(=ÿ MJUATZtOM* LIMITED

,£.IlWZrBD
~DUN:£OP
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
NDT AIRCRAFT
NOT
WHEELS
AI RCRAFT WHEELS

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

SUBJECT PAGE DATE

Title Page May 21/84

II
Record of Revisions 1
2 Blank

List of Effective Pages 1 21/84

May 21/84
May
2 Blank
Blank

Table of Contents 1 21/84

May 21/84
May
2 II

Introduction 1
2 Blank

Description and Object 1 21/84

May 21/84
May
2 II

Semi -Automated Eddy Current 101

101 II

102
102 II

II
103
103
II
104
104
105
105 II

106
106 Blank

Manual Eddy Current 201 May 21/84

202 II

203
203 II

204
204 II

205
205 II

206
206 It

207
207 II

208 II

wy

tJKJ

fcl--

20-00-01
List of Effective Pages
List of Effective Pages
Page 1/2 Blank
Page 1/2 Blank
DA 1/3133/50 May 21/84
PRINTED IN ENGLAND May 21/84
___
<

ÿ
ÿ
DESCRIPTION AND OBJECT

-
Description

•«

Introduction

Scan Pattern

Wheel Preparation

Description
System

Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems

DA 1/3133/50
*

Areas to be Inspected

Methods of Inspection
«

SEMI -AUTOMATED EDDY CURRENT

Operation
System Operation
Interpretation
Interpretation

MANUAL EDDY CURRENT

Introduction

Inspection Probes

Calibration Samples

Calibration Procedure
Systems Using
Using
Using
Using
Using
Using
ÿ ItUWIsOM* LMSITEIJ
~ DUN~O.P £lltIIZTBD
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
GENERAL

a
a
a
a
a
a
NDT AIRCRAFT

"Metoptic EM12" Inspection System

Description
Description
System Operation
System Operation
Interpretation
Interpretation
•

"Inspection Instruments Eddyprobe 4" System

Description
MANUAL
PRACTICESWHEELS
NDT AI RCRAFT
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Meter Display
Meter Display
Chart Recorder
Chart Recorder
• •

Storage Oscilloscope
Storage Oscilloscope

2:0-00-01 'CONT8NTS
20-00-01 CONTENTS
WHEELS

Page 1
Page 1
printed in England
.
• • • • • •
Page

101

101

101

102

103

201
201
201
201
201
201
202
202

May 21/84
May 21/84
 ÿnrjvxop
~ DUNZ,OP
XjImeiteb
Z,l'lWZTBD
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS

INTRODUCTION

This
This General Practices Manual
General Practices Manual contains information on
contains information on detailed examinationofof
detailed examination
aircraft wheels for cracks using Non-Destructive
aircraft wheels for cracks using Non-Destructive Testing Testing Techniques
Techniques laid
as laid
as
down by
down by Dunlop Aviation.
Dunlop Aviation. This manual will
This manual will bebe updated
updated asas and
and when
when new
new types
types
ofof equipment
equipment become
becomeavailable.
available. If further information is required contact
If further information is required contact
Dunlop Aviation Division,
Dunlop Aviation Division, Holbrook
Holbrook Lane, Coventry.
Coventry.

20—OCHOi Introduction
Introduction
DA 1/3133/50 May 21/84
May 21/84
 ÿ
~ BEJWLOM*
DUN~O.P MjjnXITEUJ
~.I1f6Zr.BD
GENERAL
GENERAL PRACTICES
PRACTICES MANUAL
MANUAL
NDT
NDT AIRCRAFT
AI RCRAFT WHEELS
WHEELS

Page
Page

Wheel
Wheel Preparation
Preparation .. .. 202
202

Inspection 203

Flange Rim/Tyre
Flange Rim/Tyre Seat
Seat
Peripheries
Peripheries of Bolt Holes
of Bolt Holes
Radii in
Radii in Nut and Bolt
Nut and Bolt Head
Head Seats
Seats
Peripheries
Peripheries ofof Ventilation/Lightening
·0·
'O' Ring
Radii
Ring Seal
Radii Under
Ventilation/Lightening
Seal Groove
Groove
Under Drive
Drive Block
Block Abutments
Abutments
Holes
Holes

Web
Web Radii
Radii
Lock
Lock Ring
Ring Groove
Groove
Inner
Inner Wall Radii in
Wall Radii Centre Flange
in Centre Flange

Interpretation 208 f

Sentencing 208

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig.
Fig.

