A GRAMMAR OF CAN AND UMBRIAN WITH A COLLECTION OF INSCRIPTIONS AND A GLOSSARY BY CARL DARLING BUCK, Pi.D. PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND INDO-EUROPEAN COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY oF CiTIcAGo, GINN AND COMPANY ROSTON - NEW YORK + CHICAGO - LONDON ATLANTA + DALLAS + COLUMBUS - SAN FRANCISCOCOPYRIGHT, 194, BY CARL DARLING BUCK ADL, RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTRD IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMMILICA oR The Atheneum Press GINN AND COMPANY « PRO PRIETORS + BOSTON + U.S.A.PREFACE Tue following work is an attempt to furnish in a single vol- ume of moderate compass what is most essential for the study of the Oscan and Umbrian dialects. In spite of the meagreness of the material, as compared with languages like Greek and Latin, and in spite of the many questions of detail which are still unsolved, the main features of these two dialects are well understood. And such is their relation to Latin that some acquaintance with them is important, not to the Indo-Europeanist alone, but to the student of the Latin language, and, in a less degree, to the student of the history and antiquities of Italy. In order that a knowledge of the dialects should become more general, it is not enough that we have now such excellent works as Conway’s Italic Dialects, with its full presentation of the existing material, and von Dlanta’s exhaustive Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte. Tho fullness of v. Planta’s treatment, the conscientious weighing of possibilities, and the liberal citation of authorities, all add to its yalue as a wark of reference, but the resulting bulk of 1372 pages is likely to deter one who can devote only a moderate amount of time to the subject. That there is need of a briefer grammar has long been the author’s conviction, which has only been strengthened by inquiries and suggestions from others in this country and abroad. In order to secure the desired brevity, it has been necessary to eliminate almost wholly any detailed discussion of disputed points, as well as special references for the views adopted or rejected. Any one for whom the general bibliography given below is not suflicient nay be referred to v. Planta. Ouly in a few cases, here 1 So Skutsch, in a review of tho author's Oscan-Umbrian Verb-System, Berliner Philologischo Wochenschrift, November, 1895: “Dor Verf. kiimo oinom Rediirfniss entgegen, wenn er eine vollstiindige Grammatik dea O.-U. im Massrtab soinas Verb- Systomsachriebe. Denn noben dem trefllichen, aber weitschichtigen Werke v. Plantas ist oin kurzes Handbuch zur Einfiihrung erwiinscht.” iliiv Preface and there, I have added references in footnotes, mostly to discus- sions more recent than v. Planta. Generally I have simply stated the view which seemed to me on the whole tho most probablo, or else contented myself with a non liquct. It is scarcely necessary to state that in matters of dispute I have had no predilection for my own previously expressed views, but have with equal freedom rejected them in favor of others or retained them against others, according to my present judgment. That the treatment is historical and comparative, not merely descriptive, is a matter of course. But the emphasis is on Italic, rather than on Indo-European, relations. In the case of worda which are peculiar to the dialects and not found in Latin, a fairly wide range of cognates is cited, as in sections 15, 16, But ordivarily comparison within the Italic is deemed sufficiont, and forme from other Indo-Europcan languages are introduced only for special reasons. . The grammar is called 2 Grammar of Oacan and Umbrian, not of the Oscan-Umbrian dialects, for it docs not pretend tu treat systematically the minor dialects included under the name Oscan- Umbrian. Most of the characteristics of these dialects (so far as they are clear) are mentioned incidentally, mainly in the Introduc- tion. But to discuss or even mention all the questions arising in the attempt to generalize from material consisting of only a few lines, would require an amount of space not justified by the results. Unless the material from these minor dialects is notably incroased, our knowledge of the