Waste Water Harvesting Report Using Electronic Control Unit (PCB)

SPPU Waste Water Harvesting
1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity is the one of the basic need for human beings nowadays. So many
dependencies are there on electricity. But as of demand of the electricity is far more that
supply, as resources for that are limited in India. We are searching for optional methods
for this. Here we come up with an idea of generation of electricity with the help of waste
water from multi store buildings.
Solar energy, which comes free of cost and does not have any proprietary right, can
be put into enormous effect with adequate and proper planning. So far, we have mainly
considered solar energy as one method of driving loads and few small household
appliances. In this particular project we look forward to go few steps further and indulge
this enormous and pollution free energy source. So we will have 2 sources of electricity
generation.
The utility electricity sector in India has one National Grid with an installed capacity
of 329.30 GW as on 30 September 2017. Renewable power plants constituted 31.3% of
total installed capacity. During the fiscal year 2016-17, the gross electricity generated by
utilities in India was 1,236.39 TWh and the total electricity generation (utilities and non
utilities) in the country was 1,433.4 TWh .The gross electricity consumption was 1,122
kWh per capita in the year 2016-17. India is the world's third largest producer and fourth
largest consumer of electricity. Electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded
highest (17.89%) in 2015-16 among all countries. The per capita electricity
consumption is low compared to many countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India.
In order to address the lack of adequate electricity availability to all the people in the
country by March 2019, the Government of India launched a scheme called "Power for
All". This scheme will ensure continuous and uninterrupted electricity supply to all
households, industries and commercial establishments by creating and improving
necessary infrastructure. Its a joint collaboration of the Government of
India with states to share funding and create overall economic growth.
Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016 prepared by the Government of India states that
India does not need additional non-renewable power plants till 2027 with the
GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 1

commissioning of 50,025 MW coal based power plants under construction and additional
100,000 MW renewable power capacity. The improvements in solar thermal storage
power technology in recent years has made non polluting and cheaper solar power plants
undisputed choice to replace all fossil fuel fired power generation.

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
India ranks second in population. Developed countries have sources for Uranium, so most
of the energy requirement of such countries satisfy with nuclear energy. India don’t have
nuclear sources. So to satisfy electricity need of Indian population is very challenging
task.
3. OBJECTIVES
 To generate electricity from waste water
4. SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT:
Whom will this help?
Statistics says that most of the villages in india are dis-empowered. Solar energy
is maximum in rural areas while multi-story buildings are more in urban areas. Our
system have both the options, so it will help to one and all in either way.
How will this help?
As we don’t have nuclear sites and resources in India. It will take much more
time to find solution for shortage of electricity generation and load shedding. Luckily we
have solar energy in most of the period of the year unlike Europian countries or so. We
have so much scope to use this energy which can satisfy our needs for electricity. Already
world is looking for non-polluting energy generation, our system is very much
ecofriendly. Also government is giving subsidies for solar components. So we can
generate at our home, there is no need of any finance or larger space.

4. METHODOLOGY:
Water level sensors measure the water level in reservoir. In this particular project,
we will use the water level sensors which can be inserted in the reservoir. It is used to
measure water level as low or high and display them on LED display.
Water level sensor senses level of water in reservoir. We will continuously sense
water level by using water level sensor. Depending on quantity of water available in
reservoir due to this required head is created which is used to maintain pressure on
turbine blade. High velocity waste water from reservoir are impact over turbine blade,
which result into the rotation of rotor .During which potential energy of water is
converted into kinetic energy here hydraulic energy is converted into mechanical energy
by using turbine. Finally this mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by
using generator (alternator). We will rotate generator using simple belt pulley
arrangement from turbine rotor. We can utilize this energy in parking ,charging of mobile
and other various appliances etc, which will result in generation of electricity. For
generating higher power generator has to rotate with maximum speed. So we have to
arrange water tank position i.e. height so that water falling speed will be higher.Power
from generator. In our project the head is covered by using submersible pump which is
submerged in reservoir(bucket). All the peripherals and sensors will be connected to
centralised microcontroller, all the monitoring and controlling actions will be taken by
microcontroller only.

Fig. 1. Schematic model of flow harvester.

6..LITERATURE REVIEW
Genghuang Yang et al. in [1] Designed GSM based automatic irrigation system
using GSM & radio communication technology for command, control & monitoring of
irrigation work. Automation of irrigation work depends upon the moisture amount in the
soil. Venkata Naga et al. in [2] Developed automatic irrigation system used for the plants.
This system is controlled by 8051 micro controller programmed to give the interrupt
signal to the sprinkler. Temperature sensor and humidity sensor are connected to internal
ports of micro controller via comparator, Whenever there is a change in temperature and
humidity of the surroundings these sensors senses the change in temperature and
humidity and gives an interrupt signal to the micro-controller and thus the sprinkler is
activated. Chaitali R. Fule et al. in [3] Proposed Microcontroller and soil moisture sensor
based irrigation system which can proves to be a real time response control system which
monitors and wheel all the activities of irrigation system. Anil et al. in [4] developed a
fully automated system which optimizes the use of energy and water resources for the
need of the day for a small garden. This paper propose the design and implementation of
a highly energy efficient, multimode control for an automated irrigation system. The
system uses an in-situ soil moisture potential measurement and the programmed data to
irrigate a desired area. The soil moisture content is monitored by a microcontroller-based
data acquisition and distribution system. An integrated GSM module provides critical
information to the user during system failure. The proposed microcontroller based system
was programmed and tested for its performance.
In this paper we are using fertility meter and ph. meter todetermine the
percentage of potassium, phosphorus, nitrogenwhich is the most important ingredients of
soil. Now after measuring fertility of soil, we have implanted the automatic plant irrigator
for DRIP irrigation through wireless. Both techniques will help to judge fertility and
moisture content of soil. This application of sensor-based irrigation has some advantages
such as preventing moisture stress of trees, diminishing of excessive water usage,
ensuring of rapid growing weeds, measuring fertility of soil.

