29 July 2016

Global Shippers’ Forum AGM

Colombo, Sri Lanka

MARPOL Annex VI – an update of international regulatory developments for

prevention of air pollution and the energy efficiency of ships
Dr Edmund Hughes
Head, Air Pollution and Energy Efficiency
Marine Environment Division
International Maritime Organization (IMO)

 A specialized agency of the UN

 The IMO Convention adopted
in 1948 and IMO first met in 1959
 171 Member States
 Consultative organizations e.g. ICHCA
 Develop and maintain a
comprehensive regulatory
framework for shipping
 Safety, environment, legal matters,
technical co-operation, security and
the efficiency of shipping

Safe, secure and efficient shipping on

cleaner oceans
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Why regulate emissions from ships?
 Shipping transports approximately 90% of global trade by volume
 Marine diesel exhaust impacts human health and environment

Source: Third IMO GHG Study 2014

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IMO’s work to address air pollution from international shipping

In 1991 IMO Assembly adopted Resolution A.719(17) “Prevention of

Air Pollution from Ships”
 Resolution instructed MEPC to prepare a new Annex to MARPOL to provide
requirements to prevent air pollution from ships

Air Pollution Conference 1997

 Adopted a Protocol to MARPOL
adding a new Annex VI
“Regulations for the Prevention of
Air Pollution from Ships”
 Adopted resolution 8
“CO2 emissions from ships” -
MEPC to “consider what CO2
reduction strategies may be
feasible”
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MARPOL Annex VI

Ratification
 Number of Contracting States
(as of June 2016): 86
 The combined merchant fleets of which
constitute approximately 95.34% percent of
the gross tonnage of world's merchant fleet
 Entered into force 19 May 2005

Annex I Annex II Annex III Annex IV Annex V Annex VI

Noxious Harmful Air

Liquid Substances Pollution
Oil Substances carried in Sewage Garbage
carried in Packaged & Energy
bulk Form Efficiency

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MARPOL Annex VI – chapter 3: requirements for control of
emissions from ships
 Ozone-depleting substances (regulation 12)
 Nitrogen oxides (regulation 13)
 Sulphur oxides and particulate matter (regulation 14)
 Volatile organic compounds (regulation 15)
 Shipboard incineration (regulation 16)
 Reception facilities (regulation 17)
 Fuel oil availability and quality (regulation 18)
IAPP Certificate International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate

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Standards for the sulphur content of fuel oil used onboard ships

Fuel oil
% sulphur Review completion
by 2018
1.1.2012
4.50
1.1.2020 1.1.2025
3.50

1.7.2010
1.50
1.1.2015
1.00
0.50
0.10
Time
Non-ECA ECA

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IMO Designated Emission Control Areas (ECAs)

North Sea and Baltic Sea ECAs – SOx (+ NOx?) North American ECA – SOx, PM and NOx

U.S. Caribbean Sea ECA

- SOx, PM and NOx

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Fuel oil availability review

 Regulation 14.8 of MARPOL Annex VI sets out a review provision:

A review of the standard set forth in regulation 14.3 [0.50% sulphur
limit] shall be completed by 2018 to determine the availability of
fuel oil to comply with the fuel oil standard set forth in that
regulation and shall take into account the following elements:
.1 the global market supply and demand for fuel oil …..
.2 an analysis of the trends in fuel oil markets; and
.3 any other relevant issue.
 IMO MEPC 68 (May 2015) approved Terms of Reference for the assessment
of fuel oil availability review and established a Steering Committee to oversee
the review.
 Outcome of the review to be presented at MEPC 70 (October 2016).
 MEPC 69 (April 2016) agreed, in principle, that a final decision on the date of
implementation of the 0.50% sulphur limit should be taken at MEPC 70, so
that maritime Administrations and industry can prepare and plan accordingly.

