«Chapter IV Protective Structures R.B. HAYES! A. GENERAL 4-1. Purpose, —Protective structures protect the canal system and adjacent property from damage which would result from uncontrolled storm runoff or drainage water. or an uncontrolled excess of flow within the canal. Storm and drainage water must be controlled to prevent erosion of the uphitl canal bank, and accompanying silting of the canal prism. Storm or drainage water must have either: (1) controlled entrance into the canal through a drain inlet; (2) controlled conveyance over the canal in an overchute; (3) controlled conveyance under the canal through a culvert; or (4) the canal must be routed under the cross-irainage channel in a siphon. ‘Civil Engineer, Hydraulic Reclamation. Structures Branch, Bureau of Excess flows within a canal must be controlled to prevent damage from overtopping of the bank, or deterioration of the bank resulting from operation at an excessive depth Wasteways are provided to remove excess water which may result. from: (1) entrance of cross-drainage flows at drain inlets; (2) ‘operational mismatch of water supply and demand duc to upstream gate operation; or (3) shutdown of a pumping plant or powerplant downstream from a wasteway. Wasteways are also used to empty the canal for inspection, maintenance, seasonal shutdown, or an emergency such as a canal bank failure. A terminal wasteway, located at the end of a canal, provides controlled discharge of unused water to a channel or reservoir B. WASTEWAYS 4-2. Description. —Basivally, 4 wasteway is comprised of an overflow or gate structure, in combination with a drop or chute structure and a wasteway channel. The overflow and gate structures are frequently combined as shown on figure 4-1, to provide for the various conditions of canal operation. (a) Wusteway Inlees.—An overfiow structure, such as a side channel spillway or a siphon spillway, provides automatic release of exeess canal water. A wasteway turnout gate provides the capability of emptying the canal. The alinement of most wasteway inlets is normal to the canal, but an inline structure is more effective in removing trash or floating ice. A check and pipe inlet structure provides both an overflow for automatic control of excess water and a gated or stoplogged section for emptying the canal (see fig. 4-2). It is used puimaily ay aniline Ceuminal westeway structure at the end of the canal to dispose of the unused canal flow. However, it is also used at other locations along the canal, by providing a short channel from the canal to the check 179Figure 4-1. Wasteway turnout with side channel ‘spillway and slide gate. P-271-701-3736 Figure 4-2. Check and pipe inlet in operation, P.222-11653879D and pipe inlet. ‘A check drop is equally suitable as a wasteway structure in providing both the overflow and the gated or stoplogged section (Gee fig. 3-10). SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES Wasteway turnout gates may be operated manually, with or without power hoists, or by automatic or remote control. (b) Wasteway Outlets.—The wasteway outlet usually performs the function of dissipating excess energy, to protect the wasteway structure and channel from erosion. Where the vertical drop from the canal to the wasteway channel is minimal, a transition will suffice. For greater drops in elevation, either a baffled outlet, baffled apron, or stilling pool, in conjunction with a drop or chute structure is required. Baffled outlets are effective energy dissipators for pipe discharges, but should not be used where a heavy weed load exists. Baffled apron drops are best suited for use with open-flow discharges, but have been used downstream from closed conduits by providing a long transition to the baffled apron drop. The presence of a heavy weed load requires cleaning of the baffle blocks to insure optimum operation. Where floating debris such as brush is probable, baffled apron drops should not be used. Baffled apron drops do not require a downstream water surface for satisfactory operation. They can operate with a wide variation of downstream water surface clevations, and are therefore often used as terminal structures discharging into reservoirs. Stilling pools are ideally suited for use below rectangular inclined drops or chutes, but have been used downstream from closed conduit by providing a long transition to the pool. They are not adversely affected by normal weed loads, but do require a controlled downstream water surface to insure a hydraulic jump. Where the natural channel does not provide a downstream control, a concrete sill, stoplog sill, or a control notch can be incorporated in the stilling pool, as described in subchapter II F. Downstream control can also be provided by sloping the transition invert, as shown in figure 432. (c) Wasteway Channel and Channel Structures,—A natural channel is utilized where practicable (see sec. 4-3), to transport the wasteway discharge to a disposal point, such as a river or reservoir. However, it is usually necessary to construct a channel to connect the wasteway structure to the natural drainagePROTECTIVE STRUCTURES channel, Such connections may be only a few feet in length, or may extend thousands of fect. The cross section of such connceting channels is similar to that for the canal, but with a lesser emphasis on protective features. Wasteway channel structures are sometimes required to control flow and prevent excessive erosion of the channel. These structures include rectangular inclined (R.1.) drops or chutes, baffled apron drops, control and pipe inlets, pipe drops or chutes and toad crossings. (a) Appurtenant Canal Structures, Check structures while not a part of the wasteway itself, are usually provided in the canal a short distance downstream from the wasteway, so that the entire canal flow can be diverted to the wasteway. 