Abhishek Gupta, Shailesh Kumawat& Shubham Garg: This project is taken up as India is
anagriculture oriented country and the rate at whichwater resources are depleting is a
dangerous threat hence there is a need of smart and efficient way of
irrigation. In this project we have implemented sensors which detect the humidity in the
soil (agricultural field) and supply water to the field which has water requirement. The
project is PIC16F877A microcontroller based design which controls the water supply and
the field to be irrigated. There are sensors present in each field which are not activated till
water is present on the field. Once the field gets dry sensors sense the requirement of
water in the field and send a signal to the microcontroller. Microcontroller then supply
water to that particular field which has water requirement till the sensors is deactivated
again. In case, when there are more than one signal for water requirement then the
microcontroller will prioritize the first received signal and irrigate the fields accordingly.
Saeed Mohammed Wazed, Ben Richard Hughes, Dominic O’Connor, John Kaiser
Calautit: PV powered water pumping technologies are well developed, easily accessible
and require almost no maintenance over the course of the lifetime of the technology.
Studies suggest that the best way to optimize the cost and design of the PV powered
system is to understand the requirements of the crop and perform extensive site survey to
analyse the working conditions of the system. This is seen in relation to the use of a
battery system where cost savings have been achieved in certain scenarios without using
the battery while in other applications it was found that a battery in fact reduces costs.
While the cost of PV system, over the course of its lifetime, is much lower in comparison
to diesel powered systems, the initial investment cost is much higher and often too much
to bare for small scale rural farmers. Furthermore, if the purpose of solar panels is to
reduce the impact on the environment, it falls short due to a substantial carbon footprint
because of the manufacturing and transportation impacts of the technology.

7. DESIGN OF PARTS
POWER SUPPLY:
When working with electronics, you always need one basic thing: Power. In every
electronic circuit power supply is required. The proper working of each and every
component, the exact amount of voltage and current to be supplied to it. If the power
exceed its limit, it can be fatal. Below is the circuit diagram of power supply which gives
output of 5V, as only that much is required for microcontroller. Its circuit diagram and
designing calculation are given below.
Fig. 2: +5 V Regulated Power Supply
The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator
IC. This IC contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts
and produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains
current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC won't be
damaged in case of excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage instead. The
advantage of a bridge rectifier is you don’t need a centre tap on the secondary of the
transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple frequency at the output
is twice the line frequency(i.e. 50Hz) and makes filtering somewhat easier. The use of
capacitor c1, c2, c3 and c4 is to make signal ripple free. The two capacitor used before

the regulator is to make ac signal ripple free and then later which we are using is for
safety, if incase there is a ripple left after regulating, then c3 and c4 will remove it.
Power Supply Component Design:
 Transformer Design:
Fig 3: Transformer Design
- We require 5V at the o/p of the regulator.

- The drop out voltage of the regulator is 2V As per the data sheet)
- Vdc = 5+2 = 7V
- So at the regulator input, the voltage applied should be of 7V.
- According to the formula,
- Vdc = 2Vm/Pi
- Assuming there is no ripple Capacitor from
- Vm= Vdc .pi/2
- =7 x 3.14)/2
- =10.99V
- Vm= 10.99V
- During one cycle, two diodes are conducting .
- Drop out voltage of one diode = 0.7V
- Drop out voltage of two diode = 1.4V

- Vim = Vm+ 1.4V

- =10.99+1.4= 12.39V
- Vim=12.39V
- Vrms = Vim/sqrt(2)
- = 12.39/sqrt(2)
- = 8.76V
- Vrms = 8.76V
- So we select transformer of 9V.
- Similarly
- Im=Idc x pi/2
- Im=400m x 3.14/2
- = 628mA.
- Irms= Im/sqrt(2)
- = 628mA/sqrt(2)
- ` = 444.06mA
- Irms = 444.06mA
- So we select the transformer of current rating 500mA.
- Considering the above transformer rating.
- We take the transformer of 0-9V/500mA
- TRANSFORMER –
- 0-9V/500mA Step-down transformer.
- 8.2.2 Rectifier Design:
- PIV of diode = Vm = 12.39V
- Im= 628mA

BRIDGE RECTIFIER –
So, we select the bridge IC of 1Ampere rating.
1. Filter Capacitor Design:
Fig 4: Filter Capacitor Design
- R = Vdc/Idc
- = 7 / 400m
- = 17.5Ohms.
- Vr = 2(Vim – Vdc)
- = 2(12.39 – 7)
- = 10.78V
- C = Vdc/ (FxRxVr)
- = 7/ (100x17.5x10.78)
- = 371.05uF
- So for Safe working we select capacitor of 1000uF
- C = 1000uF / 35V
- C1= 1000uF/35V Electrolytic Capacitor.
- C2,C4 = 0.1uF Ceramic Capacitor.
- C3 = 220uF/25V Electrolytic Capacitor.
- So the power supply made from the above mentioned components gives the
output of 5V.
-

8.Software Design:
AVR STUDIO OVERVIEW
AVR Studio is a Development Tool for the AT90S Series of AVR

microcontrollers. This manual describes the how to install and use AVR Studio. AVR
Studio enables the user to fully control execution of programs on the AT90S In-Circuit
Emulator or on the built-in AVR Instruction Set Simulator. AVR Studio supports source
level execution of Assembly programs assembled with the Atmel Corporation's AVR
Assembler and C programs compiled with IAR Systems’ ICCA90 C Compiler for the
AVR microcontrollers. AVR Studio runs under Microsoft Windows95 and Microsoft
Windows NT.
AVR Studio is delivered on two diskettes. Note that in some cases, the second
diskette will not be asked for by the installation program. This is because some of the
files required to run AVR Studio may already be present in the system. In order to install
AVR Studio under Windows95 and Windows NT 4.0:
1. Insert the diskette labeled AVR Studio Diskette 1 in drive A:
2. Press the Start button on the Taskbar and select Run
3. Enter “A:SETUP” in the Open field and press the OK button
4. Follow the instructions in the Setup program
In order to install AVR Studio under Windows NT 3.51:
1. Insert the diskette labeled AVR Studio Diskette 1 in drive A:
2. Select Run from the File menu
3. Enter “A:SETUP” in the Command Line field and press the OK button
4. Follow the instructions in the Setup program.

