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ABU DHABI GAS INDUSTRIES LTD.
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PROCESS ENGINEERING
I: I DESIGN MANUAL
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PROCESS ENGINEERING
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DESIGN MANUAL

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 Page No
N D E X
TEP'DP/EXPISUR
Date:

1. DESIGN CONDITIONS
2. VESSELS (vapour-liquid separa tors)
. Horizontal
. Vertical

3. COLUMNS
. Tray
. Packed

4. HEAT EXCHANGERS
. Shell + tube
. Air coolers Plate exchangers
Furnaces
5. PUMPS
. Centrifugal
. Reciprocating
6. DRlVERS
. Gas turbines
. Electric drivers . Steam turbines

7. COMPRESSORS
g. EXPANDERS

9. FLARE SYSTEMS

10. PIPES VALVES + FITTINGS

. Line sizing
. Piping classes . 6 P through valves and .ii ttings
. Control valves - sizing and selection
11. PIPELINES

. Pressure and temperature drops

12. PACKAGE UNITS

Dehydra tion
Refrigeration . Gas sweetening

13. UTILITIES
Water
Nitrogen Air
Drainage
14. COMPUTER PROGRAMS
15. DATA

16. PROCESS CALCULATION SHEETS

17. PROCESS OAT A SHEETS

•
L-_____________________________________________________________________________ ~
 FORE WORD TO REVISION 0
ReVISIon 0 Page No
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~_T_EP_I_O_P_/E_X_P_I_SU__R~~________________________________~______-L_D_a_te_'___2_/_&_5__~__________ lll
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The purpose ot this manual is to present in a practical way the process design methods to be
used by TEP personnel for quick calculations as well as detailed ones. They have been carefully
"1
selected by the most experienced engineers of the Process and Operations Department
(TEP/DDP/DIP/EXP/SUR).

The physical presentation is different from that of the othh TEP/DDP/DIP manuals in order to
get an easily transportable document as well as one which i~ convenient for photocopies.

Most methods are illustrated by selected examples. I

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Chapter 15 gives a selection of basic data which is sUfficie~t for most calculations.
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Chapters 16 and 17 consist of blank calculation sheets and! Process data sheets that can easily
be photocopied. !
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Blank pages a<e scattered along the chapters for personal Jtes. I
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In addition, blank pages are placed at the end of the manual. They are to be used fo'r comments
regarding the content as well as the typing and prese1tation and should be sent back to
TEP/DDP/DIP/EXP/SUR in Paris to be incorporated in the text revision. Use them please: they
will be part of our feedback. 1
The following persons have cooperated to the revision 0 of the manual : MM. J.L. BAGGIO, I
P. BERLIN, Ph.BOURGEOIS, J.C. FORESTlER, B.K. MARSHALL, A. MINKKINEN,
J.P. LUCIANI, M. LE METAlS, R. ODELLO, B. PERIS~E, D. WEBER, Mme K. COTTIN,
Mle E. GOSSUIN.
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H. LEGRAND
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::1.1 ~CI!!l:I:II !:5Ji18
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL ReIJI510n .

Date 2/&5
Page No

1. DESIGN COND I TI ONS

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:11 iCCU! t:I: I! 15ii8
PROCESS ENGINEE RING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion:

Date : 2/&5
Page No '

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1. DESIGN CONDITIONS
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I DESIGN CONDITIONS
RevIsion _0 Page No

• QR
I I. APPLICABILITY
Date: 2/85
1.1

I The following design criteria are applicable for both feasibility studies and pre-project
studies.

I 2. PRESSURES

I The design pressure of a vessel shall be taken as of the following;

Operating pressure Design pressure

I barg
a - 10
barg
MOP .. I bar
MOP::: Maximum Process Operating
10 - 50
I 50 - 100
> 100
MOP .. 10 96
MOP .. 5 barg
Pressure

MOP .. 596

I Vessels subject to vacuum during operation shaH be designed for the maximum external
operating pressure plus a margin of 0.15 bar.
I If the-internal pressure is 0.35 bar a or less the vessel will be designed for full vacuum.

I D-esign pressure for pump discharges shaH be calcuIa!ted by taking 120 96 of the normal
pump ~ P when operating at design conditions.

I 3.0 DESIGN TEMPERATURES

.l)e-!);~ "\) M~r[Je<;.

I Design vessel temperatures shall be as follows:

Maximum design temperature :::

I Minimum design temperature :::
max. operating Temp .. 150C
min. operating Tem~ _ 5 °C
or minimum ambient temperature.
I Consideration for the minimum design temperature must take into account any

I depressurisation of the vessel that may OCcur during emergency or shut down situations.
(See section on flaring).

I 4.0 MATERlAL OF CONSTRUCTION

Details of the required material of construction for various temperatures are given in
I Table l.

I •
Details on corrosion allowances and wall thickness are given in the vessel design section.

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 ......

TABLE 1- MATERIAL SELECnON A5 A FUNCTION OF DESIGN TEMPERATURE

rI r- 10-'C
I - ,- -
69 'C -T
I - .. 7 'C - )0 'C
• ,"0 'C • '~27 'C MAX II MAX MAX
II ABOVE
"
:=
TO TO I TO TO TO TO •. •. •. • ,~
I 1 _ 19£ 'C 101 'C _ 6& 'C _ H 'C _ 29 'C .21 .c HI C I }1& C I H) C I }9) C
-,
.... -1

L----t
: :TUL I SS Isis U%Ni
II 2_2}%N, ~::::dn Carbon I Cubon
I~"~II \.12}Cr
It2~~Cr.IMOII 5ulnl~u
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rr,
II~~I II~~I r-:-:::- j \.12} CrO. t::,C 'OH~ I
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It>RAOEI 1
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1C O'M
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I A 2,,0 IOlo[. I I Grode B I Gr.d~" I Grad~" Grad~" I GraMI I Grad~ II Grade 22 I I
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IRl)LL(O A 1,,0 JI6l I Grade D I for "".111 I Grad.6} I
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 -- PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
ReYI~ion :

Date 2/&5
Pa<Je No :

2. VESSELS

• .
 -- PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision:

Date : 2/&5
Pa<J~ No :

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-:1 2. VESSELS

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RevIsion" 0 Page No
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS

Date: 2/85 2.1

1. APPLICABILITY

Virtually all process schemes use phase separation. The design and sizing of a separa tor wi th
acceptable accuracy is required for both the feasibility and pre-project phases.

Consideration is given in this section to the specification of vertical and horizontal

separators for vapour-liquid and vapour-liquid-liquid separation. Details are also given
concerning vessel internals.

Separ a tion of solids from gas or liquids is not covered in this design guide. Generally a
vendor will be consulted for details of a proprietory d~signed vessel.
I

2. SEPARATOR APPLICA nONS AND CONSIOERA TlONt

2.1. 2 PHASE SEPARATORS (usualy vertical unless tated)

!
Compressor and Fuel Gas KO drums

j Efficient separation of liquid from vapoJr required. Always consider a mist

eliminator. Provide sufficient surge time (l to 2 minutes) between the HLL and

--
tripping the compressor.
--- --~ ---
- - - --._------

Relief System KO drum - See section 9.0 Fla~e Systems

Unit Feed KO drums

Required upstream of acid gas absorbers, glycol contactors and dessicant bed
dehydrators. Can be incorporated into base of tower for weight and space saving.
Always use demister pads.

Production separators (Vertical or horizontal)

Liquid separation from gas not as critical as compressor KO drum unless a

compressor is located immediately downstream of separator. Always consider
start-up, shut-down and process slugs when designing.

2.2. 3 PHASE SEPARATORS

J pha~ production separat0r:.s_ ~~ ~~erally horizontal. If good liquid-vapour de

-- --- ~ - . -- ---.. ;-- - -... --
entrainment is required demisters are usually stated. Oil separation from the
I

water phase must be sufficient so as not tp overload water treatment units.

Chemica~ad~itives (demulsifiers, anti-foam, p<;>ur point depressants) may be added
to aid separation.
 RevIsIon. 0
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&SPZ7Prs a:
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS

Date. 2/85 2.2

I
J. HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL DESIGN I
-------
Vapour velocity in a horizontal drum can exceed the liiquid settling velocity provided
L/D ) 1. For vertical drums the velocity .-----------
cannot. - ---------
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Horizontal drums are more effective and geometrically more practical for a heavy
liquid phase removal than vertical drums.

A rising liquid level in a vertical drum does not alter the vapour flow area. I
Consequently vertical drums are preferred for compressor and fuel gas KO drums.

Vertical drums utilise a smaller plot and are easier to instrument with alarms and ·1
shutdown controls. For floating installations they are preferred as less "sloshing"
OCCurs.
I
Each design case must be evaluated separately but in general the following can be used
as a guideline:
II
Vertical drums Compressor KO drums
Fuel gas KO drums
Degassing boots
Absorber feed KO drums II
, Floating installations

Horizontal drums Production separators HP Reflux drums I

3-phase separation Flare KO drums
t Try to avoid vessels wi~h wall thicknes~_greater than 100 mm as these require special
- ---- -------------------- - - -- ------ -- ----------------
I
fabrication and can prove expensive.

If. CALCULATION THEORY AND EQUATIONS (for use in calculation sheets)

II

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(Valid only for pure gravity settlers with no internals to enhance separation)

4.1. LIQUrD-VAPOUR SETTLING VELOCITY

(i .. ., - liquid or vapour density kg/mJ

Vs - settling velocity m/s i

~
K = correlating parameter m/s
(2) K = 0.003616( g)Yt D - particle diameter -microns

~
C - drag coefficient

(3) Vs = f - vapour viscosity - centip~,ise .-

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ReVISion 0 Page No
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS

Date: 2/85 2.3

For medium and low pressure with gases of viscosity less than 0.01 cp Figure I ,
can be used to estimate Vs. , - -. !~

For higher pressures (> 50 bar) or viscosities in excess of 0.01 cp it is necessary to

calculate Vs. The drag coefficient C is calculated using Figure 2 (curve 2) where:
'f'·2-3
_., 1 ( )
(4) CRe 2 = 1.3015. 10 • tv . .l>.. f'- - f'v

Equation 3 is then used to calculate Vs.

r
4.2. LIQUID-LIQUID SETTLING VELOCITY -l. , ( Co" l) /
,1
I
(based on Stokes law of terminal settling) ! " II " .,
- \ C ,-' c,t- ~' ,J
The following equation can be used for calculating the settling velocity of water in
oil or the upwards "settling" of oil in water. The important fact is to use the viscosity
of the continuous phase i.e : fo~oJI settling ':lpwards through water use the water
v}~cosity, for water settling in oil use the oil viscosity.

Ut = terminal velocity m/s

c.. g = o .;1 (' -
gravitation accel
Ut = 3" D ~ (f ... - fl.) m/s2
I'h = density heavy fluid kg/m3
18 )lc.
10
,:/1 = density light fluid kg/m3
)'C = viscosi ty (continuous) kg/m.s
D=
particle diameter m
Setting the particle size to 125 microns and using more useful units gives:

(5)
Ut: 0.5108 ( .f~ f~) Ut in mm/min
Ie. in centipoise
f in kg/m3
Iii-'
The above equation is valid for RE YNOLDS number of 0.1 _ 0.3 . "J
/(( '-'
j"
----
U.
If calculated settling velocity is > 250 mm/min use 250 max. /

4.3. VESSEL VOLUMES

Partial volumes of a horizontal cylinder can be calculated using the partial

volume charts in Figure 3 or estimated using the following equations:
(for vessels wi th a diameter < 1.2 m ignore ~ead volumes)
 RevIsion' 0 Page No
I
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS
Date: 2/85 2.4
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(see page 2.13 for sketch)
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HORIZONTAL CYLINDER
Arccos in radians I
2 DISHED HEADS Vdh = 0.21543 h 2 (1.5 D - h) m3
2 ELLIPTICAL HEADS Veh = 0.52194 h 2 (1.5 D -: h) m 3 (most common) I
2 HEMISPHERICAL HEADS Vhh = 1.047 h 2 (1 •.5 D - h) m 3 (gives extra vol)

VOLUME UP TO BAFFLE (see page 2.23)

I
fordepthh
(elliptical heads)
= 0.52194h..z. (1 •.5D-h)+ AL.B
2 I
These formula are accurate enough for general design and are easily programmed
on to a calculator for time saving.
More accurate formula are available, see ref list, but are often too complicated
to be useful for multiple calculations.