NDT Specified Inspection

NDT Specified Inspection Areas Wheel (Typical)
Areas Main Wheel (Typical) 1
1
Typical
Typical Circumferential Scan Pattern
Circumferential Scan Pattern 101
Typical IIMetoptic EM12"
Typical "Metoptic EM1211 Test
Test Set Up 102
Typical "Inspection
Typical IIlnspection Instrument
Instrument Eddyprobe 4"
Eddyprobe Test Set Up
411 Test Up 103
Typical Circumferential
Typical Circumferential Scan
Scan Pattern
Pattern 201
Typical Sinusoidal Scan Pattern
Typical Sinusoidal Pattern 202
Typical Paths Peripheries
Scan Paths
Typical Scan Peripheries of Bolt
Bolt Holes 203
Typical Scan
Typical Scan Path
Path Nut
Nut and Bolt
Bolt Head Radii
Seat Radii 204 ,_/

Typical Peripheries of Ventilation/

Scan Path Peripheries
Typical Scan Ventilation/
Lightening Holes
Lightening 205
Typical Scan Path 'O'
Typical Scan '0· Ring
Ring Seal Groove 206
206
Typical Pattern Radii
Typical Scan Pattern Radii Under Drive Block
Under Drive Block Abutments
Abutments 207
207
Typical Scan
Typical Scan Path WebWeb Radii
Radii 208
208
Typical Scan
Typical Lock Ring
Scan Paths Lock Ring Groove
Groove 209
209
Typical Scan
Typical Scan Patterns Inner Wall
Patterns Inner Radii
Wall Radii 210
210

20-00-01
20-00-0 CONTENTS
1 CONT£NT·8~
Page 22
Page
DA 1/3133/50 printed in England 21/84
May 21/84
May
 DWJWLOI* limited
~DI7N~DP ~llWZrED
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
MANUAL
PRACTICESWHEELS
NDTL AIRCRAFT
GENERA
EELS
NOT AI RCRAFT WH
ÿ
DESCRIPTION AND OBJECT

1. Description
1. Description
In the 'Check' section of the Component Maintenance Manual for an aircaircraft
raft
ion of the Com
ck' sectillustration ponent Maintenance Manual for an
In the a'Che
wheel sectional details the areas in which
h NOTNDT inspection
insp ectio n is is
whe el a sectA iona tration details the areas in whic
l illusnumber covered by the common
required. large of these areas can be by the com mon
required. A large num ber of these areas can be covered
inspection techniques outlined ininthis
thisman
manual.
ual. Areas
Area s specific
spe cific to to a particu¬
a part icu-
outlined
insp
lar wheel willesbe covered
techniqu
ection only in the relevant wheel Component
el Component Mai nten ance
Maintenance
will be covered in the relevant whe
Manual .
lar whe el only
Manual.
2. Object

It is the object of this man

manual detail
to deta techniques willreve
thatwill
niques that al fatig
reveal ue
fatigue
the object of this ual to il tech
It is
cracking of aircraft whe wheels in the
the orde
order (0.08 in.)long 0,25 mm
long 0,25 mm
aircraft els in r ofof 22mm
mm(0.0 8 in.)
cracking
(0.01 in.)ofdeep.
r• 3.
(0.01 in.) deep.
Areas to be Inspected (Figure 1)

The areas to be inspected are illustrated in Figure 1 and listed below:

A. Flange rim/tyre seat: critical area, erred met

preferred
, pref hod ofofinsp
method ection
inspection
A. Flange rim/tyre seat: critic al area
Semi -Automated Eddy
Eddy Current.
Cur rent.
Semi-Automated
B. Peripheries of bolt holes.

C. Radii in nut and bolt head seats.

D. Peripheries of ventilation holes.

E. 'O' ring seal groove.

F. Radii under drive block abutments.

G. Web radii )
\
)
H. Lock ring groove ) Not indicated in Figure 1
)
I. Inner wall radii in centre flange )

must be
care must paid to
be paid ection of the flange rim/
the insp
to the
NOTE: Particular
Particular care inspection of the flange rim/
(reference area
area (reference
seatarea A)
area A) as as small cracks and defects in
tyre
tyre seat small cracks and defects in
this areamay
this area result in
mayresult in rapid crack propagation, causing a sec-
rapid crack propagation, causing a sec¬
detached. It
becomedetached.
flange toto become It is important that the tech-
tionofofflange
tion important
isdefe that the
orde tech¬
r des -
capable of
are capable of finding cts of the
niques employedare
niquesemployed finding defects of the order des¬
para.2
cribed ininpara.
cribed Object.
2 Object.

20 -0 0-0'1
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4
21/81
MayPage
May 21/84
 ÿivrjvxoF
~DI 7NLOP ~.llWITED
linsiteij

GENERAL
GENE PRACTICES
RAL PRAC MANUAL
TICES MANU AL
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS
SEMI-AUTOMATED EDDY CURRENT

1. Introduction

Semi-Automated Eddy Current inspection is the preferred method

red metho d ofofinspe c-
inspec¬
Semi-Automated Eddy Current inspection is the prefer iques
tion for the flange to
the flange tyre seat
to tyre area. AA numb
seat area. er ofof test
number sets and
test sets and techn
techniques
tion for
are available, examples
are available, exam ples of
of which
which are
are described.
descr ibed. ence shoul
Reference
Refer should alsobe
d also be
made to test set manufacturers
factur ers instructions.
instru ctions .
made to test set manu
2. Scan Pattern

The t techn ique isisnor-

The scan
scan pattern used in
pattern used in a semi -automated
a semi- automated eddyeddy curren
current technique nor¬
mally circumferential
mally circumferent ial, , as
as illustrated
illustra ted in
in Figure
Figure 101.
101. The
The pitch
pitch ofof the
the scan
scan
path being determined
path being determined by by thethe type of test
type of and probe
set and
test set used. The
probe used. Thecom-
com¬
plete barrel area of the
the wheel
whee l may
may be
be scann ed,
scanned, on
on large
large whee
wheelsls the
the mini-
mini¬
plete barrel area of
mum amount of
mumamount of tyre seat area scann
tyre seat scanned
ed is be 50
to be
is to mm (2
50 mm (2 in.).
in.).