Once AVR Studio has been installed, it can be started by double clicking the
AVR Studio icon. If an Emulator is the desired execution target, remember to connect the
AVR In- Circuit Emulator before starting AVR Studio.
These are the steps we are using for coding :
Starting AVR Studio:
Start the AVR Studio program by clicking on:
Fig 5: schematic diagram of turbine.

Fig : turbine rotor

9. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
SYSTEM SET-UP
The accessories we need for the set-up are
a) Microcontroller
b) Water tank
c) transformer
d) DC generator
e)DC motor panel assembly

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE PLATFORM:
1. Hardware Used: Microcontroller ATMEGAa6A, Solar panel, Voltage regulator

(7805), diode (IN4007), RC filter circuit, Solar panel 12watt, Battery 12watt, inverter
circuit, DC motor driver, DC motor.
2. Software Used: AVR Studio4 (C Programming), Diptrace (PCB Design)
BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION
Fig 7: BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

a) Microcontroller:
The simplest computer processor is used as the brain of the system .A

simple software able to control it all and which everyone can easily learn about
microcontroller. A microcontroller contains one or more c plus along with memory and
programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are used in automatically
controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control system, implantable
medical device remote control, appliances, power tools,
b) Solar panels:
A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted
on a supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of
solar cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to
generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. In this project,
Solar panels is is used as option.
c) Batteries:
We can use to store energy which is produced by generator
d) LCD Display:
It is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or alphanumeric display that uses the
light modulating properties of liquid crystals.

LCD
(3)LCD:-
A general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two lines of 16 characters.
LCD used here is the 16×2 line LCD. Liquid Crystal Display which is commonly
known as LCD is an Alphanumeric Display it means that it can display Alphabets,
Numbers as well as special symbols thus LCD is a user friendly Display device which
can be used for displaying various messages unlike seven segment display which can
display only numbers and some of the alphabets. The only disadvantage of LCD over
seven segment is that seven segment is robust display and be visualized from a longer
distance as compared to LCD. Here we have used 16 x 2 Alphanumeric Display which
means on this display. We can display two lines with maximum of 16 characters in one
line.

Fig 8 : 16 × 2 LCD

Function of each pin is given in the table:
Pin Symbol I/O Description
1 GND - Ground
2 Vcc - +5V power supply
3 Vee - Contrast control
4 RS I command/data register selection
5 R/W I write/read selection
6 E I/O Enable
7 DB0 I/O The 8-bit data bus
Table1: Pin Description Of LCD

LCD Commands:
The LCD’s internal controller accepts several commands and modifies the display
accordingly. These commands would be things like:
– Clear screen
– Return home
– Shift display right/lef
Entry mode set:
This command sets cursor move direction and display shift ON/OFF.
There are 4 possible function set commands; 04, 05, 06, and 07. This command changes
the direction the cursor moves by setting the address counter to increment or decrement.
This command is very important. If you do not understand it you may not see anything or
what you actually wanted to see on LCD screen.
LCD Display PINOUT and Description:
Fig 9: LCD pin diagram

Data pins D7:D0: Pins 7-14:
Fig6: Microcontroller
Bi-directional data/command pins. Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII

format. As shown in figure lcd1.0, there are 8 pins, Pin No.7-14 used for data lines.
RS: Register Select: Pin No.4:
RS = 0; Command Register is selected

RS = 1; Data Register is selected
R/W: Read or Write: Pin No.5:
R/W=0 ; Write.
R/W= 1; Read
E: Enable (Latch data): Pin No.6:
Used to latch the data present on the data pins.

A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data.
VO: contrast control: Pin No.2:
NOTE: When writing to the display, data is transferred only on the high
to low transition of this signal. However, when reading from the display, data will

become available shortly after the low to high transition and remain available until the
signal falls low again.
The standard LCD Display requires 3 control lines as well as either 8 I/O
lines for the data bus. The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW. Note that the EN line
must be raised/lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD regardless of
whether that instruction is read or write text or instruction. In short, you must always
manipulate EN when communicating with the LCD. EN is the LCD's way of knowing
that you are talking to it. If you don't raise/lower EN, the LCD doesn't know you're
talking to it on the other lines.
Specifications:
 5 x 8 dots with cursor
 Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent
 + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
 1/16 duty cycle
 B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
 N.V. optional for + 3V power supply.

DESIGNING OF PCB:
The connections on the PCB should be identical to the circuit diagram, but while
the circuit diagram is arranged to be readable, the PCB layout is arranged to be
functional, so there is rarely any visible correlation between the circuit diagram and the
layout.
PCB layout can be performed manually (using CAD) or in combination with an

Auto router. The best results are usually still achieved using at least some manual routing
- simply because the design engineer has a far better judgment of how to arrange
circuitry. Surprisingly, many auto routed boards are often completely illogical in their
track routing - the program has optimized the connections, and sacrificed any small
amount of order that may have been put in place by manual routing. Generally auto
routed boards are somewhat harder for a technician to repair or debug, for this reason.
Historically, PCBs used to be laid out by drawing or using stick on paper shapes on
Mylar film, - that really WAS manual routing!
The printed circuit board manufacturing process is a difficult and complex series
of operations to make a printed circuit board. The process starts once our files and
specifications have been decided.