For greater accuracy the length L should be the tan-tan length and not the
flowpath length between nozzles. This is especially true with large vessels and a
tight design.

4.4. CALCULA TION PROCEDURE VERTICAL VESSEL (vapour-liquid separation)

A guide for filling in the attached calculation sheet.

Decide if Figure I can be applied i.e P < 50 bara, j1 < 0.0 I cp

[f applicable use the .500 micron curve to evaluate settling velocity (this assumes
a mist eliminator will be installed) or 150 micron with no mist eliminator. It is
recommended to instaCl a mist eliminator for most applications. If not calculate
Vs using equ 3. il
Derate the calculated settling velocity by 85 96 design margin to give a
maximum allowable vapour velocity.
II
Calculate drum internal diameter and round to nearest 50 mm. (further
adjustment of 10 : 00 can be made to suit standard head dimensions).
'I'
r Check if wall thickness is less than 100 mm (See para 4.8).
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RevISion 0
Page No.
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS
• Date. 2/85
2.5

calculate vessel height based on following criteria:

hI : max (15 % of 0 or 400 mm) (L} ~ )_ 'q,)( ..

v

TL
h2 : 100 mm if mesh selected
hI
150 mm for compressor KO
h2

h3 : max (50 % of 0 or 600 mm) l' " .

hl

F If no mesh use hi + h2 + h3 :: 60 % ~ or 800 mm

h4

III-'

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h4 : 400 mm + d/2 : d = inletl nozzle 0
hS
IJLL

h6 h5 : calculate based on 1-21inutes residence time at

- -HLL
u.r.. maximum liquid inflow (Imin 200 mm)
h7
I
IoU
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h8 h6 : base on following hold up times: (min 350)
TL
reflux drums 4 min
product drums 5 min with pump
L
3 min no pump
heater feed 8 min
HP sep. to lP sep. 4 min

h7 : 1-2 min residence time (rr!linimum 150 mm)

h8 : 150 mm for bottom connebted lC

300 mm for side connecteb LC

Note: ,
For compressor suction drums that are nlormally dry set Hll at 450 mm
I
above tan line and use bottom connect¢d lC. This will reduce ves5el
height if required. ,'10 specific Hll-LLL IhOld up time required.
 RevIsIon 0 P.Jge No

VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARATORS

g Date" 2/85 2.6

4.5. CALCULA TlON PROCEDURE HORIZONTAL VESSEL (2 phase)

A guide on how to fill in the attached calculation sheet.

I
f
1. Calculate settling velocity Vs for par tical size 500 (use Fig. I or equ. 3.)
I
2. Derate this by F = 0.85 and calculate required vapour velocity V mls

Vm = F x Vs x (LID) mls
"'
use LID of 3 to 4 max (J firs test)
I
3. Evaluate required vapour cross sectional area, Av I
4. Assume drum is 70 % full i.e hiD = .7 and evaluate drum ~ to give required Av
(to nearest 50 mm). For "dry" vessels use hiD = .35 I
5. For required liquid surge volume, calculate vol at HLL, if insufficient adjust 0 or
L (note if LID changes significantly recheck Av using new Vm).
I
6. Set position of LLL in drum and confirm required surge vol between HLL-LLL. If
volume is insufficient increase 0, Lor h. Include volumes in heads.
I
7. When setting LLL height take into account any LSLL, LSL alarms and vortex I
breakers which may set minimum value usable. Usually 300-350 mm.

8. Rationalise all heights and dimensions to nearest 10 mm.

I
NOTES:
I
For high volumetric flows of gas with small liquid volumes consider using split
flow arrangement. Design is as above but with half vapour volume flow. I
Normal design is with top entry, exit nozzles. However if space is limiting
(primarily offshore) head mounted nozzles can be used to "increase flowpath. I
L is designated as the flow path length i.e distance between inlet and outlet
nozzle. L' is the tangent-tangent length. For 1st estimates L' = L + 1.5 0i + 1.5 ~2
I
0i ~ inlet nozzle diameter 02 = outlet nozzle diameter

"Normal" liquid levels are taken as midway between the high and low levels.
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 VA PO lm - LIQ UID SEP AR A TOR
S
n EY8'WP
Dat e· 2/8 5 2.7
4.6 . CA LC UL AT ION PRO CED UR
E HO RIZ ON TAL VESSEL 3 PHA
SE (S~e Fig ure 4)
Suf fici ent resi den ce tim e to
allo w sep ara tion of the oil- wat
er mix ture as wei ! as
the oil sur ge and vap our flow
are as mu st be pro vid ed.
1. Pro cee d wit h step s I to
4 as for a two pha se sep ara
tion . Use LID = 3 (l st
est ima te) and eva lua te L.

2. Pro visi on now has to be mad

e to acc om mo dat e bot h oil and
wat er sur ge vol um es.
Use Tan -Ta n len gth L' and not
noz z-n ozz dis tan ce L.
3. Cal cul ate LLL req uire d
to giv e app rox 4 min s oil sur
ge cap aci ty (mi nim um ).
Ins pec tion wil l rev eal whe the
r suf fici ent hei ght exi sts belo
w LLL to inc lud e the
inte rfa ce lev els. If not , adj ust
the ves sel 00r L to giv e suf fici
ent roo m.
No te: If the wat er cut is ver y sma
ll, con side rati on may be giv
en to usin g ~
wa ter boo t inst ead of a baf fle
arra nge me nt see step 10.
4. Hav ing det erm ine d HLL
and LLL now set bot h pos itio
n and hei ght of baf fle.
Cal cul a te term ina l sett ling vel
oci ty of wat er dro ple t (eq u ')
sec t 4.2} and set tlin g
tim e at bot h HL L and LLL .
Vol um etri c flow of liqu id is in
bot h cas es the oil plu s
the wa ter. Cal cul ate fall dis
tan ce of a dro ple t acr oss len
gth of the dru m. Baf fle
hei ght and pos itio n can now be
set not ing :
the baf fle sho uld be at lea st 75
mm belo w the LLL
the baf fle sho uld be at lea st
2/3 dow n the len gth of the dru
m from the inle t
in som e cas es the wat er dro
ple ts will set tle to the floo r
in a sho rt dis tan ce.
The baf fle sho uld stil l be set
at a min imu m of 2/3 ~long the
ves sel.
5. Set the HIL at baf fle hei
ght - 75 mm . The LlL acc ord
ing to hei ght det erm ine d by
vor tex bre ake r -to LSLL use a
min imu m of 300 -35 0 mm .
6. Che ck if an oil dro ple t will
rise thro ugh the wat er lay er
(fro m dru m floo r) to LlL
bef ore rea chi ng wat er out let.
Use are a at LlL wit h nor mal
oil + wat er flo wra tes .
(Th is crit eria is ver y rare ly gov
ern ing but mu st be che cke d).
7. Cal cul ate wa ter surg e tim
e bet wee n HIL and LILt and resi
den ce tim e bet wee n NIL
and out let. Rem em ber to use
only one hea d vol ume , and
leng"th of dru m upt o
baf fle. Min imu m acc ept abl e
tim es are 4-5 min s. If cal cul ate
d tim es are ver y lon g
con sid er usin g a wat er boo t arra
nge me nt.
8. Rat ion alis e all dim ens ion
s and "tid y" leve ls to stan dar
d valu es if pos sibl e I.e
150 mm , 200 , 250 , 300 etc . Thi
s allo ws use of stan dar d disp lace
rs.
9. Rec alc ula te ail resi den ce
tim es bas ed on "tid ied" lev els
(if req uire d).
No te: In cal cul atin g tPe fina l resi den
ce tirn es mak e sur e tha t the
ves sel tan -
tan len gth is use d and not the
noz zle to noz zle dist anc e L.
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RevIsion 0 Page No
VAPOUR - LIQUID SEPARA TORS
a « ••
Date: 2/85 2.8

10. Boot calculation (See Fig. 5)

If the water volumetric flow is so small as to ryot warrant a separate baffled

settling compartement as detailed above a water boot should be used instead.
To design proceed as follows:

1. Proceed as previous upto step 3.

2. Calculate settling distance of water droplet when vessel is operating at LLL.

Water droplet should reach floor of drum before oil outlet. Remember that
the oil exit nozzle will be raised above the floor as a standpipe.' Adjust drum
~ or L to achieve settling.

3. Check that settling is also possible when operating at HLL, droplet to fall
below drawoff nozzle level.

4. Size water drawoff boot ~ (try to use standard pipe diameters). Calculate
rising velocity of the oil in water, set downward velocity of water in boot at
90 % of this and evaluate boot 0. Boot length by inspection (use standard
displacers).

Note Boot" must be less than 35 % of vessel"

When heavy walled vessels are used a remote boot may be more r
economical to prevent large cuts in the main vessel.

4.7. NOZZLE SIZING (see section I 0.0 also)

Inlet nozzle

Size based on normal volumetric flow + 10 % (liquid + vapour flow)

Limit inlet velocity to 7 - 13 m/s
Round nozzle diameter up or down to nearest standard size

Gas outlet
Liquid outlet
Size on normal flow
Normal flow + 10 %
Velocity limit 15-30 m/s Velocity limit I-J m/s HC
2-4 m/s water
Manholes: 450 mm or 600
Min. diameter = 2" (avoid plugging)

4.&. VESSEL WALL THICKNESS

Calculate vessel wall thickness using the ASME VIII dive 1 formula. The wall
thickness should be calculate9 immediatly after 0 is known to confirm if
t < 100 mm.
 I
2.11
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EQUIP\lENT 01 0
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1)
Calr:ulate settling veloc::ity Vs
~
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2)
Cakulate vessel diarneter required tor droplets separation:
I
01 =4 Y. lr. VS.
Qg .,
F. (LTD)
1/

I
3)
Cakula te vessel diameter required for suffic:ient liquid residence time:
I

I
02 = V- 6 QI t,.,
311'" (LID)
~ I
I
(
4)
Select 0 = max (D 1, 02). Round to Upper value

r = Qg gas flowrate at P, T
m 3 /s
QI = total liquid flowrate
m 3 /s
Ys = settling velocity
I I, m/s
0 = vessel diameter
m
LID = vessel design ratio (LID = 3-4) _
F = security fac:tor (O.85)
-
tres = liquid residenc:e time
s .

. I

... ~
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
SHOR T CUT METHOD ITEM
I
R HORIZONTAL DRUM
8y I 1 CHI( I DATE 1 ! lOf! Tift[
No

l08No
~!" i
j
I

I
I
I

.
 I

I
2. I 3

CALCULA TlON SHEET FOR VERTICAL TWO PHASE SEPARA TOR

EQUIPMENT N° .D It3~ l>EGASSING. MOr

0eerating data:
Pressure (operating) bara = 1.01.
Temperature (operating) °C = 3~
Gas MW
= $'"1. It Liquid desc:ription : C Ilv~£ o;t...
Gas flow rate kg/h = 1i~o Liquid flow rate kg/h = 106'\0
Gas density (T,P) kg/m3 = ~.I Liquid densi ty (T ,P) kg/m3 = 210
Ac:tual volume flow Qg m3/s = o.9"l Actual volume flow m3/min = O.~~
Partide size mic:rons = IS"O
Mesh pad CS): Estimate Vs using Figure I and 500 mic:ron c:urve
No : If P < 50 bar and ~ < 0.0 I use Fig. I and 150 mic:rons
If P > 50 bar or ! ) 0.0 I use c:akulation for Vs
1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity: from Fig I/cel "let! d. Vs = :t m/s
<?(o!;...I_ I -:;':L.2~

C = Vs = m/s
• Delete as applicable

2. Derating % = 85 j;2. u maximum velocity Vm = 1.+ m/s

- 3. Actual volumetric: Drum flow area = 0.51 m2

gas flow = m3/s Cakulated drum ~ = 'lrL mm

SELECTED DIAMETER = goo mm

-- -
A .-
-. - :
4. Required liquid hold-ue times

2. « c· 2-)" -=- - C '-JG.,

h5 : l
HLA - HLL = min = o. t.b m3 = 7-00 mm ~
-_.
h6 :
~
~ - :6
HLL - LLL = S- min = t.1~ m 3 = 1800 mm--
h7 : LLL - LLA = 1 min = C.I. (; m 3 = 100 mm