SCAN PITCH

SCj~P'T(:H,J·.R..··.·.··.R··.·.·••R•••·.~·I;'~:R-:-_-I·.·.·.·.E·
(
••··E-B.· ••••_•..•...; R 1~.~••.~••~."..it""••~, •.)
J 0 PC 9622
ISS I

Typical Circumferential Scan Pattern

Figure 101

3. Wheel Preparation

Clean areatotobe inspected as

beinspected in 'Cleaning'
detailed in
asdetailed section of Compo-
Cleanthe
thearea 'Cleaning'
Manu al. Remo ve loose paint and tyre rubber of
section in Compo¬
the
MaintenanceManual.
nentMaintenance
nent Remove loose paint and tyre rubber in the
flange
flangerim and tyre seat area.
radius and tyre seat area.
rimradius

20--00-01
20-00-01 Page 101
May 21/84
DAI/3133/50
 ÿ utJisrisOjp JL/Mirri?
~DUN~OP ~llWZTBD
GENERAL
GENERAL PRACTICES
PRACTICES MANUAL
MANUAL
NDT AIRCRAFT
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS
WHEELS

FLANGES/TYRE SEAT
AREAS
(BOTH HALF HUBS)

0' RING SEAL

'O'RING SEAL
GROOVE
GROOVE
VE~TILATION I
VENTILATION/ (BRAKE SIDE
(BRAKE SIDE
LIGHTENING
LIGHTENING HOLES
HOLES HALF HUB)
HALF HUB)
(BOTH HALF
(BOTH HALF HUBS)
HUBS)

DRIVE
DRIVEDOG
DOG
ABUTMENTS
ABUTMENTS
(BRAKE SIDE
(BRAKE SIDE
HALFHUB)
HALF HUB)

BOLT HOLES
(BOTH HALF HUBS)

0*C 9631 COUNTER BORES

ISS I (BOTH HALF HUBS)

NDT Specified Inspection Areas Main Wheel (Typical)

Figure 1

4. Methods of Inspection

The methods of inspection described and page number blocks allocated are:

1. Semi-Automated Eddy Current Page block 101 - 200.

2. Manual Eddy Current Page block 201 - 300.

NOTE: To carry
To carry out
out adequate
adequate and
and effective
effective crack
crack detection
detection using
using Eddy
Eddy
Current Equipment a trained operator should be available and
Current Equipment a trained operator should be available and
the limitations
the limitations of
of the
the techniques
techniques andand test
test equipment
equipment appreciated.
appreciated.

20-00-01 Page
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May
May 21/84
21/84
DAI/3133/50 printed in England
 dwjwijOi* r/jifirru
~DI7N~OP ~.IM'Z7'BD
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS
NOT AIRCRAFT WHEELS