Most of our Etched PCB laminates are:
Double sided Laminate

Two layers of copper tracks, one each side of the board in progressively smaller
Quantities 4 Layer, 6 Layer, and 8 Layer
Plated Through Hole

PTH - each hole is copper plated providing a circuit between sides of the PCB.
Normally we also Tent the vias - cover them with solder mask.
Solder Mask over Bare Copper

SMOBC - green insulating ink everywhere except connections
Component legend
Identifying lettering, component outlines and values in white ink
Immersion Silver
For ROHS compliant work Silver plate on all exposed copper, prevents
Oxidation and so keeps the surface solderable. An alternative is electroless gold.
Tinned
For non-ROHS work Tinning is application of Lead-Tim Solder to all
Exposed copper, increasing solderability
Hot oil leveled

Hot oil - or hot air - levelling makes the tinning flat, so that surface mount
components can be positioned reliably.

Different methods of PCB construction:
Conventional
A rigid PCB (usually of thickness 1.6mm), with wire-leaded components mounted
on only one side of the PCB, with all the leads through holes, soldered and
clipped. Conventional circuitry is generally easier to debug and repair than
Surface mount.
Surface Mount Technology (SMT) or devices (SMD)

A PCB with tag-leaded components soldered flush to PCB pads. Holes are still
needed on the PCB, but not where the component leads are attached. Surface
mount circuitry is generally smaller than conventional. Surface mount is generally
more suited to automated assembly than conventional.
Fig 7(a). PCB
Surface mount & conventional mix

In practice, most boards are a mix of surface mount and conventional
components. This can have its disadvantages as the two technologies require
different methods of insertion and soldering.

Double sided Laminate

A bare PCB laminate having tracks on both sides, normally with PTH holes
connecting circuitry on the two sides together.
Double sided Component Assembly

Mounting components on both sides of the PCB. Normally only surface mount
circuitry would be mounted on both sides of a PCB, but some conventional
components (such as LEDs) may be mounted on the reverse of a PCB to suit the
enclosure design.
Multi-layer
A PCB Laminate may be manufactured with more than two layers of copper
tracks by using a sandwich construction. The cost of the laminate reflects the
number of layers. The extra layers may be used to route more complicated
circuitry, and/or distribute the power supply more effectively.
Fig 7(b): Gold plated PCB
Gold plated
Certain areas on a PCB may be gold plated for use as contact pads or as a ROHS-
compliant board finish. Normally only thin gold plating is required, and this can
be achieved with electro less gold. If a thicker gold plating is required (for
instance a quality 50um contact) an electrolytic process is needed. Normally this
is limited to pads on the edge of a PCB, as an electrolytic plating bar

Must be attached to the pads, and then removed part way through the PCB
manufacturing process. Gold plating normally needs a nickel under plate or the
Gold quickly disappears through migration effects into the underlying copper.
Immersion Silver plating

A ROHS-compliant board finish that is a cost effective alternative to Gold
ROHS Compliance
Simple definition: Getting rid of the Lead in PCBs and components which poisons
groundwater when it leaches out of discarded boards put in landfill waste dumps.
Actually, lead is not the only substance covered, but it is the main one. Frankly it
would also help if people stopped throwing away so much electronics, and that
would be helped if boards were made to last.
Flexible PCB
A technique used extensively with membrane keyboards, combination
connector/circuit boards, and circuit boards to fit in awkward shapes - e.g.
cameras.
Chip On Board (COB)

Where the IC die is attached direct to a PCB and bond out wires from the IC
connect directly to PCB lands. The chip is then covered with a black blob of
epoxy. A technique used mostly with very high volume, cost sensitive
applications, e.g. musical greeting cards.
Phenolic PCB
As distinct from Fibre glass, Phenolic is a cheaper PCB laminate material.
Daughterboard
A circuit board mounted to another circuit board - such as a plug in card.
Patterning/etching
The majority of printed circuit boards are manufactured by applying a layer of
copper over the entire surface of the circuit board substrate either on one side or both
sides. This creates what is referred to as a blank printed circuit board, meaning the copper
is everywhere on the surface. From here the unwanted areas are removed, this is called a
subtractive method, the most common subtractive method is known as photoengraving.

Photoengraving
The photoengraving process uses a mask or photo mask combined with chemical
etching to subtract the copper areas from the circuit board substrate. The photo mask is
created with a photo plotter which design from a CAD PCB software program. Lower
resolution photo masks are sometimes created with the use of a laser printer using a
transparency.
Lamination
Many printed circuit boards are made up of multiple layers; these are referred to as
multi-layer printed circuit boards. They consist of several thin etched boards or trace
layers and are bonded together through the process of lamination.
Drilling
Each layer of the printed circuit board requires the ability of one layer to connect to
another; this is achieved through drilling small holes called “VIAS”. These drilled holes
require precision placement and are most commonly done with use of an automated
drilling machine. These machines are driven by computer programs and files called
numerically controlled drill or (NCD) files also referred to as excellon files. These files
determine the position and size of each file in the design.
Some files require very small vias to be drilled which results in heavy wear and tear
of the drill bit itself. Drilling through different substrates may require the drill bit to be
made of tungsten carbide and are costlier than other materials but required to provide a
proper hole.
Solder plating/solder resist

Pads and lands which will require components to be mounted on are plated to
allow solderability of the components. Bare copper is not readily solderable and requires
the surface to be plated with a material that facilitates soldering. In the past a lead based
tin was used to plate the surfaces, but with RoHS compliance enacted newer materials are
being used such as nickel and gold to both offer solderability and comply with RoHS
standards.