43. Location and Number.—Many factors must be considered in determining the optimum number and location of wasteways. An evaluation of the following factors serves as aguide (2) The cost of the canal system and wasteways, (b) The presence of natural drainage channels of adequate capacity, at locations suitable for waste way: (c) The volume and rate of storm or drainage water that can enter the canal through drainage inlets, (2) The volume available for safe storage in the canal or in regulating reservoirs, (e) The extent of automatic or remote sontrol of the canal system, yi the estisnated time required to operate manually, and (2) The magnitude of the ecanomie loss that could result from a canal bank failure Wasteways may not be required for short laterals having fewer than four or five farm turnouts, Longer laterals should have a terminal wasteway at or near the end, located near a natural channel if possible. The number of turnouts downstream from the last wasteway should be limited to avoid overloading that reach of canal in the event that it is necessary to close all the turnouts. 4-4. Wasteway Capacity Considerations —The variety of situations and needs for which wasteways are provided requires that each wasteway be given individual consideration in determining its design capacity 181 (a) Spillway.—The required automatic overflow capacity is dependent upon inflows from drain inlets, additional flows resulting from upstream gate operation, and deliveries to bumping plants or powerplants, as follows: (1) Inflows from drain inlets, ~The spillway design capacity should be adequate to permit wasting of the cumulative design inflows from drain inlets upstream from the wasteway. Generally, this inflow should be limited to about 20 percent of the canal design capacity. Sew subsection 4-41 (6) for other limitations on inflows from drain inlets. Q) Upstream gate operation. upstream turnout gates, without a corresponding adjustment of the canal headgate will result in additional flow in the canal. The required spillway capacity. is sometimes controlled by the capacity of the largest upstream turnout. (3) Pumping plants and powerplants.—A canal that delivers water to pumping plant or powerplant usually requires provision tor automatic spillway capacity equal to the design capacity of the plant. This requirement arises when a pumping plant experiences a power failure, ot when a powerplant must shut down suddenly. Since plant shutdowns are likely to occur during a sturm, while the drain inlets are flowing at full capacity, it may be desirable to provide a spillway capacity equal to the. plint capacity plus the design capacity of the drain inlets. This could be about 120 percent of the canal design capacity (b) Wasteway Turnout Gate,—The wasteway turnout gate capacity should equal or exceed the canal design capacity to divert the entire canal flow to the wasteway in the event af 4 canal break, or other downstream emergency. To protect the endangered reach of canal, the wasteway turnout gate should be opened and the adjacent check gate closed. Sizing the wastcway turnout gate for the canal design capacity provides more than adequate capacity for unwatering the canal for inspection, maintenance, or end of irrigation -ason shutdown. (©) Wasteway Outlet. should be capable Closure of The wasteway outlet of discharging the182 simultaneous flows of the wasteway turnout gate and. overflow feature (see fig. 4-4). (d) Natural Drainage Channels. ~The capacity of the wasteway turnout or spillway features should not exceed the safe capacity of the natural channel into which it discharges. Thus, the capacity of the natural channel may control the design capacity of the wasteway, unless the channel is improved 4-5. Limitations.—Operation of the wasteway turnout gate should be such that the canal water surface drawdown rate is within the limits imposed by the structural stability of the canal bank, lining, and appurtenant structures. Generally, to avoid excessive hydrostatic pressures in the bank or behind the lining, the canal water surface should not be lowered more than 6 inches in | hour, and not more than | foot in 24 hours. 1. Side Channel Spillways 4-6. General.—Side channel spillways are located along the canal bank with the spillway crest parallel to the canal alinement (see figure 41). As the canal water surface rises above the crest, the excess water is automatically Figure 4-3, Side chanel spillway in operation in foreground, and wasteway gute at far end of spillway ‘@est, Constant head orifice turnout at left side of side channel spillway .PX-D-72608D SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES discharged into a side channel. From the side channel, the water drops into a pool from which the flow is directed through a pipe or open section, into the wasteway channel The structure is generally used in conjunction with a slide gate which provides for complete drainage of the canal. Such a combination is shown in figure 4-3. A check structure is usually provided in the canal a short distance downstream from the wasteway, to permit diversion of the entire canal flow into the wasteway. Overflow spillways have been used effectively for removal of weeds, trash, or ice from the canal. The water surface can be raised by partial closure of the downstream check, until weeds or ice overflow the spillway crest. A floating boom is sometimes placed diagonally across the canal to divert weeds, trash, or ice to the wasteway. Baffled outlets should not be used where such a weed, trash or ice load is anticipated. 4-7. Design Considerations.—The following design considerations and recommendations are considered appropriate for side channel spillways on small canals. The design capacity should be based upon the requirements of section 4-4. (a) Qverflow Crest.