q 127.6 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
B q 127.9 Nom 4" lgth 10-0 Pt 19.7
None ftg 0-0 120 Pf 0.2
Q 255.5 Act. 4.26
tot 10-0 Pe 0
C q 128.4 Nom 4 lgth 126-0 Pt 19.9
2E ftg 26-4 120 Pf 5.1
Q 383.9 Act. 4.26
tot 152-4 Pe 0
1GV ftg 95 120 Pf 0.8
TOR Q 383.9 Act. 6.357 2CV tot 165 Pe 30
q Nom 6 lgth Pt 55.8
ftg 120 Pf
BOR Q 383.9 Act. 6.357
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
TEST Q 383.9 Act.
tot Pe
HOSE q 250.0 Nom lgth Pt 55.8
ftg Pf
Q 633.9 Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
ftg Pf
Q Act.
tot Pe
q Nom lgth Pt
2b.55 Reasons for Acquiring a Fire Pump
Fire Pumps are purchased for two main reasons:
A) To protect Buildings and Property against fire loss

through an overhead automatic sprinkler network or stand
pipe system.
B) To secure lower insurance premiums.
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
TYPES OF FIRE PUMPS 150
 Horizontal split case pumps Shut-off Head-capacity curve steepest
140 shape permissible
 Horizontal split case double suction pumps
 Vertical In-line centrifugal pumps
“Flat” head capacity
 End suction single stage pumps
Rated total
100
RATED PUMP CAPACITIES
Fire Pumps have the following rated capacities in USGPM
and l/min. or larger and are rated at net pres sures of 40
65 Rated
PSI (2.7 Bars) of mor e. capacity
50
GPM l/m GPM l/m GPM l/m
25 95 400 1514 2000 7570
50 189 450 1703 2500 9462
100 379 500 1892 3000 11355 0 100 150

50 200
150 568 750 2839 3500 13247 Percent of rated capacity
200 757 1000 3785 4000 15140 PUMP CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

250 946 1250 4731 4500 17032
300 1136 1500 5677 5000 18925 1. The pump is required to demonstrate its ability to achieve
65% of rated pressure when flowing at 150% of rated capacity
with a total lift of 15 ft (4.6M).
2. Shut-off head will range from a minimum of 101% to a

maximum of 140% of head.
3. On production runs a witnessed hydrostatic pressure test is

required to a minimum 1½ times the maximum design working
pressure of the pump (the sum of the marked maximum net
head developed and the marked maximum positive suction
pressure), but in no case less than 250 PSI. Each pump
casing must withstand the hydrostatic test pressure for a
period of 5 minutes without evidence of rupture. For the sake
on c ons ist enc y Armstrong Dar ling unif or m t ests all Fir e
Pumps to not less than 250 PSIG.
86
2b.56 SIZING THE FIRE PUMP
The system flow requires 750 gpm inclusive of inside hose allowance for a rated pump at 60 psi.
The selected pump should be able to meet 65% of rated head at 150% of rated flow. Since the
source of water is steady at its rated flow the residual pressure is negligible.
From: HP = Q x TDH
3960 x Ep x Em
Where: HP = pump motor capacity, hp

TDH= total dynamic head, psi x 2.31
Ep = pump efficiency, 70%
Em = motor efficiency, 90%
Thus: HP = 750 x 60 x 2.31 = 41.7, say 50

3960 x 0.70 x 0.90
Therefore, Use One (1) Assembly Fire Pump, 50HP, 750 gpm, 60 psi TDH,
220V or 380V or 460V/ 3Phase/ 60 Hertz
112
2b.57 SIZING THE JOCKEY PUMP
NFPA 20 STATES THAT ” …A JOCKEY PUMP SHOULD BE SIZED TO MAKE UP THE ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE RATE WITHIN
10 MINUTES OR 1 GPM WHICHEVER IS LARGER.”
A PRACTICAL SELECTION OF THE CAPACITY OF A JOCKEY PUMP IS TO TAKE THE FLOW RATE OF THE REMOTEST
SPRINKLER HEAD WHICH IS 21.2 GPM. FROM LISTED PUMP, SELECT 25 GPM AGAINST A HEAD OF 65 PSI.
A SHORT CUT MEANS OF SIZING THE JOCKEY PUMP IS TO USE A CAPACITY EQUAL TO 10% OF THE CAPACITY OF THE
FIRE PUMP. HENCEFORTH, USE ONE (1) UNIT 5HP, 25 GPM MINIMUM, 65 PSI TDH, 220V/ 380V/ 440V, 60 HERTS.
2b.58 SIZING THE FIREWATER CISTERN TANK

