DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAAM

∆G 0 = A + BT ∆G 0 = ∆H 0 − T∆S 0

∆G 0 kJ / molO2

∆G 0 > 0

M + O2 = MO2
∆G < 0
0

T* T WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

∆G 0 = A + BT ∆G 0 = ∆H 0 − T∆S 0

∆G 0

∆G 0 > 0
2M ´ + O2 = 2M ´O

2Mn( s ) + O2 ( g ) = 2 MnO( s )

∆G 0 < 0 ∆ G 0 = − 769400 + 145 . 6 T

769400
T* = = 5284.6
145.6

><
T* T
WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

∆G 0
2M ´ + O2 = 2M ´O

M + O2 = MO2

T* T
WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

M + 2 M ´O = 2 M ´ + MO2
0

∆G 0
2M ´ + O2 = 2M ´O

M + O2 = MO2

T* T
WBM
DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

Líneas de Richardson WBM

 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

M + O2 = MO2
∆G 0 P3 = 10 4 atm.
f
a c e P = 1atm.
0
d
P1 = 10−4 atm.
b

P2 = 10−10 atm.

T1 T2 T * T3
T
WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

0 a
P1 = 0.8atm.

P1 = 10−4 atm.
∆G 0
2M ´ + O2 = 2M ´O
P1 = 10−8 atm.

b
c P1 = 10−12 atm.

M + O2 = MO2

P1 = 10−16 atm.

T1 T* T
P1 = 10−32 atm. P1 = 10−26 atm.
WBM
 TRANSFORMACIONES
DE FASE
∆G 0 0
∆G
M ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( s ) M ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( s )
M ( l ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( s )

∆H Fus
0
, MO2 ( s )
∆H M ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( l )
0
Fus , M ( s )

0 Tm M (s ) T, K Tm MO2( s ) T, K

∆G 0 ∆G 0 M ( l ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( s )
M ( l ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( s )
M ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( s )
M ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( s )

M ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( l )
M ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = MO2 ( l )

WBM
Tm M (s ) Tm MO2( s ) T , K Tm MO2( s ) Tm M (s ) T, K
 TRANSFORMACIONES
DE FASE

(1) 4Cu( s ) + O2 ( g ) = 2Cu 2O( s ) ∆G10 / J = −338900 + 14.2T ln T + 247T ( 298.15K − Tm )

(2) 4Cu( l ) + O2 ( g ) = 2Cu 2O( s )∆G20 / J = −390800 + 14.2T ln T + 285.3T (Tm − 1503K )

(1) 4Cu( s ) + O2 ( g ) = 2Cu 2O( s ) ∆G10 / J = −338900 + 14.2T ln T + 247T

(−2) 2Cu 2O( s ) = 4Cu( l ) + O2 ( g∆) G20 / J = +390800 − 14.2T ln T − 285.3T (Tm − 1503K )

(1) + (−2) 4Cu( s) = 4Cu(l ) ∆G0fus / J = 51900− 38.3T

Cu( s) = Cu(l ) ∆G0fus / J = 12975− 9.58T

∆H Fus
0
,Cu ( s ) = 12975 j

∆S Fus
0
,Cu ( s ) = 9.58TJ / grado

WBM
∆G 0 / J = −390800 + 14.2T ln T + 285.3T

∆G 0 / J = −338900 + 14.2T ln T + 247T

WBM
 ∆G10 / j = −105600 + 41.8T ln T − 375.1212.9T

∆G20 / j = −286400 + 63.68T

∆G10 / j = −346300 − 12.68T ln T + 212.9T

WBM

(1) Fe( s ) + Cl2( g ) = FeCl2 ( s )
(2) Fe( s ) + Cl2( g ) = FeCl2( l )
(3) Fe( s ) + Cl2( g ) = FeCl2( g )
TRANSFORMACIONES
DE FASE
∆G10 / j = −346300 − 12.68T ln T + 212.9T
∆G20 / j = −286400 + 63.68T
∆G10 / j = −105600 + 41.8T ln T − 375.12T
(298 − Tm , FeCl2 ( s ) )
(Tm , FeCl2 ( s ) − Tb , FeCl2 ( l ) )
(Tb , FeCl2 ( l ) − Tm , Fe( s ) )

(−1) FeCl2( s ) = Fe( s ) + Cl2 ( g ) ∆G10 / j = 346300 + 12.68T ln T − 212.9T

(2) Fe( s ) + Cl2( g ) = FeCl2( l ) ∆G20 / j = −286400 + 63.68T

(−1) + (2) FeCl2( s ) = FeCl2( l ) ∆G 0fusFeCl2( s ) / j = 59900 + 12.68T ln T − 149.22T