—The spillway crest should be level and set about 0.2 foot above the normal water surface to prevent unnecessary waste of water from normal wave action. To provide a reasonable safety factor, against overtopping, the maximum water surface encroachment on freeboard is normally limited to: 50 percent of the freeboard, or 25 percent of the canal bank freeboard in an unlined canal section, However, during emergency operation of the spillway flowing at full design capacity, a maximum encroachment of 50 percent of the canal bank freeboard may be permitted in the vicinity of the wasteway. ‘The crest length should be computed using the formula (1]:? canal lining Q=3331L, HY? Numbers in brackets refer to items in the bibliography, see 4.46,PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES 183 as f LPs me oe Figure 4-4, Side channel spillway used asa wasteway turnout, 103-D-1294184 (b) Side Channet.—The side channel usually has a rectangular cross section, The width, depth, and slope should be adequate to provide free flow while carrying a weed, trash, or ice load, and should provide adequate dimensions to facilitate construction, A reasonable width should vary uniformly from about 2 feet at the upstream end, to about 4 feet at the downstream end, except that a downstream width of 3 feet is sufficient for discharges of 50 cubic feet per second (cf) or less. A constant channel width may be more practical under some conditions. To insure free spillway discharge into the side channel, the side channel water surface must be below the spillway crest. This is accomplished by setting the side channel invert, at the downstream end, below the crest a distance equal to the specific energy plus | foot, based upon total design flow. Assuming critical flow, the specific energy is equal to the critical depth plus velocity ead (d. + hy), which for a rectangular cross section, is equal to 15d. The minimum downstream wall height is thus equal to I.5d, plus} foot. The invert slope should be sufficient to provide supercritical flow to the pool However, the transverse flow of incoming water over the crest impedes the flow in the side channel, causing bulking (increased volume due to entrained air), Therefore, the invert should be set considerably steeper than the critical slope. An arbitrary slope of about 0.05 isa conservative value. The upstream wall height, hy, i then equal to the downstream wall height, hy, minus 0.05 times the crest length. (c) Wasteway Turnout Gate.—The wasteway turnout gate is ordinarily used when the canal must be emptied. To empty the downstream reach, the design discharge of the canal must flow through the wasteway gate without overflowing the downstream check gate or the side channel spillway. As the nced to pass the canal design discharge through the wasteway gate will be infrequent, a velocity of 10 cfs is used in determining the gate area. With this gale area, it is necessary to provide sufficient head, as shown by the orifice equation[ 2]: Q= CAV 2eh SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES which may be expressed Q = 2 orn AC h Using a value of 0.6 for the coefficient C,131 and a velocity of 10 feet per second, the required head must be equal to 4.32 feet. The centerline of the gate should therefore be set 4,32 feet below the normal water surlace of the canal. [lowever, to aveid an unnecessarily deep structure, and to minimize the problem of silt removal, the gate centerline should not be set below the canal invert. The head is thus limited to a maximum equal to the normal depth of the canal. Where this limitation is applied, the required gate area should be recomputed for the reduced head (see fig. 4-6C). If a gate of the size required is not available, the next larger standard size should be selected, and the head requirement recomputed. (4) Pool ~To approach free-flow conditions through the gate or from the side channel, the pool invert should be set low enough that the pool water surface is no higher than the centerline of the gate [9], and not appreciably higher than the side channel invert. If the pool discharges into a pipe, the top of the pipe requires a minimum submergence of 15 hy, (ee fig. 46B), to provide for an entrance loss of 0.5 hy, and a pipe velocity head hy py (e) Pipe.—Typically, the wasteway includes a pipe from the pool, extending under the operating road to the outlet structure. A diameter of 24 inches is considered to be a minimum where the passage of weeds, trash, or ice may be required If the outlet structure consists of a concrete transition, the pipe diameter may be based upon a maximum velocity of 10 feet per second flowing full, The invert slope should be about 0.001 to facilitate complete drainage. without inducing supercritical flow. If the pipe terminates in a baffled outlet, the pipe diameter should be based upon aPROTECTIVE STRUCTURES maximum velocity of 12. feet per second, Mowing full, The pipe slope may be as steep as 1-1/2 to 1, provided other design considerations are satisfied (8) Wasteway Outlet Structure. ~The type of outlet strneture is dependent upon the topography, Where excess energy is minimal, an outlet transition as shown on figure 7-4 should be used to protect the wasteway channel from erosion (see chapter VII), Where a wonsiderable drop is seyuired, the excess energy should be dissipated by use of a pipe drop, baffled outlet, baffled apron drop, or stilling pool, For design of these energ dissipators, see chapter VI (g) Percolation. —As the canal water surface is usually considerably higher than the channel invert at the wasteway outlet (see dimension F. figure 4-6), there will he a tendency for the water to percolate through the soil, or along the structure, toward the outlet. If the percolation path is too short, the percolation tate will be sufficient to remove soil particles by piping which may cause failute of Ure bank or structure. To prevent piping, the percolation path should be increased by providing collars on the pipe (see sec. 4-27), (i) Proweetion, Figure 7-8 may be uyed ay a guide for determining protection requirements for unlined or earth-lined canals or wasteway channels. It indicates that type 2 or type 3 protection should be used at the outlet. Type | protection should be used on the canal invert adjacent to the wasteway turnout gate inlet, extending v the cama centerline and along die canal for a length equal to twice the gate width ee fig. 4-4). (i) Operation. For limitation on drawdown Tate, see section 4-9 4-8. Design Example.