UNIKL MICET

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

CEB 30403

Experiment :

HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ANALYSER

NAME : NUR AMIELIA RUFAIDAH BINTI ADNAN

ID NUMBER : 55214114036
LECTURER NAME : DR AMELIA MD SOM
1.0 INTRODUCTION

In this experiment of Horiba Automotive Emission analyser, the main objective

in this experiment are to measure Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide
from vehicle and report them according to the FIFTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 11) and
SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL
OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996. Vehicle
emissions contribute to the increasing concentration of gases that are leading to climate
change. In order of significance, the principal greenhouse gases associated with road
transport are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) (Lane,
2016).

Emissions from petrol cars have been dramatically reduced by the introduction
of catalytic converters, which oxidise pollutants such as CO to less harmful gases such
as CO2. When compared to petrol cars without catalysts, catalyst cars have much lower
CO, HC and NOx emissions, at the expense of CO2 emissions, which increase due to
the oxidation of carbon monoxide to CO2 (Will, 2016). As a consequence of this, a
catalyst car will also use slightly more fuel and become less efficient. However, despite
these improvements, petrol cars with catalysts still produce more CO and HC than
diesel cars, although exhaust emissions of NOx and particulates are much lower than
diesel cars. In fact, particulate emissions from petrol cars are so low that they are not
routinely measured.

Most vehicle fuels (gasoline, diesel, natural gas, ethanol, etc.) are mixtures of
hydrocarbons, compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. In theory, you
should be able to burn a 'hydrocarbon' fuel (petrol, diesel, gas etc.) with air in an engine
to produce just carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The rest of the exhaust would
be the nitrogen (N2) that came in with the air. Unfortunately, the fuels we burn comprise
hundreds of differently structured hydrocarbons that burn in different ways and at
different rates. This means that in practice the exhaust contains some that were partially
burned, some that reacted with others and some that reacted with the nitrogen (Darren,
2016). Hydrocarbons also escape into the air through fuel evaporation. With today’s
efficient exhaust emission controls and today’s clean burning gasoline formulations,
evaporative losses can account for a majority of the total hydrocarbon pollution from
 current model cars on hot days when ozone levels are highest. Evaporative emissions
occur from fuel vapours escaping from the fuel system or while the vehicle is being
refuelled. The main exhaust products and their effects on the environment and our
health are:

 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - non-toxic gas but contributes towards acidification of oceans
and one of the most important greenhouse gases. Governments around the world are
pursuing policies to reduce CO2 emissions to combat global warming.

 Carbon Monoxide (CO) - results from incomplete combustion of fuel. CO reduces the
ability of blood to carry oxygen and can cause headaches, respiratory problems and, at
high concentrations, even death.

 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) - produced in any combustion process, NOx emissions are
oxidised in the atmosphere and contribute to acid rain. They react with hydrocarbons
to produce low level ozone which can cause inflammation of the airways, reduced lung
function and trigger asthma, and also contribute to the formation of particulate matter.

 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) - Sulphur occurs naturally in the crude oil from which petrol
and diesel are refined. It forms acids on combustion leading to acid rain and engine
corrosion. It also contributes to the formation of ozone and of particulate matter.
Sulphur can also adversely affect the performance of catalytic converters and is now
removed from both petrol and diesel during the refining process.

 Hydrocarbons (HC) - HCs are emitted from vehicle exhausts as unburnt fuel and also
through evaporation from the fuel tank, from the nozzle when you fill up and also at
stages through the fuel supply chain. They react with NOx in sunlight to produce
photochemical oxidants (including ozone), which cause breathing problems and
increased symptoms in those with asthma.

 Benzene (C6H6) - naturally occurring in small quantities (less than 2%) in petrol and
diesel, Benzene is emitted from vehicle exhausts as unburnt fuel and also through
 evaporation from the fuel system although modern fuel systems are sealed and have
carbon canisters to hold the vapours. Benzene is toxic and carcinogenic. Long-term
exposure has been linked with leukaemia.
 Lead (Pb) - lead accumulates in body systems and is known to interfere with the normal
production of red blood cells. Following the introduction of unleaded petrol and
withdrawal of leaded petrol lead is essentially eliminated as an exhaust product.

 Particulates (PM) - particulate matter is partly burned fuel associated mainly with
diesel engines and is also formed by the reaction between other pollutants. PM10s and
the smaller PM2.5s are particles that can pass deep into the lungs causing respiratory
complaints and contributing to the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Modern
diesel cars are fitted with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to stop these particles passing
into the atmosphere.

