Lesson 4: Homogeneous differential equations of the first order

Solve the following differential equations

Exercise 4.1.
(x − y)dx + xdy = 0.
Solution.

The coefficients of the differential equations are homogeneous, since for any a 6= 0
ax − ay x−y
= .
ax x
Then denoting y = vx we obtain
(1 − v)xdx + vxdx + x2 dv = 0,
or
xdx + x2 dv = 0.
By integrating we have
x = e−v + c,
or finally
x = e−y/x + c
Exercise 4.2.
(x − 2y)dx + xdy = 0.
Solution.

It is easily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous. Then denoting

y = vx we obtain
(x − 2xv)dx + xvdx + x2 dv = 0.
That is
x(1 − v)dx + x2 dv = 0.
It is easily seen that an integrating factor is
1
.
x2 (1 − v)
Therefore,
dx dv
=
x 1−v
By integrating we obtain
log |x| = − log |1 − v|,
or
x(1 − v) = c.
Finally,
x − y = c.
Exercise 4.3.
(x2 − y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0.
Solution. We have a homogeneous equations. Integrating factor for this equa-
tion is
1 1
I(x, y) = 3 = .
x − xy 2 + 2xy 2 x(x2 + y 2 )
1
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Thus, we have the exact equation

x2 − y 2 2y
dx + 2 dy = 0.
x(x2 + y 2 ) x + y2
Taking the initial point (x0 , y0 ), x0 > 0, y0 = 0, by integrating we obtain
Z x Z y
du 2v
+ 2 2
dv = c1 ,
x0 u 0 x +v
or
log x − log x0 + log(x2 + y 2 ) − log x2 = c1 ,
log(x2 + y 2 ) = c2 + log x,
x2 + y 2 = cx.
Exercise 4.4. p
x2 + y 2 dx = xdy − ydx.
Solution. This is a homogeneous equation. Let us find an integrating factor.
1 1
I(x, y) = p = p .
2 2
x x + y + xy − yx x x + y2
2

Therefore, the differential equation

dx ydx dy
+ p −p = 0.
x 2
x x +y 2 x2 + y 2
By integrating we obtain
Z x Z y
du dv
− √ = c1 ,
x0 u 0 + v2 x2
p
log |x| − log |x0 | − log |y + x2 + y 2 | − log |x| = c1
Finally, p
y+ x2 + y 2 = c.
Exercise 4.5.
(x2 y + 2xy 2 − y 3 )dx − (2y 3 − xy 2 + x3 )dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is homogeneous. Denote y = vx. Then
(x3 v + 2x3 v 2 − x3 v 3 )dx − (2x3 v 3 − x3 v 2 + x3 )(vdx + xdv) = 0,
(x3 v + 2x3 v 2 − x3 v 3 )dx − (2x3 v 4 − x3 v 3 + x3 v)dx − (2x4 v 3 − x4 v 2 + x4 )dv = 0,
x3 (2v 2 − 2v 4 )dx − x4 (2v 3 − v 2 + 1)dv = 0,
dx 2v 3 − v 2 + 1
= dv.
x 2v 2 − 2v 4
1
2 log |x| = c1 − − log |1 − v 2 |,
v
x2 e−v (1 − v 2 ) = c,
c = (x2 − y 2 )ex/y .
Exercise 4.6.
³ y y´ y
x sin − y cos dx + x cos dy = 0.
x x x
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Solution. It is readily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous.

Putting y = xv we obtain
(x sin v − xv cos v)dx + x cos v(xdv + vdx) = 0,
sin vdx + x cos vdv = 0,
dx
= − tan vdv.
x
By integrating,
log c|x| = log | cos v|,
cx = cos v,
y
cx = cos .
x
Exercise 4.7.
(x3 + 2xy 2 )dx + (y 3 + 2x2 y)dy = 0.
Solution. It is readily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous. The
integrating factor is
1 1
I(x, y) = 4 2 2 4 2 2
= 4 .
x + 2x y + y + 2x y x + 4x2 y 2 + y 4
Therefore, the differential equation
x3 + 2xy 2 y 3 + 2x2 y
dx + dy = 0
x4 + 4x2 y 2 + y 4 x4 + 4x2 y 2 + y 4
is exact. Its integrating yields
Z x Z y
du v 3 + 2x2 v
+ 4 2 2 4
dv = c1 .
0 u 0 x + 4x v + v
The last expression can be rewritten as follows
Z x Z
du 1 y d(v 4 + 4x2 v 2 + x4 )
+ = c1 ,
0 u 4 0 x4 + 4x2 v 2 + v 4
or finally
cx = x4 + 4x2 y 2 + y 4 .
Exercise 4.8.
(4x4 − x3 y + y 4 )dx + x4 dy = 0.
Solution. It is readily seen that the differential equation is homogeneous. De-
note y = vx. Then,
(4x4 − x4 v + x4 v 4 )dx + x4 (xdv + vdx) = 0,
or
(4x4 + x4 v 4 )dx + x5 dv = 0,
dx dv
=− ,
x 4Z+ v 4
dv
log |cx| = − ,
4 + v4
³ Z
dv ´
cx = exp − .
4 + v4
Exercise 4.9.
³ y2 y2 ´ y2
x2 sin 2
− 2y 2
cos 2
dx + 2xy cos 2 dy = 0.
x x x
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Solution. The differential equation is homogeneous. Denote y = xv. Then,