—Utilizing a side channel spillway and a slide gate, design a wasteway tumout for the canal features shown in figure 4-5. (a) Assumptions, — (1) Assume an earthlined canal with the following properties: 185 ated of Co fsa a - fo emery Yc 6 peg Ep Figure 4:5. General plan of typical canal with side channel spillway. 103D:1295 2.67 Eps. ss= lel (2) The head from the pool to the wasteway channel is sufficient to discharge the design flow, but not great enough to iwyuite a structure to dissipate excess energy G) A. wasteway channel having dimensions approximately equal to those of the canal is required to connect the wasteway structure to the natural channel. (4) The natural channel has sufficient capacity 10 safely discharge Une wasteway design flow without damage to the wasteway or adjacent property. (b) Solution: (see fig. 4-6).— (1) Set. spillway crest 0.2 foot above NWS. Find maximum head, H, on spillway crest, allowing 50 percent encroachment on normal canal bank freeboard (see subsec. 4.7(a)) H=0.5x2.0~0. 8 ft. (2) Find the required crest length from the standard suppressed rectangular weir formula, for a discharge equal to the design inflow from upstream drain inlets. Assume inflow Q= 20 cfs. Q 20 = = -84 Te" 333H? "3.33 x0.87? Use L, =9 feet186 L Figure 4-6. Side channel spillway typical wotions. 108-D-1296 (GB) Design side channel Bottom width.— Upstream end: Use b, = 2 ft. min. Downstream end: Use by = 31., since Q< 50 cfs.* Wall height. hy = 15 dp +1O=15x 11410 65 ft. Use 2 ft. 8 in, hy =hz —0.05 L, = 2.67 ~ 0.05 x9 22 ft. Use 2 ft. 2 in SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES (4) Determine wasteway tumnout gate size and head for normal canal Q = 100 cis, maximum gate velocity of 10 feet per second, and a coefficient of discharge, C= 0.6. Gate area, A = 492 = 10 sq. 1. Try a42-by 365 Required head, Qg (oo 64.4(10.5)° (0.6 |. gate with an area of 10.5 sa. ft he 3.92 ft. “2a? As this would require setting the gate centerline below the canal invert, set the centerline of gate at canal invert elevation, and recompute gate size for resultant head of 3.0 feet QQ. 100 GJ7gh 0.6x8.02 V3.0 = 12.05q. ft. required Therefore, use 42- by 42-inch gate. (A = 12.2 sq. ft.). Refer to gate catalog to determine adequate structural dimensions. for mounting gate frame, and find e = 7 inches (5) For optimum flow, assume pool WS at gate centerline, or at the side channel invert de plus, whichever WS is lower. Pool WS at gate centerline places pool WS at canal invert. Pool WS at side channel invert plus. places pool WS 1.08 feet above canal invert. Therefore, pool WS at gate centerline will be used. (6) Determine pipe diameter and crown submergence for the normal canal capacity of 100 ofs plus the drain inlet capacity of 20 cls, and with a pipe velocity of 10 feet per second, 120. i The pipe area, A= 3 12sq. ft. min. <= Less thanPROTECTIVE STRUCTURES Then the diameter, /8 Use D= 4 ft. A= 12.56 89. ft; V= 9.95 Fops.t yy = 142 ft, 91 ft. min. Set pipe crown 1.5 hy WS. Submergence, below the pool Sm— 1.5 hy, ~ 1.5 (1.42) ~ 2.13 Ft Set pine invert on a slope of 0.001 (7) Find structure height hy + Sm+D=5.0 1,13 ft. Hgy +213 +40 (8) Select outlet transition from figure 74: D=4.0f., L-9.0 FL, = 6.01 (9) Determine pipe length, Ty (see fig 46): WH 15 (Hsp —E) +1 12415 (11.13 -6.0) #1 20.70 Use 21 ft (10) Use type 1 protection at the inlet, extending to the canal centerline, for a length equal to twice the gate width. Use type 3° protection at the outlet, in accordance with figure 7-8. As the maximum velocity from the pipe is less than 15 feet per second, the standard protection provision is adequate (11) Check the pergolation path according to the design parameters included in chapter VIII, using the appropriate soil type and head, F, shown in figure 4-6C, and hy the criteria given in section 4-27, (c) Check of Hydraulics (see fig 47)-—Check pool WS (assumed in design) by the Bernoulli Theorem [2], to verify that a submergence of 1.5 hy, is adequate, Assume L, is total length of conduit Figure 4.7, Sie channel spillway outlet hydraulics. 103-D-1297 (1) Assume wasteway channel as follows: Q= 120 cts Bit. R A=26.65sq. ft. dy =7295TH on ? V=3.28fps, f,=205ft s=0. hy, 17 ft. hg =S.00ft. ss Specific energy in wasteway channel, Ey, de thy, =3.12 ft. (2) Compute pipe flow at critical flow (minimum energy), using tables 21, 22, 58, and 60 [10]. For D = 4 feet, D? = 16; D*’* = 32.0; and D*’? = 40.32. Q d Then, = 3.75, and Fy = 0.825, from ps? which d, = 3.30 feet, and Bt + 0.693, giving Q A= 11.199. ft, V. === 10.82 feet per 2 second, and hy oe = 1.82 feet. Minimum specific energy, lc thy, = 5.12 Foot Qn (3) As the pipe slope of 0.001 is flatter than that required for critical flow, 0.0069 (0.0041 if n = 0.010), subcritical flow in the pipe is assured. (4) According to the Bernoulli theorem, the energy in the downstream channel controls the flow in the pipe if a balance of188 energy exists. That is, if the energy required in the pipe, E,, is equal to the energy required in the outlet channel plus outlet losses, the outlet channel controls the flow, as indicated by the equation: E,, =E,, +h, Assume the outlet loss, h, = 