Contents
ll
Functions and Models _1
11 Four Ways to Represent a Function
1.2 Mathematical Models 9
1.3 New Functions from Old Functions 14
14 Graphing Calculators and Computers 25
Review 34
Principles of Problem Solving 39
SS 2 Limits and Rates of Change 43
21 The Tangent and Velocity Problems 43
22 TheLimit ofa Function 45
23 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws 53
24 The Precise Definition ofa Limit 61
25 Continuity 68
26 —Tangents, Velocities, and Other Rates of Change 76
Review 82
Problems Plus 89
3 Derivatives _ 93
31 Derivatives 9%
3.2 The Derivative asa Function 98
33 Differentiation Formulas 107
34 Rates of Change in the Natural and Socal Sciences 118,
3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 126
36 TheChain Rule 130
3.7 Implicit Differentiation 137
3.8 Higher Derivatives 145
“Applied Project o Where Should Pilot Start Descent? 159
39 Related Rates 184
3.10 Linear Approximations and Differentials 161
Laboratory Project © Taylor Polynomials 167
Review 170
Problems Plus 181, > applications of Differentiation 191
a
42
43
4a
4s
46
a7
48
49
410
‘Maximum and Minimum Values 197
Applied Project 9 The Calculus of Rainbows 201
The Mean Value Theorern 202
Hove Derivatives Affect the Shape of a Graph 206
Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes 219
Summary of Curve Sketching 230
Graphing with Calculus and Calculators 249
Optimization Problems 263
Applied Project © The Shape of a Con 278
Applications to Economics 279
Newton's Method 284
Antidervatives 292
Review 300
Problems Plus 319
Ss integrals 325
Sa
52
53
34
35
‘reas and Distances 325
The Definite Integral 333
Discovery Project = Area Functions 342
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 344
Indefinite Integrals and the Total Change Theorem 353
‘The Substitution Rule 358
Review 366
Problems Plus 375
==B Applications of integration _ 385
61
62
63
64
65.
"areas between Gurver 385
Volumes 397
Volumes by Cylindrical hells 412
Work 421
‘Average Value of a Function 424
Review 426
Problems Plus 433 == inverse Functions:
Exponential, Logarithmic, and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
7.1 Inverse Functions 441
=
—
7.8 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 497
Applied Project © Where to Sit at the Movies S07
7.6 —Hypetbolic Functions $08
7.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hospita’s Rule $15,
Review 529
Problems Plus 543
SB Techniques of integration $47
8.1 Integration by Parts 547
82 Trigonometric integrals 57
83. Trigonomettc Substitution S64
8.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Patil Fractions
85 Strategy for Integration $86
8.6 Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems
Discovery Project 3 Patterns in Integrals 603
8.7 Approximate Integration 606
88 Improper Integrals 619
Review 632
Problems Plus 647
= Further Applications of Integration 653
91 Arelength 653
9.2 Aten ofa Surface of Revolution 661
Discovery Project © Rotating on a Slant 669
93 Applications to Physi and Engineering 670
9.4 Applications to Economics and Blology 682
95 Probability 688
Review 687
Problems Plus 693
erivlibs of Logaithmic 7.4* Gener an
J 53 463 J
373
595
aan ———
SH) isrerential Equations _701
To1
102
103
104
10s
106
107
‘Modeling with Differential Equations 701
Direction Fields and Euler's Method 703
Separable Equations 710
‘Applied Project © Which le Faster, Going Up or Coming Down? 719,
Exponential Growth and Decay 720
‘Applied Project 5 Caleulus and Baseball 724
‘The Logistic Equation | 726
Linear Equations 734
Predator-Prey Systems 739
Review 743
Problems Plus 751
Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates _757
Tm
nz
na
na
us
16
nz
Curves Defined by Parametric Equations 757
Laboratory Project 9 Famligs of Hypocycloids 767
‘Tangents and teas 770
Laboratory Project 0 Bétier Curves 780,
‘Arc Length and Surface Area 781
Polar Coordinates 788
‘Areas and Lengths In Polar Cootdinates 803
Conic Sections 813
Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates $20
Review 825
Problems Plus 835
SSR infinite Sequences and Series _841
721
2
123
124
125
126
127
128
Sequences 841
Laboratory Project © Logistic Sequences 850,
Series 854
‘The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums 865
‘The Comparison Tests 871
Alternating Series 875
‘Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Tests 879
Strategy for Testing Series 888
Power Sees 887 12.9 Representations of Functions as Power Series 893
12.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Sees 901
1241 The Binomial Series 912
1212 Applications of Taylor Polynomials 919
‘Applied Project © Radiation from the Stars $31
Review 932
Problems Plus 943
ppendixes 951
A
‘A Intervals, Inequalities, and Absolute Values 9ST
B_ Coordinate Geometry and Lines 956
C Graphs of Second-Degree Equations 962
D Trigonometry 967
E Sigma Notation 975
G Complex Numbers 978
contents =x Functions and Models
E551 Four Ways to Represent a Function
is eigenen or agpexnaons yr nse gh Kantor gi br
(4) The pin (1,2) isan the righ of 90 /(=1) = =2.