Testing
Unpopulated circuit boards are subjected to a bare board test where each test circuit
connection (as defined in a net list) is verified as correct on the finished circuit board. In
high volume circuit board production, a bed of nails tester or fixture is used to make
contact with the copper lands or holes on one or both sides of the board to facilitate
testing. Computers are used to control there electrical testing unit to send a small current
through each contact point on the bed of nails and verify that such current can be detected
on the appropriate contact points.
For small to medium volume production runs, a flying probe tester is used to
check electrical contacts. These flying probes employ moving heads to make contact with
the copper lands and holes to validate the electrical connectivity of the board being
tested.
Debugging and testing

Check over your work for proper assembly and short circuits. Make sure that each IC
is correctly oriented and in its proper place. Check each resistor and make sure the
resistor values are in the proper location as well.
Use an oscilloscope to look at the signal at the collector of Q2. You should see a pulse
train with peak-to-peak amplitude of approximately 8 volts. The positive-going pulses
should be approximately 300-milliseconds wide and should be separated by
approximately 1500-millisecond spaces.
If you don’t have an oscilloscope, connect the ground lead of an analog(non digital)
voltmeter to the negative terminal of the battery. Set the voltmeter for 10 volts or higher.
Connect the positive lead of the voltmeter to the collector of Q2. The meter reading
should repeatedly pulse from about 1 to about 9 volts.
Next, turn on an FM receiver and set it to a clear (unused) frequency between 88 and
108 MHz. using a non-conductive alignment tool adjust C7 and C6 until you hear the
transmitter on the receiver. You may have to squeeze or spread L2 to insure that the
tracking transmitter tunes from the low end to the high end of the band.

Mechanical design
After making the PCB layout, holes were made according to the components by
using 0.8mm drill. After that the components were mounted on the PCB board then using
the soldering iron and alluminium wire of 20 gauge necessary connections were done on
the board necessary checking regarding the connection were made i.e. it was checked that
no two points wire unnecessarily short. Using the multimeter the connection was
checked.
Later on completing the necessary connections the circuit was mounted on the
wooden case. The design of wooden case provides safety to the component and let it look
better. It makes it easily to handle.
PCB Materials
Laminate materials:
FR-4, the most common PCB material
FR-2
Composite epoxy material, CEM-1,5
Polyimide
BT-Epoxy
Cyanate Ester
PTFE, Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
PCB layout software
Altium Designer by Altium Limited

AutoTRAX EDA
EAGLE by Cadsoft
DipTrace by Novarm
Edwinxp
FreePCB by Allan Wright (open-source Win2K/XP)
FreeRouting by Alfons Wirtz (Java, Autorouter with free angle support)
Cadstar by Zuken

CR5000 by Zuken
Multisim
gEDA, open-source PCB software project
OrCAD by Cadence
Allegro by Cadence
TARGET 3001!
Kicad, open-source suite
PADS by Mentor Graphics
PCB123 Design by Sunstone Circuits
Proteus
Board Station by Mentor Graphics
Expedition Enterprise by Mentor Graphics
10. POWER SUPPLY

A Power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electric load.
Linear power supplies gain their name from the fact that they use linear, i.e. non-
switching techniques to regulate the voltage output from the power supply. The term
linear power supply implies that the power supply is regulated to provide the correct
voltage at the output. A regulated power supply is used to ensure that the output
remains constant even if the input changes. A regulated DC power supply is also called as
a linear power supply, it is an embedded circuit and consists of various blocks. The
regulated power supply will accept an ac input and give a constant dc output.

Fig 12: Block Diagram of Power supply
Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the
same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits.
In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias
active elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors that
can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits
and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can
be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits. The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:

common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of
magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance will fall within a manufacturing
tolerance.
Fig 13:Axial Lead Resistor Schematic Symbol Of Resistor.
Resistor is a circuit element having the function of introducing electrical

resistance in to the circuit. There are three basic types of resistor.
a) Fixed resistor
b) Rheostat
c) Potentiometer
A fix resistor is a two terminal device which electrical resistance is constant.
A rheostat is a resistor that can be changed in resistance value without opening the circuit
to make adjustment.
A potentiometer is an adjustable resistor with three terminals, on at each end of the
resistor element and thin movable along its length.
There are three basic types of resistors:
1. Carbon composite resistors
2. Wire wound resistors
3. Carbon-Film resistors.
In the circuit we use carbon composition resistors

Fig 14: Colour Coding in a Register.
Capacitors:
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two terminal
electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms
of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors
(plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin films, foils or
sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The non-conducting dielectric acts
to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film,
air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical
circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not
dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field
between its plates.

Capacitors.
Electronic Symbols of Capacitors.

Fig 12.
Transformers.
Step down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary
voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary
winding. This kind of transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it. As a step-down
unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-voltage, high-
current power.
Step down transformers are made from two or more coils of insulated wire wound
around a core made of iron. When voltage is applied to one coil (frequently called the
primary or input) it magnetizes the iron core, which induces a voltage in the other coil.