0.84h,, where Shy is the difference in velocity heads in the pipe and in the channel. Thus, the outlet channel controls it E,, ~ 3.12 + 0.8 (1.82 ~ 0.17) 3.124 1325 4.44 ft Since this is less than the minimum energy of 5.12 feet required to sustain a flow of 120 efs in the pipe, the channel does not control the pipe flow. As the excess energy of 0.68 fovt is simall, am energy dissipator is not considered necessary; especially since the maximum discharge of 120 cfs occurs very infrequently. (5) It should be noted that a depth of flow in the pipe, either greater than or less than d,, would require more energy. resulting in an even greater imbalance of energy. Therefore, critical flow exists at the pipe outlet, (6) Determine specific energy, F,, . in the upstream end of the pipe, using the Bernoulli theorem relationship: E,, +5, L where hp = friction loss = Try d, = 3,73 ft. d A which results in ~ = 0.933, — = 0.7627, D DF = 0.498, from which A and — DS's 12.20sq. ft., V, 9.84, and hy, = 1.51 ft. SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES With Q= 120 cfs. and n= 0.013, s!? = 0.0777, and s = 0.0060. From the Bernoulli equation, E,, =B,, thy — 55 Lp, fs, +59 a; +hy, =5.12+L,(=—}-s, — 0.001 x 21 5.24= 5.12 + 0.14 — 0.02 5.245 5.24 Therefore, a. 3.73 ft, hy, = 1.51 ft, and E,, = 5.24 feet. (7) Determine specific enerey. F,,. in pool. Assume a zero velocity in the pool. with respect to the direction of How in the pipe. Assume pipe entrance loss, hy = 0,5 hy Then h, = 0.5 (1.51 — 0) = 0.76 ft. E,, =E,, thy =5.24+0.76=6.0it As hy, = 0, the pool water depth, dy = 6.0 tt, Required submergence, Sm =, ~ D 6.0 —4.0 2.0 fe, (8) Conclusion.—The submergence of 2.13 feet provided in part (6) of the solution is ample to sustain a discharge of 120 cfs. (9) If the required submergence had been greater than the 2.13 feet provided, the outlet design would have to be modified by lowering the pipe, or increasing the pipe diameter, and possibly improving downstream channel hydraulics.PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES 2. Gated Wasteway Turnouts 49. General.—(a) Usage.—While wasteway gates are usually combined with side channel spillways or siphon spillways to provide both the automatic control feature and the capability of emptying the canal, some wasteway turnouts do not have provision for overflow. Such wasteways, which depend upon timely gate operation, are best used in canals that do not have drain inlets, or are equipped with automatic or remote control operation, or in canals that can, for a short time, store or accommodate excess flows without endangering the system. This type of wasteway turnout provides the means of removing all or part of the canal water to safeguard the canal and adjacent property in the event of a canal bank failure or threatened failure. To perform this function, it is usually necessary to provide a check structure on the canal, immediately downstream from the wasteway turnout (see fig. 4-8). The threatened reach of canal may be isolated by closing the check gate and opening the wasteway turnout gate to divert the canal flow to the wasteway. The wasteway turnout is also used to empty the canal for inspection or maintenance, or at the end of the irrigation season. Stoplogs and stoplog slots are usually provided just upstream from the gate, to permit maintenance of the ‘not completed. PX-D-72606D. 189 gate without draining the canal. The gates may be operated manually, remotely, or automatically. (b) Wasteway Capacity. Most _ wasteway turnouts should be capable of discharging the entire canal capacity, including inflows from drain inlets. The check overflow wall usually has a freeboard of 0.2 foot maximum above the normal water surface. Therefore, the maximum head available for this wasteway turnout gate without overflowing the check walls is equal to the normal depth plus 0.2 foot. (©) Types of Gates.~ (1) Slide gates are readily available in many types to meet the varying head and operational requirements. A low-head slide gate with no back-pressure requirement is usually satisfactory for a wasteway turnout from a canal. However, to prevent gate leakage, it should be of cast iron construction. An air vent is sometimes required behind the gate if the gate is attached to a closed conduit (see chapter Vill. As design considerations for slide gates are discussed in subsections 4-7(c) and 4-10(b), the following discussion places an emphasis on radial gate wasteway turnouts. Slide gate wasteway turnouts do not differ essentially from the standard turnouts discussed in chapter III. (2) Radial gates (see fig. 4-9).—Radial gates ate not often used for small discharges. However, they have an advantage over slide gates in that they can be lifted clear of the water surface, allowing floating debris and ice to be flushed into the wasteway channel. This, combined with excellent flow characteristics give the radial gate wasteway tumout a definite advantage in some locations. With a gate freeboard of about 0.2 foot, to prevent waste of water from minor wave action, the gate can accommodate some overflow before it is opened. Radial gates used for wasteway turnouts are equipped with rubber seals which bear against metal wall and floor plates for better watertightness. The floor and wall plates may be equipped with heating cables or tapes, to insure free movement of the gate during the winter, when ice might otherwise190 Figure 4-9. Radial gate used in combination with overflow spillway .P24S-700-1405D render the gate inoperable. 4-10. Hydraulics.—(a) Indet.