FILLER POWDER OF WASTE PLASTIC BOTTLES

IN HOT-MIXTURE ASPHALT

ANDI MAAL
P.0800.311.423

PROGRAM OF DOCTORAL DEGREES

STUDY PROGRAM OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2016

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 FILLER POWDER OF WASTE PLASTIC BOTTLES
IN HOT-MIXTURE ASPHALT
Andi Maal1, Muh. Saleh Pallu2, Nur Ali3, Isran Ramli4
1
Scholar of Doctoral Degrees at Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University
081342597988. Email; andimaal11@gmail.com
2
Lecturer at Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University
Perintis Kemerdekaan Street, Km. 10 Telp. 0811-879100
3
Lecturer at Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University
Perintis Kemerdekaan Street, Km. 10 Telp. 0811-879100
4
Lecturer at Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University
Perintis Kemerdekaan Street, Km. 10 Telp. 0811-879100

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to analyze the changes of the properties of the hot asphalt mixture
using filler of powdered waste plastic bottles as material substitution for Portland
Cement filler.
This research begins by made hot mixture asphalt type of AC-WC with portland cement
as filler material. Then, create the second mixture, third, fourth, and fifth with the
aggregatte composition and asphalt content same as the first mixture, except the
portland cement filler be substituted with the powdered waste plastic bottles filler as
much as 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by the weight of portland cement filler.
All of briquette samples tested to get the VIM, VMA, VFB, Marshall Stability, and flow.
Then, analysis for the strength aspect, flexibility (flexural aspect), stiffness and
durability of the hot mixture asphalt.
The result of the research, by the substitution with powdered waste plastic bottles as
filler showed that the strenght of the mixture which notated as marshall stability is
very high, the mixture flexibility which notated as marshall flow not change so much,
the mixture stiffness which notated as marshall quotient is very high, the VMA is low,
and the VFB increase in line with the increasing of powdered waste plastic bottles filler

Keywords : hot mixture asphalt, filler, waste plastic, AC-WC.

1. INTRODUCTION
Along with the rapid growth in traffic and the increasing load of the vehicle,
then needed also to improve the quality and durability of pavement construction. The
durability of flexible pavement construction is very determined by the quality of the
asphalt that is used as binder of aggregatte. One of the efforts that have been made to
improve the quality of the asphalt is the effort to increase the melting point of bitumen
by mixing asphalt with lower quality type of polyethylene plastic.
Vancouver City in Canada became the first country which build a road that
utilizes plastic asphalt. The government and citizens of this city want to make by 2020
be a city that respects the environment by reducing the level of environmental pollution
by doing utilization of waste plastics into plastic asphalt. Experts in this city has done
some research since 2008 to produce a mixture that can receive the load when run over
by the wheels of cars passing above.
From the results of research that has been done by [6], it was concluded that the
test results of marshall test of asphalt concrete mixture which contains plastic show that