The emission factors that influence the factors are speed, acceleration or
deceleration, trip length and ambient temperature. For vehicles that similar size, engine
and emission technology may be expected to show similar emission behaviour.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

There are several objectives in this experiment which are:

 To measure Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon and Carbon Dioxide from
vehicle.
 Report them according to the FIFTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 11) and
SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
(CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES)
REGULATIONS 1996
3.0 METHOD

No. Picture Description

1.
Instruction by the technician
was followed about how to
operate the HORIBA
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION
ANALYSER

2. Three different petrol vehicles

was selected and measurement
was taken as follow:

a. Engine was accelerated

to a moderate speed
with no load, it was
maintained for at least
15 seconds, then
engine was returned to
idle speed;

b. While the engine idles,

sampling probe was
inserted into the
exhaust pipe as deeply
as possible but in any
case for not less than
300mm;
c. At least 20 seconds
was counted and the
reading of Carbon
Monoxide,
Hydrocarbon and
Carbon Dioxide was
taken as given by the
analyser. Data was
recorded as required by
SIXTH SCHEDULE
[Regulation 11]
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
(CONTROL OF
EMISSION FROM
PETROL ENGINES)
REGULATIONS
1996.
4.0 DATA AND RESULTS

Record of Gaseous Test

Proton Saga FLX Proton Saga BLM Yamaha FZ

(Motorcycle)
0 1.5 2 2.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 0 1.5 2 2.5
rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm rpm
(Iddl (Iddl (Iddl
e) e) e)
Carbon
Monoxid 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.83 2.7 2.4 2.9
e 0 1 5 0 0 0 5 6 5
(permissi
ble limit
3.5%), %
Vol

Hydrocar
bon 2 4 8 6 2 2 4 -0 392 138 94 88
(permissi
ble limit
600
ppm),
ppm Vol

Carbon
Dioxide, 26.0 26. 26. 25. 25.6 25. 25. 25. 11.0 13. 15. 13.
% Vol 4 10 30 98 8 74 50 42 2 48 24 42
MOTOR VEHICLES EMISSION TEST CERTIFICATE FOR PETROL ENGINE IN
USE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL
ENGINES REGULATIONS 1996. (4TH, 5TH & 6TH SCHEDULE)

Motor Vehicle Registration No: AJK 1654

Make/Model: PROTON SAGA FLX 1.3 CC Vehicle Type: CAR

Date of Test: 1 APRIL 2016 Time of Test: 10.30 A.M

Last Servicing Date: 22 DECEMBER 2015

Meter used: HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ANALYSER

Data last calibrated:

RECORD OF GASEOUS TEST.

i. Carbon Monoxide: 0 % (permissible limit 3.5%)

ii. Hydrocarbon : 4 ppm (permissible limit 600ppm)

iii. Carbon Dioxide : 26.10 %

MOTOR VEHICLES EMISSION TEST CERTIFICATE FOR PETROL ENGINE IN
USE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL
ENGINES REGULATIONS 1996. (4TH, 5TH & 6TH SCHEDULE)

Motor Vehicle Registration No: WRG 677

Make/Model: PROTON SAGA BLM 1.3 CC Vehicle Type: CAR

Date of Test: 1 APRIL 2016 Time of Test: 10.00 A.M

Last Servicing Date: 14 MARCH 2016

Meter used: HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ANALYSER

Data last calibrated:

RECORD OF GASEOUS TEST.

i. Carbon Monoxide: 0 % (permissible limit 3.5%)

ii. Hydrocarbon : 2 ppm (permissible limit 600ppm)

iii. Carbon Dioxide : 25.74 %

MOTOR VEHICLES EMISSION TEST CERTIFICATE FOR PETROL ENGINE IN
USE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL
ENGINES REGULATIONS 1996. (4TH, 5TH & 6TH SCHEDULE)

Motor Vehicle Registration No: CCW 5057

Make/Model: YAMAHA FZ 150 CC Vehicle Type: MOTORCYCLE

Date of Test: 1 APRIL 2016 Time of Test: 10.00 A.M

Last Servicing Date: 22 FEBRUARY 2016

Meter used: HORIBA AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ANALYSER

Data last calibrated:

RECORD OF GASEOUS TEST.

i. Carbon Monoxide: 2.75 % (permissible limit 3.5%)

ii. Hydrocarbon : 138 ppm (permissible limit 600ppm)

iii. Carbon Dioxide : 13.48 %

5.0 DISCUSSION

The objective of this experiment are to measure Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbon

and Carbon Dioxide from vehicle and report them according to the FIFTH SCHEDULE
(Regulation 11) and SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES)
REGULATIONS 1996. In this experiment, there are three types of petrol vehicles were
chosen to complete the measurement of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC),
and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from petrol engine by using horiba automotive emission
analyzer. The exhausts of each vehicle were tested at 0 rpm, 1.5 rpm, 2.0 rpm and 2.5
rpm. 0 rpm means that the engine was at idle speed. During idle speed, Proton Saga
FLX emitted 0.0 % of CO, 2 ppm of HC and 26.04 % of CO2. For 1.5 rpm, it emitted
0.0 % of CO, 4 ppm of HC and 26.10 % of CO2. At 2.0 rpm, it discharged 0.01 % of
CO, 8 ppm of HC and 26.3 % of CO2. For 2.5 rpm, it emitted 0.05 % of CO, 6 ppm of
HC and 25.98 % of CO2.

For second vehicle, at 0 rpm Proton Saga BLM produced 0.0 % of CO, 2 ppm of
HC and 25.68 % of CO2. For 1.5 rpm, it emitted 0.0 % of CO, 2 ppm of HC and 25.74
% of CO2. At 2.0 rpm, it discharged 0.0 % of CO, 4 ppm of HC and 25.5 % of CO2. For
2.5 rpm, it emitted 0.0 % of CO, -0 ppm of HC and 25.42 % of CO2.