(©) When, 2, isabou 28,50 (2) =2.8,
(©) /@)=26equnlet toy =2 Wheny =2,nehnex
(6) Resoble eines foes when y= Oates = =28 a
(6) The domain off consis of vals nthe graph off. Fr this etn the domain is—3 2 <3. The
‘ange off consis falas th saph off For his nso, rng is 2 < » <3.
(0 Asx increnses rom =1 3, yincese fom ~2 0 3. Ths, is inesing on he intel |=1, 3
2 (a) The pin (4, 2) ison the graph of f,s0f (=) = -2. The point (3,4) onthe raph of, 50 (8) =
(©) We ar looking forthe ales of fr whi the yal re ea. The ys for fad gare equal a he
ois (=2, 1) and (2,2), sth desired values of ate ~2 and
(0 £6) =~Lisequvleattoy = ~1, When y= =I, wehave
(As. oereases ram Dt 4, decreases rom 510 =I. Ths, is deresing om tnt [0,4
(6) The domain off consists ofall suas on he graph of fortis unto, he domain it —4 0} =[-2,2] Frome gaph,theramgeisosy s2, (|
(0,2)
wf) =3 2x Donainis.
mn f(t ede te (ee He) »
‘pra with ere a (1, =2). The domain is /
3 (0) = yE=Bi dei whens $2 Dore > 5,sothe domain is ,
(5,20) Sincey=VE=3 oo yeeeS rests,
sree ta isthe op half fa parabola. je secron 3 founws Tom
(0) = VER. Thedamainis fe [6-2 20) = 00,3)
Domai sR Nowe ht the native sexi part ofthe graph of
ow-[
a iae20]_[ 2 itr20
MG) = DH 7
nar tae <0 J 7 | -28 its <0
Domain is,
symone ai ife>0) [ 1iteso
JO=BT= [ayer ite cof [1 its co
oe that we did noc we x > 0, beens x #0 Hees the domain of fs
wire0,
yoy Dtes eens
Domain (x [> £2). Theol in the raph ibe found wing the
fers #2, Syma 43.
~~
implied fantion, h(x) = x +3. (-2) = Lindt hat the ole as
coordina (2,1,
s iteso area ite ed
ms0)= mre=
JO") 41 tere On) aoe ites
Domain ie, Donia is. 6 © GAAMTERY ruNeTONs a UODS
eet Pla nites
B= | on Bet? if-terel
ee aay Oe ast
Domain i .
Dooainis®
9) and (na) tm = 2224 and an equation ofthe
4, Recal hatte slope of aie between the two pins x, a
line conestng hose two pits ey — yy = =). Te hope of tis ine Segment
reas
custo gy ===} (c +2) The unctonis f(2)= fr ~ 4,2 <4
seas
fe resect ne mgmt =P of
f= fro fds e6
som eqn i+ 2.= § (x +3). The fnton is
8. Weed to save the given equitonory.x 4-7 =0 4 G=IPene 9 y-teayer
y= 1 JR. The epresion with poste acl represen the op afte prabla, and the one wth he
‘eave acl epee the btn hal ene, we want f(x) = I= JH, $0,
lead oe ye eVTR GRIF ava A Me tp has gen by the Fncion
fs) JRAFO S282
(6. For=1 lhe pagh ete line wit hope | and-inerept 1 tha the ine
2 itso
yetee-I=s~ 1 Sothetincionis f(x) =| -2642 f0exs1
1 iftes
19, Letth eth and width of the rectangle be Land W. Then the perimeter is 2+ 20” = 20 andthe are is
A= LW. Solving thet eatin for W ners of gives w= 22=2E = 10 2. Ths,
A(E) = L (10 £) = 101 ~ 12, Since eats are postive the dann of is 0 < L < 10. we fuer resist
“tobe largerthan When $ << 10 woud beth domain
1 Letthe length and width of the rvangle be Land Ten the arnt LW’ = 16, stat” = 16/2. The
pevimeeris P= 21-420, x0 P(L) =2L-+2(16/L) = 2 +32/L, andthe domain of P is > 0, ince lengths
ust be positive quan enon FOURWNSTOREESHATARGHEN
48, Lee lengh ofa sido he eis angle. Than by the Pigs Thom thei y the
angle sassy +(x)" Gs. Using the formula for the area of angle,
$60 ($x) =F wih dan > 0
?,sotaty
A § eas) high, we obi A
> so L= YP, andthe sic seas
50 Lee vole oft ean te gthfanedgee Then
507) =6(YP)} = 672, wits domain ¥ > 0
BL. Leechs ofthe base ofthe ox have eth x, an let the eight ofthe box beh. Since the volume is 2, we
now that? = hc? so hath = 2/2, nd the srace ein $ =x? jh, Ths,
Se) a3? 44¢ (2/23)
52 The are ofthe window is A =.sh-+ $x ({x)" = xh + SE, where she height fhe rectangular potion of
the window. The perimeters P
Thais,
htt bx 30 9 tha30—4— fax @ he }(6-24— 20),
naa
T
AG)
Ise $e ge
ise ftp
ix (#4)
Since de gh hms be pot gut, wehnex > Oa Fach @wche2h> 0 «9
Wannfer>0 eo > artes oe 122%. Mase bedomiot WO <2 <5
SR The eight ofthe Box sx an the length and with ae = 20 ~ 2,
2-28. Then
Ls ands0
¥(@)=@0-2N 02-240)
10~ x)(6~8) 2) = A (60 160-432)
i) — 64 +240
“The sides L, W,andx mst be posve, This L=0 o> 20-2820 eo F< I0y>0 9
1=2e>0 & x <6.ands > 0. Combing ths resticions gies ws the domuinD
soci con Ung epi (10%, 20) ad 3, 80) we et
the sop MEH = = 19.0) 2000 13,2100) 00
ya ae +900 soe
(©) The ope of hen in pat (18 and it represen th ost of aa
producing each aac cai,
(6) The intercepts 900 and it represen the ed ly coats operating
the fon,
shangeinpesnee__ 434 5g ee .