The turn’s ratio of the two sets of windings determines the amount of voltage
transformation.
A Transformer consists of at least two sets of windings wound on a single

magnetic core There are two main purposes for using transformer s. the first is to convert
the energy on the primary side to a different voltage level on the secondary side. This is
accomplished by using different turn’s counts on primary and secondary windings. The
voltage ratio is the same as the turn’s ratio.
Fig 16: Step down Transformer

Rectifier
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the
rectification process. Rectification is the process of converting an alternating voltage or
current into corresponding direct (dc) quantity. The input to a rectifier is ac whereas its
output is unidirectional pulsating dc. Usually a full wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier is
used to rectify both the half cycles of the ac supply (full wave rectification).
A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes connected in the above shown
manner. In the positive half cycle of the supply the voltage induced across the secondary
of the electrical transformer. Therefore point E is positive with respect to F. Hence,
diodes D3 and D2 are reversed biased and diodes D1 and D4 are forward biased. The diode
D3 and D2 will act as open switches (practically there is some voltage drop) and diodes
D1 andD4 will act as closed switches and will start conducting. Hence a rectified
waveform appears at the output of the rectifier as shown in the first figure. When voltage
induced in secondary i.e. VMN is negative than D3 and D2 are forward biased with the
other two reversed biased and a positive voltage appears at the input of the filter.
Fig 17: Bridge Rectifier

IN4007 Diode
These diodes are used to convert AC into DC, these are used as half wave rectifier
or full wave rectifier. Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005,
IN4006 and IN4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum
forward current capacity of 1A.Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one
another. Besides this diode of more capacity can be used in place of diode of low
capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity.
The1N400X series is a family of popular 1.0 A (ampere) general-purpose silicon rectifier
diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household appliances. Blocking
voltage varies from 50 to 1000 volts.
Filter
The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating dc voltage having very high
ripple content. But this is not we want, we want a pure ripple free dc waveform. Hence a
filter is used. Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC filter, Choke
input filter, π type filter. Figure below shows a capacitor filter connected along the output
of the rectifier and the resultant output waveform.
As the instantaneous voltage starts increasing the capacitor charges, it charges till
the waveform reaches its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts reducing the
capacitor starts discharging exponentially and slowly through the load (input of the
regulator in this case). Hence, an almost constant dc value having very less ripple content
is obtained.

Fig 18: Filter Circuit
Voltage Regulator (LM7805)

The output voltage or current will change or fluctuate when there is change in the
input from ac mains or due to change in load current at the output of the regulated power
supply or due to other factors like temperature changes. This problem can be eliminated
by using a regulator. A regulator will maintain the output constant even when changes at
the input or any other changes occur. Transistor series regulator, Fixed and variable IC
regulators or a zener diode operated in the zener region can be used depending on their
applications.
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would
not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at
a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to
provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be
connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Fig 19: Voltage regulator
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources

of primary energy. For electric utilities in the electric power industry, it is the first stage
in the delivery of electricity to end users, the other stages
being transmission, distribution, energy storage and recovery, using pumped-
storage methods.
A characteristic of electricity is that it is not a primary energy freely present in
nature in remarkable amounts and it must be produced. Production is carried out in power
plants. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electro mechanical
generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission but
also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy
sources include solar photo voltaics and geothermal power.
Methods Of Generating Electicity
Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms of energy into

electrical energy. The triboelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, and even direct capture of
the energy of nuclear decay Betavoltaics are used in niche applications, as is direct
conversion of heat to electric power in the thermoelectric effect. Utility-scale generation
is done by rotating electric generators, or by photovoltaic systems. A very small
proportion of electric power distributed by utilities is provided by batteries.

Generators :
Electric generators transform kinetic energy into electricity. This is the
most used form for generating electricity and is based on Faraday's law. It can be seen
experimentally by rotating a magnet within closed loops of a conducting material (e.g.
copper wire). Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic
induction, in which mechanical energy forces a generator to rotate.
Fig : simulation

Hardware Used: Microcontroller (AT89C52), Water level sensor
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:
1) Water Level Sensor:
Water level sensors measure the water level in reservoir.
In this particular project, we will use the water level sensors which can be inserted in the
reservoir. It is used to measure water level as low or high and display them on LED
display.
Fig.Water Level Sensor.

9.CALCULATIONS:
Data:
Jet diameter = 12mm
Pelton wheel diameter = 220mm
Large pulley diameter = 90mm
Small pulley diameter = 20mm
Number of ball bearings = 2
Ball bearing diameter = 20mm
Speed (N) = 64 RPM
Formulae used:
Q=AV
π
A= 4 d2
u1 = u2 = πDN/60
Where, Q= Discharge in m3/sec
=volume/time
A= area in m2
π
A=4 d2
V= Velocity in m/sec
Length of bucket, L = (2.3 to 2.8) d

Width of bucket, b = (2.8 to 3.2) d
Depth of bucket, c = (0.6 to 0.9) d

fig: velocity triangle of pelton wheel
Problem solution:
Q = volume/sec
= (1lit*10-3)/8.5
Q =1.17647*10-4 m3/sec
π
A= 4 d2
π
= 4 (12*10-3)2
A =1.1309*10-4 m2
To calculate velocity, we have

Q=AV
1.17647*10-4 =1.1309*10-4 *V
V=1.04 m/sec

Therefore, VW1 = V1 = V = 1.04 m/sec
VW1 = V1 = V =cv√(2gH)
1.04=0.98√ (2*9.81*H)
H=0.058m=58mm
Assume angle of deflection =165degree

Ø=180-165=15 degree
u1 = u2 =( πDN)/60
=(π*220*10-3*64)/60
u1 = u2 =0.73722 m/sec
vr1= v1-u1
=1.04-0.73722
Vr1=vr2=0.30278 m/sec
Vw2=vr2*cos Ø-u2
=0.30272*cos(15)-0.73722
= -0.4448 m/sec
Power = ƍ𝐴𝑉1 (𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2) ∗ 𝑢

=1000*1.1309*10-4*1.04(1.04-0.4448)*0.73722
power =0.0516 watt
The above work done per unit mass flow rate is,
𝑊𝐷 ƍAV1 (Vw1 +Vw2)∗u
. = = (Vw1 +Vw2)*u=0.4388 N-m/kg
𝑚 ƍAV1

Similarly, the work done per unit weight flow rate is,
WD ƍAV1 (Vw1 +Vw2)∗u ƍAV1 (Vw1 +Vw2)∗u (𝑉𝑤1 +𝑉𝑤2)∗𝑢

