Solid Waste Management u p c

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OUTLINE 5. Yard Waste
- wood, small or chipped branches, leaves, grass clippings,
I. Definition of Terms garden debris, vegetable residue that is recognized as part of
II. Types of Wastes a plant or vegetable
III. Methods of Waste Disposal 6. Refuse Waste
a. Hog Feeding - includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly
b. Open Dumping decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such
c. Open Burning as glass, paper, cloth, or wood
d. Burial Pit
e. Composting METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL
f. Garbage Collection
g. Medical Waste Disposal 1. Hog Feeding
IV. Diseases Related to Poor Solid Waste Management - Feeding of food waste (any edible material or byproduct that is
V. Recycling Programs generated in the production, processing, transportation,
VI. Laws on Solid Waste Management distribution, or consumption of food) to pigs.
a. RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of - Refuse dump in low lying areas
2000 - Considered to be most efficient solution for food waste
b. DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998 - Provided the food is thoroughly cooked at 100 ℃ for 30
c. DENR Administrative Order No. 50 Series of 1998 minutes
- Advantages
DEFINITION OF TERMS o Greater value can be obtained from garbage in this way
than in any other.
Solid Waste o Outlay for the plant is small as compared with reduction
 ...all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous works
institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction o Incinerators and depreciation is small
debris, agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid - Hazards
waste o Can spread diseases to man when uncooked refuse is
Solid Waste Management fed to the hogs
 the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, o Free access to flies, rodents, and dogs
collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid o Pollution of surface and groundwater
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of * Before, they fed raw food to the pigs but when they started to
public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, get sick a law was passed that only cooked food shoul be fed
and other environmental considerations, and that is also (hog cholera)
responsive to public attitudes * Phased out in 1960s
Ecological Solid Waste Management 2. Open Dumping
 the systematic administration of activities which provide for - The improper disposal of any waste including household
segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, trash, garbage, tires, barrels, demolition/construction waste,
processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other appliances, shingles, pipes, metal, or any material which will
waste management activities which do not harm the environment rust, rot, or burn.
- It occurs on an open lot or pasture, down a ravine, along the
TYPES OF WASTES
roadside, in rural or urban communities
- Hazards
1. Municipal Waste o Threatens surface and drinking water
- wastes produced from activities within local government units o Provides breeding grounds for dangerous vectors such
which include a combination of domestic, commercial, as rats and mosquitoes
institutional and industrial wastes and street litters o Presents a variety of safety risks from sharp objects or
2. Agricultural Waste
needles, combustible levels of explosive methane, and
- waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops,
unstable slopes, which can shift and potentially injure or
trimming or pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials
kill
from farms or fields
3. Open Buring
3. Bulky Waste
- Outdoor burning of waste and the burning of open waste
- waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in
dumps
separate containers because of either its bulky size, shape or
- The maximum collection rate of 85% is recorded in Metro
other physical attributes
Manila. The uncollected garbage is, unfortunately, burned or
4. Hazardous Waste
dumped anywhere onto open areas.
- combination of solid waste which may cause or contribute to
- Health Hazards
an increase in mortality or an increase in serious illness and
pose a potential hazard to human and the environment

