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In this experiment, a post tensioning technique was used to enhance the seismic
performance of infilled RC frames by preventing precocious failure of infill walls
and increase in their involvement with RC frames, six 1/3-scale single-story RC
frames were tested. The frames were divided into groups. Each group consists of
a bare frame, an infilled frame and a retrofitted infilled frame based on their
aspect ratios.

All frames were subjected to a similar cyclic force and their responses were
measured during test through strain gauges and load cells. 1.Test specimens: The
different types of specimens based on their aspect ratios. / Fig. 1 specimens. a, c
and e are bare frame, infilled frame and retrofitted infilled frame with aspect ratio
of 1.

b, d and f are bare frame, infilled frame and retrofitted infilled frame with aspect
of ratio 0.5. The purpose of this test is to determine the impact of earthquake on
brick walls with different aspect ratios, so in order to compute an accurate result,
the same dimensions of beams, columns and foundations were used in all frames
as shown in fig 2. / Fig 2: a The dimensions of a frame.

b and c Cross sectional dimensions of beams, columns and foundations It is

noteworthy that The yield and ultimate tensile strengths of reinforcements are
406 and 735 MPa, and the ultimate compressive strength of concrete has an
average 32.5 Mpa (cube specimens). The frames were subjected to post-
tensioning forces through eight 12 mm rebar (four at each side). The ultimate
tensile and yield stress were 900 and 700 Mpa.

The infill walls were made of clay bricks and mortar so, in order to take the effect
of the size of bricks into account, the bricks were divided into a smaller size. The
dimensions of brick wall were (50 mm x 40 mm x 60 mm), and the average of
diagonal tension of walls were 1.71 Mpa. Determination the location of post
tensioning force and its values A numerical study was performed in order to
compute the maximum intensity and location of post-tensioning forces. For that
a Finite element model was established through using ABAQUS software.

/ Figure 3: infilled frame with aspect ratio one in different locations of post
tensioning force at beginning span, mid span and Quarter span. After run the
model, the optimal location was achieved by subjecting a constant post
tensioning forces for all bars and changing their locations from mid span to
Quarter span to beginning span (see Fig. 3). The model of infilled frame was
subjected to a cyclic lateral force and analyzed under a constant post tensioning
force.

The constant post tensioning force was 6 KN that equals to the half of shear
strength of the beam. The reason of this selection was to make sure that the
beam will not fail under this additional force due to post tensioning rebar. / Fig. 4
(a) Load displacement for different locations of post tensioning rebar. (b) load
displacement curves for different intensities.

Figure 5 (a) shows the force-displacement curves for three different locations of
forces at mid-span, quarter-span and beginning span. It is evident from the
curves that the largest displacement is obtained where the post tensioning force
is applied to the beginning of span and more engagements between brick and
the RC frame were created.

In fact, when a lateral force is applied to infilled frame majority of separations

occur at corners between the brick and the RC frame, so the presence of post
tensioning rebar at the beginning of span limits these separations by increasing
the engagement between the infill wall and the RC frames. Figure. 5(b) displays
four different intensities of post tensioning forces which were equal to 25, 50, 75
and 100% of shear strength of the beam.

Results indicated that the biggest ultimate strength is obtained when the post
tensioning force equaled to 6 KN and when the post tensioning force is greater
than 6 KN a shear failure of the beam-to-column joints occurred. On the other
hand, for the post tensioning force is smaller than 6 KN, the engagement
between the RC frame and the infill wall was not enough.

Results of experimental tests: This figure displays crack patterns of tested frames
when they have reached their failure loads / Fig. 5 Crack patterns and failure
mechanisms. a, c and e Bare frame, infilled frame and retrofitted infill frame with
aspect ratio of 1.0 at 4.5%, 4.5% and 5.5% drift. b, d and f Bare frame, infilled
frame and retrofitted infilled frame with aspect ratio of 0.5 at 4.5%, 1.5% and
4.5% drift. In bare frames: at the drift of 0.5% the first crack was observed at the
bottom of columns and beam to column joints. At the drift of 3.5%, concrete
spalling happened at the beam column joints and at 4.5% drift longitudinal
reinforcement of columns buckled. Infilled frame: Figure.

9c, at the drift of 0.5%, some horizontal cracks occurred at the top of brick wall,
after this point, increase in the drift added the number and size of cracks.at the
drift of 3.5% the beam-to-column joint of the frame reached its shear capacity. At
4.5% drift, concrete crashing occurred the frame reached its failure. Figure, 9d, at
the drift of 1.5%, a sudden shear failure occurred at the beam-to-column joints.

The reason for sudden shear was because of the high stiffness of clay brick wall.
Unlike bare frames, no flexural crack occured on the beam. This indicates that
beams in bare frame have had a higher contribution to the energy dissipation.
Retrofitted infilled frame: Figure 9e, at the drift of 1% the first crack in the frame
occurred.

At this drift, cracks occurred at the top of columns and diagonally at the corners
of the wall. At the drift of 4.5% the failure of frame started at the bottom of
columns. At drift 5.5% concrete spalling occurred and the frame reached its
failure condition. Figure 9f, At the drift of 4.5% the failure condition occurred. The
brick wall has a higher contribution to the energy dissipation.

This because no shear failure occurred in the beam-to-column joints. Conclusion:

What can be concluded that the presence of post-tensioning forces has increased
the engagement between the clay brick wall and the RC frame. this has increased
the capacity and energy dissipation of the system about 20%.

The results of previous researches display that the stiffening of slab can reduce
the i damage to the beams of RC frames so, the observed crack in this study may
differ from the case where the T-beam action has been taken into account.

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