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the addition of the plastic levels up to 3% on asphalt increase the stability, unit weight,
density of the compacted aggregate (CAD) and Marshall Quotient of HRA mixture.
Further mentioned that generally his research shows the addition of the plastic levels of
2% - 3% on asphalt gave good effect to characteristics of the mixture. Furthermore by
[19] concluded that the substitution of bitumen penetration of 60/70 by plastic can save
up to 2,5% usage of bitumen by the weight of the asphalt used in asphalt concrete
mixture type AC-WC, and also the addition of plastic increase the stability value of the
VFB, lowering the value of the flow, lowering the value of VIM and the value of the
VMA.
In a study [10] about the characteristics of asphalt as a binder were added the
plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) concluded that the addition of PVC powder into the
asphalt between 2% to 8% is tend to lower the ductility of bitumen, which means the
asphalt becomes more stiff. These properties will tend to cause the value of melting
asphalt mixture will decrease (the asphalt mixture will be stiff) but tend to have a
higher stability. Similarly, [15] in the study of the rheological properties of low and
high penetration bitumen which modified by waste plastic bags (HDPE) states that the
quality of asphalt which modified by plastic produce better properties than pure asphalt.
Furthermore, by [5] stated that the optimum compaction temperature of asphalt
concrete using a modified bitumen plastic waste is at 148 °C.
Asphalt mixture or asphalt concrete is a pavement material consisted of coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate, filler, and the low penetration bitumen and additive anti
striping materials. The requirements of materials have been set in [8]. Based on the
material composition, size aggregate and quality requirements specified, then asphalt
concrete mixture (AC) are classified into AC-WC, AC-BC, and AC-BASE.
Based on the research mentioned above, it can be understood that the addition
of plastic with a certain percentage of the bitumen in the asphalt concrete mixture can
improve its performance, and the researcher will reseach how the properties of hot
mixture asphalt which using powder of waste plastic bottles as filler material if viewed
by the aspect of strength, flexibility, stiffness, and durability.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Hot Mixture Asphal Concrete
Hot mixture asphalt concrete is a product of mixing the coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, filler with hard asphalt, and also additive anti striping material at a certain
temperature, then spreaded and compacted at certain temperature as well. The
percentage of the composition of the forming materials should be counted and the
quality of materials must meet certain requirements so that the mixture obtained qualify
performance as material of pavement, which has structural worth, good workability,
high durability, and economy.
There are various types of asphalt with aggregate, and the most common is the
mixture of Asphalt Concrete (Asphaltic Concrete / AC) and the mixture of Hot Rolled
Asphalt (HRA). The fundamental difference between the two types of this mixture is the
forming aggregate gradation. The AC mixture uses continuous graded aggregate, while
the HRA mixture using gap graded aggregate.
B. Asphalt
Asphalt as a substance / material that is viscous or solid, black or brown, which
has adhesiveness (adhesive), contains the main parts such as hydrocarbons which

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produced from petroleum or natural events (black tar) and dissolved in carbon disulfide.
[13]
C. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate is an aggregate that is stuck above the 2.36 mm sieve (No.8),
according to ASTM sieves. The coarse aggregatte made the pavement more stable and
has a high skid resistance (resistance to slippage) so that ensure more safety riding.

D. Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate is an aggregate as result of rock-breakers that have properties
passing No. 8 sieve (2.36 mm) and retained at No. 200 sieve (0.075 mm). The main
function of fine aggregate is to provide stability and reduce the permanent
deformation of the pavement through interlocking condition and the friction between
the granules.
E. Filler
Filler can consist of limestone dust, dolomite dust, Portland cement, fly ash,
cement maker blast furnace dust or other non plastic materials. The filler as micro-
aggregates must pass through sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm).
The function of filler is to increase the viscosity of bituminous materials and to reduce
the susceptibility to temperature.
F. Plastic
1) Definition and Types of Plastic
Plastics are manmade synthetic material that is easily shaped and molded (John
Farndon, 2010). Most plastics are polymers so that the structure of the polymer
molecule determine the characteristics of a plastic.
2) Plastic as Filler Material for Asphalt Concrete Mixture
[2] has conducted research about the effects of using Low Density Polyethylene
(LDPE) on flexible pavements. The results of research showed that the optimum
composition of the LDPE which used is 6% and produce 11,7 KN of stability value,
increased by 57.89% compared to sample which not using LDPE (7,41 KN).
The addition of Polypropylene (PP) provides additional strength or durability
(stability) of pavement in the amount of 46.7% by addition of 5% (10.876 KN)
compared to the pavement without a PP which has a durability/stability of 7.412 KN
[3]. The stability increased by 58% on the addition of polypropylene fibers at 0.3%, i.e
from 1541 kg to 2108 kg. [18]
According to [11], explains that adding plastic into the mixture can significantly
improve the performance of the mixture. In his research, marshall stability in maximum
condition at the mixture which using 12% waste plastic of the weight of the asphalt.
In the analysis conducted by [7] about the use of Polypthylene Terepthalate (PET)
as an additional material to the AC-BC mixture, the results showed that along with
rising the content of PET will improve the stability, VMA, VFA, flow, MQ and
lowering the VIM.
[4] conducted research to recycle waste plastic types of Polyethylene and
Polypropylene as material of pavement. The result is able to increase the performance of
Marshall and its use can be a viable alternative in the asphalt mixture.
In considering the economic and environmental aspects, [14] conducted research
on the use of plastic bottles on asphalt concrete mixture. The results showed that the

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modified asphalt mixture which using polymer (PET) plastic optimum content used are
reaching 16.7% of the total weight of aggregate and filler. Marshall characteristics also
showed good improvement, so that waste plastic bottles (PET) are recommended for use
on asphalt concrete.
The use of waste plastic bags types of LDPE into asphalt mixture has also been
done by [9], where the research results showed the optimum plastic content for the
asphalt modified with LDPE is 9% of the optimum bitumen content and asphalt mixture
modified has 24% more higher stability than conventional asphalt mixture.