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o fine particles can accumulate in the respiratory system * Of the total solid waste generated from households in Metro
causing various respiratory problems including Manila, 95% can still be reused or recycled (43%), or turned
persistent coughs, wheezing and physical into compost (52%)
discomfort.
o can increase susceptibility to respiratory infections and 6. Garbage Collection
can aggravate existing respiratory diseases such as - Collection of waste in the country is done by the Department
asthma and chronic bronchitis of Public Service, city administrator and engineering office or
- Environmental Hazards private haulers
o chemicals contained in smoke, when mixed with - Only 40-85% of the waste generated is collected nationwide,
rainwater, can speed in the deterioration of manmade implying that 15-60% is improperly disposed of or littered.
materials such as concrete, metal products and paint. 7. Medical Waste Disposal
* Prohibited by the Department of Health in the Code on - Sharps: burial, landfill, incineration, burning in improvised
Sanitation of the Philippines, combustion units, private contractor
* Its advantage is that it reduces garbage volume - Infectious wastes: burial, landfill, sewer, incineration on-site,
4. Burial Pit private contractors
- involves excavating a trough or pit into the earth, placing - Pharmacological wastes: sewer, return to manufacturer,
carcasses in the excavation, and covering the carcasses with landfill, incineration, private contractors
excavated material (backfill). * Radioactive materials: only 3 hospitals in NCR; dissipate first
- This method can be used for daily mortality disposal and in designated area; pressurized containers through municipal
large-scale disposal needs, such as in emergency situations disposal activity or contracted out
- Requirements * DOH hospitals: incinerators, microwave units
o The bottom of the pit should be 1.5 m above the * St Luke’s: autoclave for residue treatment
groundwater level and 3-5 m deep DISEASESE RELATED TO POOR WASTE MANAGEMENT
o Lined with a substance of low permeability, such as clay.
o Surround the opening with a mound to keep run-off water  Skin Disorders
from entering the hole, and build a fence around the - Caused by allergic reactions
area. - Irritant through direct contact
o Periodically, cover waste layers with 10-15 cm of soil. o Chemicals, pathogens
- Advantages - Excessive exposure to toxic chemicals or sunlight
o On-site burial limits the spread of disease by minimizing o Fungal infection
infectious material movement and handling. o Allergic Dermatitis
o The trench burial technique is relatively quick and easy, o Pruritus
requiring few resources to implement o Skin Cancer
- Hazards o Poisoning and chemical burns
o There is significant potential to contaminate groundwater  Respiratory Abnormalities
with trench burial. - Decreased respiratory function
o The burial site may persist for many years or decades - Bacterial upper respiratory tract functions
because of limited aeration. - Respiratory tract irritations
o Gases, such as CH4, CO2, and H2S, may be hazardous o Exposure to toxic chemicals like lead and cadmium
and could violate air quality standards.  Abdominal and Intestinal Problems
* Methane is an explosive gas; - GIT is affected
* Methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases which - Bacterial enteritis
contribute to global warming, and o Shigellosis
* Hydrogen sulfide is very malodorous o Salmonellosis
5. Composting o Campylobacter enteritis
- Process of biological degradation under controlled conditions - Helminthiasis
- Processing of biodegradable waste such as food waste, o Ascaris
garden waste, animal waste, human waste into soil o Hookworm infection
conditioner/enhancer or humus by mixing them with soil, o Tapeworm infection
water, biological additives or activators and air - Amoebiasis
- Hazards - Liver Cancer
o The most common problems are allergies, breathing - Kidney and Renal Failure (Urinary System)
problems, infections and rashes.  Ear Infections
o Tetanus, a bacteria, is common in soil; infections can - Can be viral or bacterial
easily occur through a cut in your hand. - Otitis Media
o Also, a great deal of heat is created by the microbial - Other bacterial infections
activity, which is occasionally enough to cause a fire.  Eye Infections