—The wasteway turnout structure usually includes an inlet transition which converges the flow to the gate bay. The invert at the gate is usually slightly lower than the canal invert to facilitate complete drainage of the canal. ‘The entrance loss is a function of the differential velocity heads, Ah,, and is usually assumed to be 0.54h, (see chapter VII). The differential velocity head at an inline transition is equal to hy, — h,,. However, a transition oriented in a position normal to the canal alinement, as shown in figure 4-11, will have a differential velocity head equal to hy, as the canal velocity is equal to zero in the direction of the turnout flow. Thus, assuming a transition loss of 0.5 hy,, the specific energy available in the gate bay, E,, =E,, +4EL—0.5h,, d, thy, =d, thy, +0El O.Shy, Having assumed a zero velocity in the canal in the direction of the wasteway flow, the velocity head, hy, = 0. If the velocity in the gate bay, V2 = 10 feet per second, the velocity head, SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES Then, using an invert drop, AEJ.= 0 foot (considered to bea minimum drop), a thy, =d, +040. -O.5h,, d,=d, +01 Shy, d, =, +0, - 2.34 dz 1 2.24 ft. (b) Slide Gates. The slide gate installation is usually designed for an upstream water surface above the top of the gate opening. Under this condition, the discharge is, determined by the orifice equation (21, Q=CAV 28h where Q is the discharge in cubic feet per second, Cis the discharge coefficient, A is the area of the gate opening in square feet, his head available at the gate in feet, and £ is the acceleration of gravity in feet per second per second If free flow exists downstream from the gate, as shown in figure 4-12, the head, h, is measured from the upstream water surface elevation to the centerline of the gate opening. If, however, the bottom of the gate is submerged on the downstream side also, the head, h, is a measure of the difference in water surface elevations, upstream and downstream from the gate. A conservative value of the coefficient of discharge, C, for the slide gate [3] is equal to about 0.60. As the wasteway is not often operated at the maximum design discharge, the gate size is determined on the basis of a maximum velocity of 10 feet per second through the fully opened sate, However, if sufficient head is not available to attain this velocity, a larger gate may be required to obtain the desired discharge. (c) Radial Gates, When the radial gate isPROTECTIVE STRUCTURES operated partially open, the di: determined by the orifice equation [ Q=CAV22h Where free flow exists downstream from the gate, as shown in figure 4-12, the head, 1, is measured from the upstream water surface elevation to the centerline of the gate opening. If the downstream water depth submerges the bottom of the gate. as shown in figure 4-10A, the head isa measure of the difference in water surface elevations, upstream and downstream from the gate. The coefficient of discharge, C, for the radial gate (3] is equal to about 0.72. The radial gate, when operated for maximum discharge, is fully open, with the bottom of the gate above the upstream water surface, as shown in figure 410B. Under this condition, the discharge is determined from the weir equation [2], Q=CLHY? where H is the upstream water depth. A discharge coefficient [2], C, of 3.09, is often A. Submerged oritice tow a-cavEgh A Submerged flow over brand crested weir oceinn Figure 410, Radial gate wasteway turnout—submerged flow (for free low at outlet see fig. 4-12). 103-D-1298, 191 used for the broad crested weir with free flow. Where the weir flow is partially submerged by the downstream depth, a correction factor, 1, is used Q= CL (HY? Values of n may be taken from table 37 [4] As the wasteway is not often operated at the maximum design discharge, the size of the radial gate is determined on the basis of a maximum velocity of 10 feet per second through the gate bay (with the gate fully opened). The minimum gate width, equal to 3 is then equal to ie radial gate would be uneconomical, and may also. present hinding problems in opening and closing. The gate width should not be greater than 3h,, where h, is the gate height (equal to An excessively wide d, plus e plus a freeboard of 0.2 foot minimum, as shown in figure 4-1 2). (d) Trajectory.-When the gate is open slightly, a jet of water will flow under the gate at a high velocity. Where a drop or chute is situated downstream from the gate, the flow should Le Uansitivned to the steeper slupe. Without such a transition, the high velocity flow may spring free from the invert at the beginning of the steeper slope, resulting in negative pressure, and unstable flow conditions To avert such a condition, a trajectory could be used to Uansition (he flow to Lhe steeper slope. The length of the trajectory should be determined from the equation (S], 4HY where X is the horizontal distance from the beginning of the curve to a point on the curve, Y is the vertical distance from the beginning of the curve to a point on the curve, and H is the head measured from the maximum upstream water surface to the gate bay invert, assuming no inlet head loss. The required length and profile of the192 trajectory may be determined by plotting points on the curve, ending where the slope of the curve is equal to the slope of the chute or drop. The length may also be determined by solving the above equation by differential calculus, for the lance, X, at which point the slope of the curve is equal to the slope of the downstream drop. Where both the upstream and downstream inverts are on a slope, a better solution is deseribed in chapter IL (c) Ourlet.—Por a considerations for subsection 4-7(f). 4-11. Lifts and Hoists.(2) Manually Operated Lifts.