5. Mesh pad: @no thir.kness = 1 00 mm

PROCESS CAlCUlA TlON SHEET

Sheet 1 of 2

VERTICAL VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARA TO~ ~~M D~(I~:: I'V':,

BY I I CHI( 1 OA f[ j 1108 TlTLf f ,c.' •• fl L 1,08 No I ~l" I

I
 .
. DESIGN PRESSURE
2.<;
I . P= barg Diameter 0 = 900 mm
CORROSION ALLOWANCE

, Max stress:
S = 1220 bar CS
C = J mm

t = PxD
1000 bar CS -'. S = I~,' J 2 x S x E - 1.2 P
+C .:: t.,
I Joint efficiency (.&5) E = o·~{

tmin = 0/&00 +C
I :;. ~.l
t: 5"" mm
8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)
I
-.
t = 5 mm Shell weight = I~'O ~,
"-
kg -
I L =
D = :;.l m
6 m (5'+1) Head weight =
]
80 kg
,

(txDx20) ::::. (V ( ... ·"1 : " -'

-
~ C
J' I'
-
TOTAL WEIGHT =
kg

l
.&;;J;;;l PROCESS CALCULA TlON SH EE T
~V-E-R-T-IC--A-L-V-A-P-O-U-R---L-[Q--U-I-D-SE--P-A-R-A-T-O-R---rl,-:-o£
. -"'-,."-If-:-JA-.~-,'
I

I., liED
Sheet 2 of 2
. __ . -., -'---,-,:,-,,--;-------"- .-
'( i
. ! "---
CHI( ~ OA T£ i JOB TlTL£ i A'\[ ',.'1 i..
i 108 "0 I RE v
 I
2. [I)

I
4. Nozzle sizing: velur:ity limits (m/s) = Inlet: 7-13, Gas outlet: 15-30, liquid outlet 1-3

0i t low = 9·3l.1 m3/s

I
Inlet Nozzle ID = g " Actual vel = 10. r m/s

02
(+ 10 %)

Gas outlet
o. ~

= O.J. S
r-
m3/s Nozzle ID = b "
I
Actual vel = IJ m/s
Liquid outlet = a.ot. m3/s Nozzle 10 = b " Actual vel = ,•. I m/s I
5. Drum sizing ,.
I
\
. C \

For trial I tres = 4 min vol required = 4 x QI =

--.
01' ~,
/'

1 v., m3

I
I
TRIAL
I
I o."l
2 3 4
I
I
I
I
Selected hiD
I 0.'
Vapour area I
Av m2 I o.Irlt I
% Total area (Fig. 3) ,_
I lr- ~1- I
Total area At ~') m2 '-> I O.C;;\C
Liquid area o.-rolf, -o,rt);f,A.I O'~ m2 I
o. ~f,"l..-
I
CaJc:ulated drum 0 mm \l20 I
Selected drum 0 D mm
I
1 I$"O .ccoo ' I
LID (3 - 4) I
Flowpath length
3 I I
L mm ~/.. S"o I (00 0
I
Tan/Tan length L' mm : b~ 30 I
I
HLL height I I
mm gor I 11 Q.()
Volume at HLL m3 I
LLL height !.bt I I!.q 1.. I
mm I
Volume at LLL m3
~ro I
Surge volume (HLL - LLL) I 1. ~6 I
m3 I \'t).5'(; I
CaJc:ulated tres
I I
min I ?>.qg I
I I
NOTES:
I I I
I Tty u:o~ W'I I o~ I
I I I

a)
SELECTED DRUM: DIAMETER " ~l)oO mm x '~3() mm tan/tan I
Tan/tan length L' = L + I t x 0i + 1 t 02
(ignore this c:orrection if D < 1.2 m and use L for volume c:aJc:s. For trial 1 use L
and ignore heads). I
b)
ff VOL HLL is less than required surge inc:rease D, L or hiD or reduc:e tres (by
inspec: tion).
I
PROCESS CAlCUlA nON S EET

-
... . ._....
CALCULA nON FOR HORIZONTAL'
2 PHASE SEPARA TOR
ITEM

No
P":;-"'CL
I
\ ) " . '"\
: ' r-
Sheet 2 of 3
•• ' c~ I
OA T£ I JOB TITlE (: ".\r I?L ,_ JOB No I ~£ v j
I
I
 2. I 7

6. Wall thickness

DESIGN PRESSURE
P = -ll barg Max stress CS = 1220 bar
CORROSION ALLOWANCE C = ~ mm SS = 1000 bar
S = Itt 0
,,-
Joint efficiency E = 0."( ~

t = PxD +C
=
2SE-1.2P mm

8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)

t = t.S- mm Shell weight = II 000 kg

L=CS3m Head weight = ..taou kg
D=.t. m '-
(t x D x 20)

TOT AL WEIGHT = 13000 kg

M'
•I 7 CALCULA nON FOR HORIZONTAL
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
Sheet 3 of 3
TEP'DDPlDIP/E XP'SUR 2 PHASE SEPARA TOR
1,
BY 11 CHI( 1 DATE I I J08 TITLE ~ '( Aqile L
No

J08NO
\/ I Q
 TANfTAN LENGTH Lr.
I
I ... JOoo
2. I ~
1 --I

CDT~'
I•
FLOW PATH LENGTH L = '+-"00 ..
I
HLL
· Amend sketch if boot
required instead of baffle
· Indicate on sketch
I
D· ISoo 1100

SSo Hll
'1S
III
100
if mesh required
· Heads: 2 : 1 elliptical
(belA i'fI'" ericltl
I
hS
IL'5o III I
hS r
h4
-I-
!Do
~ EQUIPEMENT No : D SO\ 0
I
I .. B ll- DESCRIPTION:
-I
Operating data _
1 'too Off'S~~ .,..es,.. SlfA/lA"T'DIl..
I
Operating pressure bara = J.. ()
Operating temperature °C = So
CONDENSATE

.f'c
Flowrate
Density T,P
kg/h = 31G6\)
kg/ m3 = 12').,4 I
QI Vol flow T,P m3/min = o.":J\ ~ 0 - - ;
-
GAS MW
Mass flowrate kg/h = Ie 5' o~
)-Ie Visc:osi ty c:p = o·lf I
Density
Qg Vol flow
T,P kg/m3
m3/h
= ?S·o
= Itq := c-tJk;--
WATER CUT
fW
Flowrate
Density T,P
kg/h
kg/m3 = 9&&"
= q'liS
I
? :. o.o\o~ Qw Vol flow T,P m3/min = o.I'r~c- : ~_,_I
Particle size mic:rons =I r 0 Viscosi ty ep = o.s I,
1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity: from Fig. l/calc:'.II.ted
~ ~ 3 S-.::> _ ~ 2 .LI/
It- Vs = 0.11\" . m/s
I
c =
• Delete as applicable
I
2. Maximum vapour
velodty LID = 3
Vm = Vs x 0.85 x L
[5
Vm::; O·/'d.. b m/s
I
3. Liquid-liquid settling
I
Oil in water Ut = 0.51 q8[f'f-""(c.] mm/min mm/min

Water in oil Ut = 0.5108[(;... ('- J mm/min mm/min

I
t:\ ~::i - ': ~ ~ Lr
-.
-- - ,:,
I
11 ... -- r ,-'

I 0 ~ -----_.- ..
;.'
- c .; ~.
.

I
_J . :
" "
- --- r
_.
-+-._

I
PROCESS CALCULA nON SHEET Sheet 1 of 4
CALCULATION FOR HOBJZONTAL
3 PHASE SEPARA-rnR
ITEM.

No
oFrs~o~(

J> $'0 \0
I.
J I
BY 1 CHK OA T£
106 No I REV i
I
I
 r-- --- --- --- .-- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
',;
., \
--- --- --- -_________________
l

4. Noz zle siz ing : velo r:ity lirn

its (rn/ s) = Inl et: 7-1 3, Gas out
r - i- - - -
, . - - -
let 15- 30, Liquid out let 1-3
3 --r--------.
- , . - . -
- - •. -
-.

- ' -
m /s: noz zle ID
- ...-- -t -- -- -- -- -- +- --ac:tua[ vel rn/s l
1. ::I:~ ~~~
2. Gas out let :
,'.:;: ;o'.~, , 0" f ( ~ " ('00 ..~,
-- -- -- -- -J

c. g I
')
i J. HC out let : O.O~b t U
J r---------~----- '#.~
4. Wa ter out let : ----------.-----
-----~
O.c) I'L 3" c':\r"" . . . ) t.,
.5. Ves sel sizi ng o·o oU ~.

For tria l 1 use tres oil (HL L-L

LL) = 4 min :. 1. V~ V'l\l

OIL SEC TIO N 0; I SLlrJ~ +-,- ,.'e..

I I I I
I
TRI AL
I 1 2 J I I
I I I 4
I I I
.(1.. .' II 6·7 -:;
Sel ect ed hiD l
Ca kul ate d (Qg /Vm ) o·()~' I O· t I Q I -.- -,
Avrc;;.l~(,m2
~ - I o.U I I
Av as 96 AT (F:.r. 3) '.
a·o t I t. ~ f
I
Tot al are a::. I lS- I ~t.
I ,
.o~/<, \" At m2 I ll. ( I I ,
Liq uid are a () . '3> 2 : (;:> • c' ")Al I 0·3 L I l·U 1- I \.~, I
..J
m2 I o ·!h I o.H It I I. :3g-,. I .- -
I I I I
Ca kul ate d 0 I I I
Sel ect ed 0 mm I 'fo I I
D mm I I I
100 0 I \15"0 ,- Iro O ./ I
LID (J - 4) I I I
I I I
Flo wp ath len gth
L
3 I A 3·1.- I I
Tan /Ta n len gth mm I ~ COQ I .i'ooo
L' mm I 5lS0
.(fO o I I
I {l r O )0- 0 I I
HL L hei ght I I
hI mm I 60 0 I I
Vol um e at HLL ~ fOO 110 0 ./
I
LLL hei ght m3 I \ .Y l I t-' l i.Ci- I
h2 mm I I I
Vol um e at LLL I /.0 0 ~50
I I
m3 I
Sur ge vol um e (HLL - LLL)
m3 I ,
I I. 'i
t.t f.. kit
!.t.. 1 I
I I
I
Cal c:u la ted tres
min
I
I ,I ~.q
/.. (It
I
I
I

No tes or com me nts : I

I I
I '~f."\
I ,
I
,"tbo ~.4L«,...
IUJ.. 100 l"""", o~ I I
I I I
I~ .. ~"'f~ I c.1-d't U 1-4.0 I. ;.::>
I
,.
a) tan -tan len gth L': L + It x (¢l + ~2) mm - Ign ore if D < 1.2 m

----
6IIil ~--------------
PRO CES S CAL CUL ATIO N
---------------
SHEET
---,----------- She et 2 of 4
- 7 1
-'- -- - CA LC UL AT ION FO R HO RIZ ON
3 PHA SE SEP AR A TO R
TA L ITfM MHI -{At C "7E~~
--~~~~
SE:P A,2A Too/ .
~-----. . .

