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3.1 Matter
1. Matter is anything has mass and occupies spaces.
2. Matter has weight because its mass is acted upon by the earth’s gravity
3. Matter has volume as ti occupies space
4. All living thing and non-living thing are matter.
a) Human beings,animals,and plants are examples of living matter
b) Air,water and soil are examples of non living-matter
5. Heat,light,vacuum and sound are not matter because they do not have mass and occupies spaces
Brownian movement
1. The random movement of particles of matter is known as the Brownian movement.
2. The Brownian movement takes places in gases and liquid because gas particles and liquid particles can
move randomly.
3. Brownian movement does not take places in solids because solid cannot move freely.That explains why
solids cannot flow.
4. A smoke cell can used to show Brownian movement.
a) A smoke cell contains smoke particles and air particles.
b) The smoke particles look like tiny light dots moving randomly in a zig-zag manner,
c) Inferences:
3.3 Density
1. Density is a measure of how compact an object is,that is,how much matter is contained in one unit of
volume.
2. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of an object.
3. Density is measured in gram per cubic cintimetre(g cm-3) or kilogram per cubic metre (kg m-3).
4. We can easily find the density of an object if we know the mass and the volume of the object.
a) The mass of an object can easily be determined using a lever balance or a beam balance.
b) The volume of an object can be determined using the water displacement method.
c) Then,the density of the object can be calculated using the following formula..
5. The density of a substances can tell us whether the substances is pure or not.This is because the
densities of pure substances are fixed.
6. The density formulae
a) The density equations can be written as follows:
7. Each substances has a different density.Table 3.1 shows the densities of several substances.
Matter Object Density
Solid Cork 0.25
Wood 0.9
Ice 0.92
Glass 2.5
Aluminium 2.7
Zinc 7.1
Iron 7.9
Copper 8.9
Silver 10.5
Lead 11.3
Gold 19.3
Platinum 21.5
Liquid Sea 0.03
Kerosence 0.7
Petrol 0.75
Alcohol 0.79
Turpentine 0.87
Benzene 0.88
Water 1
Fresh Milk 1.03
Tetrachloromethane 1.59
Glycerine 1.3
Chloroform 2.9
Mercury 13.6
Gas Hrdrogen 0.0001
Air 0.0013
Oxygen 0.0014
2. Floats a) The air in the floats makes them less dense than water.
b) Specials floats called buoys are fixed to the bottom of sea to mark places
that are dangerous for ships,or to show where ships may or may not go
c) Plastic balls are tied to fishing nets as floats.These help the nets to floats
in the sea.
3. Making raftfs a) A rafts is able to stay afloat because bamboos and logs are less dense
than water.
4. Ship and speed boat a) A ship which weighs thousands of tones can float in the sea because the
air space in the ship enables it to float
b) The body of speed boat is made of strong fiber glass which has lower
density than steel.
5. Building submarines a) A submarine has several ballast tanks.These tanks enable a submarine to
rise or dive in sea water.
c) To dive,the ballast tanks are filled with sea water.This increase the mass
of the submarine and the submarine becomes denser than sea water.
d) By varying the number of ballast tanks filled with sea water,a submarine
can run at different underwater depths.
6. Hot air balloon a) A hot air balloon has a burner that heats up the air in the balloon.
b) When the burner is turned on,the air in the balloon becomes hot and
expands.The hot air is less denses than the cold air around the
balloon.This enables the hot air balloon to rise into the sky.
c) When the burner is turned off,the air in the balloon cools down and the
balloon sinks to the ground.