000\=U
o o o

DETECTOR
CRACKDETECTOR
CRACK AND
AND
UNIT
RECORDERUNIT
RECORDER

WHEEL UNDER TEST

WHEEL ADAPTER

PROBE

PROBEARM
PROBE ARM
LEAD SCREW PROBEARM
PROBE ARM
GUIDE
GUIDE
PROBE CARRIAGE
RAM
RAM

: oQo
000 I
i 000 I

/
WHEEL TEST RIG
~~~/
y
CONTROL PANEL
CONTROL PANEL
N. /— I ~:,~
I'J[
\/ '
PROXIMITY
1

PROXIMITY SWITCHES
t>l»8qbl>
'"2
SWITCHES
Q6I5

Typical "Metoptic EM12" Test Set Up

Figure 102

5. "Inspection Instruments Eddyprobe 4" System (Figure 103)

A. Description

This designed for

system isis designed use with
for use recorder having
trace recorder
with aa trace two
This system having two
paper speeds. Two Two probe types are
probe types utilised, one
are utilised, contou
one contoured red to fit
paper speeds. to fit
individual seat radii
tyre seat containing two
and containing
radii and scannin
two scanning g cores to cover
individual tyre cores to cover
the
the flange
flange to tyre seat radius and the
to tyre seat radius and the tyre seat radiustyre seat radius to the start
to the start
ofofthe tyresea
the tyre seat important that
area. ItIt isis important
t area. that the the profile of this probe
profile of this
probe
bead seat
the bead
that ofof the radius of
seat radius the hub
of the inspected.
being inspected.
hub being Air
matches that
matches Air
between the probe and
the probe and hub in a loss of sensitiv
result in a loss of sensitivity.
will result
hub will ity.
gaps between
gaps
The probe has
other probe
The other section to
flat section
has aa flat cover the
to cover tyre seat and barrel
the tyre seat and barrel
area. This
area. probe has
This probe area of
scan area
has aa scan 9 mm (0.35
of 9 mm (0.35 in.) in.) coupled with a
coupled with a
circumferential scan
circumferential scan pathpath ofof 22 mm (0.08 in.)
mm(0.08 pitch, thus any defect
in.) pitch,
thus any defect
scanned atat least
willbebescanned
will least three times. To
three times. facilitate setting up of the
To facilitate setting up of the
calibration block
system a acalibration
system containing aa real
block containing real or or artificial crack 0,5 mm
artificial crack
in.) wide is require 0,5d. mm
(0.02 in.)
(0.02 approximately 0,1
deep approximately
in.) deep 0,1 mm (0.004 in.)
mm(0.004
wide is required.

NOTE : The inspection probes

The inspection described to
probes described to cover the flange rim and
coverllythe flange
using rim and
a simple
seat radius
tyre seat can be employ
radius can be employed manually ed manua
tyre using a simple
turntable.
turntable.

20~OO~O"
20-00-01 Page 103
103
Page21/84
May
DA 1/3133/50 PRINTED IN ENGLAND May 21/84
 ÿX7Z7JVXOP
~DUN.£OP .£lltEZTBD
GENERAL
GENERAL PRACTICES
PRACTICES MANUAL
MANUAL
NDT AIRCRAFT
AI RCRAFT WHEELS
WHEELS

4. "Metoptic EM12" Inspection System (Figure 102)

A. Description

This system incorporates

This system incorporates a chart
chart recorder
recorder with
with a fixed
fixed paper
paper feed
feed and
and
utilises
utilises an inspection
inspection probe
probe with
with a spherical
spherical tip
tip that
that isis sensitive
sensitive overover
full 360 degrees
a full degrees atat its contact point.
its contact point. The
The system
system gives
gives a circumfer¬
circumfer-
ential scan of approximately
ential scan approximately 1,6 mm (0.062
1,6 mm (0.062 in.).
in.). To facilitate
facilitate setting
setting
up
up of the system a calibration
the system block containing
calibration block containing a realreal oror artificial
artificial
crack 0,5
crack 0,5 mmmm (0.02
(0.02 in.)
in.) deep approximately 0,1
deep approximately mm (0.004
0,1 mm (0.004 in.)
in.) wide
wide
is required.
required.

B . System Operation

(1)
(1) Adjust lift off
Adjust lift off control to give
control to give minimal test
test meter
meter needle
needle movement
movement
when probe
when probe is lifted
lifted slightly
slightly from
from test
test block.
block.

(2)
(2) Adjust meter
Adjust meter sensitivity
sensitivity to give
give a signal
signal trace
trace height
height of 15 mm
mm
(0.6
(0.6 in.)
in.) on recording
recording paper
paper for the 0,5
for the mm (0.02
0,5 mm (0.02 in.)
in.) deep
deep
defect
defect in the
the calibration
calibration block.
block.

(3) Fit appropriate wheel adapter to ram, centre wheel on adapter.

(4)
(4) Set upper
Set upper andand lower
lower proximity
proximity switches
switches to to pre-determined
pre-determined posi-
posi¬
tions (X and
tions and Y Figure 102)
Y Figure 102) ensuring
ensuring lower
lower switch
switch is
is set
set to
to give
give
scan start
a scan start at
at the
the outer
outer edge
edge of the
the flange area (point
flange area (point XX Figure
Figure
102)
102) and
and upper
upper switch
switch to give
give a scan
scan at mm (2
least 50 mm
at least in.) into
(2 in.) into
the tyre
the tyre seat area (point
seat area (point Y Figure 102).
Y Figure 102).

NOTE: Scan may be

Scan be extended
extended to
to include
include complete
complete barrel area of
barrel area
desired.
wheel if desired.