FROM NFPA 13 BASED ON WATER SUPPY DURATION THE CISTERN TANK IS SIZED AS:
FIRE WATER TANK CAPACITY SHALL BE:

FWT = FIRE PUMP CAPACITY X WATER SUPPLY DURATION
FWT = 750 gpm X 60 min. = 45,000 GALLONS,
or 170.35 CU.M. (Minimum)
THE RECOMMENDED TANK DEPTH SHOULD BE 3.3 METERS WITH 0.3 M AIR
SPACE.
112
2b.58 FINAL SIZING of the
FIREWATER CISTERN TANK
• FOR RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, IT IS
RECOMMENDED TO CALCULATE THE CAPACITY FOR DOMESTIC
WATER REQUIREMENTS. WHICHEVER IS LARGER BETWEEN
THE VOLUME OF DOMESTIC WATER VERSUS THE FIREWATER
REQUIREMENTS, WILL BE USED AS THE CAPACITY OF EACH OF
THE DOMESTIC WATER TANK AND THE FIREWATER TANK.
• A VERY GOOD CONSIDERATION IS TO PROVIDE A RAINWATER

STORAGE TANK WITH FILTER WHICH CAN PROVIDE ALTERNATE
WATER SUPPLY TO THE FIREWATER TANK.
112
BASIC RULE OF THUMB IN FIRE
SPRINKLER DISTRIBUTION (NFPA 13)
Size of Pipe Max.No. of Sprinklers Allowed
1” 2 sprinklers
1 ¼” 3 sprinklers
1 ½” 5 sprinklers
2” 10 sprinklers
3” 40 sprinklers
4” 100 sprinklers
5” 160 sprinklers
6” 275 sprinklers
From NFPA #13, Table 8-5.3.2(a) - ORDINARY HAZARD

THANK YOU & GOD BLESS!
MABUHAY!
If you need further help, my contact numbers are:

0943 0616 215 / 0995 5253 107 / 0919 605 4873 /
pldt mobile 73 69 159
SOLAR for ROOFTOPS

Installation / Workshop
Prepared/ Compiled by:
Engineer William Jacinto Juan, pee/ rmp/ mepf/ ma/ broadcaster
Founder/Admin, SOLARSAFEWIND PHILIPPINES
Dep. GenSec, E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R., Inc.
Co-Founder, MEPF Engineers Co.
Interim Nat’l President, PISMAP (was PIPES)
Former Chairman, IIEE Electrical Safety Committee
Former NP, PSUMP/ NAMPAP Pro-Change/ Pugad Lawin Phils.
Proprietor, FEMP Safety Engineering Construction, 2013-present
CEO/Founder, Versatech Consultants & Mgmt.Corp., 1985-2015
0943 0616 215 / 09955 253 107 / 0919 605 4873 / telefax 646
9516 wiljjuan254@yahoo.com / wiljjuan.engr@gmail.com
October 2017
ELECTRICAL
INSPECTIONS, AUDIT &
William J. Juan, pee, rmp, me, mepf
SAFETY
0943 0616 215 / 0919 605 4873/ 0995 5253 107
wiljjuan254@yahoo.com / wiljjuan.engr@gmail.com
Co-founder, E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R.S., Inc.
Director for Skills Training, MEPF Engineers Co.
Gen. Mgr., FEMP Safety Engineering Const’n
Facebook Pages Administered :

ESHE Advocates/ MEPF Engineers & Inspectors/ Talakayang Pinoy
Traffic & Transport Engineering Mgmt../ Let’s Save Mother Earth../ SolarSafeWind
Phils, etc.
October 2017
By:
Engr.William Jacinto Juan, PEE,RMP,MEPF
If you need further help, my contact numbers are:
0943 0616 215/ 0919 605 4873/ 0995 5253 107
wiljjuan254@yahoo.com wiljjuan.engr@gmail.com
October 2017
MAKING ELECTRICAL
DESIGNS & CALCULATIONS
William J. Juan, pee,rmp,mepf
0943 0616 215/ 0919 605 4873/ 0995 5253
107
wiljjuan254@yahoo.com
wiljjuan.engr@gmail.com