 ∂ (∆GFus
0
. FeCl2 ( s ) / T )

∆H 0
= −T  2
 = 59900 − 12.68Tj
∂
Fus. FeCl2 ( s )
 T 

T = 969 K ∆H Fus
0
. FeCl 2 ( s ) = 47610 j

∂∆GFus, FeCl2 ( s )
∆S 0
= = −12.68 ln T − 12.68T + 149.0 ∆S Fus
0
, FeCl2 ( s ) = 49.13 J / grado
∂T
Fus , FeCl2 ( s )

∆H Fus , FeCl2 ( s ) 47610 j

∆S 0
Fus , FeCl2 ( s ) = = = 49.13 j / K
TFus , FeCl2 ( s ) 969 K WBM
 TRANSFORMACIONES
DE FASE

(−2) FeCl2( l ) = Fe( s ) + Cl2( g ) ∆G20 / j = 286400 − 63.68T

(3) Fe( s ) + Cl2( g ) = FeCl2( g ) ∆G10 / j = −105600 + 41.8T ln T − 375.12T

(−2) + (3) FeCl2(l ) = FeCl2( g ) ∆ G vap

0
FeCl 2 ( l ) = 180800 − 41 .8T ln T − 438 .8T

 ∂ (∆Gb0. FeCl2 ( l ) / T ) 
∆H 0
= −T 2
 = 180800 − 41.8Tj T = 1298K ∆H b0. FeCl2 ( l ) = 126500 j
∂
b. FeCl2 ( l )
 T 

∆H b , FeCl2 ( s ) 126500 j
∆S 0
b , FeCl2 ( l ) = = = 97.46 j / K
Tb , FeCl2 ( s ) 1298K

WBM
DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

ÓXIDOS DEL CARBONO

∆G30 / j = −564800 + 173.62T

∆G10 / j = −394100 − 0.84T

∆G20 / j = −223400 − 175.3T

WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

ÓXIDOS DEL CARBONO

(1) C( s ) + O2 ( g ) = CO2 ( g ) ∆G10 / j = −394100 − 0.84T

(2)
2C( s ) + O2 ( g ) = 2CO( g ) ∆G20 / j = −223400 − 175.3T

(3) 2CO( g ) + O2 ( g ) = 2CO2 ( g ) ∆G30 / j = −564800 + 173.62T

( 4) C( s ) + CO2 ( g ) = 2CO( g ) ∆G40 / j = 170700 − 174.5T

∆G40 = 0 170700
T = = 978 K
174 . 5

WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM
∆G 0 > 0
C( s ) + CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =1atm )

0 ∆G40 / j = 170700 − 174.5T

∆G 0 kJ / molO2

C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p =1atm )

∆G 0 < 0 ∆G10 / j = −394100 − 0.84T

2C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =1atm )

∆G20 / j = −223400 − 175.3T

T * = 978K T WBM
 2C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =1atm ) ∆G20 / j = −223400 − 175.3T

2CO( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =0.7 atm ) ∆G 0 / j = 2 RT ln 0.7

2C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =0.7 atm ) ∆G20a / j = −223400 − 175.3T + 2 RT ln 0.7

∆G 0 kJ / molO2
2C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =1atm ) ∆G20 / j = −223400 − 175.3T

∆G 0 / j = 2 RT ln 0.7
∆G 0 < 0
2

2C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =0.7 atm )

∆G20a / j = −223400 − 175.3T + 2 RT ln 0.7

T WBM
T
 C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) ∆G10 / j = −394100 − 0.84T
CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p =0.3atm )
∆G 0 / j = RT ln 0.3
C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p = 0.3 atm ) ∆S Fus
0
, FeCl2 ( s ) = 49.13 J / grado

∆G 0 kJ / molO2

C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) ∆G10 / j = −394100 − 0.84T

1
∆G 0 < 0
CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p =0.3atm ) ∆G 0 / j = RT ln 0.3
2

C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p =0.3atm ) ∆G10a / j = −394100 − 0.84T + RT ln 0.3

WBM
T
 C( s ) + CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =1atm )
∆G > 00
∆G40 / j = 170700 − 174.5T

0 C( s ) + CO2 ( g , p = 0.3atm ) = 2CO( g , p =0.7 atm )

∆G 0 kJ / molO2 ∆G40a / j = 170700 − 174.5T − 0.491RT

C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p =1atm )