(5) Start scan.

C.
C. Interpretation
Interpretation

(1)
(1) View recording
View recording trace,
trace, investigate
investigate any
any signal trace of 5 mm
signal trace (0.2
mm (0.2
in.) height
in.) height oror greater
greater using
using a hand
hand held
held probe
probe and
and a high fre¬
high fre-
quency test
quency test meter.
meter.

(2) Reject a cracked half hub.

(3)
(3) Corrosion is not
Corrosion not permitted,
permitted, dress out
dress out corrosion
corrosion as
as detailed
detailed in
in
'Repair' section
'Repair' section of Component
Component Maintenance
Maintenance Manual.
Manual.

(4)
(4) Dress out
Dress out physical
physical damage
damage as
as detailed
detailed in
in 'Repair'
'Repair' section
section of
Component Maintenance
Component Maintenance Manual.
Manual.

2·0-00-01
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DA 1/3133/50 printed in England May 21/84
21/84
 ÿH17Y£OF LIMITED
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GENERAL PRACTICES MANUAL
GENERAL PRACTICES
NDT AIRCRAFT MANUAL
WHEELS
NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS
B. System Operation

(1) With cable connected to one connection of the contoured probe,

(1) With cable connected to one connection of the contoured probe,
adjust trace sensitivity to give a signal height of 15 mm (0.6 in.)
adjust trace sensitivity to give a signal height in.)
of 15 mm (0.6 in.)
on the recording
on the recording paper
paper for the 0,5 mm (0.02
for the 0,5 mm (0.02 in.)
deep defect in
deep defect in
the calibration block.
the calibration block.
NOTE: It is
It is recommended
recommended that series of
that aa series hubsororhub
of hubs hubsections
sections
be obtained
be obtained withwith tyre
tyre seat profiles matchthe
radius profiles totomatch
seat radius the
contoured probes being used and contain
contoured probes being used and contain known fatigue known fatigue
cracks in
cracks in the tyre seat
the tyre Spark eroded
radius. Spark
seat radius. erodedorormilled
milled
slots 0,5 mm (0.02 in.) deep 0,1 mm (0.004
slots 0,5 mm (0.02 in.) deep 0,1 mm (0.004 in.) to in.) to
0,2
0,2 mmmm (0.008 in.) wide,
(0.008 in.) wide, 66 mm
mm (0.25 in.)toto8 8mm
(0.25 in.) mm
(0.3 in.) long may be
(0.3 in.) long may be used. used. At the start of
At the start of each each
wheel
wheel batch
batch these hubs should
these hubs should bebe used calibrate
usedtotocalibrate
the test equipment.
the test equipment .. •

(2)
(2) Select turntable
Select turntable speed
speed to 1, trace
to 1, recorder speed
trace recorder high,turn-
speed toto high, turn¬
table/recorder
table/recorder synchronisation
synchronisation 'ON'. Place
to 'ON'.
to probeinintyre
Place probe tyreseat
seat
radius,
radius, depress
depress auto zero button,
auto zero button, switch turntableon.
switch turntable on. Scan
Scan
hub
hub for
for two full
two full revolutions.
revolutions.
(3)
(3) Connect cable
Connect cable to the opposite
to the connection of
opposite connection of contoured probe.
contouredprobe.
Repeat steps (1)
Repeat steps (1) and (2).
and (2).

(4)
(4) Connect cable
Connect to the
cable to the tyre seat/barrel probe,
tyre seat/barrel calibrateasasper
probe, calibrate per
step (1).
step (1). Select
Select turntable speed 4,
turntable speed 4, trace recorder
trace recorder speed
speed totolow,
low,
position
position probe
probe toto overlap scan area of contoured probe. Switch
overlap scan area of contoured probe. Switch
turntable
turntable on.
on. Scan
Scan tyre seat/barrel area
tyre seat/barrel area for
for atat least
least5050mm
mm
(2
(2 in.).
in.). Switch off.
Switch off.

NOTE : Scan
Scan may be
may be extended
extended to to include
include the
the complete
completebarrel
barrel
area
area of wheel
of wheel if desired.
desired.

C. Interpretation

(1)
(1) View recording
View recording trace.
trace. Investigate
Investigate anyany signal
signal trace
trace ofof 55mmmm(0.2
(0.2
in) in
in) in height
height or
or greater
greater using a hand held probe and
using a hand held probe and a high a high
frequency test
frequency test meter.
meter.

(2)
(2) Reject aa cracked
Reject cracked half
half hub.
hub.

(3)
(3) Corrosion is
Corrosion is not
not permitted,
permitted, dress
dress out
out corrosion
corrosion as
as detailed
detailedinin
I Repair' section of Component Maintenance Manual.
'Repair' section of Component Maintenance Manual.
(4)
(4) Dress out
Dress out physical
physical damage
damage as
as detailed
detailed in
in •Repair'
'Repair' section
sectionofof
Component Maintenance Manual.
Component Maintenance Manual.

20-00-01
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Page 105/106 Blank
DA 1/3133/50 May 21/84
 ÿ
~ BWJWMjOI*
DUN~DP LIMITED
~llWZr.BD
GENERAL
GENERAL PRACTICES
PRACTICES MANUAL
MANUAL
NDT
NDT AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT WHEELS
WHEELS

PROBE
ARM

WHEEL UNDER TEST.

PROBE LEAD SCREW

CARRIAGE
TURNTABLE PROBE

0 0 0 C
[]0
]0 0 1
I
g C
,
0 C
I
/
0
I
\l=I ~
0