BY I i CHI( I DATE !
No. D fOt 0
JOB No I Ri.,
 I
\1,':\ TER SECTION
2.20
I; I
Trial I f) = 2/3 x L = 3tfa mrn (rounded)

Total liquid vol flowrate

I TRIAL I I I
I
2 I
I
3 4 I I
Qw + QI I
mJ/min O. 8' ~ I I
Baffle distance
Liquid area at HLL
B mm 3h<;(J
I
I 3/...00
I
I
I
I
I
Al m2 D.~~t. I I. ~rt I
Horizontal vel at HLL VI mm/min lorr I 'b4 I
Ut water (step 3) mm/min r:q. r- I 11~·r I
Vertical fall from HLL I I
= B x Ut/V I mm ~rO I a.S'L I
HLL - vertical fall mm Lto I (\U I
I I
Liquid area at LLL Al m2 \)./d1 I o.&'1f I
Horizontal vel at LLL
Ut water (step 3)
Vertical fall from LLL
V2 mm/min
mm/min
.t 110
11 'l.r
I
I
I
10~1-
\l~·r
I
I
I
I
I
= B x Ut/V2 mm 1'10 I ("c r I I
Selected baffle height
Selected HIL level
h3 mm /.00
I
I '7..f'
I
I
I
I
I
h4 mm ~ {"'A I .frO I I
(adjust h3 and B if necessary)

Check oil rise:

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Horizontal vel at LLL V2 mm/min !.I \ 0 I \ o(l- I
Ut oil (step 3) mm/min )/-."1- I U1- I
Vertical rise within dist B I I I
= B x Ut/V2 mm ,1.00 I ~!~ I
= max. outlet height
h5 selected LlL level mm ifo
I
I
I ! [0
I
I
I
I
I I
h6 selected outlet height

q I water vol at HIL (upto baffle)

mm

m3
'tou I
I
'LOo

J. \l
I
I I
I
'.0\ I I I
q2 water vol at L1L (up to baffle) m3 0.61.- o.b,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I.
qJ water vol at NIL (up to baffle) m3 O·n \. ~,

q4 water vol at outlet ( " ) m3 o·~r c·t'\

I
I
I
I
I
I
I;
I I
= vol
r
o.
q surge (q 1 - q2) m3 o.~G \. t./-. I I
I I
surge time q surge/Qw min 1.~ 1·r I I
residence time q3-q4/Qw min L \t. 5'. Il- I I
calcula ted oil residence time (upto baffle)
Vol (NLL - NIL)/Ql min \. l h
I
I
I
I
I
I
., I
I
I
I.
--00 lOALl-
-
D(
I
I
:wi
BY
#IE .•-.
I I CHI( I
CALCULA nON FOR HORIZONTAL

DATE
3 PHASE SEPARA tOR
I I JOB TITLE
PROCESS CALCULATION ,SHEET

(XArlt"LL
ITEM

No.

108 No
~
o rr.l"o~t.

)010
" t. ~ T
Sheet J of 4
5(-'"",'I-I',c ~

I REV
I
!
I
I
I
 I
I 2.21

I
I 6. Wall thickness

I DESIGN PRESSURE
P = /.f.'l barg Max stress
CS = 1220 bar
I CORROSIOr\ ALLOWANCE
C=.3 mm
SS = 1000 bar
S = 111..0

I t = PxD +C
Joint effidenc:y E= 0."1.1

2SE-I.2P = mm

I
I 8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)

I t =
L =
3f"
~
,....
mm
m
Shell weight = 10 ~OO
k~
i
i

Head weight = 10("0

\, .r kg
I D= m l.
(t x D x 20)

I TOTAL WEIGHT = ''2. 000 kg

I
I
; /'

- --- -- , - ( '-1

~
I -
, (
,

...cy
I
.,- { ~- --
! .' ~ !
.' j
('
/1--- /

I i I
(

I /r " ~ - /'
I I
l'

I
/

,I , •
}II! I,! I.) "
,
" r
i /._

" (

I
I
I ~--------------------------------------------- Sheet
PROCESS CAlCUlA TJON SHEET
4 of 4 ----
CALCULA nON FOR HORIZONTAL 7EJT .s('I\.,~.,o( ...
I 8y I J (HI( j 04 T!
3 PHASE SEPARA TOR
I\jo

J081\jo
j) ~O Iv

I "I.
I
I PROCESS ENGINEE~ING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: Page No :

I VAPOUR AND L:::'l[) SFPARATORS

Date 285 2" 22

I FIGURE 1

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
--
I
I [

I r

I
I
;: Ii".: '"'
;: ' i : :"IIII.;.;..+.
I! IT· I i I'J. :. ti \! ::: Ii: I i \I.J.~+#~fH.+m-++-fw.w.*t-l
I :.\ !::!.
I
I~. "~rr--'. .;:!; ~r"
; i n
: li~~ p Ii' ~ ~ l I!:! ~ i i r :::::;; i ~ ~: I

I
I
C! ...... • .... o

I o

VS - LIQUID SETTLING VELOCITY ms· 1

I
I
---------------------
10 u
rp:r~,
'''':')'''1",,1 I· . J.r;U<'.:!!.:,·~ L"W":',·.~. :,1,1, ,Ii CRe
2
= 1.3072 x10'11(p~) (0)3 (Pl-P\()~:'; ..
.:g IHh,Willll;~mi! -1!\RVurm;
. -~ i~

- : "" ~";-:'!: '::E .:-:~:

fTfllllll 'I '~'I r..1!t I~n. IIII1HI r;p: :;:11;,-,,:;0; p - VISCOSITY OF :AS CP " ; ..
q ~ I ~~ :" .~. ~ I No.! "" .!~ 111 ' ill"""~i I~ ,~
':'-i;;
~~ i!l!i~ '1~~"'~ ~{. d m!. ~._ .. :tHl'illt "!"I"""'t ' .•
i!.·':: trj;d :'1 lit .1 :.!:}i ~~!,; .
"
:11:.101;1::: :l;t~' E£
.1
::J

."~. !~ nHH~ ~i~ ~~'ff ,l; . rHf::ii~

~,. rr:~::

. PV - DENSITY OF GAS, Kg/mJ o

~
. :: 1.::n: ,~
- : : ;:;:.;
........
~

"'-
~
.......
:::1:::: '.-. <
:;..
nm
.=q~ . ~ ....... ~ .. '~: PL - DENSITY OF LIQUID Kg/mJ
...... ... ....
' (/)
·-1-= F- ~- ...... _- F'::- ., c

'" ,:: ::.~'"

,; 1-= (/)
1= :0 m
0 D PARTICLE DIAMETER, MICRONS ;;-. 2
'"
z
'" . Cl
'" 'I
.or
"." !'.. o
tT-" .. : ':I~", ''':, :;;; ," ,.
, 2
~
: ~

., .. ,
""" _. ~-' I' .. ::0 m
c '1' '1' '. 1 :','
" 0,
4>JI ;: ~ , : ""'"
, lin!:!! 'HII'" I".;;, I~ :: :~ : . 11' I I I"! :'.1 ..1.
.-
I~ '! L',~ . • • ; II diT: :r '. , : . iT- <
(,I)
l>
C')
~
,
..g
m
::J
I ~ ...... "" .

. Cv'
i.
ti : ~ ::0 () ~
a C') o
2
Cl

" ~ f:.: -
(11

rI ~ -- - .. -
.... - ·~.?e)<t-
f',.:.
0 . --.-- I - - -- - 1-- .... .. ,

j
o
...
me
"T1:D
~m
~
:'J In
0
r..... t--
. I'--~r-."" ~ ~N
! .:. :;.. (/)

~~
.. - S; Cl
1 ::Om ---OJ - Z- -
.0 (11 2 o
, ... ...:: N-i :0 ~
r,. 'a:/' 'n :

'.
:.s ~(f/I
II'

~'C >
"
',1
. .r"? ~..
II \"

...
l'M

..
n Z

'-
, ' ,. -.',\. F;;::::
, ·1;)1.., I/o '. .~ !lnh t !I i
" '
C
"f.,JJ: rot
·,U
I'q "
..
L ;.. :
I
,
I
.II',. Y'
~.,.
' " .Ii't
."
"
',.
.,
L"
! ..
," " ',,:'
~:··I~: ;:!r~ ;, ~ ~ , >; ;, 1,
!Ilii' ;':' r?
.•
-~, . .-:~
'Ii ·1 ' .o ~ i , ..

K: - _.
• .! r
~

.,. r:~ -- , -,
.. ,

.. .I'~ ':~It;
: i .~ :;.: . :!
\
:~I-~
,

.. . o :::J

~
::.:~
<:~:
'

. ..
,.,
' ::-::
>F - ~
....
t:>
<

o
'
:. .: .: -- Ii (11 -

;)

, .0 10 100 1000 104 10 5

":;:)

C (Rel 2 OR Re
CD
J1
DATA FROM PERRY

CD IOCUM/'UIL .C.
'-J
~
...;:,

,..-.)
W
'"-,
£..
 I PROCE SS ENG/" JEERIN G DESIG N MANU AL
Revl\lo n: 0 Page No :
I a& E55t !
V',POUR At."": LIQUID SEP1\RA TORS

Date 2/85 2.21.

I FIGUR E 3
RELAT IONSH IP BETW EEN CHOR DAL HEIGH T

I AND CIRCU LAR SEGM ENTAL AREA

I D

I
I
I
I
I 45

I 40

I «
w
ex:
«
w

I -.oJ
(J
ex:
(J
LL

I o
W
(!)
«
t- 20

I Z
w
(J
ex:
w
Q.. 15

I l
10

I 5

I O+-~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~, I ."

,_·~~
• f
__+-~~~~~__~~
o 5 10 15
I 20 25
PERCE NTAGE OF CIRCL E DIAME TER
30 35

./ /
40 45 50

I
I
I
PROCESS ENGINEERI~.~ DESIGN MANUAL Revision:
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Date 2.25
I FIGURE 4

I 3 PHASE SEPARATOR

ALL DIMENSION SHOWN ARE '.lINIMUM RECOMENDED

I MIN
-t-t-
OptIonAl
II nom"'"
.... 300mm min

I -----------------~lJ:---r-Ul_t300.------
75

I - - - - - - - - - - 300-
.75
I

I B

t
m.n
!
L
I .I

I OIL RESIDENCE TIME Volume be:ween NLL-NIL upto baffle only

use residence time of 3-6 minutes for design
I OIL SURGE TIME
Volume between HLL and LLLacross full length c: vessel

I use 4-5 minutes if feeding to another column/vess.el

5 minutes i1 pumping to storage

I 3 minutes if flowing to st.orage (no pump)

8 minutes if sole charge to fired heater

I WATER RESIDENCE TIME _ Volume between NIL and outlet

Use 4 minutes minimum

I WATER SURGE TIME Volume between HIL and L1L

I Use 4:'5 minutes minimum

.

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 I PROCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIG N MANU AL ReVISIo n
o Page No :

I ill:.- J S~
':;-"POUR AND LIQU 10 SEPAR AroHS

Date : 2/8S 2,26

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FIGUR E 6
E
I a:
w
~
W
5.000
V~sel weight estima tion

4.500
~

I ~
0
-.
en
4.000
3.SOO
3.000
~ 2.11()/)

I ~
I
<.J
2.600
. 2.400
2.200
2.000 v V ! V /'
W
~
1.800 ~ /~~V-+~~~~~~I/~++-4-4-+~ From hydroc arbon process ing
I 1.600
1.400
./ 5 V V August 1981

1200

I 1.000 /V IL
~-4.~/ e t-+-+-V~/+-
Y l T~I~
I I~
900
800
/ r V ~[ .~ l

I
700
600 ~ 0
FOI nHl &addl.,.
u ~
b
[
SOO / ..u 1 m '0 lenvh' ,- I
I I I I I I I I I I I

I 5 6 7 • "0 12 14 16 111 20 2 4 6 8 30]540 45 50

t Thickn ess mm r
I-~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..::L=--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ "':-I 1-- min of 1 1 /2 x nozzle II .
I FEED GAS OUTLE T

I HLL

I c
E
LLL

o
~----~~----~--g~--------~H-'-L--~-+--~

I iii B <·35 iii

-~~-+-
8B STAND PIPE OIL
EXIT NOZZL E

I LlL

I WATE R DRAIN
FIGUR E 5
JPHAS E SEPAR ATOR WITH WATE R BOOT

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.... 1. - I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

NOTL,)
Revision:

Date
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: 2/85
Page No :

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PROCESS ENGINEERING OESIG~ M~NUAL RevisIOn:
I elF! 2 --~
Date : 2/&5
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I 3. COLUMNS

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 RevISIon· 0
IRA Y COLUMNS

Date· 2/85 J.t

1. APPUCABrUTY

I t is not expected that a hand calcula tion of a teay distillation or absorbtion column b.,
pedormed by the engine«, For the purpose of a feasibility or pee-project study any «qui«"
rigorous column sizing would be performed using SSI PROCESS simulator, or similar,

Should, however, a quick estimation of tower diameter and height be required one of the
most Common methods of hand calculation for valve trays is the "GLlTSCH METHOD", An
example of the procedure for this methOd is given in Section 3.

A detailed mechanical design of a tray column is beyond the SCope of this guide, For details
on glycol towers see package units.