3. METHOD OF RESEARCH
1) Mix Design
The design of hot mix asphalt in this research use the methods by set the aggregate
and filler gradation first which refers to the standard gradation spesification for AC-WC
mixture, then the bitumen content plan calculated by the formula :
Pb = 0,035 (%CA) + 0,045 (%FA) + 0,18 (%FF) + constants ……. (1)
Where :
CA = Coarse Aggregate (Agregat Kasar)
FA = Fine Aggregate (Agregat Halus)
FF = Fine Filler (Bahan Pengisi)
Constanta value are 0.5 - 1 for AC

2) Samples
The samples are made with bitumen content design and two variations of under
bitumen content and two variations above the bitumen content design with each gap is
0,5%. Amout of samples created for each bitumen content is 10.
3) Test for Properties of Hot Mixture Asphalt
The test conducted such as the calculation of the value of VIM, VMA, VFB, and test
for Marshall Stability and Flow.
4) Analysis Results
Analysis Results conducted to see the change in the properties of hot mixture asphalt
which using the powder of waste plastic bottles, in aspect of strength, flexibility,
stiffness, and the durability.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1) Mix Design
The aggregate weight at each fraction for every briquette sample which created are
shown at table 1.

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 Table 1. Aggregate weight for each fraction
BM 2010 COMBINED AGGREGATE AGGREGAT
REV.3 AGGREGAT PERCENTAG E WEIGH AT
SIEVE SIZES SPESIFICATIO E E AT THE THE
N FOR ROUGH GRADATION FRACTION FRACTION
AC-WC (%) (%) (GRAM)

19 (3/4") 100 100,00

5,00 60,00
12,7 (1/2") 90 - 100 95,00
14,00 168,00
9,5 (3/8") 72 - 90 81,00
19,50 234,00
No.4 54 - 69 61,50
15,45 185,40
No.8 39,1 - 53 46,05
8,00 96,00
No.16 31,6 - 40 38,05
11,50 138,00
No.30 23,1 - 30 26,55
7,80 93,60
No.50 15,5 - 22 18,75
6,75 81,00
No.100 9 - 15 12,00
5,00 60,00
No.200 4 - 10 7,00
7,00 84,00

AMOUNT 1200
Coarse Aggregate Percentage (%) 53,95
Fine Aggregate Percentge (%) 39,05
Filler Percentage (%) 7,00
Bitumen Content Estimation (Pb) 5,91
Variation of bitumen content at the briquette samples which created begins from 4%,
4,5 %, 5 %, 5,5 %, 6 %, 6,5 %, and 7 % from the aggregate weight of 1200 gram.
2) Strength of Mixture
Hot mixture asphalt strength expressed as the value of stability (in kilograms) that
describes the resistance to permanent deformation. From the results of stability tests
using marshall stability method, the results obtained shown in figure 1.

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 Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
In Figure 1a can be seen that the value of maximum stability on the hot mixture
asphalt using 100% portland cement filler obtained about 2800 kg at 5,85% of bitumen
content. The maximum stability value increased at the substitution of powder of waste
plastic bottles filler towards portland cement filler 25% and 50% to around 3700 kg on
bitumen content around of 5,0% of the aggregate weight, and the substitution of 75%
even be around 4600 kg on 5,85% bitumen content of the dry weight of aggregate or
increase in amount of 64.3%. However, the maximum stability value which using 100%
powder of waste plastic bottle only 2600 Kg at 5% bitumen content. This suggests that
the presence of powdered waste plastic bottle by up to 50% of the weight of PC filler in
the mixture can lowered the optimum bitumen content to 0.85% of the aggregate
weight.
In the figure 1b, the value of stability also increased in line with the rising of
content of powder of waste plastic bottles filler on hot mixture asphalt with bitumen
content of 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% and 6%.
3) Hot Mixture Asphalt Flexibility
Flexibility or flexural of hot mixture asphalt expressed with Marshall flow value (in
mm) that show the ability of mixture to receive deflection and moment without
effecting cracks. From the test results of flow using marshall stability, the stability
values obtained shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2a Fig. 2b
In Figure 2a seen that the overall type of mixture flow value increased with the addition
of asphalt content in the mixture. The flow value averagely high at the mixture with the
content of the powder of waste plastic bottles filler at 25% and 75% of the total weight
of the filler in the mixture than the flow of mixture with 100% portland cement filler.
However, the value of flow at mixture with 50% powder of waste plastic bottles filler
plus 50% portland cement filler obtained a lower value. In Figure 2b, showed that the
flow did not experience large changes in mixture with powder of waste plastic bottles
filler which variated.

