“Is There a Progressive’s Dilemma in “National Identity and Support for the
Canada? Immigration, Welfare State”
Multiculturalism and the Welfare
State”
Purpose of The purpose of this article was to
the article explore what the article names as
“The Progressive’s Dilemma.” This
dilemma is defined as the trade for
support of multiculturalism and
domestic redistribution, diversity and
solidarity. The article goes in depth to
explain the conflict between diversity
and solidarity and the consequences of
having both poses. The article focuses
on that disparity because it exposes
the social conflict that immigration
poses upon a society that is larger than
just conflicting opinions and it has a
much larger effect upon economic
systems and government.
Methods The study was conducted by
corroborating evidence and survey
data from Canada, relevant to the
content of the article. For example, the
article took survey data on general
opinion on immigration in Canada and
the racial makeup of the country to
show that the Progressive’s Dilemma
is not as apparent in Canada as the
data shows that they are incredibly
diverse and yet a very vast majority of
the population shows support for
immigration.
Results The conclusion of the study finds that
Canada is seen as somewhat of an
exception to the Progressive’s
Dilemma, however other countries,
such as the United States, very clearly
demonstrate the Progressive’s
Dilemma throughout many aspects of
the country’s society and government.
The purpose of the article is to explore in
the inequality found welfare state and
economic redistribution, and the effect that
national identity has upon welfare. The
article also explores the general idea of a
welfare state, and why they seem to be
fading away. The article highlights
changing economic systems and
political/social climates also accounting
for the stark contrast between how
common and functioning welfare states
used to be, as opposed to how they are
now.
The article conducted original studies
based upon models of welfare state
support. The article created a graph using
numerical values to present how moving
from being wealthy to middle class shows
a difference in how attitudes shift from a
dislike of welfare systems and creating
better programs, to a support and want of a
better system, respectively.
The conclusion of the study shows that
national identity has a big effect on a
welfare state, and how that country
progresses. This article also works in
conjunction with the first article, by
showing that national identity is directly
correlated with solidarity, and therefore
the lack of both concepts creates a

Connection The Progressive’s Dilemma is
applicable to the United States, as it is
clearly shown throughout multiple
aspects of the country. The article
states that the Dilemma is very
apparent throughout the United States,
as evidence shows that racial diversity
erodes trust throughout Americans
and this diversity is preventing
solidarity and vice versa. This concept
directly applies to my research that the
cycle of attitudes towards immigration
is constantly breaking down the
system and creating a divide between
the people.
Connection The economic aspect of the
Progressive’s Dilemma is very
apparent through the United States as
well. Welfare systems in the country
are less focused on ones who need the
help, especially immigrants, and is
increasingly more relevant as our
current president seeks to cut welfare
programs, hurting immigrants and
natives.
Connection Another connection to my research is
that the article suggests that a
response to the Progressive’s
Dilemma may incite closed borders of
a country, to preserve the state of their
country and increase solidarity,
instead of diversity.
Conclusions/ This article is extremely relevant to
limitations my research and this information is in
support of my research and
Progressive’s dilemma and also affects the
welfare state in relevance to immigration
and domestic events.
This article stressed the importance of
national identity, which is similar to
solidarity, but national identity is required
to form that sense of solidarity. National
identity increases trust throughout and
within different ethnic groups in a country
and it also creates a sense of trust between
constituents and their governments. This
connects to my research because my
research explores the lack of trust between
Americans and their government as
opposed to the better relationship
Canadian government systems have with
their people and how this difference in
relationships directly affects immigration
and policies.
This article also explicitly states the
relationship between anti-immigration
attitudes and support for the welfare state.
The article states that there is a
relationship between anti-immigration
attitudes and support for the welfare state
and it may actually be a product of a low-
functioning welfare state that creates and
perpetuates a distrust in government and
further issues regarding the welfare state.
Varying economic classes also have a very
large effect upon support for the welfare
state, tying into my research that the
Canadian points system in regards to
immigration, has brought the country high
levels of success and support for
immigration and this has a connection to
my research paper in support of a points
system implemented in America, with an
emphasis on low skilled labor.
Although this article is seemingly similar
to the first article, this one explores more
ideas economically which is extremely
 hypothesis. This article also contains relevant to my analysis of the Canadian
extensive information on both
American and Canadian governmental very beneficial to the Canadian economy.
systems along with public attitudes,
creating a very clear correlation with
my research.