To Shms iag —“ipe 04, Using pes and for depth wth te pot
GP) 0,15), nebne P= 18 0.594(¢-0) Pe nantes.
() Wien P= 100, then 100= 0444-4 1S <4 CABAL = 8S e> d 19585 fet. Ths the pressures
100i? as det of approximately 195 ee
11 Weare given
CC, 460-380 80 1
12 (9) Using din pee of nding oy, we inde stpe tobe = EE = ORIN _ BO
Vina equation is C460 } (4-800) > C= 460m Jd=200 22 C= 144260.
(©) Leting d = 1500 we gx C = j (1500) +260
© "
95. The os of diving 150 miles is $838.
‘Te sape othe ie repress the cast per mile, $025,
(4) The ntercepe represents the ised cst, $260
(@ Beease you tae fixed monthly costs sch as nse
to car payments, a wll ont tht ines you
hive sot as asliog ll, ade, an he cos of hse
_ for each atonal ile driven a constant.
18 (The data pyar tobe protic anda sive o cave faction would ake the bet model A elf te fem
S (2) macs (bs) +e seems spear
(The data appear to be decreasing ina linerfihion. A model ofthe for f)
ro seems ppropra
14 (The data opper toe increasing exponent. A model of he form () = 2-8 or (2) = a:b ee seems
ypropria.
(©) The data appear tobe decreasing similar othe vaso the roca anton. A modelo be fom
F(8) = of se ppp, 2 © GiaprERs FUTONS AXONS
‘Same ales ae geno my deciles. Thess rhe ut ghen by ea comput alga stone — runing isto ie
rea.
BO (4 Using the poits 400, 14.1) and (60,00, 8.2), we aan
Atinear mode! does seem appropriate
(6 Using comparing devise obtain the east sane ereson ie y = ~0.0000997855 + 1398076,
(@) When x = 25,000, y 11486 o about 1. pe 10 pop
(6 When x = 80000,» © 5968 or about 6 chance
(©) When x = 20000, is negate so the model des no ply.
OO peaipomes ® ocean)
N
4 sem
‘Using a computing deve, we obtain the east squares
regresin ine» = 48564 ~ 2056
(6) When x = 10°F, y = 268.7% 265 cin,
Osa ® ot
wml yee) [) son ee)
Aina model des sem appropri ‘Using computing devise, we obtain the east squares
togrestion ney = ~1582008248x + 0089119747, where
Ste year and sth eit in fet.
(When =2000,y~ 2000
(8) When = 210, y 2891 This woud be en nrease 0949 som 1996 1 2100. Eventhough here was
sn ncene of 859 fom 19000 1956 ily hat x simi nerease wl ecu over the nes
100 years. SecrOn:2 aTIMOCALMONR'S 8
By loking at the seater plot ofthe data, we rl ut the lna algae mel,
‘etry various mosels
Quadratic: y = 049? —2.28TFr + 1970655
Cubic: y= o0zor24s20L, shi wit the ight and then si 2 units pur
2% y= Ile] ~t Sta with he paph of y= shit wit downoad an then re the part fhe eaph fom.
1 abouthe xi.
A Thin sje be sano amp xe pa of caves 1 2
1(9 = 12+ 28m [ 3% «~ 4] Mah 31 Soy fe se 0 dl ene 8) © 12.3 Te
syigt time (651 A. to 618 PME) is Rows and 27 mints oF 12.458. Te model value dfs fom te
stil vale by 24-2 = 0008, les than 186.