WHEEL TEST RIG

/0
CONTROL PANEL
CONTROL PANEL
0
i,

_I

CRACK DETECTOR
CRACK DETECTOR
CJ r

AND RECORDER
AND UNIT
RECORDER UNIT

PROBE DETAILS

hl SCAN
•SCAN
SCAN
SCAN SCAN
SCAN
OVERLAP
OVERLAP OVERLAP
OVERLAP
SCAN
SCAN
SCAN

FLANGE RIM AND TYRE SEAT RADIUS TYRE SEAT AND BARREL AREA

Typical "Inspection Instruments Eddyprobe 4" Test Set Up

Figure 103

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GENERAL PRACTICES
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NDT AIRCRAFT WHEELS
MANUAL EDDY CURRENT

1. Introduction

Manual eddy
Manual current inspection
eddy current inspection can be applied
can be ail areas
to all
applied to listed, including
areas listed, including
the flange to tyre seat area when semi -automated eddy
the flange to tyre seat area when semi-automated eddy current techniques current techniques
are available, providing
not available,
are not the hubs
providing the hubs are disassembled apart
fully disassembled
are fully from
apart from
removing the bearing outer races. A wide range of test
removing the bearing outer races. A wide range of test sets are available sets are available
falling
falling into
into two categories; high
main categories;
two main high frequency operating with
sets operating
frequency sets signal
with aa signal
frequency above 1 MHz, low frequency sets operating
frequency above 1 MHz, low frequency sets operating below 1 MHz. In below 1 MHz. In
addition
addition to to the following procedures
the following procedures reference should also
reference should also be made to
be made to test
test
set manufacturers instructions when inspecting
set manufacturers instructions when inspecting wheel hubs. wheel hubs.

2. Inspection Probes

A.
A. Various inspection
Various are utilised
probes are
inspection probes during manual
utilised during eddy current
manual eddy current
inspection, the most common types
inspection, the most common types are: are:

(1)
(1) ferrous point
Non ferrous
Non probes, used in
point probes, conjunction with
in conjunction fixed high
with fixed high
frequency test sets.
frequency test sets. The standard
standard forms of the probe are:
of the probe are:

(a)
(a) 1
type (pencil)
P1 type
'pi (pencil) - probe tip in line with probe axis.

(b)
(b) 1
type (knife)
K 1I type
'K (knife) - probe tip at 90° to probe axis.

(2)
(2) Differential probes used in conjunction
Differential probes low frequency
with low
conjunction with frequency test
test
sets operating
sets operating atat approximately
approximately 30 probes may
30 KHz. These probes may take
take
the following
the following forms:
forms:

(a)
(a) 10 mm (0.39
10 mm (0.39 in.)
in.) long with
with a mm (0.08
a 2 mm in.) radiused
(0.08 in.) radiused tip,
tip,
used to inspect
used to radii.
tyre seat radii.
inspect tyre

(b)
(b) 10 mm (0.39
10 mm (0.39 in.)
in.) diameter flat probe, used
flat probe, inspect tyre
to inspect
used to tyre
area.
seat area.
seat

(c)
(c) Probes
Probes moulded the flange
moulded to the form of the tyre seat
to tyre
rim to
flange rim seat
area. These probes will
area. These will contain separately wound cores
contain separately wound cores
which give
which an extended area of coverage.
give an coverage.

(3)
(3) Non ferrous
Non point probes
ferrous point variable frequency
with variable
probes used with test sets
frequency test sets
around 200
at around
at KHz. These probes
200 KHz. probes are held in probe guides con-
held in probe guides con¬
toured to
toured fit into
to fit the scan
into the area.
scan area.

3. Calibration Samples
A.
A. To setting up
allow setting
To allow a calibration
of aa test set a
up of is required.
sample is
calibration sample required.
may be
This may
This one of
be one the following
of the types.
following types.

(1)
(1) Standard ferrous test
non ferrous
Standard non block containing
test block a slot
containing a mm (0.02
0,5 mm
slot 0,5 (0.02
in.) deep 0,1
in.) deep in.) wide.
mm (0.004 in.)
0,1 mm wide.

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ICES MANUA L
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RCRAFT WHEEL S

(2)
(2) Hub or
Hub or hub containing
section containi
hub section fatigue crack
known fatigue
ng aa known 0,5mm
crack 0,5 mm
(0.02 in.) deep and mm (0.08 in.) to 4 mm (0.16
and 22 mm (0.08 in.) to 4 mm (0.16 in.) in.) long
long inin
(0.02 in.) deep
rim/tyre seat
flange rim/tyre
the flange
the
area.
seat area.

(3)
(3) Hub or
Hub or hub containing
section containi
hub section ng an defect ininthe
artificial defect
an artificial flange
theflange
rim/tyre seat
rim/tyre This should take the form of
radius. This should take the form of a spark ero
seat radius. a spark ero
slot 0,5
milled slot
or milled
ded or mm (0.02 in.) deep and 3
0,5 mm (0.02 in.) deep and 3 mm (0.12mm (0.12 in.)
in.) toto
ded
4 (0.16 in.) long
mm (0.16 in.) long with maximum
with aa maximu width of 0,2
m width of 0,2 mm mm (0.008
(0.008 in.).
in.).
4 mm

4. Calibration Procedure

A.
A. Systems Using
