9.

3 IMPLEMENTATION OF FILTER€ ] 183

Figure ¤-7. From Experiment 9B, a Bode plot of a bi-quad filter.

.
z2 2
Σ.
2
Σ
Z (z) = ‡ 2ÇN mN z ‡ m2N m42
z2 ‡ 2Ç4 m4 z ‡ m 4 mN (9.10)

The filter constants, Ç and m, are subscripted with N or 4 according to their position’
N-terms are in the numerator and 4-terms are in the denominator. The constant term
at the right of the equation ad,usts the 4C gain 1z=02 for unity.
The bi-quad filter has two degrees of freedom beyond the traditional notch
filter of Equation ).). First, the zero and pole natural frequencies can be different.
Second, the damping term in the numerator 1ÇN2 can be nonzero, so mN is
not completely attenuated. The bi-quad filter can be used to form filters that
have zeros, such as elliptical filters. The bi-quad filter is simulated in Experi-
ment )/. This was used to produce the /ode plot of Figure )-D 1mN = 2r250,
6N = 0.2, m4 = 2r90, 64 = 0.42.

¤.3 Implementation ofFilters

The implementation of filters falls into at least five categories: passive analog filters,
active analog filters, switched capacitor filters, infinite impulse response 1II?2 digital
filters, and finite impulse response 1FI?2 filters.