Sothe intons
2. Using ine function o mal he rghines of Dla Cept a funtion of tine, me ak is pero tobe
54 ay, is ampli ob 0.35 (onthe ele of magnitude) adits average maid tobe 4.0. Ife tke # = 6
at time of verge ihe then the rapide (ihies) aa function of ine nd an Be ode by
he amu (0) = 4.040.353).
11 (9) Toobrany = f(s) the parion of y= F (tote igh f te y-nis eeeted bout the ros,
@y=sate orev m9 GMMPrERY sucrmsaNoNcOAS
28. Theos importantes oft gen gph eh ite and te x
main nd minim pins. Te graph of» = 1 / hs verte
smith s-ate weer seit th gph y= (8.
‘Themasinun of onthe gph of» = (2) coresponds 02 minimum of
Y= 100 =1/F 6). Sita, emia onthe eaphoty
conespondstoamsximum othe igh ofy = 1 /F@)-
2. Assuming tha secre rion an veri rdincs ar a napa, we can make ata of approximate
sales follows
= wp TP]? 2 Ye ie
fo) 2}iz}1s|10for| oslo
eo 2jar|s |2s/oaliz]o
sorte) | 4} a4] aa |e [4 | 20/0 | :
‘Conmesting he pons, f(x)+ (2) with smoot curve goes an approximation the gph of f+ gE
prints can be plted beeen tae lied above neces
2m, Fistnote that hedaman off + labo inmcrseto ofthe domains off and ght, f+ isony defined
whee bot and g ae defies. Taking the hriontal and vertical wis of lent wo be the stances betmeen
successive veri and horizontal gins we cn ake abl of approximate acs flows
= Ta Te]. 72 ]as]s
re) =| 22| 20] 24/27] 27/25
5) 1| -13 | -12| -06 | 03 | os | o7
steer] of 09] os| 1s|30| 32/30
aves of (ks he va 2 inthe able above) can beaded as neds.
3 f(9) 20420: g(0) = 308 |, D = Ror bat f and.
(49) =P 420 42-129 458—1, DAR
Uw) a0 420-8 =a P41, DER
Ua0a) = (2 422) Bet 1) a 302+ 6h a 2, DR
(2)or= SEE. om feta eth sear? 0 SeenON 1a new ANcTONS RoMCIDAACTONS Om
B f(s) TPR, D= 1,20 960) = IRR, Dm 8,
Uta t= Viest Jaz D= Co, 11N-1.09
Y=) = VF = VIED = [oth
(ole) = JPRS VIF = IHF Dm
(1.
(re EE 01.9 Wermtectes set le Lt
aso
foe seg) 28042 Dette fen get te coma
e+2))— Gr $2) = 1k? HIG
WoO) = (7) = 82 =x) =3 201) +2 6H
(Fe) = FUG) = f Qs) = 200? a) — Beta) whet Be
onl) eG) me Or42)
(0) = VE=T.D=[h.oh80)
(0) = VET,
Dz (eRe) foo) = a, -i1Vtt.00)
GeDO=e 0) =D
(Poe) = SU GN =S (VED = VIE= ToT,
D={retl.co)| VE=T2 = 2.2),
Goo) = 266) =F) ~(e) ax DR,
M$ G)= Us, D= (01x £0); g60) = 425, DR
(Fog) (= FG) = f 2-428) = 1/428), D
oN) =e (= 8/2) =a? 42), D
(Fo fie) = FU =F Um
(e200) = eG) =e (0? +25)
arent,
venom s(t
eenere4(-
vere) eat
een0-e(:
-G=DerDat~ tenon 2 © MAPTERY euncransmONEDES
B aon
(Foa)e)= S60) = £1 v5) = sin (k= 4H). B= 1,20)
= VAG. For JERF ob defined, we must ave
hte, Seb (Ae, —3e) 080
Destelxe fae. +2nn], where isan ingen
(Fe) = FUN = Fins) = sin (in),
(e026) = £00) =8 (I~ 8) =1- VIR
@sey=VP=1,0. NUL.) 86)
(7 oe)le) = Fe) = F(VT=B) = y(VT=a) 1 = VR To find the domain of og) (2), we must
find he values of that rin the domain of sh tha (isin the domain off. nsymbols, me have
De {xe Coot) VT=a « (-00,-1] ULI, )]. Fis, we concent on the requirement ht
JU 1,00). Beamse VT=x 2 0, YT=¥ isotin (~o0, =I]. IVT isin, 0) then we
futhive T=¥ 21 4 1x21 = ¥ £0. Combining the restrictions. = Oand xe (20,1), me
bin D = (-20, 0}
(06) = eV) = 4 (FEN) = VET.