2. DESCRIPTION AND NOTES

2.1. TRAYS

There are baSically three types of tray used in distillation cOlumns; sieve, bubble cap
and valve trays. Each type has specific applications and flexibilities dependant on the
process criteria. Some of the major aspects are detailed as follows:

Bubble caps

Operation ..
Vapour passes through "risers" into the bubble cap then bubbles into
the surrounding liquid on the tray. Bubbling action effects liquid-
vapour contact. The liquid exits the tray via outlet weir and
downcomer arrangement to the tray below.
Capacity
Moderately high efficiency (minimum 50 %) is maintained at varying
rates due to weir maintaining liquid head.
Efficiency
For many years was the most common type of tray-cOnsequently
many published tray efficiencies are available from vendor Sources.
Note: most expensive type of tray.
Application
All major services excepts Coking, polymer formation or other high
fouling condi tions. ldeal for use in :Iow flow condi tions where tray
must remain flOOded to maintain a v~pour seal.
I
!

I ray s;:;acing
IS" is normal. Consider 24" to 36" for vacuum conditions.
 I
RevIsion. 0
I
Page No.
TRA Y COLUMNS
't
Date: 2/85 3.2
Sieve trays

With downcomers
I
Without downcomers
Operation
Vapour rises through 1/8" to I"
holes and bubbles through
Vapour rises through holes in I
and bubbles through liquid.
liquid. liquid flows across tray
over weir via downcomer to
liquid head
Countercurrent
forces
through
liquid
same
I
tray below •.
holes to tray below. Flow is
generally random and does not I
form continuous streams from

Capacity
each hole. I
As high as or higher than bubble cap trays for design rates or down
to 60 % of design. A t lower ra tes efficiency falls and performance I
is poor. Generally unacceptable to operate below 60 % capacity.

Efficiency
As high as bubble caps at design capacity. Efficiency becomes I
unacceptable below 60 % design capacity. Not suitable for variable
load columns.
I
Applica tion
Systems where high capacity near design rates
maintained in continuous service •. Handles suspended solid particles
are to be
I
well flushing them down to tray below. Can be problem to run with
salting-out systems where trays rl,ln hot and dry, holes may plug.
Not recommended for oil + gas service due to poor flexibility.
I
Tray spacing
15" average, 9" to 12" accep-
i12" average, 9" to 18" accep-
.. I
table. Use 20" to JO" for
vacuum.
table. Use
vacuum.
18" to JO" for
I
Valve trays/ballast cae

Generally the same aspects as for sieve trays. Most valve trays are specialist
I
proprietry design for specific operation problems and capacities. Specialist 'vendors
include Glitsch, Koch (f1exitray), Nutter, Union Carbide. Best choice of tray for
I
distillation application.

Tray layouts I'

Not only may the type of bubble cap/valve/sieve hole be specified for a particular I
design but also the tray hydraulics by liquid path. Common arrangements are shown
in Figure I.
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 RevISIon 0 Page No
TRA Y COL UMNS
TEP/OP/EXP/SUR
Date. 2/&5 3.3

Tray efficiencies

General tray efficiencies to use:

Absorbers
Stripping

Hydrocarbon oils + vapour 35-50 %

Hydrocarbon oils + vapour 50-&0 %
Amine units 15-20 %
(Amine towers usually have 20 actual
Distillation columns 60-80 % trays)

2.2. CONDENSERS

Condensers are usually installed on the overhead of fractionation towers to

recover liquid product and provide internal tower reflux. Design of condensers is
covered in shell + tube exchanger section.

Basically two types of overhead condenser exist, partial and total. When using a
total condenser the heat load is equal to the latent heat of the saturated overhead
vapour. The resultant bubble point liquid is split with some returning as reflux and
the remaining portion as distillate product.

For a partial condenser the vapour withdrawn from the accumulator is in

equilibrium with the returning reflux and consequently the condenser is acting as
an "external" additional tray. The vapour is normally withdrawn under pressure
control with all or part of the liquid returning as reflux to the column.

2.3. REBOILERS

Generally three types of reboiler exist for light hydrocarbon fractionators.

internal reboiler thermosyphons

external "kettle" type
external "hea t exchanger" type furnace, electrical

In ~ cases the "heat exchanger" type is preferred for efficiency.

The heat exchanger should be located 2-3 m below the exit nozzle from the
column so that sufficient head is available for thermal circula tion.

Reboilers may be heated by direct fire, electrical coit, steam, closed heating
medium or process fluid exchange.

Values of U overall {incl. fouling factor} for various types of reboiler and design
methods are gi ven in the hea t exchanger design guides.
 ReVISion o
I
TRA Y COLUMNS
Date: 2/85 3.4
.1
3. CALCULA nONS
'I
See following pages: I
4. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE

4.1. Distillation

Part 1 Distillation Process Performance LUDWIG VOL II

CHAPTER 8 I
Part 2: Hydrocarbons Absorption + stripping
Part 3: Mechanical Designs for Performance
I
4.2. Absorption and fractionation fundementals CAMPBELL VOL I
CHAPTER 13 I
4.3. Gas liquid systems PERRY I
CHAPTER 18

'A'" o.... c.,.., I

/
IA'f' Oow"co",.,
IWil/l ., ... 1/1 .... 1
OvI't' Oo."Com.f o.Wf'lCOfIWf Halt. [lIiol;<:I1
S/Iooe. 11M UK
I
w•• , ., S..,I Sail

I
I~ rl I~ nIl
C'on-rt"" C,t .. • Flaw I
I",,, Do. ftC,"'''

..."
I
Ovll" OowncQ,..,
I
O.. fltf Oownco""r We.,

I
I~"I Vt • • TRA Y TY PES BY LIQUID PA THS I
FIG.
11 O~II.' v ••• I I
", ... , ... , ...
I
Oo.."bft • P'11 C.,cod.

I
 3. 'i
TRA Y CALCULA nON SHEET

Columrn item: D !.D 16 i

Name:

Tray number: 6' Number of passes: 2-

to = \3°C Po =Jrbar a
I

1. VAPOUR AND UQUID TO TRAY

1
I
J
I I I
I FLUID
I I I I
I kg/h I MW I kmol/h I I
I I I
Tc I Pc I ~15 I
I I oK I borq.. I /..,)
I I I I
I HYDROCARBON: I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I UQUID I 'ltooo I !.l. t I I I
I I 't'lf"f - I - I
I I I 3f'\ I
I VAPOUR II{; f roo I 31 L. I I I
I I S"3,.r ~oq I ).t I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I I - I
I
I TOTAL I I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I
Compressibili ty factor Z

Reduced temperature Tr
Reduc:ed Pressure Pr

to + 273
Tr = - _ __
=- !i'
Pr = - = - :. o·f8
/.~

From charts Figure 1, 2 or J Z = D.6"l

page 15-15

Vapour density

12.0JxMWxP
Dv=-_ _ _ __ 12.0Jx~l/' -u
=
Z x (to + 273) 0·61- )( z..g,
= 5S . .t kg/mJ
Vapour actual rate

kg/h
Cv = =-- = 30S8
Dv S~.t.

PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET

Sheet 1 of 4
TRA Y COLUMNS ITEM ~ to\,
BY! 1 CHI( J DATE :
No

lOB 1010
 I
I
2. LIQUID FROM TRA Y

I
to= \~ °C Use figure 10 page 15-20
0 15 = 3b'ct kg/m 3 0L at to =fll kg/m 3
I
r &0"
Liquid flowrate = 'i kg/h
I
C = kg/h:. q~ooo = .B1 m3/h
L
OL j., II
I
3. DOWNCOMER DESIGN VELOCITY VO dsg
I
TS =,? "=ISo mm "TRA Y SPACING"
DL - Ov = 3.r6 kg/m3 I
VD dsgo = 3z..o m 3/h/m 2 From figure 2 Page 3.10
System factor Kl = 1.0
VO dsg = VD dsgo x Kl =32.0 m 3/h/m 2
from table 1 Page 3.9
I
4. VAPOUR CAPACITY FACTOR CAF I
TS =~;-omm
CAF 0 =0·38 from (Fig.3) on page 3.10
I
=
System factor K2
CAF = CAFox K2 = \.0 xO.3f= o. l~
from {Table l} page 3.9
I
5. VAPOUR EFFECTIVE LOAD V Load I
x I
= x =''1.01. m 3/h I
6. APPROXIMATE COLUMN DIAMETER DT =2.r m from (Fig.4) page 3.11
-------------------------
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------------------------
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2 TRA Y COLUMNS
PROCESS CALCULA nON SHEET
ITEM J) lO'b
Sheet 2 of 4
I
- No

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BY CHI( [ OAf[ I I JOB TITlE ()< <\rl "L. t- JOB No
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 3.7

a. HI: See design details on vertic:al vapour-liquid separa tors.

Minimum distance for HI will be one tray spacing. Minimum distance between
inlet nozzle and top tray 300 mm.

Selected HI:: 6" 0 Q mm

b. H2:

J H2 : tray spacing x (number of actual trays _ 1)

No ac:tual trays = theoreti-cal trays/tray efficiency

for tray efficiency see section 2.1 page 3.3. Assume :: 50%

Actual trays :: \b

~ : if the c:olumn diameter changes over the length, the transition piece wilI be

h t = /1(01 - 02) long and H2 wilI increase by this amount

2

Selected H2 :: ("1 S-o mm

liE
C $ TRA Y COLUMNS
PROCESS CAlCUlA ndN SHEET
Sheet 3 of 4

8yj 1 CHI( 1 • DATE J j J08 TITLf (/<I\ nPL C

No

J08 No
I RI \I !
 I
r:. H3 :
J.S ,II
H3 :: hi .. h2

hi :: tray spar:ing x 2 ::
qoo
I
mm

h2 :: h6 .. h7 .. h8 (see vertkal separator sizing)

I
h6 :: hold up time I
For production flowing to :
I
·
· another column
storage
t :: 15 min
2
I
i
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· a furnace

· another uni t
10

-5
i

I
· reboiler/heat exchanger
5

, h6 ::tcOo mm h7 :: 100 mm
I
h&:: ~oo mm

I ~h2 :2fOo mm
I
I
H3 :: hI .. h2 ::31Q...() mm I
,
~

Selected HJ :: ~~ Qe> mm I
I TOTAL COLUMN HEIGHT = HI + H2 + HJ =HorOm m
I'
, I'
" I,
I!
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t-
M TRAY COLUMNS
PROCESS CALCULA nON SHEET

ITfM

NJ
.i) tulG
Sheet 4 of 4
I
....
I
11 J 1 1
CHI( OATE J08 rlTlE &"\nhC
J08 No
1 R[V I I
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 I
f TRA Y COLUMNS
ReVISiOn 0

• 7 • WI
'I; Date. 2/85 3.9

I]
ill TABLE 1

SYSTEM FACTORS
IJ Service System

11 Factor

Non foaming, regular systems.............................................................. 1.00

11 Fluorine systems, e.g., SF 3, Freon........................................................

Moderate foaming, e.g., oil absorbers, amine and glycol regenerators......
0.9
.85

I] Heavy foaming, e.g., amine and glycol absorbers...................................

,

Severe foaming, e.g., MEK units...........................................................

.73
.60

til Foam-stable systems, e.g., caustic regenerators..................................... .30

I!
TABLE 2

IJ
I;'1 Column diameter mm Minimum recommended
Tray spacing: 75 mm

IJ ~ < 1 200 450

. I 1 200 < ~ < 2 500 600
IJ 2 500 < \I <
II >
4 200
4 200
700
950

I~
IJ
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 Ii..j
.-
PflOCESS ENGINEEHING DESIGN ,\'ANUAL

11
RevIsIon P.l<]e No
TPi,',' ('ut: !~:h

i(1
"0
I"-~

-_. ---
• -.------ ----, - - - -
Date

- -
T--
: .' /~)

---
J, III

V r
(J "0
vO
hi
.) . , .'
V
/ V
L
V
/
I
I

f-------

·Il "0 r---- / L /'

..L
V V / L
V
IJ "G

V
L/
.... L L
V

IJ _IV/
"0

V
...
/
t

11
110

llo
- - --
....
V --r- --..... - -
/
/ L
V t-- ------

V"
Y
V ,,-
~ . - r-

IJ no r----
/ V V
/
II] 1\0 --- / V
L F'. '1.' DOWNCOUEA DESIGN VELOCITY

IJ "0
'0. nl
/ )00 000 SOD 000
'OIl .00
- loot
0... D.I- _".J
t
11J CAf,
FI,.J FLOOD CAPACITY OF eALLAST T"AT~
[
IJ •• 1

[
IJ I.'