∆G10 / j = −394100 − 0.84T

∆G 0 < 0 C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = CO2 ( g , p = 0.3atm )

2C( s ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO( g , p =1atm ) ∆G10a / j = −394100 − 0.84T + RT ln 0.3

∆G20 / j = −223400 − 175.3T

(298 − Tm , FeCl 2 ( s ) )

∆G20a / j = −223400 − 175.3T + 2 RT ln 0.7

Ta* = 975.5 K T * = 978K T WBM

 C( s ) + CO2 ( g ) = 2CO( g )

∆G40 / j = 170700 − 174.5T

PCO + PCO2 = 1

 (PCO )2 
0 = ∆ G + RT ln 
o

 PCO 2  equil

 (PCO )2  ∆G 0
−
  = e RT
 1 − PCO 
  eq , T

 (PCO )2  − 20531 .6
+ 20 . 99
  = e T
 1 − PCO 
  eq ,T

WBM
 1,0

0,8
C( p=1atm) + CO2( g ) = 2CO( g )
0,6
∆ G 40 / j = 1 7 0 7 0 0 − 1 7 4 . 5 T
%CO

0,4
 ( P C O )2  ∆ G 0
−
  = e RT
 1 − PCO 
  eq ,T

0,2

0,0

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Temperatura K
WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

MO2 ( s ) + 2CO( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) pCO

pCO2 2
 pCO2 
0 ∆G 0 = − RT ln  equil ,TP
 pCO 

10 −2 pCO
=1 ∆G 0 = 0
2CO( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO2 ( g , p =1atm ) 10 −1
pCO2

∆G30 / j = −564800 + 173.62T T < Tp

p 1

∆G 0 kJ / molO2 10

c T =?
∆G 0 < 0 10 2
pCO2 < pCO
M + O2 = MO2

Tp WBM
T
 2
MO2 ( s ) + 2CO( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2CO2 ( g , p =1atm )  pCO2 
∆G = − RT ln
0
 equil ,TP
 pCO 
2
 pCO2 
MO2 ( s ) + 2CO( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2CO2 ( g , p = 0.1atm ) ∆G 0 = − RT ln  equil ,TP + 2 RT ln 0.1
 pCO 
pCO
pCO2
pCO
0 = 10
pCO2
∆G < 00

10 2 1
pCO2 = = 0.1
10
10
q
2CO( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO2 ( g , p =0.1atm ) T < Tp
p 1

∆G30 / j = −564800 + 173.62T + 2 RT ln 01

∆G 0 = 0
∆G 0 = 2 RT ln 0.1 10 −1
Tq
c
M + O2 = MO2 pCO2 < pCO
10 −2
2CO( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO2 ( g , p =1atm )
∆G30 / j = −564800 + 173.62T

∆G 0 = 0

Tq Tp WBM
T
 2
 pCO2 
MO2 ( s ) + 2CO( g ,1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2CO2 ( g ,1atm ) ∆G = − RT ln
0
 equil ,TP
 pCO 
2
 pCO2 
∆G 0 = − RT ln  equil ,TP + RT ln 10
MO2 ( s ) + 2CO( g ,1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2CO2 ( g ,10 atm )  pCO 

0
pCO
pCO2
∆G 0 = 0 T = Tm
∆G 0 < 0 10 2

10
Tm
2CO( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO2 ( g , p =1atm )
p
1
pCO < pCO2
∆G / j = −564800 + 173.62T
0
3 10 −1
m
10 −2
∆G 0 = RT ln 10 Tm > Tp

c
M + O2 = MO2 pCO
= 0.1
2CO( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2CO2 ( g , p =10 atm ) pCO2

1
pCO2 = = 10
∆G / j = −564800 + 173.62T + 2 RT ln 10
0
3 0.1

WBM
Tp Tm
T
 2
 pH 2O 
MO2 ( s ) + 2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2 H 2O( g , p =1atm ) ∆G = − RT ln
0
 equil ,TP
 pH 2 

pH2
pH2O
10 2
0
10
∆G > 0
0

M + O2 = MO2 10 −1

10 −2

∆G 0 kJ / molO2

2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2 H 2O( g , p =1atm )