Dafretm neon VF=Teem i] NEST s Potet est
Ic VE oe Vics = VE Combing hirectan ih (06,11. weet
p=[-vi, =f. fi}
venw=suen=s(F=1)
d= (rece, NU the0) VFHTe ton -M Ulta} Now VERTE To Pate
2222 @ [levi = x2 V2orx <—¥2. Combining this restriction with x « (—20,
obtain D = (~20, - 72] [V2, 00).
(ee)x) =2@@) =a (vI=) = Az, D = {x € (-00, I] | vT—3 € (-00, 1]}. Now
1a Loxs1 9 320, Conbiing iseion wis «(05,1 we bin D = [1
AM. Fogoh) x) = SAG = See — I) =f (vE=1) = vE=T=1
A FogoWy(e)= Sa HO= Fe? 42) =F ((e +2))) = 1/42)"
B.S 0801) = SEEM = F(A) =F (VE 9) = (VE-NH
R
A1U[L.co) we
Let gta) = 2? and 8) = FG. Then (f o8)8) = TG = Gt)
@ Lage) as tied se)
se Thea (Fog) ) = (+3) = G6). SeenON NeW FWERONS HOMTIDAINCTONS a
8, Leg) = cass and f() = Vi. Then (f 09) 9 = VOT = 410.
3. Letg()= tad f (0) = tant. Then (/ 94) ) =n = 40
BL Lethe) =3%, 060) = 3% and /@) = 1-2. Then (Fogo) (2) = 1
Lah) = Vg) =x ~ Land f@) = IF Then Fogel) = VE=T= HO.
BB Leth (x) = Fs £64) = Sees, and f (5) = x4, Then (F 90) 4) = (8 VE)" = sect (VF) = HG).
HO FE) = FHS eG W~e@=2
OsUM)=s0)= x60) =26=3
OeNO=e/0)=26=1 © Fo2)O= 140) = 10) —4
55. (0) 22) = 5, because the pola 2,5) som he graph of. Thus, f(@ 2) = 8) =
onthe grighof f
© 24O=2O)
Oreo
Oe
-ecoadine &
© @02)(-D = 8-2) =e)
Me NM=sFG)=/@=-2
‘To finda parila value of Fg 3). sy fr x =O, went fom the raph that ¢ (0) ~ 2.8 and f (28) ~ —05.
Thus, f(g (0) = f(28) = 05. The thr vale ted in he tbl were ctnined in a sila fashion
boca the pin (5,4)
Faw [Tae 7 [sw [Fee ,
=3[-02 |= oy a8] =05
4] a2]-a3s | 1] 22] -19 :
ss) afar | |2| i2|s3
se ee
3 [402 «| -as | 22
sia] to
(4) Using the ean stance = rate sie withthe di athe discs, we have (0)
W) Ane? = ULoriy= Aen =x 600
sea inc?) a any time
600=, This oemala gives ws the extent ofthe pple
Be@dan > da3%%
(Thee Pythagorean lone ivvng te legs with ngs d and and he hypotenuse wih length =
Bg Vas Ts 2d) = VEL
God = 54) = 10%) = OIF FT
or ).
Al =(Foa) en) = Flea) = Stes) Poorsseg seven] = AO)
case (2) = h (2), his am eve fntion
A n(=2) =F (-8) = F-e te)- Atti pint, me cant simpy the expression, 50 we might yo find a
ouneenaple to show th h sot nad Rtn. Lets) = am fet, and f(x) =a +x. Thon
n(x) =x? +, ich enter even or 06
Nov supose f sano faction. Then f(-3 (8) = ~f (2) =~ Hees (3) =
Is if oth fad ae od
‘Now supose f isan eve uation Then f(-#¢0)
cvenif gis oddand fiseven
1g) =a) Hence, b=) SECTION 4 GlrANGOHOAMTURSWNOKEREUTERS O25
6% (a) P= (a,g(@)) nO = (g(a), g(a) bewese Q baste
same yale as Panditis onthe line y =
(0) Theva of 2s (tis lo te x-vale of R. The
yale of Ris therfore f (ele), thas
Hence, R= ( (0). (8.9).
(6 Tee coordinates of Sr (2, (2) ot equal,
(a.h(@).
(4. We ony need plot pins forthe fist quadrant since we
cm se that fs an od fet, nd by xereie 4, we
then know ta fo fis nod function, snd hence,
symmetric wih eet othe rin.
* popes] t yis]a
yey Jo} fisfialo
fren {o} ts [ta] as
E54 Graphing Calculators and Computers
Lsis)et 4?
© Cama RRS ara
tit . Lt _|
=F o “ J
© Ame -e Cantante
: ms {emote ow
teens ——
83 GiMATERS fuNcTONS NOMS
| 2si@atress
@ Ess Ess (6) (0,10)6y(=20, 109
49 -15\8)ty (20, 00) © E0,3159 F-10020
“The most pproprne pags peoduced i viewing rectangle (2).
|
“Tne mast pprprate graph rodiced in viewing retinal) case the maximum and minima points re
fy easy ose and estima SECTION 4 GaNPHNG UCUUNTORSANDCOMPVTENS O27
4 /@=e7e
© PAs Aha) ©) f-5.s9by10,100)
(10,10) (10,40) © eRe
‘The most appropri raph is produces in viewing etal (0).
