Unit 1 Present simple and continuous for facts and trends We use the present simple. + to describe states, routines and habits Have visting msc: 1 usually doy researc onthe tert + for well-established facts Mascums keep many oftheir exits storage. We use the present continuous + to deserbe a temporary situation Sorry, Pm nsing this computer. wont be ong + to deseribe a trend oF new development, often with verbs, describing change, eg chang, increae, get + adjective. Comparative adjectives often aceur inthis type of sentence. “Te munser of people reading sing electrniereuers is increasing. ‘More and more young people are visting nar muscum. ‘+ with certain state verbs whieh also havea dynamic, progressive meaning Science is appealing to younger audiences nowadays Tm losing every minue! (colloquial) Simple or continuous? Some time adverbials may be more common with either simple or continuous, or ean be used with both, but witha diferent meaning, Ellipsis Words can often be let ott ava repetition ona serb ants objet an be lean afer an epee Tortmen hea abolish oxen cba Yes, they should, but they can't I in rb bn bs pres ome teresting ots and igre: Yes it bas. * infinitive clauses ean be reduced t0 the word to ‘He was tld to read both books, bat be decided not to + in answers to questions ‘Do you knows much abou science? Dm afr I don't Tis, Edo, Future forms: plans “There is no future tense in English. To express intention, various different forms are used. ‘+ use the present continuous, bave / bas araanged todo or be due to doco express fixed personal arrangements I'm seeing Pete tomorrce ‘+ se the present simple fora formal timetabled arrangement My plane gets in at iv. © use be going / planning / intending / boping 10 door be thinking of doing to express a clear intention T'm going 10 clean the bowse tomorrn. f Sey ry amen Be Most people get heir information from se internet moreadays. (established fact) Noseadays, mare and more people are reading books electronically. (new development) Frequeney adverbs afsays forever and continually can be used ssith present continuous to emphasise an emotional reaction toa regular activity. He’ ominualy making «nuisance of binself (This annoys me) Position of adverbials Single word time adverbials ean be placed between subject and verb, They normally come after ausiliary verbs be, bave, ete, and after be as a main verb, but after a negative auxiliary. usually lok up information onthe internet. You've abways interrupting me ken 1 speak. He's generally at home by 6.00. Longer adverbials are placed at the beginning or end of the sentence or clause. ‘Most of the time Ido my research on the internet read madern novels from time to time, but I prefer watching fins. Currently, atthe moment, vemspornily, at present ancl forthe time being describe a temporary situation. ‘The mascurn is currently being refarbisted. * in opinion questions Is there human life on otber planets? I think there is Lshink so. on’ think there is. I don’ tink so (NB I think nor is considered old-fashioned.) Tsuppoce so. Lsuppose mot ‘+ in spoken English where the context is clear, unnecessary ‘words can also be left out ‘+ acthe beginning of a sentence, subject pronouns ean be left ‘out hefore all verbs + in questions the ausiliary verb can be left out when the subject is clear (except before Land if) Want some cffee? Sorry, don’t have the time. use might / may do ori qualified with maybe, perbaps or probably co express a less certain intention Limight go 10 the cinema, or maybe I! watch a DVD. ‘+ use Wilf for plans formed at the moment of speaking ‘The ruins stopped ~ Irhink PM go for a walk: ‘+ the continuous aspect distances the speaker from the plan Tim going t0 he working lave this ecening.Unit 1 Exercises Present simple and continuous for facts and trends 1 Choone the mor ily option fr the cones 3 enya areas slag sae ipa 3 Gar yeu hehe 08 ee (tg slic ha Ae es lake goatoae Wi ayees /eappeaigh 4. Ths book s/t lig thor 5 ran le the mous 1 Uatetnal mar bed ioe usps al boli de tion aren dn thot marks climate sage ging 2 Inwhich sentences are both options possible? 1 Stop ordering me about! You've alays eling me what to dal / Yau aleys tell me what ro do. 2 This was such a good idea! Lam realy enjoying / realy enjoy myself 3 Lfind /T'm finding this book really interesting. 