ESEA Advocates / SOLARSAFEWIND PHILIPPINES/ MEPF ENGINEERS../ E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R. Group
NAMPAP-PSUMP-PIPES Groups / ATTEMP/ STOP FLOODING… /
BASIC MEPF DESIGN
FOR MIX-USE BUILDINGS
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pee, ma
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5253 107 wiljjuan254@yahoo.com
wiljjuan.engr@gmail.com

PISMAP-PSUMP Groups/ MEPF ENGINEERS../ ESHE/ TRAFFIC & TRANSPORT
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July 2017
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Technopreneurship
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Proprietor, FEMP Safety Engineering Construction, 2013-present
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July 2017

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• Data from BFP show that 70 percent of fire

SMOKE DETECTORS FIRE ALARM

FIRE BREAKS! FIRE BUILDS UP

HEATS UP THE BI-METALLIC NOOZLE

WATER SPRINKLERS PRESSURE DROPS

FIRE PUMP SPRINKLER/S CONTINUE TO

FIREMEN CONNECT THEIR

1) Oxygen (20% in Air),

Convection is a mode of heat

H2S/ CO/ LPG/ CH4 SMOKE EXTRACTION FANS

4) LPG forms a flammable mixture

THREE (3) METERS EACH WAY

• 2) Country: USA Code: NFPA 92A, 1988

Factory Mutual is an organization of insurers established in 1835 and

Underwriters Laboratory (UL) is a non-profit organization founded

Jockey Pump is a small pump that maintain the required pressure

Fire Pump Controller is an electrical panel that controls the

Jockey Pump Controller is an electrical panel that controls the

Referenced Codes: The National Building Code of the Philippines

Standards: The National Fire Protection Association Standards

(1) Passive Fire Protection System

(2) Active Fire Protection System

The most widely used apparatus for fire protection in buildings is

The Fire Code of the Philippines requires an approved and

Sprinkler system consists of a network of piping installed at the

2. LOOPED-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

1. TREE-TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

1. HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASE

Fire pump is needed to enhance the water pressure

Fire pump is selected based on the total head required

Fire pump is selected using the pump characteristics curve.

Is fire pump normally FM approved/

No. Any centrifugal pump can be qualified as fire

FIREPUMP CONTROLLER SPRINKLERS

What is the requirement of RA 9514 regarding fire pump application?

The code is not specific regarding FM approval or UL listing.

1. Determine occupancy classification.

2. Create sprinkler piping layout on the plan and

4. Select the applicable density from density/area

5. Provide pipe sizes on the sprinkler piping layout from

6. Use the standard hydraulic calculation form from

Total Sprinklers to Calculate = Design Area/Area per

Number of Sprinklers on Branch Line= 1.2A / S

Where: A= Design Area, sq ft

Sprinkler Fittings & C- K-

(2) Ordinary hazard = 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)

(3) Extra hazard

(4) Storage High-piled storage = 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2) and

2.2.1 Cereal mills 2.2.2 Chemical plants — ordinary

3.2.1 Asphalt saturating

Table 8-5.2.3 Number of Sprinklers above and below a Ceiling

Table 8-5.3.2(b) Number of Sprinklers — Greater than 12-ft (3.7-m) Separations

Table 10.10.2.1.3 Flow Required to Produce a Velocity of 10 ft/sec (3 m/sec) in Pipes

The example is a 5-storey factory building with top of riser

The remote area of sprinkler operation is 1500 sq ft with a

This remote area contains 15 sprinkler heads in 3 branches.

Each sprinkler has a protection area coverage. This means that

First step is calculate the flow from the remotest sprinkler

Thus: From Qs = A x D where: Qs = flow, gpm

Therefore: Qs= 130 sq.ft x 0.15 gpm/sq.ft = 19.5 gpm

From : Q= k(p)½ where: Q= sprinkler flow, gpm