5. Sine the graphof/ (2) = 5-420 ~3? isa panbol opening
towns an appropiate viewing ecaagl should ned the
maxima poi
1. f (&) = Y255=F7 To nd an sgpropriate viewing retnge, we
calelate /'S domain and range: 286-32 > > 37 < 256.9
IIs 16 @ 162 © 16 othe donaiais (16, 6} Abe,
0 5 YRO=T < $FF-=4,sothe ranges [0,4 Ths, wechoore
‘he ving rectangle ob [20,20 ty [2,6
Rf = vit . a2 © carrer: funcrons wo nna
8. /40)= 00101245. Going fin ste ing >
‘eagle [1010 [10 10) owt wt apes (]
fal Dut since is ac poonil we aa hat ee
ving sung ili os r= Be
Instn pot Ate meander, wee he viewing
se 010208, 201
Wf)axe496-9
OO
10] P40
yastae
a1
ts SHEMON 14 cHARING CADAATERS ND COMMUTERS 28
M7 fo)=cos(to0) 18 fe) 3sin(302)
18 fe) = singe)
2 Wemust svete given equation fry oan quations
forthe upper a ower aves ofthe lip. 2+ 2)? 290 caAeTERy FUNTONSANOMCOES
hy aaviaot
2% Graphing f(x) = 3x? 4 +x ~ 2 ima sand viewing rectangle, [10,10] by [—10, 10) revels one el root
botwconOand I. The sand Baur shows clot of his eon. By sing aoa inde by 230g in, we
nd the vac f the roto be apprxiately 0.67
2%. Groping both fe) =a + Be + W6and ga) = 2 + Be
spears tht re re ou pins of intersection se the igure).
‘We en sow use an nterseton der or zor no the regions
of inret find he soltons © ~2,~1 24,2, and 3.24
21. From the gap off (2) =2sins and g(x) =, We se hat hte te repo of intersection. The intersection
it (0,0) is obvious and du to the symmetry of he raps (bot intion ar od), we only ne to find one of
the ote wo point of nesection. Using an intzsetn indo oming in, wend the s-aleof the
Interetion tobe approximately 190. Hen, the sohins tex =O and 1.90
ne The -cordinats ofthe thre points of
intersection ae x © 329, -2.36 nd 1.20.
(©) Using ial and or, wed hat 0.3368,
[ ‘Nose hat could also be negative. SEETON LA CHANG CALOUATERS AD COMMUTERS
2. ge) =/10is aperthan f (2) = 10 m/e) =x ~ 1002s ger tton
‘whenoiers > 100. whenever «> 101
so ot agen tos
3. © (0.5)910.20) TO. 25Fby (0,107) aD. SOVby fo, 10%]
‘As gts lars, (2) =2! pros mae rap tha (0)
(@) From he prop in par (a. appears thr the vo sions are x = 1:2 724
Rw O — EAA \.IT —G—(OAMIy (0.5) Gi) .2M yf. 1"]
‘Asx gts args, (8) = 3" erowsmere ally tang 9
(rom the grapisin (0), toppers tht he he sluions are x = ~0.80, 1.52 an 7.17
a ons We se fom the pap ofy = ins — wand y= 0. hat thee ae to
selon oth ition fix ~ x] =O. ~08Sandx = 085.The
condition fn ~ x] <0. old foray x ying between these 90
sales 320 RAFTERS runcrnNSANONODES
a aor os Peas se 420,
7] | (0(0)= 3. Te gripe oe
vo Seen diet nt the
| | repon clas tothe origin The rer
i ieing etagl ne chaos he
ese ore similar the vo graphs look,
35 (0) Theroet functions y= VE, (8) Thevoot functions yx, (¢) The rot antions » = VF,
ye Vian y= 9 Yad y= y= Vir = Yimdy = Yi
(a) «For ny the thot 0 0 andthe nn ot of 1h al ah oo fet pas tug he
Points (0,0) ad (1.
1+ Foro nthe domain ofthe hoot anton is, while fr even mits x € |x > 0
«Graphs even rot nto lok iro hat Vw thse of roe retin esata of
We
«Asn increases, the graph f 9 Desomes stesper ner Oa ater for x >
x2 and (0) The fretions y= Wy
(0) The fnctionsy = I/x and (6) The functions y =
ye yeu
(@)+ The pops fl factions ofthe fm y= 1/2" us troagh the point (1.
In is re, the graph ofthe Runcion ietialy above the sai. The graphs of 1 fr meen ae similar
‘ocacssother
od te Fnetion poive for pov x and negative for megane x. The graphs of 1s" form od
emir to oe nse.