“Questioning the New Liberal
Dilemma”
Purpose of The purpose of this article is to
article explore the Progressive’s Dilemma in
a more systemic environment,
especially focusing on governmental
systems and how laws are created and
influenced by race relations and
domestic harmony. This article also
approaches the subject in a more
sociological perspective, dissecting
how people interact and the effect race
has on social interaction and
systematic functions.
Methods The article utilizes studies conducted
by other institutions to create
empirical data. For example, the
article utilized a survey of generalized
trust opinions and used it to create
numerical representations of how
Swedish immigrants are statistically
less trusting and interactive with
others than native Swedish people,
developing the idea that immigrants
are set at a disadvantage when
immigrating to a new country thus
perpetuating anti-immigrant attitudes
even from themselves,
Results The conclusion proposes that informal
social interactions and and sense of
equality in the eyes of institutional
systems benefits both native and non-
native people of a nation, especially
points system and how it has proved to be
“In the Age of Trump:
Populist Backlash and Progressive
Resistance Create Divergent State
Immigrant Integration Contexts.”
The purpose of this article is to analyze
America after Trump’s inauguration,
putting heavy emphasis on the tensions
and dividing the American people. The
article explores some of the many ways
that these consequences have seeped into
everyday life, affecting school systems,
governments, and welfare programs.
The article does not use any data, however
it references many real life events, in
support of its message. The article cites
many events throughout political history,
including the downward trend of welfare
funds during Obama’s presidency as
opposed to Trump’s, decreasing from $71
billion to nearly half that amount.
The conclusion that this article draws is
that the Trump administration is faced
with heavy backlash, as the Trump
administration continues to make divisive
decisions that echoes back in
 minorities. The main message of the
article is that the Progressive’s
Dilemma is not set in stone, and it
actually can go both in favor of the
idea that you must trade diversity for
solidarity, but you can also present
one or the other, to get the other
result.
Connection This article is applicable to my
research because it relates to trust,
much like the first article on the
Progressive's Dilemma, however this
article explores the side that the first
one does not. This article explains
how the attempt to integrate more
immigrants can enhance or erode
trust, dependant on the pre-existing
trust between constituents and their
governments and how well
immigration integration systems are
set up in the country.
Connection Another connection is that immigrants
are more likely to be vulnerable in
new countries, they are more likely to
be unemployed or unable to receive
welfare programs, thus creating
misconceptions about immigration,
which then creates anti-immigration
views, which then creates a cycle.
This factor also works in support of
my research that the American
immigration system should be
reformed into a points system in
which both low skilled and high
skilled labor is prioritized, creating
lower amounts of unauthorized
immigration and creating a better
quality of life for everyone.
Connection This article also connects to my
research because it develops the idea
that minority groups are more likely to
try and integrate with others of the
same minority groups, limiting the
consequential ways to every in support of
his administration and everyone against it.
A large part of my research is how eroding
trust between constituents of a country and
their governmental systems perpetuates a
vicious cycle of anti-immigration views
and a broken immigration system. This
article very clearly shows the fading trust
of the American people and their
government, considering public opinions
of the majority and conflicting actions of
their government.
This also applies to the nationalism aspect
of my research, as people begin to distrust
their government their faith disappears and
so does their desire to ever fix their
government. This can develop into a
violent epidemic, and can be very closely
relation to race riots and their cause and
effects, applicable to my research that
diversity within the country can explode
with negative, violent consequences
especially in a society that is so polarized
and hate groups are so prominent.
The article also explores stand-offs
between federal and state government on
the topic of immigration especially
considering sanctuary states, directly
violating federal law. This can easily
 amount of interaction with the
majority. This directly relates to
prominence of nativist groups and
how this further division of people
causes not only distrust and
misinformation, but an unwillingness
to be able to sympathize or view
different perspectives.
Conclusion/ The article is very relevant to my
limitations research and provides more evidence
and viewpoints. A limitation that I am
seeing however, is that the message of
this article further complicates the
idea of the Progressive’s Dilemma,
diluting the general point and my
research.
develop even further by escalating into a
debate about federalism and what powers
actually lie within the state and the federal
government, especially when the federal
government is in direct violation of the
constituent’s beliefs. This is applicable to
my research because a dispute about
federalism can be brought back to the
constitution, escalating distrust, nativist
groups, and violence within the nation.
This article explores history and how
Americans can understand how what is
happening now is a response to history,
and education is the only way to keep it
from repeating. This article very clearly
shows how America has jumped from one
extreme, to another, causing a hurricane of
tension and difficult relations between
governments, the people, and systems
within the country.