Oscan-Umbrian group will be almost coinci- dent with what we know of its two principal dialects. And in this approximate sense a grammar of Oscan and Umbrian is also a grammar of Oscan-Umbrian. As the book has been practically ready for the press since the beginning of the year, and the Phonology in type since February, almost nothing in the literature of 1903 has been taken account of. But in what has appeared there is little which has entirely con- vineed me. Special mention may be made of Brugmann’s discussion of the negative prefix an- and anter ‘inter’ (I.V. 15, 70 ff.). I have myself wished there were somo way of equating these directly withPreface v the Latin, instead of assuming by-forms (as in 98 with ¢), which indeed seems out of the question in the case of Anafriss if = L. Imbrihus (see 98, 4). But Brugmann’s assumption that “ initial ¢ before nasal + consonant had a very open pronunciation in the Oscan-Umbrian period and had perhaps become identical in this position with Italic a” fails to convince me, in view of O. embratur, Entraf, and especially U. isegeles ‘insectis’. Nor do I see the necessity of separating O. ant from L, ante because of its meaning ‘as far as’ (see 299, 2). For assistance I am indebted to Professors J. C. Rolfe and Minton Warren, who kindly offered to read proof, and especially tomy pupils, Mr. W. C. Gunnerson and Mr. R. B. Nelson, who have gone over the proof with great care, devoting no small amount of time to the verification of references, citations, etc. and con- tributing in every way to the accuracy of the text. The remarkable keenness and intelligence of the proof-reader in the office of the publishers has also saved the work from many blemishes. C.D. B. Droxmnen, 1903. In the interval of twenty-five years since this book was written the amount of new material that has come to light is disappointingly small — less than the yield of almost any single year in the field of the Greck dialects. It is scarcely of sufficient consequence to neces- sitate, or justify the expense of, a revised edition. Still the new material has definitely settled some disputed points, notably in regard to the Oscan eftuns. Furthermore, owing to more recent discussions or otherwise, the author’s opinion in various matters has been modified. The occasion of a new printing offers the opportunity to make some brief corrections and additions, with references to new material or new discussions. Sce pages 353 ff. a C.D. B. JuBy, 1928.TABLE OF CONTENTS Binuiograrny —. EXxrvanations « INTRODUCTION Prorves ann Lancuaces or Iravy . . . . . . » ol CrassiFicaTion of THE Iratic DraLEctTs . . . 2 OscaN—EXTERNAL Data . . . . . . . . . 3 Ummnian — Extrennan Data - 6 Generar CHaracreristics OF THE Oscaw- Unneaw Pnoworocy . . 7 INFLEection 7 . ie . . . 8 Syntax 7s sees eee Vocanurary . . 7 ke . . . . i Summarr . . . . . . . 17 Srecrav Cuaractensrics or Oscan . . . . . . 18 Srectan Cuanactenistics or Umnrian Eeet : 19 Bonnowen Woxns . . . . . . . . : 20 PHONOLOGY Avrnanet aNo Ortnocrarny : Oscan . Se eee Sees. Umortan . 2S Sees eer eeenen 23 TtenaTion oF rie Avenannts ee tall 24 Notes on Ortnosrarny . . . . . 26 Ifistory or Tue Sounp: Vownis Eee See eae a. . ‘ . . . . . . 7 . . 29 a. . . . . . . . . . . 30 e. . . . . . . 31 é . . . . . . . 33, i. . . . . . . . 34 i. . . . . . . . . 35 oO. . . . . . . . . . . . 36 u For oO . . . . . . 37 3 . . . . . . . . 38 uo. . . . . . . . » 40 a . . . . . . . . . : . 4 Prorn@ 2. wee soe 4viii Lable of Contents Dirntnoxcs . . . ai. . . . . ei . . . . . a. . . . . . au, eu,ou . eee Lencrimna or Vowsta : Snortenine or Vowrs . . Anartrxis mm Oscan . 7 : Contraction axp Tiatus . . Vowen-Wrakenine in Mental SYLLAnLES. Syxcore iw Mepiay Sruian.es. . Syxcore is Finat Syuapies. SAMPRASARANA . . . Loss or Finat Suort Vow 18. Vowni-Grapation . . . . Consonants . . . . Coxsonantat i o- TE ConsonanTac u (y). . 7 1 maxDm .. Omission OF Nass BEFORE FINaL nm axpm . . . Te ee Intenvocaic 8. Ruoraciem Finav 8 . . . . an, sm, sl,zd. . 7 Intervocatic 78 . . . 18 BEFORE CONSONANTS . Finat rs. . + . woe ee Is. . . . . . Poe oe eh eee pl. . . . . . PRoe ee db. . . . . . . bh. . . . . . Lantars ann Nasars - . . tt. . . - . . Finan ¢ . . . . Finan mt. . . . a. . . . . . & Consonants