4 T'm pleased with your work. You're trying very bard. /You try ery hari § The air on Earth iecomtaining /contains about 78% nitrogen, 6 Most students prefer / are preferring to research projects on. the internet 7 Fewer and fewer people ase (ave sing libraries, Ellipsis 5 Sieictamenseetibarnerinbasarsnmenner oath an Res done eae Da you feel like seeing a film tonight? Is the gallery open tomorrow? No, I don’t think is open tomorrow: Future forms: plans 5. Delete the least likely alternative 1 Pon going to retire / PU retire / 'm retiring mest yea. 2 Vn planning / hoping / thinking to buy a new cat 8 Think J fe playing /U play /1 play vermis on Sunday. 4 What time does the film start / isthe fil starting / bas the fb arranged to start? What do yon do / are you doing / will you be doing tonight? 6 Teearranged 0/117 Tm due to take my driving test tomorrow, 2 PROPIEDAD DE, CENTRO GO.DB IORI, * Choose the best time adverbial to complete the sentence. ______, many people feel that space exploration is a waste of money. 1 Every other week b Generally speaking e Rarely , Twonder whether life exists on other planets. 4 From time to time b Arpresent © These days We don. 0 to art exhibitions ‘unless itS someone relly Famous. 4 most ofthe time b increasingly © normally people are finding thac information on the internet is, Temporarily Increasingly © Once in a blue moon, ‘This pare ofthe library ig closed, while new computer terminals are being installed. bb these days ¢ currently children’ books are enjoying a rarely _great populasi a Atthe moment Normally ¢ From time to time As I'm taking a break now. Yes, I think T'l take a break too. As Are you getting 2 new computer? B+ No, I can’t afford to buy a new computer.Unit 2 Future predictions Willis used in a definite prediction, when we know or believe that an event is certain. The cast of oi! will continue to rive We can make the prediction less or more certain by using + adverbs such as definitely (at), certain (nt) an probably (nat) and modifiers such as alas, quire The cst of il will (almost) certainly continue to rive © iss certain, (unlikely, Gimposble, probable, ete + that clause Its (bighly) likely that che cot of of will continue to rise + There is+ (a) (rong, ete) chance /likeibood / pose, no way / 1 doubt + that clause There isa slim chance that nore ol supplies willbe diseovered. Be bound / certain (ant) ro do describes something that will definitely ‘happen, or not happen, in the future. Be (highly) likely /walikely ro «do describes a probable or improbable future event. There is bound to be alot of interest in this exibition, and tckets are likely 10 sell out fast. May, might or could are used for uncertain predictions, when we are not sure what will happen. We do not use cam in this way: ‘There is no difference beeween may and might in this context, but ‘well adds a greater degree of probability We may / might (ell) ran out of ol befare the end ofthe century Narrative tenses ‘We use the past simple for the main events, or the finished actions, in a narrative. She got up end walked out of the room Language note: We often use present tenses in spoken narratives such as jokes. We use the past continuous for temporary situations and repeated ‘or unfinished actions or states. These ean contrast with finished actions and are often background deseription in a story. She was leaving the bone shen she sas hirm. 1 past simple is used with strive verbs. She did mot kmoxs thas be wanted to speak. We use the past perfect simple only if we need to show clearly that one event in the past happened before another event in the post. In a narrative, it may not be necessary to use the past perfect if the context explains the order of events. It may be possible to ‘express the same idea using before or after. Sometimes the choice ‘of tense depends on the sense especially with when. When se arrived, ie was too lave. He had already left he honse. (00 ‘comneetion between the actions) When she sat down, she beard a crack. (one action led to another) He lft the house before she got there ‘Should is used to say that you think something positive will probably happen, based on what you already know: He should pass the exam — be's been working bara. We should bacve cenongh cual to lat the winter Wndds wsed to make » prediction based on a condition. This sneans that something would have happened if something ese happened. The if part of the meaning is often lft out, or stated in another way, but understood. Mare help from the government would encourage porple 1 iastall soar panels (This means the sme a: Ifthe government gave mre belp We ean also use sll with be dang or have done to make predictions + we use all have done to describe looking forward to2 future and then looking hack to say what has happened (we often use a time point with by = not later than) We are starting t install