I, •. zoot
In I'
~
t:":::t:::::::,
IJ 1.1

V VV u.-.- l- f:::
~
... V V V J
TS.I"- r- r-
... I--' ~
..c V-
I' V 1 r- ~
IJ I. . . . . V
..... ..-/
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V
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V ~
,/"
..-/
H~r'
,--

----r r- ~i\
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....... V
~
r--- r-- ..- ...... 1--' f\
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1-r- ~
r-- V r- - r-
IJ
11 .. )00

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I-- f-""" f-
f-- LIN
f-~ I-
ll""
~ ~
I.J 1- t-- ~ ~ l- I-- ~ /
f-f- ~
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l- f-
1\ \
I 0.01 0.02 1.1" .... ... '., '.4 0.' 0.' I • • u •• ,0 II
1
100
~-
l'

o. V,.POM Of .. \.,,. _c. ... J

I '------------------------------~--------------------~

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PROCESS ENGINEERI~JG DESIGN ·.1ANUAl RevIsion: ParJ" No

I Date 1.11

F'9. 4- BALLAST TRAY OIAIoIETER

(FOA APPROXIIolA TlON PURPOSES ONLY)

I
", LOAD", 'a

)000 loe

.... se TS. 100_

I NO'.
FF • 10'\ 7$0

700

I
FOR FOUR PASS TRA Y!
1) Oi.,d. II Load by 2
zsoo 11 L'q"i( Load by 2
1I Olo'.in ~I_'.'
n.
fr.,.. two ....... tn, Ii,..
yz:o
I ., ""llIpl, di._I •• 10,
4.05 loe

I S50

I .50

.00
1500

150

11 lOO

11 1000 J. oo
~·~s
2S0

~·~O

I ~.Ss
~·.O
~·~S
zoo

~,'O

I] soo
'._$
'·.S
'·~O
150

100
'.~
'.,)s
'·~O so
'.OS
O.~

0._.O·~S

o •

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1
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I
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PACKED TOWERS
:..: .... -.
;1: Date 2/85 3.12

1. APPLICABILITY

FEASIBILITY STUDY: PRE-PROJECT

Under normal circumstances the design of a packed tower would be detailed by a vendor
based on process data supplied by the engineer. The detailed design of packed towers is
complex and requires specific information regarding both packing type and size and mass
transfer data for the fluids contacted.

IJ For the purpose of this design guide details are given on the general arrangement of packed

IJ towers, various types of packing and loading and pressure drop correlations.

The determination of the height of a packed tower should be evaluated by a vendor or

11 determined by the engineer if required using methods outlined in design literature (see
references). A detailed description is beyond the scope of this guide and is normally
unnecessary for feasibility and pre-project level.

2. PACKED TOWER DESCRIPTION + NOTES

A general arrangement of a packed tower is shown in Figure 1.

IJ Packing

IJ The correct selection of a tower packing will normally be made by the vendor based on the

r: required process, flowrates and pressure drops stated. Details on packing are given in :

Table 1 - Packing service applications.

I: NOTES AND GUIDELINES

I~ Carbon steel towers may be lined for corrosive service with rubber, plastic or brick depending
on the nature of the fluids being processed and the temperatures encountered.

Towers are generally loaded by dumping the packing rathfr than staCking. Stacking is more

I expensive and gives inferior liquid distribution but smaller pressure drop. Certain packing
types will be stacked at vendor request.

I
I
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 RevIsion 0 P.HJf> No
PACKED TOWERS
Ell! 3&
Date: 2/85 3.13

Packing heights per support plate/grid should not exceed 12' 0.6 m) for Raschig rings of
15-20 ' (4.5 - 6 m) for other packing types. Individual bed heights are normally limited to 3
column diameters or 6 m maximum.

Good liquid distribution over the packing is necessary to promote adequate phase contact
within the bed. The streams of liquid should enter the bed on 3" - 6" square centres for small
towers with 0 < 36". For larger towers the number of streams should not be less than (D/6}2.

Liquid redis tributors should be installed after approx. 3 tower diameters for Raschig rings
and 5-10 diameters for other packing types. Redistributors are not generally required for
stacked packing as the downward liquid flow is vertical.

In order to reduce ceramic and carbon packing breakage occuring during flow surges hold-
down or floating bed limiters are installed on top of the packing. The limiter must be heavy
enough to hold down the bed and be able to resettle as the bed moves.
For plastic or metal packing the bed limiter is bolted in place and does not rest on the
packing.

Packed towers are not recommended for dirty service fluids nor for glycol dehydration.
Packed tower should be considered in preference to tray towers for:

j) small columns with 0 < 2 ft

ij) acids or corrosive liquids
iii} highly foaming liquids
iv} low hold up times
v) low pressure drop requirement

• ..
 I
RevIsion: 0

2 oT ••
PACKED TOWERS
Page No .
I
Date:
2/85 3.14
I
4. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERA TURE

4.1 Applied Process Design for chemical +

I
LUDWIG
Petrochemical plants - VOL II pp 129-239
I
4.2 Design Information for Packed Towers
BuHetin DC-II
NORTON Co.
I
4.3 Tower Packings
Packed Tower Internals
BuHetin TP-78 "
I
TA-80R "
Hy-Pack
InterJox saddles
MY-40
CI-78
" I
4.4 Design Techniques for sizing
Packed Towers
John S. ECKERT
I
Chern. Eng. Progress Sept. 1961 VOL 57

4.5 No mystery in packed bed Design

I
John S. ECKERT
Oil and Gas Journal Aug. 24 1970
I
4.6 Calculator Program for Designing
Packed Towers
V.I. PANCUSKA
Chern. Eng. May 5 1980 I
4.7 Packed column DeSign on a Pocket
Calculator
T.J. HIXSON
Chern. Eng. Feb. 6 1984
I
4.8 Packed Columns
Perry Chemical Eng. Handbook
I
pp 18.19 ~ 18.47
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- PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN IMANUAl
PACKED -:-OWERS
Revision

Date
Page No

1. 1 ')

I
I Liqui4 ,.,"
--.-c=;=======~ FIGURE 1

GENERAL '!'<:MER

I A..~~~GE"'.EN"T'

I
I: Liq ... R,-Oi."i ..

S',ch4 La,.,•
• r Lor" ..4

I III".,4iol,
Silt4 Podi ..
(Nol N,cell.,il,
S•• , " II."
Tow., Peckil,) I.

I
Pedi .. $tI«IM
Pre"", Swpp." Ope,.., ..
- .......~- far P,oc ...
PI." PI.U il9. MOlP\ (0u1l.,.4)
"l'--o.-"-
SiIM "-t....
.. ~ $tlliot

I Loree "-ckiAt ..
.s..,,.. $til",

I Pac1lac Material
Packing Sc:moe Applicatioo

II GIu.ed aDd WI-

Ilucd. PorcdaiA
or Chemica)
S~
Neutral aDd acid COlI-
ditiou ucept hydro.
fluoric., .olyeuu. NOI
UD,I.zed ...... 1
type epec.ified a-
cept .ped.1 re-
cood i.a bot aUltic quirement of &ow
(~70- Y.) adJorption on IW'- TABLE
lace. SpccaJ ccn.m-

1 ic:a ay.ilable lor

mild calUCic.. Pw-
oe1ai.a Itro~ aDd
more resUtaAt tbaD
PACKING SERVICES
AND SIZES
'1ODeware.

1 Hot alkali, all acida a-

cepe 1Litric. DO aQdiz-
iD,a~
S I . D d Thermal
Ihod. low cubic
weipt
I Pilitic AIhli, alb, l;9ueow
aDd acida depcndiA, OQ
U,ht weicht

~
raiD
Hot alkali (or .teel, May be: heavier
other .eryicc to nUl thau cer.mic,
metab
-~

~
Paciri"C $iu
This affects contact efficiency; u5ually, the smaller
packing is more efficient; however. pres.sure drop in-
creues.

~
As a ~nera.1 guide, use:

, • .
Packing Size, Nominal, inches
V2" -~"
~"- I"
I"-l!!,"
IV,' - 2"
2" - 3"
Column Diam., inches
6"-12"
12" -- 18"
18" - 24"
24" - 48"

I 36" - larger

I
Il ..... PROCE SS ENGIN EE RING DESIG N MANU AL

PACKED 'l'CMERS
Revisio n:

Date
fJ

2/8"
Pdge No :

3. 16

3.,0
I Design tOO.

60
GENERAUZED PRESSURE DROP
CORRELATION

Techniques 40
~AIIAN!Tf" ~ CV'I~S
... 'HOC'
, ..... (8_1
Of' • ..,t",'ooT. 'I()UOO(S
IN ~_HTH£SIS .... [ .... OF "A
~
s..o-
T("'''[T(''
for Sizing 20 OF ~ACl\(O I1[IO"T.

11 1.0

Packed Towers
..
Q6

11 Reprod uced from NORTON

'Desig n Inform ation for Packed
o~~;{ 04

Tower s' Q:Q2

11 Bulle tin DC-I]
01
1-,

11 G... Ra,e
OENEIIAU ZEO PRESSUR E DflOP COIIIIElA TlON
~IIO~EIITY

L;quod IU ..
IT.. aOL
G
aRmSH UHITS
LOI/It' NC
METlIIC UNITS
KG/M'.
006

0.04
l llle/It' NC KG/M' •
Gas 0.,,111y Pg lI.. , It , KG/M'
L;quod Denllty P, lIIe/ll' 0.02
KG/M'
llQu.d VIICO'fty
Conv.raio n Facio' C" Cenh.loIc "
1000
Cenh.loIc "
10.1114
Plc1ung Facto' F
001

I QOI 002 0.04 04i 0 I 0.2

t;/~
0.4 0.6 10 20 40 60

Packing Factors
11 (DUMPED PACKING)

Nomin al Packin g Size Cinches)

II Packin g Type

Hy.Pak T..
Mat'l.
lA % 'h YI % lor 11 l1A l'h 20r 12 3 3Vzor 13
Metal 43 18 15
Super Intalox ·
Saddle s Ceram ic 60 30
Super Intalox
Saddle s Plastic 33 21 16
Pall Rings Plastic 97 52 40 24 16
Pall Rings Metal !'o
70 48 33 20 16
Intalax ·Saddl es Ceram ic 725 330 200 145 92
I Raschig Rings Ceram ic 1600 1000 580 380 255 155 125 95
52 40

65
22
37
Raschi g Rings YJ2-
I Raschig Rings
metal

Y16-
700 390 300 170 155 115

metal 410 290 220 137 110 83 57 32

I Berf Saddle s· Ceram ic 900 240 170 110 65 45
Pack,nll 'acto" del.rmln~ w,lh an a.,·weler syslem in 30- 1.0. lower.

I • Data by Leva

I
I
I
I
J - PROCESS ENGINEE~ING

PACKE: TCWERS
DESIGN MANUAL Revision

Date
'1

2/85
Page No

J. 17

I. To desilin • packed tower. first It 'I nK"WHY to ·know

the .mount of liquid Of' In to be handled .nd from th,.
4A)0.' = 1.13A 0.'
I detarmina the liquid',U rwtio (L/G). Tha densities of
both liquid and lIu should be known .nd tha tarm 0= (-
I Vf is ~leulated. than tha absclSu. X = ~ V~ .. here A
r

= G' totallbs./sac .
G Ibs./sq. rt./sec.
.s determ,ned from Step •.