Systems a Meter
Using a Display
Meter Display

Obtain
Obtain a a full deflection
scale deflectio
full scale from the
n from 0,5 mm
the 0,5 mm (0.02 in.) deep,
(0.02 in.) deep, real
real
or artificial
or artificial defect
defect in
in calibration
calibrati on sample.
sample. Set
Set the
the audio/visual
audio/vi sual alarm
alarm
to trigger
to trigger at at half
half scale deflection.
scale deflectio n.

NOTE: Some test

Some test sets have an
sets have audio/visual
an audio/vi alarm which
sual alarm which triggers
triggers
at a
at fixed position
a fixed position e.e.g. 40% of scale
g. 40%of deflection.
scale deflectio n. In this in-
In this in¬
stance the
stance the 0,5 (0.02 in.) deep
mm (0.02 in.)
0,5 mm deep defect should be
defect should set to
be set to
80%
80%ofof scale
scale deflection.
deflection. equipment
Test equipme
Test other fixed
with other
nt with fixed
trigger levels should
trigger levels should be adjusted accordingly.
adjusted accordin gly.

B. Systems Using a Chart Recorder

Adjust
Adjust the the sensitivity
sensitivity so
so that 0,5 mm
that the 0,5 (0.02 in.)
mm (0.02 in.) deep real or
deep real or -— \
artificial
artificial defect
defect produces
produce s aa signal
signal height
height of 15 mm
mm (0.6
(0.6 in.)
in.) on
on the
the
recording
recordin g paper.
paper.

C. Systems Using a Storage Oscilloscope

Adjust
Adjust thethe equipment so that
equipment so that the mm (0.02
the 0,5 mm (0.02 in.) real or
in.) deep real or
artificial defect, produces
artificial defect, at least
produces at least aa half screen height image.
height image.

5.
5. Wheel
WheelPreparation
Preparation ÿ
I

Cleanall
Clean all areas to be
areas to be inspected as detailed
inspected as ·Cleaning' section
in 'Cleaning'
detailed in of Compo-
section of Compo¬
nent Maintenance
nent Maintenance Manual.
Manual. Remove
Removeloose paint and tyre rubber from flange
loose paint tyre rubber from flange
rim radius
rim radius and
and tyre seat area,
tyre seat area, ensure nut and
ensure nut and bolt are free
radii are
bolt head seat radii free
from
from jointing
jointing compound.
compound.

NOTE: To ensure
To ensure aa satisfactory
satisfactory scan pitch is
scan pitch maintained a
is maintained coating of
a coating of
dye penetrant developer
dye penetrant developer can can be
be sprayed
sprayed on
on to
to the scan area.
scan area.
During
During inspection
inspection thethe scan
scan pitch traced in
be traced
will be
pitch will coating
this coating
in this
allowing it to be monitored.
allowing it to be monitor ed.

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6. Inspection

A. Flange Rim/Tyre Seat Area

(1)
(1) Two scan patterns
Two scan may be
patterns may be used
used in
in this area, circumferential
this area, circumferential and
and
sinusoidal. Either
sinusoidal. Either is
is acceptable
acceptable providing
providing complete
complete coverage
coverage is
is
achieved.
achieved.

(2)
(2) Using pencil probe
Using a pencil probe inspect
inspect flange
flange rim and tyre
rim and tyre seat using
area using
seat area
circumferential scan
a circumferential illustrated in
scan as illustrated 201. Amplitude
Figure 201.
in Figure Amplitude of of
scan IA
scan 'A'1 should
should be 50mm (2
be 50mm (2 in.)
in.) minimum, 'B'
scan IB
minimum, scan 1
15 mm
15 (0.6 in.)
mm (0.6 in.)
minimum. The
minimum. pitch of
The pitch of scan 'C' will
scan IC' will be
be determined
determined byby the
the fre-
fre¬
quency
quency of of the
the probe and test
probe and test set e.g. 1
used, e.g.
set used, 1 mm (0.04 in.) for
(0.04 in.) for
high frequency equipment
high frequency equipment operating
operating atat 1 MHz or
1 MHz over, 2 mm
or over,
(0.08 in.) for
(0.08 in.) for lower
lower frequency
frequency equipment operating at
equipment operating KHz.
at 200 KHz.
It is
It recommended that
is recommended that whenever
whenever possible
possible an indexing device
an indexing device and
and
turntable
turntable be employed
be employed to ensure an
to ensure an even scan pitch.
even scan pitch.

DPC 9765

Typical
Typical Circumferential
Circumferential Scan Pattern
Scan Pattern
Figure 201
Figure

(3)
(3) Using
Using a pencil type probe
pencil type probe inspect
inspect flange
flange rimrim and
and tyre
tyre seat using
seat using
sinusoidal
sinusoidal scan
scan patterns
patterns as illustrated
illustrated in Figure
in 202. Amplitude
Figure 202. Amplitude
scan 'A'
of scan should be 50 mm
IA1 should mm (2 (2 in.)
in.) minimum,
minimum, scan 'B'1 15 mm
scan IB
(0.6
(0.6 in.)
in.) minimum.
minimum. The pitch
The pitch of of scans
scans ID 1 11
should be
D should be 2 mm (0.08
mm (0.08
in.)
in.) maximum.
maximum.

I
SCAN PATH SCAN
SCAN PATH
PATH
OVERLAP OVERLAP
OVERLAP OPC 9625 ISS 2

Typical
Typical Sinusoidal Scan Pattern
Sinusoidal Scan Pattern
Figure 202
Figure 20-00-01
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B. Peripheries of Bolt Holes

Using aa pencil inspect the

type probe inspect
