Fundamentals of Image

Processing

Subject code: 181102

Dr. C.H. Vithalani,

Government Engineering College,
Rajkot.
 Syllabus Overview
1. Digital Image Fundamentals
2. Image enhancement in spatial domain
3. Filtering in frequency domain
4. Image restoration and reconstruction
5. Color Image Processing
6. Image Compression
7. Image Segmentation
8. Morphological Image Processing
Laboratory work:
MATLAB or SCILAB (Image and video processing toolbox
and some stand alone programs in C )
 Books
1. Digital Image Processing, Rafael C. Gonzalez and
Richard E. Woods, Third Edition, Pearson Education

2. Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, Rafael C.

Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, and Steven L. Eddins,
Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publication

3. Digital Image Processing, S Jayaraman, S

Esakkirajan, T Veerakumar, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication

4. Digital Image Processing, S Sridhar, Oxford

University Press.
 Topic 1
Digital Image Fundamentals
Discussion points
1.1 Introduction of Image Processing
1.2 Human Visual System
1.3 Image as 2D data
1.4 Image representation: Grey scale and Color
1.5 Image Sampling and Quantization
 Introduction to Image
Processing
• Image may be defined as a two dimensional
function f(x,y) where x, y spatial coordinates
• Amplitude f at any point (x,y) is called intensity or
gray level at that point
• For 256 level (8 bit) image, black pixel has
intensity 0 i.e. f=0 and white pixel has intensity
maximum i.e. f=255
• Intermediate gray level pixel has value between 1
to 254
• 24 bit color image pixel has three color (RGB)
each 8 bit
 Sampling and Quantization
Digitizing co-ordinate
value is called
sampling

Digitizing amplitude
value is called
quantization
 Sampling and Quantization
Quality of image
depends on ……

How many samples

we are taking

&

How many amplitude

levels we are using
 Image as 2-D data
• Sampling and quantization process gives matrix of numbers

Number of bits required to store image = M  N  k

k= Number of bits/pixel
If number of amplitude levels are L L=2k k=log2(L)
General Image Processing System

Printer/
Plotter

Image
Digitizer Computer Display
Sensor

Memory
 Image Processing Scheme
Image Image
Digitization
Sensing Compression
Memory
(Storage)

Image Image
Enhancement Restoration

Image Feature
Segmentation Extraction
 Introduction to Image
Processing
Purpose of digital image processing:
• Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretations
• Processing of image data for analysis
purpose
• Compression of image data for storage and
transmission
• Representation of image for autonomous
machine perception.
 Machine Vision Applications
For machine vision information is extracted
from image:
• Product assembly and inspection
• Automated target detection and tracking
• Finger print recognition
• Iris recognition
• Processing of aerial and satellite images for
whether prediction, corps assessment etc .
 Steps of Image Processing for machine
vision applications …
• Image acquisition:
Imaging sensor and digitization
• Image Preprocessing
Enhance quality and noise removal
• Image Segmentation
Partition image into different objects
• Feature selection (extraction)
Area of interest for analysis
• Recognition and interpretation
Assignment of labels to objects
 Human Visual System
• What we do while we view a scene ?
- Rapid movement of eye between points of fixation
- Sampling scene with high resolution fovea
- Stitch together high resolution representation of
scene
- Initial fixations are predicted by certain image
properties
• Video camera does the same thing, It does
horizontal and vertical scanning and it
takes samples and quantize the points
(pixels)
 Human Visual Perception
Purpose of understanding human visual system:
• Help to design compression algorithms
• Help to develop image enhancement
algorithms

(The Transmission Path)

(Input Sensor)
 Human Visual Perception
 Lies in the Visible Region (350 to 780 nm) of
the EM Spectrum.

Light intensity = I        L 

Reflectivity /Transmissivity Incident Energy Distribution
of Object
 Human Visual Perception
Beautiful sensor given by God to human being …..
Opaque membrane Blood Vessels

Tough Transparent
Tissue

Varies in diameter
from 2 to 8 mm

Fibrous cells
60-70% Water
6% Fat, Protein

Blind Spot Video

 Human Visual Perception
Retina is innermost membrance of eye. When lens is
properly focused, light from outside object imaged on
retina
• The Retina is Covered with 2 types of Photoreceptors
(light sensitive organs):
• Rods (75 to 150 millions): Provides brightness sensation
• Cones (6 to 7 millions): Provides color sensation
(Broadly three groups: RED, GREEN and BLUE)
(Each group of cones are tuned to small band of
wavelengths)
 Human Visual Perception

Human eye is most sensitive to green color

Human Visual Perception
Cones Absence of rods and
(In Fovea) cones in certain area
Rods of retina results into
blind spot
Absence of cones
means color
blindness

Video about
human
visual
perception
Human Visual System Limitations
• We do not notice or process majority of
Visual stimuli….
• That is good otherwise unnecessary data will be
accumulate in our brain.
• Our eye do not provide high resolution and high
color information across the entire field of view
• Center two degrees of visual angle (fovea)
provide high resolution, full color information
using cones located around fovea
• Around fovea, rods are distributed having low
resolution and Grey scale information
Simultaneous Contrast
 Hermann Grid
(Visual effect due to lateral inhibition)
Mach Bands Effect
Spatial Frequency …..
 Exercise
• What will be storage requirement of monochrome image for
image size 512x512 pixel ?
• What will be storage requirement for 256 gray-level image
for size 1024x768 ?
• What will be storage requirement for the true color image of
size 1440x900 pixel ?
Thank you