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 Solid Waste Management
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- Resulting from exposure to infected dust
- Allergic Conjunctivitis
- Other bacterial eye infections
 Others
- Zoonotic diseases
- Flies, cockroaches, rats, mosquitoes, others
- Organic wastes serves as food and place to rest and hide for
these animals which can cause or carry pathogens
- I.e. dengue, leptospirosis
RECYCLING PROGRAM
Reduce
 Reducing means bringing down the amount of trash we dispose by
consciously avoiding buying items that generate a lot of trash.
- Too much wrapping
- Refillables
- Quality Products
 Principles of Reducing (RA 9003)
- Avoidance - get only things you need and avoid ones with too
much packaging.
- Product reuse - be creative in reusing and fix broken items
instead of throwing away immediately.
- Increase product durability - go for tough, durable, and
well-made items
- Reduce materials used in production - efficiency in
manufacturing is called for.
- Decrease consumption - less consumption equals less
waste.
Reuse
 Be creative.
 Glass jars - food container, used oil, pencil holder
 Plastic bags - garbage bags, grocery bags
 Cans - flower pots
 Your transcripts - scratch paper (or a notepad if you take notes)
Recycle
 Recycling is the recovery of discarded materials such as glass,
plastic, steel, aluminum, and paper to be used as raw material
again. Bottles, cans, newspapers, cardboard packaging, and metal
are some of the candidates for recycling.
 Recyclables include paper, metal, plastic, glass, PET (Polyethylene
terephthalate), fabric, special household wastes (oil, batteries,
tires), appliances, and furniture.
 Sort these and place them in plastic bags, sacks, or boxes as they
are recyclable themselves. Flatten for less space. Keep dry. Sell to
the nearest junk shop or processing dealer.
DENR Programs and Interventions
 Provide knowledge on Solid Waste Management
 Rules to local governments; punishments
 DENR recycled black plastic bags in planting 1.5 B seedlings from
2011 to 2016, for the National Greening Program
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LAWS
Local and Selected Projects and Ordinances
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 No Segregation No Collection Policy
 Brigada Eskwela
-promotion of sanitation and proper solid waste disposals in
public schools
 Plastic Ban Ordinance
-promotion of Eco Bags
-Includes styrofoams
 Routine Garbage Collection
-partnered with private Haulers
RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
 January 26, 2001
 An act providing for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and
incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and provided penalties,
appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes
 Basic Policies
- Ensure the protection of the public health and environment;
- Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the
utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource
conservation and recovery
 Institutions
- National Solid Waste Management Commission
- National Ecology Center
o provides consulting, information, training, and networking
services for the implementation of RA 9003
- RA 7160
- Provincial Solid Waste Management Board
- City and Municipal Solid Waste Management Board (Chapter
2, RA 9003)
 National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC)
- Composed of 14 Members from the Government Sector and 3
Members from the Private Sector
o Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR);
o Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG);
o Department of Science and Technology (DOST);
o Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);
o Department of Health (DOH);
o Department of Trade and Industry (DTI);
o Department of Agriculture (DA);
o Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA);
o League of provincial governors; city mayors; municipal
mayors;
o Association of barangay councils;
o Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA);
o Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
- The Commission shall undertake the following activities.
a. PREPARE the national solid waste management
framework;
b. APPROVE local solid waste management plans in
accordance with its rules and regulations;
c. REVIEW and MONITOR the implementation of local
solid waste management plans
 Inventory for solid waste facilities,
 General waste characterization,
 Protection of waste generation,
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 Factors vital in implantation, - to regulate, restrict or prohibit use and disposal of chemical
 Population density, substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or
 Problems affecting management, injury to health or the environment
 Systems and techniques of waste reduction,  Presidential Decree No. 856 (Code of Sanitation of the Philippines)
 Available markets of recyclable materials and -sanitation comes with proper waste disposal
estimated cost of collecting, -this policy mandates all types of facilities, especially government
 Storing, facilities such as schools and offices to practice proper wastes
 Transporting, disposal in order to prevent health hazards.
 Marketing and disposal of wastes  Administrative Order No. 93-90 Creating a Project Management
Office pn Solid Waste Management under the Presidential Task
DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998: Technical Force on Waste Management
Guidelines For Municipal Solid Waste Disposal -DENR as the primary government agency responsible for the
 DENR to provide direct technical guidance to the LGUs in order to conservation, management, development and proper use of the
promote their adoption of: environmentally-sound, technically- country's environment and natural resources
feasible and economically-sustainable solid waste management  Metro Manila Flood Management Project
options -Flood Preventive Measures promoting proper solid waste
 Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal management by cleaning of canals and sewers
1. Site Availability
2. Road Construction
3. Surface Water and Stormwater Drainage Restoration
4. Afteruse
5. Other Site Infrastructure
6. Site Access
7. Waste Recording
8. Protection of Local Amenities
9. Environmental Monitoring
10. Waste Emplacement
11. Maintenance

DENR Administrative Order No. 50 Series of 1998: Adopting the

Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria for Municipal
Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
 Screening Criteria for Landfill Sites and Municipal Solid
Waste Disposal Facilities
1. Area Capacity and Availability
2. Haul Distance and Time
3. Proximity to Sensitive Groundwater Resources
-500m away
4. Proximity to Perennial Surface Water
-300m
5. Occurrence of Flooding
6. Proximity to Sensitive Land Users
-250m away from residential and insdustrial developments
-1km away from churches, schools, memorical sites, historical sites
7. Local Ecological Conditions
8. Current and Future Land Use
9. Seismic Condition
10. Geologic Condition
11. Soil/Land Condition
12. Topography
13. Proximity to Airports
-13km

Solid Waste Management Related Laws and Projects

 Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Waste Act of 1990)

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