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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

COP 21 (21st session the Conference of the Parties),

Paris, 30 Nov. to 12 Dec. 2015

Kyoto Protocol (Article 2.2)

 The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue
limitation of emissions of GHG from marine bunker
fuels, working through the International Maritime
Organization
 KP commitment period ends 2020
Paris Agreement
 No specific reference
to shipping in the
final agreement
 Focus on “nationally
determined contributions”
 Target is a temperature
increase “well below 2oC”

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IMO work to address GHG emissions from ships

 IMO Resolution A.963(23) – IMO Policies and Practices Related to the

Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships, adopted by
Assembly 23 in December 2003
 IMOs work to address GHG emissions has three distinct routes:
Technical
Mainly applicable to
new ships - EEDI
Operational
Applicable to all
ships in operation
– SEEMP
Market-based
Measures (MBM)
Carbon price for
shipping, incentive,
may generate funds
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Fundamental principles as a basis for future regulations on GHG
emissions from ships* (MEPC 57, April 2008)

1. Effective in contributing to the reduction of total global GHG

emissions;
2. Binding and equally applicable to all flag States in order to avoid
evasion;
3. Cost-effective;
4. Able to limit, or at least, effectively minimize competitive distortion;
5. Based on sustainable environmental development without
penalizing global trade and growth;
6. Based on a goal-based approach and not prescribe specific
methods;
7. Supportive of promoting and facilitating technical innovation and
R&D in the entire shipping sector;
8. Accommodating to leading technologies in the field of energy
efficiency; and
9. Practical, transparent, fraud free and easy to administer.
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*Brazil and China reserved their position
 Potential energy efficiency improvements

Source: International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Long-term

potential for increasing shipping efficiency through the adoption of industry-
leading practices, Wang & Lutsey, 2013
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MARPOL Annex VI –
chapter 4 : regulations on energy efficiency for ships

Resolution MEPC.203(62), entered into force on 1 January 2013

 Attained Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) (regulation 20)
 Required EEDI (regulation 21)
 Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) (regulation 22)
 Technical co-operation and technology transfer (regulation 23)
IEE Certificate International Energy Efficiency Certificate
Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)

Reference line (EEDI average) Applies to

newly built
ships of 400 GT
and above

Reduction factor : X

Phase 0 2013-2014
10%
Phase 1 2015-2019
15/20% Phase 2 2020-2024
Phase 1~
Required Phase 3 2025-
(N/A) Required EEDI 30%
EEDI IMO shall review
Below Y Y~Z Above Z

Y Z 15
Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)

Operational management tool applicable for all ships of 400 GT and

above and includes:
 Improved voyage planning (weather routeing/Just in time arrival
at port)
 Speed and power optimization
 Optimized ship handling (ballast/trim/use of rudder and autopilot)
 Improved fleet management
 Improved cargo handling
 Energy Management
 Monitoring tools (Energy Efficiency
Operational Indicator [EEOI])
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Third IMO GHG Study 2014

Download as free ebook from:

www.imo.org

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Third IMO GHG Study 2014

 Study found that, for international shipping, the CO2 estimate

dropped from 2.8% in 2007 to 2.2% in 2012

IMO GHG Study 2014 CO2

Percent Percent
Year Global CO21 Total shipping International shipping
of global of global
2007 31,409 1,100 3.5% 885 2.8%
2008 32,204 1,135 3.5% 921 2.9%
2009 32,047 978 3.1% 855 2.7%
2010 33,612 915 2.7% 771 2.3%
2011 34,723 1,022 2.9% 850 2.4%
2012 35,640 938 2.6% 796 2.2%
Average 33,273 1,015 3.1% 846 2.6%

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Third IMO GHG Study 2014

 Shipping CO2 emissions are projected to increase by 50% to 250% in the period to 2050,
despite fleet average efficiency improvements of about 40% and in the absence of further
regulations
 Demand is the primary driver
 Technical and operational efficiency measures can provide significant improvements but will
not be able to provide total net reductions if demand continues
 Changes in the fuel mix have a limited impact on GHG emissions
Three-Step Approach to consider further measures to enhance the
energy efficiency of ships