—Lifts, consisting of a hand crank or wheel and gears are required to open and close the gates. The gear ratio should be wousistent with the gate weight and the frictional force imparted by the hydrostatic load on the slide gate, or by: the rubber seals of the radial gate. An unnecessarily high gear ratio should be avoided, as it would retard the rate of opening, which may be critical. (b) Power-operated Lifts or Hoists. Slide gates and radial gates may be controlled automatically, remotely, or by a local on-off switch, where electrical power is available o1 where a motorgenerator is used. The water level is monitored by floats or probes, which actuaie the hoist controls. One such device for providing automatic control of the water surface level is the “Little Man” [6], designed and used by the Bureau of Reclamation. (c) Hydraulieatty — Controlted, ~ Automatic radial gates have been used without an external power source, by utilizing the increased hydrostatic head which accompanies increased depth. To provide upstream water level control, the gate leaf includes a horizontal projection, upon which the uplift pressure imparts a force to open the gate, With an adjustable counterweight to provide sensitivity, any rise in Ue upstream water level causes an equivalent rise in gate position This type of automatic gate, if the installation provides enough clearance to move freely, has a tendency to leak, and should be used only where some leakage is acceptable, It is also susceptible to erratic behavior if weeds or trast lodge under the gate, preventing complete closure. discussion of wasteway outlets, see SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES 4-12. Miscellaneous Considerations, (a) Protection Erosion protection for the canal at the inlet, and for the outlet channel should be in accordance with the requirements of figure 7-8 (b) Percolation. Excessive percolation of water from the canal to the outlet channel should be avoided. See section 4-27 and subchapter VIII C for design considerations for alleviation of percolation (c) Operation.—For limitations on drawdown rate, see section 4-5 4-13. Design Example.—Utilizing a radial gate, design a wasteway for the canal features shown in figure 4-11. (A design example using a slide gate is included in section 4-8.) A matey Chan \\ poe Gated Coch nit © can) Figure 4.11. General plan of typical canal with ‘wasteway turnout, 103-D-1299 (a) Assumptions. (1) Assume an earth-lmed canal with the following properties: Q=100cfs hh, =5.0ft. n= 0.025 hex oft hy =63ft 0.0002 di, = 4.3 ft. fy =2.0 ft 11/2:1 V= 1.61 fps. (2) Assume that the entire canal flow must be diverted to the wasteway to prevent failure of the canal bank downstream. As there are no drain inlets upstream, Une maximum wasteway discharge will be equal to the normal canal capacity of 100 etfs. (3) Assume that a check structure is located immediately downstream from the wasteway, as shown in figure 4-11, and that an overflow wall is provided with a freeboard of 0.2 foot above the normal water surfacePROTECTIVE STRUCTURES (4) Assume that the drop in the wasteway profile provides free flow downstream from the wasteway gate, and enough fall (sce dimension F, fig. 4.12) to require energy dissipation. () Assume an invert drop. e = 0.5 foot. is desired in the inlet transition (6) Assume that a natural channel is available, having sufficient capacity to take the maximum canal flow without damage to adjacent property (b) Solution (see fig 4-12) — (1) Inlet dimensions: Length, Ly: Assuming the top of the structure at about the elevation of the top of the bank, Ly = 1.5 hy = 1.5.x 6.3 = 9.45 feet Use Ly =9 ft. 6in PROFILE TRAJECTORY Figure 4-12, Radial gate wasteway turnout typical sections. 103-D-1300 193 Wall height, hy + Ly ss te +05 = 6.33 + 0.5 = 6.83 feet Use hy = 6 ft. 10 in. (2) Determine required gate height for normal depth. Assume gate freeboard, f= 0.20 foot Gate height, an tery =4.3 + 0.5 + 0.20 = 5.00 feet Use $ ft. 0 in. (3) Determine maximum canal depth, d, , without overflowing the check overflow wall. dy =, +02 =4.340.2=4,5 feet (4) Determine depth, d:, in gate bay, assuming a velocity, V; = 1U feet per second in the gate bay, and a velocity, V, in the canal (in the direction of the turnout flow). The specific energy. E., =, ep TE, te - 0.5 Oh, dy thy, =d) thy, #e-05(h,, —hy,) dh +1.86= 4.5 4040.50 - 0.5 (1.56) and d, = 5.00 ~ 1.5 (1.56) = 2.66 ft. (5) Determine the required gate bay194 width, B, using a maximum velocity of 10 feet per second A=Q= 100. 1049.1: minimum 10 66 3.76 feet minimum (6) Determine the required gate bay width, B, using the available head, (d; +h, , = 2.66 + 1.56 = 4.22 feet) in the weir equation [2] (assuming the radial gate is fully opened), Q=CBHe? p-—2_- 100 © CHS?” 3,09(4.22 a = 3,73 feet < 3.76 feet B=4 ft. 0in (7) Design a trajectory to transition the flow from the level invert at the gate to the 2 tu 1 invert stope (tan g = 0.5) which precedes the stilling pool. The minimum length of the trajectory is determined from the equation, X? = 4HY H=d, =4.5 feet 8Y where Then x and Y=X7/18 The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is represented by the first derivative, SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES Setting this slope equal to the downstream slope of 0.5, ols X=05 x9=455 feet Solving for the vertical distance, Y, at 1-foot intervals of X, using (he relationship, x? 18 The following tabulation in feet can be made: x x 0 0.06 022 050. 4 039) 4s 12 (8) Check of turnout capacity.—To insure the capability of discharging. the design flow without exceeding the maximum canal water surface, the hydraulics should be checked by the Bernoulli equation [2]. Assume that the gate is fully open, and that critical depth occurs at the beginning of the trajectory, as the downstream slope is obviously steeper than critical (see fig. 4-12). Use an entrance loss of 0.5 Ah,, and disregard the minimal effect of triction In the rectangular section, critical depth 0.314 q?? =0314 (3) ” 100\ 7° =0314 (— 4 = 0.314 (855 2.68 feet 68 = 1.34 feet 2 and hy,PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES From the Bernoulli equation, 4, =d, +hy, +0.5.4h, —e = 2.68 + 1.34 +0.5 (1.34) 05 4.19 feet As the maximum canal water depth is 4.50 feet, the structure, as designed, has sufficient capacity. (9) Design the stilling pool and outlet protection in conformance with the design requirements discussed in chapters II and Vil. (10) Protection.