IJ I
2. Artat' aleulatin, tha valua of X consult the ,eneraliled
pressure drop correlation .bove. It _II be noted that there
a,.. I sanes 0' maned parameters ranlin, 'rom 0.05 to 1.5
inches of . .ter pres.u,.. drop par 'oot 0' packed depth
ThiS est.. blishn the diameter of Ihe to"'er .... h,ch ..... h.n
filled •• tll tile packln, selected and oper .. ted at des'gn
hquid Ind gas rltH. will develop the selected pres lure drop
(4 to 125 mm 01 •• ter preslura drop pe' metat' 0' packed

II dapth). 6. The deptll of til. bed required will be d.pendent upon the,
.pproach to total mass tr.. nsfer required witll 100,,!. m.u,
Honnally. a packed 10Wet' should be dnilned to operlta
I at a maximum aconomic.el preslU,.. drop. The dftiln an,i·
tran,'er theoretic.elly 'equinnl I bed of infinlt. deptrt.,
Therefore towers Ire alw.ys designed to operate at less;
n.., must d.tarmin. the bait balanc. between hi,h.r
~ootal investmant vs. lower Operatinl costs for low Pf'"'
tll.n totll miSS trans'ar. In a.s absorption problems. thel

I; I
lure drop tow.rs. Ind low capital investm.nt vs. hiCh.,
operatinC COlts for lowers operatinc at hlChat' prnsura
drop. Ordlnanly. packed tow.rs ar. not operated abov.
1.0 inch of .eter pretsu,.. drop per 'oot of packed depth
bed is usuilly c .. leul.ted from tha mass Ir.nsfer co·:
emcienl:

1<....
N
= -------
HAP ~ YlM
11
(83 mm of .ate, p,nsura drop per m.ter of packed d.pth).
Hich.r pressura drops ara possible .hen instrumentatIon
" such a. to maintain a const.. nt prassu,.. drop. Most ab- beuus. til. dnve IS from the las to the liquid phlJe.
J Or " I stnppina operation is involved then the mass lrans·
sorbers .. nd r~enerltOf'S ara dellcned 'Of' low pntssur.
drop operation. i.... somewhere between 0.20 and 0.60 fer co-emcient becomn:
inches of wate, preslu,.. drop per foot of packed deptll (17
.. nd 50 mm of wlter pressu,.. drop per meter of packed N
depth). Atmosphenc Of' pressure distillations ar. desi,ned
fOl' pressu,.. drops of 0.50 to 1.0 inella of .ater pressure
drop per foot 01 packed depth (42 mm to 83 mm of .ater becaus. the dnve IS lrom the liquid to the gas phasa.

I] pressure drop per meter of packed depth). Vlcuum distil·

lations run the complete ranae of prnsur. drop Ind are
dependent on .hat is to be accomplished Ind .hether the
vacuum is lQIely for improved laparation or .hether it IS
to reduce temperature of separation to improve product
The definitions of the t.rms for the above equltions fori
K.I and K~a a,.. as follows:
K.-
K...
=
= Mass transfer co-efficienllb. moles/ft.1 Hr. Atm.
Mus transfer co-efficienllb. moln/ft. 1 Hr.
N = Lb. molH transferred/Hr.
Quality. H = Packed depth 01 tower packine. It.

I~
Th. desianer should .... p in mind that ~ pressure drop
parameters shown on ·the ,eneralized pressure drop cor·
rftation are in inches of .ater (mm of •• ter). Th.refOl'e.
wilen designin, columns opentin, witll othat' liquids. spe-
cial consid.ration should be liven. especially when the
A = Tower cross sectional ...e •• rt.l
P = System pressure•• tmosphe,es
y, = c..s phase mole fraction. component I
Y,· = c..s phase mole fraction of component i in
equilibrium witll liquid bulk phase mole fraction 01

I] specific cravity of the liquid is substantially less th.n th.t

of water. FOI' .umpl•• an .bsOI'ber handlinl I hydrocarbon
witll I specific aravity of 0.5 -';11 exhibit the properties of I
tower witll I hold·up volume corrnpondinl to a pressure
dl'Ol) approximately 80% cralter than that 'Of' which it Wei
X.·==
X.
component i. X,
Liquid phase mole fraction. component i
Liquid pll.s. mole fraction of component i in
equilibnum witll las bulk phue mole fraction of
component i. Y.

11
dnllned.
For counter-curTe.nt alS·liquid flow:
. Arter hlvine determined the V1Ilue of X IS the Ibscisu in
St.p 1. Ind selected an operatin, pressor. drop in Step 2. (Yi 'Y;"h-(Yi 'Y;"h
the value 0' the ordlNte. Y. m .. y be determined by the use
ot til. leneralized pressure drop correlation. Lac.te the

I ,
v.,u. of the .bscissa on tllis Chart; move vertic.elly until the
proper pressu,.. drop parameter is contlcted; tllen move
horizontally from this point to tile left hand adae of the
chart .nd read the v.lu. of the ordinate. Make the v.lue
where ttle subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the top Ind bottom of
the column respectively. The equation 0' ~X<.. is anllollOus
to the equation for l\ Yu liven above.
K.a and 1(,.- data .re av.ihlble fOf' most Ibso(1)tion .nd
equal tID this lrouP of ftriables: strippinl operations.. Because ~ data on Ibsorptlon of CO,
with caustic soda solution Ire so COf'nplete for the v.riOYS
C G 2 FlJ 0.1 packlnas. it is not .t III unusual to usath.- dati IS I ratio
y=
f; <R. -f;) inform.bon sourc. 'or desiln with other P.lCkinaS and otller
rwtn th.n tllose for which direct inform.tion exists.

4. Then G -
_ (Y gC(F f(.-
V
PD)0.5
0.1
Distillation "nits ar. aenerally desicned on the baSis 01 HETP
(lleiallt equivalent to a tllearetiul plate). Hundreds of distil·
r.tion experimental studin have ~used us to conclude th .. t
the pro~rtin 0' I system have little 10 do with tile HETP
The valu. of III Vlnlbles is known except for the viSCOSIty vllue, J:Irovided that good distribution is m .. intained Ind til.
0' til. liquid. tile P.lckin, factor F .. nd til. lIS rate G. The packed lbed is operated .ith pressure drops of at least 0.20

I viscosity of the liquid can be determined lrom literature,

.. penment or IpprOJlim.tion. Th. packinC 'lctOrs of III
sizes of Plckine I,a I'Yen in the tlbl. on pal. 4. Broadly
.pe.kine. packinas smanar than 1 inch size .. re intended
lor lowen one foot Of' amaller in diam.ter. packinlS 1 ,nch
inchn \Jf w.ter prnsure drop pet' foot of picked depth (17
nim of .... ter prnsure drop per m.t.r of P.lcked depth). Mau
transfer takina plac. in packed beds. where Iny lubst .. nhal
.mount of prnsure drop exists, will occur predominltely as
a ""u/t of turbulent contact 0' cas and liquid ,..ther than as

I or l'h inch in SIze lor towen over one foot to three fHt
(0.3 to 0.9 meten) ,n d,amet~r Ind 2 Of' 3 inch packlnliS
.. ,.. used for tow~n ",," or more fHt (0.9 meters) on dUlm·
eter. The desiliner s/'tould select the proper llze of pack,ng.
Ind therafore the proper packlnl "ctOf' In th,s forst
cllcul.. tion.
.. diffUSIOnal operltion lovemed by lilm rHlstlnces .. t the
inlerllca.
Once Ih. total bed dep'h has bHn det.rmlned. the deplh of
Ind,yldual beds must be eslabllshed. Gen"rally. Indly,du .. 1 b~
d"pth II held to ei8ht column dllmeten or 20 It ..• !thoul"
under c.rtlln cond,t.ons 30 It. beds .. e permlss,ble.

I 5. Now Ih .. 1 .11 "a".bles "ave 'SI'ined ".Iue •. G may be

calcul.ted Ind Ihe d,.meler of Ihe lower del"rm,ned tly
Proper tower ,nlernals ~re 'IOquored 10 re.llze 'h. full POlen·
hal of the packlni ,n .. ny appllc .. tlon. (5 •• eng,neerlnl manual
TA·80R.,
 I;
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision:
I-I P8<JeNo:
. j

11
••7....... Date : 2/85

I
Ilj
Il
I]
. j

11
11
ill j

I] 4. HEAT EXCHANGERS

11
II
I
11
11
I! .

Ii
I·-
I
I
I
I
RelllSIOn 0 P,lge No

I SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS

Date. 2/85 4.2

1 2.5. CHARACTEUISTlCS OF TUBES

= BIRMINGHAM WIR~
1 I
External
I I
BWG GAGE

I
I I B WG I THICKNESS
Internal AREA (m 2/m) I
diameter SECTlOr
I I
I
I (in et mm) I
I
I
I
I
I
(mm) diameter
(em)
(em 2 )
J',_ ! External: Internal
I WEIGHT
I (kg/m) I
I I
I 1/2 in I I I I I ."!

1 I (I 2.7 mm)
I
I
I
14 I
16 I
18 I
2.10
1.65
1.24
0.848
0.940
1.021
0.565
0.694
0.819
!

I
0.0399 I
I
I
0.0266
0.0295
0.0321
I 0.600 I
I 0.490 I
I 0.384 I
I
J

I I I I I
I I 3/4 in
I (I9.05 mm)
I
I
I
If
10
12
14
I
I
I
3.40
2.77
2.10
/
1.224
1.351 .~
1.177
1.434
0.0598 I
I
0.0384
0.0424
I 1.436 I
I 1.216 I
I
1
'-//
1.483 >' 1.727\1/ I ./Q.0466 0.963 I
I I 16 I
I I
I
I
I
18 I
I
1.65
1.24
1.575
1.656
1.948 I
2.154
I 0.0495
0.0520
0.774 I
0.597 I
I
I 1 in I 10 I 3.40 1.859 2.714 0.0798 0.0584 2.024 I
I I "(25.4 mm)
I
I
I
I
I
12
14
16
I
I
I
2.77
2.10
1.65
1.986
2.118
2.210
3.098
3.523
3.836
0.0624
0.0665
1.696 I
1.324 I
I 0.0694 1.057 I
I 18 I 1.24 2.291 4.122
I I
I 11/4 in
I 01.75 mm)
I
I
I
10
I
I 3.40 2.494 4.885 0.0997
0.0720

0.0783
0.811 I
I
2.604 I
12 I 2.77
I, I
I
I
I
14
16 I
I 2.10
1.65
2.616
2.743
2.845
5.375
5.909
6.357
0.0822
0.862
0.0894
2.158 I
1.682 I
1.340 I
I I 18 I 1.24 2.921 6.701
I 0.0918 1.024 I
I I
I I 11/2 in
I 08.1 mm)
I
I
I
10
12
I
I
3.40
2.77
3.124
3.251
7.665
8.300
0.1197 0.0981
0.1021
3.185 I
2.634 I
I

I 14 I 2.10 3.378 8.962 0.1061

I I 2.039 I
I I
I I
I
16
18
I
I
I
1.65
1.24
3.480
3.556
9.512
9.931
0.1093
0.1171
1.622 I
1.237 I
I

I 2.6.
/
TEMPERATURE APPROACH AND PINCH

minimum temperature approach 5°C.

I minimum pinch for condenser or chiller 3 °C.

2.7. DESIGN MARGIN

I 10 % on area is recommended.

I 2.8. PRESSURE DROP

Allowable 6 P varies with the total system pressure and the phase of fluid.

I Liquid pressure drops of 0.7 1.0 bar per eXChanger are common. The
equivalent gas drop is about 0.2 to 0.5 bar.
to

I I.
Some eXChangers have low pressure losses and as reb oiler and condenser {tess
than 0.1 bar) especially those in vat:uum system.

1
I
 IJ
Ij SHELL AND TUI\E EXCHANGERS
Re. :Slon 0 Page No.

Da~e . 2/85 4.3

11 2.9. CHOICE OF HEAT EXCHANGER TYPE (Figure l)
1-1 ,1 a. Front end stationary head types

Type A: Used for frequent tube side cleaning due to the ease of dismantling
110 Type B:
the cover.
Cheaper than Type A but the dismantling of the bonnet is more

10 di fficult. To be used for clean products.

Type C: Cheaper than Type A for low pressure. The price increases quickly
wi th the pressure. This type is practically never used.
10 Type D: Special for high pressure P > 200 bar.
b. Shell types

10 Type E: In general the most commonly used.

Type F: • Advantage Fluids flow at perfect counter current (F = 1).

10 • Disadvantage: - Leakage between the longitudial baffle and

shell decreases in value.

:IJ Mechanical problems from expansion.

Low pressure drop eg : < I bar (risk of damage
of the longitudinal baffle).
IJ This type should be avoided. A greater number of Type E shells in series is
preferred.