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4) The Stiffness of Hot Mixture Asphalt
The Stiffness of hot mixture asphalt expressed as the value of Marshall Quotient
(kgs/mm), i.e the divide of Marshall stability and the Flow value

Fig. 3a Fig. 3b

From figure 3a and 3b shown that the lower the bitumen content in mixture, so the
higher the value of stiffness. The highest stiffness value of mixture were on 4,5% and
5% bitument content which substituted by 50% filler of powder of waste plastic
bottles of the weight of PC filler. The Stiffness value is an important indicator of how
well the performance of pavement and fundamental for analyzing the pavement
response to traffic loads. The more stiff the mixture and the higher tensile strain that
occurs, then smaller number of repetitions permitted load.
5) Durability of Mixture
The durability of mixture expressed as VMA and VFB value.

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 Fig. 4a Fig. 4b
In the figure 4b shown that the greater of the filler powder of waste plastic bottles
weight percentage which substituted, the smaller VMA value of mixture. This
happens because of the unit weight of the powder of waste plastic bottles filler is
smaller than the unit weight of the PC filler, so the volume of the powder of waste
plastic bottle filler is much greater than the volume of PC filler at the same weight.
The greater the volume of the filler, the more void between aggregate grain filled by
filler, so the percentage of voids between the grains of aggregate from total weight of
the mixture will be smaller.

Fig. 5a Fig. 5b
In Figure 5b showed that the value of VFB increased in line with the rising of
bitumen content at the mixture. In Figure 5a shows that the VFB value also increased
in line with the rising of the percentage of the powder of waste plastic bottles filler
which substituted in the mixture. This suggests that some of the plastic bottle waste
powder also substituted on bitumen and become part of the bitumen in the hot
mixture asphalt.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Using of filler powder of waste plastic bottles in hot mixture asphalt produce mixture
with properties such as :
1. The strength of mixture expressed as marshall stability value of hot mixture
asphalt which substituted by filler powder of waste plastic bottles till 75% weight
of portland cement filler increased more than 60% than the marshall stability
value of hot mixture asphalt which using 100% portland cement filler
2. Flexibility of mixture expressed as value of marshall flow at hot mixture asphalt
which substituted with filler powder of waste plastic bottles till 75% weight of
portland cement filler has no change significantly with value of 2 mm to 5 mm.
3. The stiffness of mixture expressed as Marshall Quotient obtained very high. The
stiffness value increased more than 60% than the stiffness value of hot mixture
asphalt which using 100% porland cement filler. These high values means the
mixture will faster experienced fatique from the effect of repeated load.
4. The durability, expressed with VMA value showed that the VMA value decrease
so much in line with the increase of the weight percentage of powder of waste
plastic bottles which to be substituted. This becaused the unit weight of the

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 powder of waste plastic bottles is very smaller than the unit weight of porland
cement filler, so the volume of filler of the powder of waste plastic bottles is much
bigger than the volume of PC filler at the same filler weight.
The bigger volume of filler will caused more void between aggregate grains
which filled by filler, so the void percentage between aggregate grains against
total weight of mixture will smaller. Meanwhile VFB value increases with an
increase in the percentage of filler of the powder plastic bottle waste which
substituted in the mix. This suggests that some of the powder of waste plastic
bottles also substituted on bitumen and become part of the bitumen in the hot
mixture asphalt.

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