the solar panels tomorr We install Jae panel ccery dy. and so by te end ofthe weck we will bave “fitted panel oa the Bouse inthe street. + “We use ail he duing to describe continuing events in the frure This ime nevt year wl be generating our sn cltrcty with aur nee solar panels ‘The past perfect continuous is used in the same way as the past perfect simple, but to deseribe an ongoing situation or repeated action, She looked at bis desk. There were sheets of paper halfocered in uviting. He bad been trying to write her a letter: Different forms are used to describe a future event viewed from a pine in the past. Would de /be doing, as / were going todo, was / cere doing, ete dleseribe a future event oF plan, [-zent to bed carly because we were eatching a train at 6.00 the next dday and Uke Vaould feel tired otherwise Was / vere abo to do, beam the point / verge of doing describe an imminent aetion or event, often interrupted. ‘She mas just about to leave when the phone ring Tras on the verge of diving, but suddenly felt afraid.Unit 2 Exerci es Future predictions 1. Complete the sentenees with one suitable word, More than cone answer may be possible. 1 The hero is 2 Unfortunately, it seems very will ever be completely safe 3. Trmay not be possible to arrange, but Pi sure an exhibition of her paintings attract lor of people: 4 Tmnot sure, but [think this well be what we are looking for. 5 Readers years to come, 6 Vmataid there is strong sight completely. to save everyone in the end, that nuclear power definitely enjoy this story for many that he will lose his 2. Rewrite the sentence so it contains the word in brackets. More than one answer may be possible. 1. This book has a good chance of winning the prize. (prahably) 2 ‘This painting certainly wont sell for a million. (z4y) 3. [es certain that solar power will replace other forms of domestic power. (bound) Narrative tenses 4 Choose the correct option, 1 Tzunted / sous wanting to buy the painting, but I did't bring / hraa’s brought enough money with me. asked ifhe zoudd acepr 1 as abou to acept a cheque 2 When the lights sent ont / bad gone ont, people were starting / starved screaming. 3. She bad visited / war visiting the town once before, several years carler, but she baci’ forgotten / didn’ forget how to reach the town centre. 4 He wam's arriving / didn’t arrive at work one Friday morning, and nobody knew he ud had / bad an accident 5 She opened / as opening the window. cold wind was blnving ‘ad bon, and she was glad that she bad packed / eas packing some warm clothes 6 Hee sar glancing / glanced inco the room. eat a sleeping / had slept on the sofa and a small girl wus sitting / bad set on the floor, reading a comic. seas going to avepr / sul accept the job, but Thad second thoughts, 8 They vere Puilding /sere on the verge of building an extension, bu planning permission was refused 4 She will almost certainly win the Nobel Prize for Literature. ikelibood) 5. Ies possible scientists will discover a new way of producing, ‘energy, (well) 6 There little chance that people will learn to use less electrics (high) 3. Complete the sentences with will and the correct form of the verb in brackets No, three o'clock on Monday isn’t a very good time. 1______ ive) a talkin a meeting then 2 'mhoping that wi (finist) by the time it gets dark, 3 He complete) bis first novel by the end ofthe year 4 See you at 5.30.1 (oat) outside the 5) Weld better hurry up, or else the phy — sar’), (already 5 Complete the sentences with suitable past tenses of the verb in brackets 1 He (stand) by the window when he (begin) t0 realise that someone else — (come) in through the door, and — (Guar) at hie. 2. Thesun sweat ——(¢rn) stronger all the time, and (drip) down her face, bt when she (ope) her backpack and (cart) to look forthe water bottle, she (reaite that she (dere) tin the ear. 3 He (ake up) suddenly in a dark room. Some nois (come) from outside. People (shout), and ears — — (boot). He. (oy) to get up, but he couldn't move. What _ (he do) here? How long. ay be slop)? How (be end up) in this place 4 She first (notice) the small silver box as she ‘euik) co the bus stop. There it was, on the top of a lowe garden wall by the side of the pavemen someone (carr) itand (rap) it inthe street and then a passerby — (notice it and (pm) icon the wal, so that the owner could Perhaps find it again. She (pic) it up and ook) ait more closely. It (een) quite valuable. “The street was deserted, and she (think) of putting it in her pocket when suddenly she (realise) something odd. Her name, Helen, was written on the top of the box.