1+ Asn increases, the gph of 1/5" appcach Ofister ax 20,
itn SEOTION 14 GiNHNGEACUATORSAND COMMUTERS 3S
Bf) at pee? 4 Me <0 there ae hee humps: tw inna =
pois anda mas point. Thess hump get Nr as neces,
‘uni tc = O1wo the humps dissppear ad theres ealyone
‘miu pi. This single hum then moves wo he ight
spproachs te origin asc ines.
(0) = TFET. Me <0 the funtion i oly defined on
[1/0561 [d= Jeans graphs th top taf of a eps IF
(= 0.the raph ithe line y= 1. Ife > 0, he gph is the top ha
of abypatola, As approaches, thee carves econ Date an
approach belie y= 1
my
‘maxim of the faction moves urter
fom he oii and ges rp Note,
overt tat repades of, the
funn rots 0 ee
lel
Re
I. As nines he a
wy ‘The“balet” becomes onder as nrc
nme ee
Ite 0h opis ofthe oii adie ose itis
teeta Int css, Be cls 0, eager oop ln
the inking ce, = 0 ops "infinite" hat i does chose)
‘A he ager I the sept hope in he eal ie of
teen
@ wy salu)
‘This nero 0 paride oslnae ‘This fein ose more equely a [increases
ese eguently 5 ines
heal, Me
VN) Me
[Noe lo tha this function is even, whereas sins i MO caMPrens ractoNs ao NonES
= Review
4. (0) A function fi rl that sins to cach clement xin set 4 exactly on element called (2), ina st.
‘These ip calles the domain of the fonction. The range off is th st fal posible values off (x) 8.2
‘aries thoughout the domain,
(©) fea faton with domain 4, he its raph ithe set of edered pais Cf (2) | € A}
CONCEPT CHECK
(6) Use the VericlLine Test on page 17
2. The four ways o representa function re: verbally, numeric, vuln algebraically. An example of ech
ven ton
‘Verbally: An assignment of sadn to chai ina arom (a dsrption in words)
Numerically: Aa ble tha sins an amount of tx oa ince (a table of ales)
‘Visually: A gapicl history ofthe Dow Jones veep (0 gap)
[Alesbracly: A relaonhip between disanc, a, ad Line: d =r (an exc ful)
2. (0) Am even fonction f satis
the ya
(0) Ano tumetion g satis g (1) = —g (foc every number» in its din Is sync with respet to
the orien
(6 forever uber nits domain, tf symmerie wih rect 0
4A futon fis clled erasing on anneal Ti (x) < fan) wheaever x <9 in
5 A mathematica mods isa mathematica description fen by means of anton oan eqution) oF reabwerd
heramena,
6 (Lies funtion: (2) = 2841. FG) max +6 2
(0) Power funtion: 2) =", F()
(6) Exponeatil function: )
(@ Polynomial of degree 5: f(s) = 3° +2
(9 Rational ton: 6) Je)
me
and 0 (ae polyoma
aw ‘owen sew oa
® o
9.) The domain off +g isthe ise ofthe domain of fad the domain fg tha, 4B.
(0) The domain of fis aso 48
(6) The domain of fg ust exe values fx that make equal 100; ats x € ANB LC) 0)
10, Given mo functions fang, the eompost function fo gis dened by (Fe #) (0)
‘Fogisthesetof all ia he domain of sch that (inthe domsinof
(0). The domain of
1H. (@) the graph of fi ied units umard te egaton becomes y = (2) +2.
(the graph of fs shied 2 wits dnnuard, ts equation becomes 9 = f(s) —2
(6) the graph offs shied 2 nts tthe right ts equation becomes y= f (2 ~2)
(@ the graph of fis shied 2 units tothe Lt its equation becomes y = f(x +2)
(@ the graph of fis retected abou the s-xs, ts equation comes 9 = —/ (2).
(0 Me graph off isreeed about he yas is qution becomes y= f (2)
(@ Ifthe graph of Fs stretched verily by a ator ofits equation Becomes y = 2/0),
(0) Ihe graph of fs shruk versal bya fctor 2, egmion becomes y= 4),
()
ithe graph of fs srk orzotaly by a actor oF tsequtionbeomes» = Fx).
TREALSEUZ —————
A abe. Let 760 =,
L0+F00
2 Fae. Let (0)
8 abe, Let (0) = +7. Then fx) = Gx)? = 95% and3/(=) = 304, $0 £8) 43/00,
lean 1 Then £0640) = + 1? = 0 = 0b
CPt a2 K08 F040)
then 2)
Oy but -242
‘4 True Ife, < yan fis deressngFnction then the yeas et smaller as we move fom eight
Tras, f0)> F 2
Toe, Soothe eric Line Tet
6 Fale, 26 cmrens ruxcronssvo wones
EXERCISES
() When = 2.9 2.7. This,(@) 827.
sons > x=23.56
(©) The domain of fi ~6 ¢¥ <6, 001-66.