. = . = =
w 𝑤𝑔 ƍ𝐴𝑉1𝑔 𝑔
The energy supplied to the jet at inlet is in the form of Kinetic energy. It is given as,
.
1 1
KE= 𝑚 V12 = 2 ƍ𝐴𝑉1*V12 = 2*1000*1.1309*10-4 *1.043
2
KE= 0.0636 watt
Efficiency of pelton wheel
Hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel is given by,
𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 ƍ𝑨𝑽𝟏 (𝑽𝒘𝟏 +𝑽𝒘𝟐)∗𝒖 𝟐(𝐕𝐰𝟏 +𝐕𝐰𝟐)∗𝐮

Ƞ= = 𝟏 =
𝐊𝐄 𝐨𝐟 𝐣𝐞𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 ƍ𝑨𝑽𝟏∗𝐕𝟏𝟐 𝐕𝟏𝟐
𝟐
𝟐∗(𝟏.𝟎𝟒−𝟎.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟖)∗𝟎.𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟐
Ƞ= = 81.15%
𝟏.𝟎𝟒𝟐

 Graph of efficiency vs percentage of maximum flow rate
efficiency vs percentage of maximum flow rate

Project picture:
Fig :pelton wheel with generator

Fig: overall project view
Fig: Resorvoir (bucket)

Digital multimeter:
Fig: Digital multimeter

A multi meter or a multi tester is an electronic measuring tool that is a
combination of several tools in one unit. It usually includes an ammeter, voltmeter and
ohm meter. Digital multi meters are sometimes called DMM too.
Modern multi meters can be used to measure electrical quantities other

than current. For example, they can be used to
measure frequency, capacitance, transistor and temperature.
The multi meter can make many tests, so it is often called " multi tester ". When
measuring resistance it acts as an ohmmeter, showing ohms. For volts it would be
voltmeter. Sometimes it is called a mixture of things like Volt/ohm meter or VOM. Most
meters can measure volts, amps, and resistance.
How it can be measured
The multi meter can be used to measure the voltage of a battery. It can also be
used for measuring the voltage across two points in a circuit. The Voltmeter is placed in
parallel between the positive and negative terminals of the battery. It can also be used to

measure resistance and amps hence the name of some meters "Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and
Amperage.’’
Submersible pump:
Fig: Submersible pump

Electric submersible pumps are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a
vertical position. Liquids, accelerated by the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the
diffuser where a conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place. This is the main
operational mechanism of radial and mixed flow pumps.
The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical
coupling at the bottom of the pump. Fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and
are lifted by the pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings)
distributed along the length of the shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft. An
optional thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the pump but most of
those forces are absorbed by the protector’s thrust bearing.
Submersible pumps are found in many applications. Single stage pumps are used
for drainage, sewage pumping, general industrial pumping and slurry pumping. They are

also popular with pond filters. Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered
down a borehole and most typically used for residential, commercial, municipal and
industrial water extraction , water wells and in oil wells.
Other uses for submersible pumps include sewage treatment plants, seawater
handling, firefighting (since it is flame retardant cable), water well and deep well drilling,
offshore drilling rings artificial rings, mine dewatering and irrigation systems.
Pumps in electrical hazardous locations used for combustible liquids or for water
that may be contaminated with combustible liquids must be designed not to ignite the
liquid or vapors.

COSTING:
Table No. 3
Sr.No Material Qty. Cost
1. Rotar plate 1 200/-
2. L bows (blade) 8 160/-
3. Generator 1 250/-
4. Turbine basement and other 1 470/-
5. Water level sensor 1 120/-
6. PCB 1 2000/-
7. Pump and bucket 1 300 /-
8. Transformer 1 300/-
Total-3800/-

Case study on waste water harvesting:

The household of Mahalakshmi Jayaram, an architect, is nearly independent when
it comes to water. Wastewater is treated and reused here, and rainwater is directly used
and also recharged into the ground. In fact, rainwater meets the household’s needs 10
months in a year.
RWH and greywater treatment systems were integrated back in 2011, during the
construction of the house. Mahalakshmi says she had come across these systems in the
course of her work. “I grew up in Chennai where water shortage is a major issue. When I
moved to Bangalore after marriage, I realised it was a problem here too.” She says taking
these measures gives her a sense of independence, aside from knowing that she has
reduced the burden on the system.
Her house in HSR Layout does not use any fresh water for gardening or car wash.
Treated greywater is used for the vegetable patch on the terrace and for the plantain trees
around the house. It is also used to wash the car and the front yard of the house. The
treatment system is a reed bed, which naturally absorbs the pollutants in water.
Mahalakshmi says that her family uses organic hand-made soaps and detergents,
so that the treated water would be cleaner and would not smell. She says the only time
she had a problem with the system was when the reeds dried up. “But they started
growing again, and there have been no issues since.” The only maintenance required is
trimming the reeds once in a while.
The household gets BWSSB supply, but uses it only in the water-scarce months of
March and April. This is because rainwater falling on one part of the roof is channeled to
a 30,000 litre sump. Because of the high capacity of the sump, large amounts of water
can be stored for long. The four-member family uses 12,000-13,000 litres of water a
month. “After a week of rain, the sump would have enough water to last us a month.
When the tank is full, it lasts two months,” Mahalakshmi says.

Rainwater falling on the other part of the terrace is channeled into a recharge well
dug next to their borewell, which was used only for construction as it contains high levels
of iron and salts.

11.ADVANTAGES :
 Using this waste water from the height of the building with the force we can
generated the electricity by using the turbine.
 Due to this generated electricity we can use the parking lights and flooring lights.
 By using this electricity we can save the electricity as well as reduce the
electricity bill.
 Environmental friendly.