∆G10 / j = −4920000 + 109.6T
H
∆G 0 < 0

T* T WBM
MO2 ( s ) + 2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2 H 2O( g , p =0.1atm )
MO2 ( s ) + 2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2 H 2O( g , p =1atm )
2
 pH 2O 
∆G 0 = − RT ln  equil ,T * + 2 RT ln 0.1 pH2 2
 pH 2   pH 2O 
pH2O
2
∆G = − RT ln
0
 equil ,T *
0 10  pH 2 

10

2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2 H 2O( g , p =0.1atm )

10 −1
∆G10 / j = −4920000 + 109.6T + 2 RT ln 0.1 10 −2
∆G 0 = 2 RT ln 0.1
M + O2 = MO2

∆G 0 < 0
2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2 H 2O( g , p =1atm )
∆G10 / j = −4920000 + 109.6T
H

Tq T * T WBM
MO2 ( s ) + 2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2 H 2O( g , p =1atm )
MO2 ( s ) + 2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) = M ( s ) + 2 H 2O( g , p =10 atm )
2
 pH 2O  2
∆G = − RT ln
0
 equil ,TP pH2  pH 2O 
∆G = − RT ln
0
 + RT ln 10
 pH 2  pH2O
 pH 2 
equil ,TP

2
10
0
10
∆G > 0
0

10 −1
M + O2 = MO2 10 −2

∆G 0 kJ / molO2 2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2 H 2O( g , p =10 atm )

∆G10 / j = −4920000 + 109.6T + 2 RT ln 10

2 H 2 ( g , p =1atm ) + O2 ( g , p =1atm ) = 2 H 2O( g , p =1atm )

∆G10 / j = −4920000 + 109.6T
H
∆G 0 < 0

T* Tm T WBM
WBM
 Reducción de FeO con C a 600 ºC
(1) FeO( s ) = Fe( s ) + 1 / 2O2 ( g ) ∆G10 / j = 259600 − 62.55T
(2) C( s ) + O2 ( g ) = CO2 ( g ) ∆G20 / j = −394100 − 0.84T
(3) 2C ( s ) + O2 ( g ) = 2CO( g ) ∆G30 / j = −564800 + 173.62T
(4) 2CO( g ) + O2 ( g ) = 2CO2 ( g ) ∆G40 / j = −564800 + 173.62T
(5) C( s ) + CO2 ( g ) = 2CO( g ) ∆G50 / j = 170700 − 174.5T

FeO( s ) = Fe( s ) + 1 / 2O2 ( g ) 259600 − 62.55T = − RT ln pO1/22( equ ,T ) pO2 ( equ ,873 K ) = 2.9 x10 −25 atm.

(1) + (3) / 2 = (6) FeO( s ) + C( s ) = Fe( s ) + CO( g ) ∆G60 / j = 147900 − 150.2T = RT ln pCO( equ ,T ) pCO( equ ,873 K ) = 0.1atm.

 pCO
2 
C( s ) + CO2 ( g ) = 2CO( g ) 170700 − 174.5T = − RT ln
 pCO


 2  equl ,T
 pCO
2 
  = 0.08 pCO( equ ,873 K ) = 0.1atm. pCO2 ( equ ,873 K ) = 0.125atm.
 pCO 
 2  equl ,873K

P = PCO + PCO2 + PO2 = 0.1 + 0.125 + 2.9 x10 −29

WBM
FeO( s ) + C( s ) = Fe( s ) + CO( g ) DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM

WBM
 DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHAM
FeO( s ) + C( s ) = Fe( s ) + CO( g )
2 FeO( s ) + 2C( s ) = 2 Fe( s ) + 2CO( g )

∆G873
0
K = −410000
= ab= ∆G0 (2C +O2 = 2CO)
+ ∆RTln pCO
2

∆G873
0
K = ∆G873K + RTln pCO
0 2

∆G873
0
K = −223400
−175.3x8/ 3+ RTln pCO
2
= ac+ cb

pCO(atm) = 0.1atm.

WBM
WBM
WBM
ENERGÍA LIBRE DE FORMACIÓN DE SULFUROS

WBM
ENERGÍA LIBRE DE FORMACIÓN DE CARBUROS

WBM
AFINIDADES RELATIVAS DE ALGUNOS ELEMENTOS POR SULFUROS Y OXÍGENO

WBM
AFINIDADES RELATIVAS DE ALGUNOS ELEMENTOS POR CLORUROS Y OXÍGENO

WBM
ENERGÍA LIBRE DE FORMACIÓN DE CLORUROS

WBM
ENERGÍA LIBRE DE FORMACIÓN DE NITRUROS

WBM
ENERGÍA LIBRE DE FORMACIÓN DE SULFATOS

WBM