MEPC 68 (May 2015) agreed to a three-

step approach:
1. Data collection
2. Data analysis
3. Decision-making on what further
measures, if any, are required

Step 1: data collection will provide

the basis for an objective,
transparent and inclusive policy
debate in the MEPC

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Draft amendments to chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VI
Regulation 22A
 Ships of 5,000 GT and above will be required to submit to their
Administration annual reports on fuel consumption and transport
work parameters, via a methodology to be included in the SEEMP
 Administrations will submit aggregate data to the Secretariat, which
will maintain an anonymised IMO Ship Fuel Consumption Database
 If adopted at MEPC 70 in October, regulation 22A is expected to
enter into force in Spring 2018

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Proposed IMO Ship Fuel Consumption Database

MARPOL Annex VI, draft appendix IX

Information to be submitted:
 Identity of the ship
 IMO number
 Technical characteristics of the ship
- Ship type
- Gross tonnage (GT)
- Net tonnage (NT)
- Deadweight tonnage (DT)
- Power output (rated power) of main and auxiliary engines (kW)
 EEDI (if applicable)
 Ice class (if applicable)
 Fuel consumption, by fuel type, in metric tonnes and methods used for
collecting fuel consumption data
 Distance travelled from berth to berth, hours not at berth
Fuel Consumption Data Collection Process

IMO Ship Fuel

flag State IMO
Ship Consumption
Administration Secretariat
Database

Submits data to Aggregates data Aggregates all Data will be

flag State or RO and submits to data submitted by anonymised to
in accordance IMO Secretariat flag States, ROs, the extent that
with regulation and non-party individual ships
22A Verifies the ship’s ships cannot be
SEEMP and the identified
Data collection data reported Provides flag
methodology to complies with States with Access to
be included in the regulation 22A anonymized data anonymized data
ship’s SEEMP from the IMO will be restricted
Issues Statement Ship Fuel to IMO Member
of Compliance to Consumption States only
the ship Database

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Correspondence group on a data collection system for
fuel consumption

MEPC 69 established a correspondence group on a data collection

system for fuel consumption, under the coordination of Japan, and
instructed it to:
 Further develop, with a view to finalization at MEPC 70, the draft
amendments to the SEEMP Guidelines to include the methodologies
used to collect data required by regulation 22A;
 Draft guidelines for Administration data verification procedures;
 Develop an electronic communication and standardized data reporting
format;
 Draft guidelines for the development and management of the IMO Ship
Fuel Consumption Database, including means to keep the ships
anonymised and to ensure the completeness of the database; and

 Draft guidelines to address non-party ships submitting data to the IMO

Ship Fuel Consumption Database.
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Reduction of GHG emissions from ships

 Discussion on an MBM for international shipping was suspended at

MEPC 65 (May 2013)
 Several proposals for an MBM have been proposed including:
 Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)
 GHG Fund
 Efficiency Incentive Scheme (EIS)
 Ship Efficiency Credit Trading (SECT)
 Port State Levy (PSL)
 MEPC 68 (May 2015) considered proposal by Marshall Islands calling for
a quantifiable reduction target for greenhouse gas emissions from
international shipping
 MEPC 69 (April 2016) considered further and agreed to establish a
working group under this item at MEPC 70, with a view to an in-depth
discussion on how to progress the matter

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“I commend the IMO for its efforts to combat
climate change. Thank you again for your efforts at
this crucial moment for the future of
humankind. We face many crises, but we also have
unprecedented opportunities to end poverty and
achieve shared prosperity while protecting the
planet” – Ban Ki Moon, Feb 2016
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Other relevant studies – free to download from IMO website

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 All up-to-date regulatory information available from:

http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Ind
ex-of-MEPC-Resolutions-and-Guidelines-related-to-MARPOL-Annex-VI.aspx

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Thank you

For more information please visit:

www.imo.org

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