12.CONCLUSION:
The present proposal is a model to harness maximum available waste water by

collecting in reservoir and modernize the electricity generation at a mass scale and with
cheap cost with optimum expenditure. The waste water bases electricity generation
system will help to reduce the gap between required and consumed energy and further
conserves the resources thereby reducing the wastage of resource.
Also the demand and supply ratios can be reduced to certain extent. In further
scope we can add wind, solar, biogas like conventional sources of energy to it.
The effectiveness of a waste water harvesting system lies in its ability to meet the
site specific requirements and end use preferences. Though simple, these systems are site
specific and need to be detailed out before implementation.

13.FUTURE SCOPE:
In our work, we deploy 200 sensors for the delivery of water level information to
the monitoring station. When the number of sensors is increased, then there is a large
amount of power consumption by sensors to deliver the water/packet information to the
monitoring station. So it is mandatory to minimize the power consumption by using
optimization techniques

14.REFERANCES :
[1]. Automation in Micro Irrigation, Nasser Valizadeh
[2]. Control and automation in citrus micro irrigation systems, university of Florida,
July2002
[3]. the Watergy Greenhouse: A Closed System for SolarThermal Energy Collection,
Water Treatment and AdvancedHorticulture. Guillermo Zaragoza, Esteban Baeza,
JerónimoJ. Pérez-Parra, Martin Buchholz, Patrick Jochum. PaperNumber: 2005-01-2919
DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-2919
[4]. Auto Solar Control. Paul Young, Roy Bernardi. PaperNumber: 880050. DOI:
10.4271/880050
[5]. Application of Solar Cells to the Automobile. NaotakeKumagai, Minoru Tatemoto.

Paper Number: 891696DOI: 10.4271/891696
[6]. Solar Module Suntech STP045-12/Rb
[7]. SOLAR PANEL SPECIFICATION P/N: SW0.4M
[8]. Liu Xiaochu. The intelligent water controller. Chinese Patent, NO.01266763,
2002.07.
[9]. Liu Xiaochu, Ye Bangyan. Expect of Technology of Water-Saving Irrigation Device.

Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology, 2003.12:638-640.
[10]. Zhang Fuyuan. Pipeline Construction Technology of Water-saving Irrigation[J].

Xinjiang Farmland Science&Technology. 1998.04:25-26.
[11]. Ouyang Lie. Some Measures to Ensure the Engineering Construction Quality of
Greening Project.Journal of Guangdong Landscape Architecture. 2005 Supplement,
2005:57-58.

[12] R. Datta, V.T. Ranganathan, “Variable-speed wind power generation using doubly
fed wound rotor induction machine-a comparison with alternative schemes,” IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 17, pp. 414 – 421, September 2002.
[13] R. Karki, P. Hu, R. Billinton, “A simplified wind power generation model for
reliability evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, pp. 533 – 540,
June 2006.
[14] S. A. Sannasiraj, V. Sundar, “Assessment of wave energy potential and its

harvesting approach along the Indian coast,” Renewable Energy, vol. 99, pp. 398–409,
July 2016.
[15] CelsoPenche, Layman's guidebook on how to develop a small hydro site, 2nd ed, the
European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), Belgium, June 1998.
[16] B. A. Nasir, “Design considerations of micro-hydro-electric power plant,” Energy

Procedia, vol. 50, pp. 19 – 29, July 2014.
[17] V. Gupta, V. Prasad, R. Khare, “Numerical simulation of six jet Pelton turbine
model,” Energy, vol. 104, pp. 24-32, June 2016.
[18] S. P. Beeby, M. J. Tudor and N. M. White, “Energy harvesting vibration sources for
microsystems applications,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 17, pp. 175–
195, October 2006.

Waste Water Harvesting Report Using Electronic Control Unit (PCB)

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SPPU Waste Water Harvesting

GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 1

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4. SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT:

Whom will this help?

How will this help?

GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 3

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Fig. 1. Schematic model of flow harvester.

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Fig. 2: +5 V Regulated Power Supply

GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 8

Power Supply Component Design:

Fig 3: Transformer Design

- We require 5V at the o/p of the regulator.

GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 9

- Vim = Vm+ 1.4V

GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 10

So, we select the bridge IC of 1Ampere rating.

1. Filter Capacitor Design:

Fig 4: Filter Capacitor Design

GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 11

AVR Studio is a Development Tool for the AT90S Series of AVR

1. Insert the diskette labeled AVR Studio Diskette 1 in drive A:

2. Press the Start button on the Taskbar and select Run

3. Enter “A:SETUP” in the Open field and press the OK button

4. Follow the instructions in the Setup program

In order to install AVR Studio under Windows NT 3.51:

1. Insert the diskette labeled AVR Studio Diskette 1 in drive A:

2. Select Run from the File menu

4. Follow the instructions in the Setup program.

GHRCEM WAGHOLI, PUNE Page 12

These are the steps we are using for coding :

Starting AVR Studio:

Start the AVR Studio program by clicking on:

Fig 5: schematic diagram of turbine.

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Fig : turbine rotor

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The accessories we need for the set-up are

e)DC motor panel assembly

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SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE PLATFORM:

1. Hardware Used: Microcontroller ATMEGAa6A, Solar panel, Voltage regulator

2. Software Used: AVR Studio4 (C Programming), Diptrace (PCB Design)

BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

Fig 7: BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

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The simplest computer processor is used as the brain of the system .A

We can use to store energy which is produced by generator

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Function of each pin is given in the table:

Pin Symbol I/O Description

2 Vcc - +5V power supply

3 Vee - Contrast control

4 RS I command/data register selection

5 R/W I write/read selection

7 DB0 I/O The 8-bit data bus

8 DB1 I/O The 8-bit data bus