@ Thermge of fism4 x #1 Rage als sept (y= Othe Rorizomtl aye
fore)
14 sins, Domain: R Range: “I Snr s1 > OSItsines2 + Os ys?
and Dorin: 2e G+ => x 4 + Range: the tangent finton aks onl real values. 50
therange BR
8. (a) To obtain the gaghofy = f(x) +8, we stifle graph of y= f() upB nits
(©) Toobin the graph ofy = / 4+ 8. we shih graph ofy = FI 8 nis
{© Toobin the gph of y= 14+2/ 6), we seth the gh oy = f() veicaly by a tr of, and then
sti resting grap Lot upward
(4) Toobin the graph of = fe ~2)~2, we shi he graph of = f (sgh 2 uns and then shi he
resulting graph 2 units dowaward
(6) Toobin the graph oy = ~/ (2), wert the graph oy = (4) abeat he xa
(9 Tocbaain be araph of y =3~ f(x), were the graph ofy = fe) about the ais, nd then site
resuing graph 3 units upward 10. (9 Toobin the graph ofy =f -8),
shit he graph oy =f) Hh 8 nits,
(6 Tootiain te graph oy =2— J (0), we
rel the graph of» = (aout the
snd thsi the resting raph?
its upward
M. Tosketch ihe graph ofy = 1+ SFE, we
shite gph of y= JF eft 2 nits and up 1
_—~
18 Tosketch ihe graph of y = cn, we orprese
‘he graph oy = cos horzetly by factor
os
WARARA
(0) Toobin the graph of y
spt of
(a), we elles he
7 (about the axis
(@ Tooktan the graph ofy = 4, (2)~ 1, we sin
the graph fy = /() by afar of 2, an then
fit resting raph nit downed
aaa
2 Toskoth te graph fy west
the graph fy 3 right I ait and down I wit
14. To shah tbe graph fy = 3 ~2sinx, we ste
the graph ofy = sins verily by aftr of 2
ees the resuing graph abou the ani, and
shen shi a gph 3 uns up.
A me IRPTERY FACTORS ANOMODES
15. (a) The ems of fate a mise of G8 and even powers of, 89 falter even nor 08
(@) The ems off areal odd powers of, 0 fis of
© fey = e052?) = e0s(e
© f= 14 sie) =
a
(2.0 f seven,
~ sins, Now f(x) 4 f (and f(s) # =F). 50 Fister even nor
=2(4 + 1) on equally,
YT=# (we have saved for
ae-2 ters
vee
1. FG) = FE D=[,00).860)
(286) = Flat) = fins) = VERE, For SAT tobe defined, wermathavesins 20 HOP 42
Lede te ef ayo5 ites
pr)
poessi|
dentine)
“Thorefone we conse the tres caer x <
Ie <-S,vemusthave L=24 — (=r =5)
M-Ssx < f.wemusthae 22 — (45) =
Ie Bf, wemusthne2e—1— (245)
‘othe two slutions ofthe equation ex
(is ist
145 teas
asex<}uds>
Shih i, se wee somieings <-5
ane
aol fez! oS ites)
‘Theretie, we consider the te cases # < 1,1 Sx <3ands 23
Ix < L,wemusthne I=x—G—z)23. 4 02 7, whichis tls,
Hex <3,wemathwer=1~G—x)25 44 <2 f, whichis cause <3,
Wx 23, wemisthive =1—(¢=3) 25 22 S,whih sts.
Alte eases ea falsehoods, the inequality has 0 soliton,
Je? —4)o1 43) tx > then
wean-aie{
Case (Qe MO 1then fe) =x? = de 43,
Carey EL 3,860 f (0) =? = 43.
This enables usto skh the graph for = 0. Then we the fic that fia
‘en fiction ore his prof the raph about the yas to oti he
etre graph. Or we ould consider alo the cases x < =3,=3 ¢ x <= an
mex <0, ‘aS prmcires oF pron soxe
=1|-)e2=4, "
1 inden
Po itz?
weal Te een moa Tiree
Sor 0s bel < ete) = t—a8-(4-24) pas
tsb <2gG)=2°-1- (4-2)
12 \a@yas?—t~ GPa) a3 “
Lul+b=1+b91 © byl bI-bitt=0 © >
Inibl—bl—bl+1=0 «dl D(b1~D
L
Bxtyny se 457
-F)0-9
© 80-9-Fe-9=0 ©
syayes
[nlp = 1 The boundary fhe eae has quton e+ [9] = 1
In drt, sas bacon the ies +
ox tym Los y= Land y= Lespectvely
1 be=ylthst=bis?
cae@: xo y>0 oe xoyte-yst @ seysl @ yEe
Case: yox>0 > yoste-ys? @ Os2(n0)
Care(iy: x>0mndy <0 @ x-ytrtys2 @ Ws? © xst
Case(i x 0 9 yox—n—ys? G@ tes? @ x2-1
Cases yex
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