For third vehicle, Yamaha FZ (Motorcycle) produced 2.83 % of CO, 392 ppm of
HC and 11.02 % of CO2 at 0 rpm. For 1.5 rpm, it emitted 2.75 % of CO, 138 ppm of
HC and 13.48 % of CO2. At 2.0 rpm, it discharged 2.46 % of CO, 94 ppm of HC and
15.24 % of CO2. For 2.5 rpm, it emitted 2.95 % of CO, 88 ppm of HC and 13.42 % of
CO2.

Usually cars that less frequency of servicing discharges a lot of hazardous

particulate than new car and this can be proved at the result that Proton Saga FLX emits
more HC, CO2 and CO than Proton Saga BLM. Comparing based on the frequency of
servicing, Proton Saga FLX emits more volume of HC, CO and CO2 at 0 rpm, 1.5 rpm,
2 rpm and 2.5 rpm. Proton Saga FLX last servicing date is on 22 December 2015 while
Proton Saga BLM las servicing data is 14 March 2016.
 Over 99% of new cars sold still use the internal-combustion engine, according
to the Department of Energy, this will likely continue to be true for the foreseeable
future. This type of engine mixes fuel with air in a combustion chamber. The mixture
burns when ignited, giving off large amounts of energy and leaving behind water
vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases as waste products. The car’s exhaust system
vents these gases into the air from the tail pipe and they become part of the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide is known to contribute to the greenhouse effect, a phenomenon

that traps heat in the lower parts of the Earth’s atmosphere. CO2 lets the visible sunlight
pass through it, but blocks some of the infrared heat rising up from sun-warmed land
and oceans (Jenner, 2016). The more CO2 in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped.
Small amounts of this effect are beneficial to living things, as it evens out the wild
temperature swings between day and night that the Earth would otherwise have. As
concentrations of CO2 increase, however, trapped heat becomes excessive.

According to the FIFTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 11) and SIXTH SCHEDULE

[Regulation 11] ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM
PETROL ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996, these cars and the motorcycle does not
exceed the limit of emission of CO which is 3.5% volume and limit of emission
hydrocarbon which is 600 ppm in volume. Hydrocarbons are basically raw fuel,
otherwise known as Gasoline. High Hydrocarbon emissions are almost always a sign
of poor fuel ignition. However, it's not always that the engine's ignition system is
responsible for high Hydrocarbon emissions. Long term exposure to hydrocarbons has
been shown to contribute to a range of health conditions in humans, including cancer,
asthma and liver disease. Because of the health risks associated with hydrocarbons, they
are usually heavily regulated.
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

As a conclusion, from the experiment that have been done, CO, HC, and CO2
had been measured during 0 rpm, 1.5 rpm, 2.0 and 2.5 rpm. The result shows that Proton
Saga FLX emits more HC, CO and CO2 compare to Proton Saga BLM. The emission
factors that influence the factors are speed, acceleration or deceleration, trip length and
ambient temperature. For vehicles that similar size, engine and emission technology
may be expected to show similar emission behaviour. All three vehicles do not exceed
the limit of emission for HC and CO which is 600 ppm and 3.5% in volume according
to the FIFTH SCHEDULE (Regulation 11) and SIXTH SCHEDULE [Regulation 11]
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM PETROL
ENGINES) REGULATIONS 1996.

For recommendation, the sampling probe has to be inserted properly to measure

accurately the particulate emission from the exhaust of the cars and the person that hold
the holder of the sampling probe must wear mask to avoid any health problem due to
the hazardous gas discharged from the exhaust.
7.0 REFERENCES

1) Jenner, L. (2016). How Does the Release of Car Exhaust Fumes Cause Global
Warming?. Education.seattlepi.com. Retrieved 1 May 2016, from
http://education.seattlepi.com/release-car-exhaust-fumes-cause-global-
warming-3682.html

2) Handerson, R. (2016). The Combustion Process - Vehicle Emissions - Reports -

Research Library - XRTLAB. Extraordinaryroadtrip.org. Retrieved 1 May
2016, from http://www.extraordinaryroadtrip.org/research-library/air-
pollution/vehicle-emissions/combustion.asp

3) Lane, B. (2016). Types and impact of vehicle emissions - Air quality car emissions
- Tailpipe CO2. Nextgreencar.com. Retrieved 1 May 2016, from
http://www.nextgreencar.com/emissions/types-impact/

4) Will, J. (2016). Vehicle Emissions | Air Pollution | City Diesel | LPG | CNG. Air-
quality.org.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2016, from http://www.air-
quality.org.uk/26.php
8.0 APPENDIX

0 rpm 1.5 rpm

2.0 rpm 2.5 rpm

Figure 1: Data for Proton Saga FLX

0 rpm 1.5 rpm

2.0 rpm 2.5 rpm

Figure 2: Data for Proton Saga BLM

0 rpm 1.5 rpm

2.0 rpm 2.5 rpm

Figure 3: Data for Yamaha FZ