—Inlet protection should consist of 6 inches of coarse gravel, and should extend to the canal centerline for a canal length equal to twice the gate width, or 8 feet minimum. (11) Percolation.—Percolation should be checked by the Lane weighted-creep method, as discussed in subchapter VIII C. 3. Siphon Spillways 4-14. General.—(a) Usage.—Siphon spillways, as discussed in this text, are limited to hydrostatic heads no greater than the atmospheric pressure equivalent at the site. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as “Jow-head siphon spillways.”” As distinguished from the inverted siphon (discussed in chapter II), which operates under positive pressure, the siphon spillway, which operates under negative pressure, is sometimes called a true siphon. Once primed, the siphon spillway has the capability of lifting the water over the crest, and discharging it at a lower elevation (see fig. 4-17). Siphon spillways are very effective in rapidly removing a large volume of water from a canal, but may be more expensive to construct than other wasteway turnouts, because of the formwork required to construct the structure. However, the narrow crest width required for the siphon spillway favors its use where space is inadequate for structures utilizing free-flow crests. The automatic operation of the siphon 195 spillway eliminates the need for frequent manual manipulation of control structures along the canal. A distinct advantage is its ability to discharge a large volume of water with a small rise in water surface. (b) Deseription.—The siphon spillway consists of a closed conduit, having an upper leg extending into the upstream pool, and a lower leg extending down from the crest into the lower pool (see fig. 4-17). A siphon breaker, consisting of an air vent pipe, extends upward from the siphon crown, and down into the upstream pool (see fig. 413). The downstream pool provides dissipation of excess energy. (©) Function, Small excesses of flow from the inflow of storm water at drain inlets will result in a slowly rising water surface in the canal, initially causing the siphon to act as a weir. If the canal water surface continues to tise, the discharge through the siphon will attain a velocity sufficient to prime the siphon. Figure 413. Siphon spillway with siphon breaker pan. ‘Gate hoist in foreground, P17-D-62105196 The resulting siphonic flow will quickly lower the canal water surface and break the siphonic action. It is necessary that the siphon be fully primed, to discharge its full design capacity. That is, all the air must have been removed from the rectangular siphon barrel. Only then is the full area of the barrel effective for flow. Priming is initiated as the water flowing over the crest and into the downstream leg attains a velocity sufficient to carry an air-water mixture out of the barrel. To facilitate the air-water mixing process, a deflector is included on the sloping invert, positioned to cause the trajectory of water to leave the invert and intercept the top side of the barrel. A full prime occurs when evacuation of air from the barrel is complete, and pressure over the crest becomes subatmospheric. ‘Once fully primed, siphonic action continues until the canal water surface drops below the inlet elevation of the siphon breaker pipe, allowing an inflow of air to restore atmospheric pressure at the crest, ending the flow abruptly. One disadvantage to the use of a siphon spillway in a small canal is the abrupt drawdown and the attendant surges or bore waves which may accompany the sudden action of priming and breaking. See Design Considerations, section 4-15(h). This may disturb briefly the fine adjustment of tumout gates, and may also cause erosion in the downstream channel (d) Appurtenances.—Slide gates or radial gates are generally used in conjunction with siphon spillways to provide complete drainage of the canal. Such a combination is shown in figure 4-14. A check structure is usually provided in the canal, a short distance downstream from the wasteway, to permit diversion of the entire canal flow into the wasteway 4-15. Design Considerations. ~ (@) General While many types of siphon spillways have been used in the past, this discussion will be limited to the configuration shown in figure 4-17, which features a straight leg on the downstream side of the crest. The advantages [7] of this type over the S-curve type structure are as follows: (1) Greater consistency of discharge capacity, SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES Figure 4.14, Siphon spillway hood at left, radial gate {or wasteway turnout in center, and hoist for radial agate check at right sile of photograph. PX-D-72609 (2) Reduction in priming time, (3) Attaining a prime with a smaller erest head, and (4) Simplicity of construction resulting in greater economy. (b) Capacity.—The siphon spillway utilizes a large differential head to discharge large flows through a siphon barrel of small cross-sectional area, a8 computed from the following orifice and vortex flow equations [8] a= CDY gH < a R = R.V0.7h (2g) oak where q is the discharge per foot of width; D,H, R,, and R, are dimensions shown in figure 4-17; Cis the coefficient of discharge in the orifice equation (a conservative value being 0.6 for the design illustrated); h, in the vortex flow equation is the atmospheric pressure at the site, in feet of water; and the constant, 0.7 provides a conservative limitation on the subatmospheric pressure allowed [8]. (©) Head.—The atmospheric pressure head, h, is based upon the elevation at the site. The