(x2 sin v 2 − 2x2 v 2 cos v 2 )dx + 2x2 v cos v 2 (xdv + vdx) = 0,
or
sin v 2 dx + 2v cos v 2 (xdv) = 0,
dx
= −2v cot v 2 dv,
x
Z
d(sin v 2 )
log |x| = − = − log | sin v 2 | + log c,
sin v 2
y2
x sin 2 = c.
x
Exercise 4.10.
2 2
(x2 e−y /x − y 2 )dx + xydy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is homogeneous. Then,
2 2
1 ey /x
I(x, y) = =
x3 e−y2 /x2 2
− y x + xy 2 x3
is an integrating factor. Next,
³ 1 y 2 ey2 /x2 ´ 2
yey /x
2

− dx + dy = 0.
x x3 x2
is an exact differential equation. Therefore,
Z x Z y
du 1 2 2
+ 2 vev /x dv = c1 ,
x0 6=0 u x 0
1 2 2 1
log x − log x0 + ev /x − = c1 ,
2 2
³ y2 ´
cx = exp exp 2 .
x
Exercise 4.11.
(2x + y − 2)dx + (2y − x + 1)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. To reduce it to homo-
geneous, let us put x = u + h, y = v + k. Then,
(2u + 2h + v + k − 2)dx + (2v + 2k − u − h + 1)dy = 0.
Then we have the following system
2h + k = 2,
2k − h = −1.
We have k = 0, h = 1, and therefore,
(2u + v)du + (2v − u)dv = 0
is a homogeneous differential equation. The integrating factor is
1 1
I(u, v) = 2 2
= 2 .
2u + uv + 2v − uv 2u + 2v 2
Then,
2u + v 2v − u
2 2
du + 2 dv = 0
2u + 2v 2u + 2v 2
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is an exact equation, and

Z u Z v
dt 2z − u
+ 2 + 2z 2
dz
u0 6=0 t 0 2u
Z Z v
1 ³ v d(2z 2 + 2u2 ) 2u ´
= log |u| − log |u0 | + 2 2
dz − 2 2
dz
2 0 2u + 2z 0 2u + 2z
1³ v´
= log u − log u0 + log(2z 2 + 2u2 ) − log(2u2 ) − arctan = c1 ,
2 u
or finally
y
log[(x − 1)2 + y 2 ] − arctan = c.
x−1
Exercise 4.12.
(x − 3y)dx + (x + y − 4)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. To reduce it to homo-
geneous, let us put x = u + h, y = v + k. Then,
(u − 3v + h − 3k)du + (u + h + v + k − 4)dv = 0.
Having a system of equations
h = 3k
h+k =4
we obtain h = 3 and k = 1. Therefore, the new differential equation
(u − 3v)du + (u + v)dv = 0.
is homogeneous. The integrating factor is
1 1
I(x, y) = 2 = .
u − 3uv + uv + v 2 (u − v)2
Thus, we have the following exact equation
u − 3v u+v
du + dv = 0.
(u − v)2 (u − v)2
By integrating we obtain
Z v
t+u
log |u| − log |u0 | + dt
0 (t − u)2
Z v Z v
t−u d(t − u)
= log |u| − log |u0 | + 2
d(t − u) + 2u 2
0 (t − u) 0 (t − u)
2u
= log |u| − log |u0 | + log |v − u| − log |u| − + 2 = c1 .
v−u
Therefore,
c2 (u − v) log |u − v| = u,
or finally,
c(x − y − 2) log |x − y − 2| = x,
Exercise 4.13.
(x − y)dx + (x − y + 2)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. Putting x − y = u we
have
udu + 2(u + 1)dy = 0,
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or
u
du = −dy.
2(u + 1)
By integrating we obtain
Z Z Z
u 1 u+1
y − c1 = − du = du − du
2(u + 1) 2(u + 1) 2(u + 1)
1 1
= log |u + 1| − (u + 1).
2 2
Finally,
x + y − log |x + y − 1| = c.
Exercise 4.14.
(x + 2y + 1)dx + (2x + 4y + 3)dy = 0.
Solution. The differential equation is not homogeneous. Putting x + 2y = u we
have
(u + 1)du − 2(u + 1)dy + (2u + 1)dy + dy = 0,
or
(u + 1)du + dy = 0.
Therefore,
u2
y+u− = c/2,
2
or
2x + 6y − (x + 2y)2 = c.
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