pencil type peripheries of
the peripheries of bolt
bolt on
holes on
both sides of half hub as
half hub illustrated in Figure
as illustrated in Figure 203. The
The distance of
distance of
bolt hole should be 1 mm
scan from bolt
scan in.).
(0.04 in.).
mm (0.04

NOTE: 1. If to veer on to
the probe is allowed to
If the the edge of
to the bolt
of bolt
hole meter needle deflection will occur.
deflection will occur. These deflec¬
deflec-
tions
tions should not be confused with those caused
confused with by a
caused by
defect.
defect.

2. To ensure a satisfactory scan

a satisfactory scan at
at the required distance
the required distance
from holes, locally produced non-metallic bungs
produced non-metallic with
bungs with
a lip
a lip of appropriate
appropriate size may probe guide.
may be used as a probe guide.

SCAN PATH

OPC 94t& ISS I

Typical Scan Paths Peripheries of Bolt Holes

Figure 203

Radii in Nut and Bolt Head Seats

Using
Using aa pencil probe inspect the nut radii as
bolt head seat radii
nut and bolt as
illustrated
illustrated in Figure
Figure 204.
204.

SCAN PATH

Typical Scan Path Nut and Bolt Head Seat Radii

Figure 204

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D. Peripheries of Ventilation/Lightening Holes

Using
Using a pencil probe
a pencil inspect the
probe inspect peripheries of
the peripheries ventilation/lightening
of ventilation/lightening
holes on both
both sides of half hub as illustrated
half hub illustrated in 205. The
Figure 205.
in Figure The
distance of scan from edge of hole should
distance should be 2 mm (0.08 in.).
mm (0.08 in.).

SCAN PATH

DFC 9417 ISS.I

Typical Scan Path Peripheries

Typical Scan Ventilation/Lightening Holes
Peripheries of Ventilation/Lightening
205
Figure 205
Figure

E. 'O' Ring Seal Groove

Using aa knife type probe

knife type probe inspect the '0'
inspect the 1
0' ring
ring seal groove with both
groove with both
sinusoidal and circumferential
sinusoidal circumferential scan patterns
patterns as in Figure
illustrated in
as illustrated Figure
206. minimum scan pitch
206. The minimum for both
pitch for mm
should be 2 mm
patterns should
both scan patterns
(0.08
(0.08 in.).
in.) .

./

/
"'- /

'~

.
,

" ::
/ /

'0' Ring Seal

Scan Path 'O'
Typical Scan
Typical Groove
Seal Groove
Figure 206
Figure 206
jJ> Q - Q 0
",2"0~,,0
'.
..
~e
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WHEELS

F. Radii Under Drive Block Abutments

Usng aa pencil
Usng inspect the
probe inspect
pencil probe radii under
the radii under drive block abutments
drive block abutments
using aa sinusoidal
using sinusoidal scan pattern as
scan pattern illustrated in
as illustrated in Figure 207 the
Figure 207 pitch
the pitch
of scan XX should
of scan be 22 mm
should be (0.08 in.)
mm (0.08 in.) with an amplitude
with an amplitude of 5 mm
of 5 mm
(0.2
(0.2 in.).
in.). Scan should
Scan should extend mm (0.2
extend 55 mm (0.2 in.)
in.) beyond
beyond the edges of
the edges of
drive block abutment.
drive block abutment.

NOTE: This inspection is

This inspection only feasible when
is only drive blocks
when drive blocks and
and heat
heat
shields are
shields are removed.
removed.

/
OPC 0627
ISS l

Typical Scan Pattern

Typical Scan Pattern Radii
Radii Under
Under Drive
Drive Block
Block Abutments
Abutments
Figure 207
Figure 207

G. Web Radii

Using aa miniature
Using miniature pencil
pencil probe inspect the
probe inspect the web
web radii
radii as
as illustrated
illustrated in
in
Figure 208.
Figure 208. c'--"""

Typical
Typical Scan Path
Path Web
Web Radii
Radii
Figure 208
Figure 208

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H. Lock Ring Groove

Using aa special
Using miniature knife
special miniature knife type
type probe inspect the
probe inspect the lock
lock ring
ring groove
groove
using sinusoidal and circumferential scan patterns as illustrated
using sinusoidal and circumferential scan patterns as illustrated in in
Figure 209.
Figure 209. The scan pitch
The scan for the
pitch for sinusoidal scan
the sinusoidal scan should
should be mm
be 22 mm
(0.08 in.) for the circumferential scan 1 mm (0.04
(0.08 in.) for the circumferential scan 1 mm (0.04 in.). in.).

'o'ring SEAL
'O'RING groove
seal GROOVE
REFER TO
REFER FIG 206
TO FIG 206

OPC 9662
ISSI

Typical Scan Paths Lock Ring Groove

Figure 209

Inner Wall Radii in Centre Flange

Using aa pencil
Using pencil probe inspect the inner
inspect the inner wall flange radii using
flange radii using sinu-
sinu¬
soidal and circumferential
soidal and circumferential scan patterns
patterns as
as illustrated
illustrated in
in Figure
Figure 210.
210.
The pitch for both scan
The pitch scan patterns
patterns should be
be 22 mm (0.08 in.).
mm (0.08 in.).

FlANGEITYRE
FLANGE/TYRE SEATSEAT AREAS
AREAS ...
REFER TO
REFER FIG 201/202------...
TO FIG 201/202 .. ~

(
~(/

INSPECT WELL RADII BOTH SIDES

Typical Scan Patterns Inner Wall Radii

Figure 210

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