:IJ Type G & H : Used for low AP ~ 50 mbar as for thermosyphon reboiler.
Vertical baffles are not installed for these types and due to that

IJ Type J:
the length of the shell must pe limited.
Used for high flow or high Ap for Type E and also sometimes on
condensates to avoid the use of vapor belt.
IJ Type K: Used for vapor separation is required ie chiller, some reboilers •.•
c. Rear end, head types

III Types L, M and N : Fixed tube sheet, used for clean fluid on shell side and for
low 6.T < 30 ·C. If ll. T > 30 ·C use other head types or install an expansion
joint on the shell.
I] Type Land N will be used for dirty fluid on tube)side. For th~ other cases the
type M will be used it is the cheapest.
Type P: Generally not used.
I~ 1 Type S: Used very frequently, no restrictions.
Type T: For frequent dismantling, expensive, shell diameter larger than type

I S for'same number of tubes generally not used.

Type U: For clean fluids on tubes ide no other restrictions, low cost.
Type W: Generally not used.

I d. Conclusion
The most frequently used types are: I3ES, SEW, AES, BEM, divided flow.

I
1
 f'HOC E SS E NGINEE n INC DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion Pago No

11 Date .1. <1 •

f Heat - •• <hanger namendature!

11 I"rGURE

FIIOHT END llAl END

SHIU rt'PO
STATIONA.,. HEAD rt'PU "lAD rt'PIS
I

c-... ......
I
E
~I I
I] L
·~a
IJ A ONE 'ASS SHEll
flxm TVIESHEET
UICE -A- STATIONAIY HEAD

~I·iuuu--..mm I]
IJ F

TWO PASS SHEll

M
~ fiXED TVIESHHT
UICE -,- STATIONARY HEAD

I]
WITH lONGITUDINAl IAfflE
r,.::-,;.

~I .....} I] .~
B
G ... N

11 IONNET (INTEGRAL COVERI

Sl'\.IT flOW
fiXED TUIE SHEET
UKE oN" STATIONAIY HEAD

H
~I +. . i I] p
~
OUT$lDE 'ACKm flOATING HEAD
c
IJ OOU IlE S!'l1T flOW

I 5 ~" ----- ":e'..

r"!~~

~I I
.--~-.:::'==:

IJ J
I
I] ~TH
flOATING HEAD
lACKING DEVICE

~"F~

'~\}~}~,
DIVIDED flOW

I) N T T

K
I( ·T·
I'UU THIIOUGH flOATING HfAD

~
1..
KmlE rt'PE ItElOIlfl
!
u
U U-TUIE IUNOlf

~
i
c:r··..r,j

~ I]
o X
~
•

ClOSS flOW I
W
~ OOUHAU T SEALED
flOATlHG TUaUHEET

I
I
I ._-- _., - _. ----'--------~------------____..J

I
 I
I
4.5
I
3. DETER MINA TION OF ESTIMATED HEA T TRAN SFER
IAREA

I I
I
,
I

I
ITOA : 1 V.I\LUE I NOTE S: I
I I I
I
I DUTY Q I
I
kcal/h
I
I O.S J( 10
I
I
I
I Indica te temEe rature I
I
I I
I
I
HOT FLUID
Inlet tempe rature T I
I
I °C
I
I
I 3h
I
I
I
tC
I
"
I
I
I I
I Outlet tempe rature T2
I 3/.
I
I
I
°C I
I
W-
I
.,J

...
.!r<' I
I
I
I
COLO FLUID
Inlet tempe rature t I
Outlet tempe rature t2
I
I °C
I
I 18
I
I
I
I
I
I
I °C I 1(; 11°
- ----I I
I T I - t2
I
I
I
°C I
I
?p - l~ :: g I
I
I
---
I
I T2 - tl !~_ \8' ~ 1-
I
I °C I I
I
I
I
LMTD from formul a (I)
I
I °C
I
I 1 . .r
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I
I t2 - t I
I
I TI - tl
I
I
I
°C

°C
I
I
I
~b - 'f -:.. t

!~ • 11 ; "
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I I
i
1
I
I
I
TI - T2
p = t2 - tl
I
I
°C I
I
!>/. _ 1! ; q
I
I
I I
I I
I TI - tl
I
I
il-' ~ o.~ I I
I
I R ~ T I - T2
t2 - tl
I
I Ci/i -:..1.11 f'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I I
I NUMB ER OF SHELL S
I F = LMTD correc tion
I
I Fig. 2 -
1
o .".fA
I
I
2 I
I
3 I
I
4 I
I
I
I factor (3) I I oAr I I I
I
I CORR ECTE D LMTD CORR . I
r
I
l.Sr I :t.l.3I
-
l-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I [ I
I HEAT TRAN SFER COEF F. U I kcal/h
I TABLE 3 Page 4.10
r-
I m2°C
I
Aoo Includ ing fouling
factor
I
I I
I HEAT TRAN SFER AREA I
I
I
I A= Q
I U.LMT D CORR
I
I m2
I
Sooo ov
/.00 ,. ~. {.;-
=-'t..2{" 0.11. r::
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I ESTIM ATED TUBE LENG TH I FT(m)
I ESTIM ATED SHELL DIAM I ins(mm )
I I
I
I
1.0 (,.1) :3~ It a rvl ... ~ p;r.\... I
I
I
~ \ ('~qo) 16 t)..vG. : '11 ~uL~ ~ I
I -r
I ESTIM ATED WEIGHT Bundle
I
I
I tonnes
I
I 3.0 I l"c~"VV,(~ "'H_
I
I
I
I
Shell
-- I tonnes I '·0 I e~ L> I
I
Total I tonnes
I
I
I
g.o I
.1_
I
I I
•
IE
TEPIOOPI OIPIE XP/SUR
PROCESS CAlCU lA nON SHEET

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCH ANGE R

.. ITEM rf(:;'/i',~OCVf'"

£. \ 1.. ?::.t.
('<'(~A""(.(~
I
I
No
8Y I I (HI( I DATE I [ J08 TITlE tJ<An "t f... J08 No I RfV I
,!

I
 ..--~
ReVISion: 0 Page No .,
_= rl ¥
SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS

Date: 2/85 4.6

;
([) Use following formula i !

L.\1TD = (T2 - tl) - (Tl - t2)

if T2 - tl ) Tl - t2
Ln T2 - t I
Tl - t2

LMTD = (Tl - t2) - (T2 - t 1)

if Tl - t2 ) T2 - t 1
Ln T I - t2
T2 - tl

.... 1
Remark: If the heat exchange curves are not linear the LMTD should be determined step f I ,
by step with the linearisation of the curves and with the ponderation of the
partial LMTD by the partial duty on each linear s~tep.

(2) For total condensing

Q
... Zone 1 , Zone 2 Itc:al/hr
Zone J
Condenaln9

In this case calculate the heat transfer area for each zone, the sum of these areas is the .,
i
surface for the exchanger.

(3) See LMTD correction factor (Figures 2)

• 1

the number of shells should be chosen in order to have 0.8 <F < 1
If F < 0.8 add shells (2 exchangers in service)

4. ESTIMA nON OF SHELL DIAMETER

With the heat transfer area,. selected tube size, pitch, tubes length it is possible to
determine the number of tubes and with table 1 or 2 hereafter the approximate shell
diameter.

Take maximum shell diameter about 60 inches .

•
I
- PRO CES S ENG INE ERI NG DES
IGN MANUAL

SHE LL AND TUB E EXC HAN

GER S
Rev isio n:

Dat e
:J

:2/8 5
Pag e No

<1."7
FIG URE . 2

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I
Ii
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUf'V- Revision f'd<Je No

I] :~ HF: I.; . .t\tJD TURE :c)WllJ\NC;ERS I

Date 4.d

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I
I
I
 PROCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIGN MANUAL ReVISi on:

S HELL AND T', 3 E EXCHAN GERS

Oate 2,35 4.9

TU6U .~ J/.-
SHELL PITCH a I- PITCH 4 1-
., on ,nch~. : NUMBER OF PASS£ S TU8E SIDE
NUM8ER OF PASSES TUSE SIDE
I I
, J2 2' 10 J'
I
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10 l1 l1 .0
12 12 ,. .0 )4 ~l

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200
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TAaLE 1
11' 2~ 2~ I
21 II. 1" 2]0 z.. 320 )0' 2"
2J II' )2) }U }O' }U }n no MAXJMU M TUBE.S NUMBER PER SHELL
2) ~01 }'~ }]O
21 ~.,
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112
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1006
lin 112'

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r-____________________
TUBES I-
~---------------------II
SHELL PITCH 0 I" 1/. I PITCH 4 I" 1/.
'i ,n ,nch~'1~I-----------------------I~-----------------I
1
NUMBER OF PASSES TUBE SIDE I' NUMBER OF PASSES TUBE.SIO E :
I I I I 2 I

.. ..
1 l
, 20
r i
20
t
16
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26
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MAXIMU M nmE.S NUMBER PER SHELL

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21 111 211 Jil J" lJ' )02
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"" II"
 PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL o
--.

Page No
------ 1
S HE.L L AND TUBE EX C HANGERS
Date 2!e~
4,10
.,1
Tl>.BLE ) , .• ,~", .. I • ) 1>&" 110·2}0
. --I
). ~HL AND TU8E OVERALL HEAT TR~FER
".,~", .. }} • 101>&" no . ''0
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(including fouling factors)
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... te,/ ... ,." 100 • I 000
&. H".t,nr}coolln£ 2-0 •
~u/,.. « » ban) }~O

~as/, .. (.bou,

~u/C} chill."
70 ban)

,·.,.,,/S.,h, H.C .....CO\l', < 0.) Cpo

270 •
2'0· HO
no· 7)0
}40

I
no . '10
kcal/hrm 2o c x 0.2047 =
x 1.162
".'.,,' ....,".'., H.C 0.) Cpo ( V"co""
".,."/he •• , H.C. Yllceni', ) I Cpo
01lloil
( I Cpo
)0 • )00
)00. ->0
I
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Dowthe,m/heu, oil
S,.,.m/w.'",
S,.,.m/,a,
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. '00

no
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I
~ WEIGHT ESnMA TES

I
1. REFER£NCES AND USEFUl. L1TERAruR£

_.1. TEMA (u • ...s.,d. 0' tubul.r .,,,chan,.,, manuf.ctur.,rs as,ociatlon) I

'.2.
I
KERN

'.J. LUD"IG VOLUME) • .,cond .,dallon

•.•. CAMP8ELL VOLUME I

... }.

".f>.
NGPSA

PERRY
C~PI'" I
I
'.7. HTRI P,o".m

•
".1 .
... ,. <;'UICK CALCUL A TlON OF HEA T ()!'CHANGEII ... E I~HT p,o<~ .. [nt· ...... ·"'&
I
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I
J .7 .. :r 0 :0
TUBES: 3/4" BWG 16 3 .. Qj

::111
C';)

:1 fffif 1! : tit :m ilii ' It Id :iP .....

-

BUNDLE ONL Y : x .85

8' 12' 16' 20'
"t. o'-:
en
co <
....
CORRECTION FOR TUBES LENGTH 0
10 12 .13 15 17 111 ~ .... :l
SHElL." HEAD: •.11
~5i
SHELL. HEAO:
1.1!-"1 1714 I I I I 1ft
,........ ,
.1)
-
1ft

BUNDLE: 1"""'f4O::tj- 1 -I ~ INCHES

Z
Cl
....
l!
.J1

CORRECTION FOR SHELL." HEAD

.9' DUE TO THE PRESSURE
! :::===.,.t O!
.... "
c:.:
<.:::
~

ro 2
C
 RevISion' 0 Page No
AIR COOLERS
,
Date: 2/85 4.13
1. APPLICABILITY

For both the feasibility and preproject study it would generally be required to state the
required duty of the air cooler, the overall dimensions and weight and an estimate of
required fan power.

1
A calculation procedure sufficient for a preliminary estimate is given in section 3.0.
I
2. DESCRIPTION AND GUIDELINE NOTES

Water or Air Cooling?

Air Cooling offshore is sometimes prohibited due to the modular layout of the platform.
This may require installation of the air cooler too remote from the associated
equipment. Use closed loop water cooling.

Air Cooling is cheaper, simple and flexible when compared to water cooling. The cost and
nuisance of water treating is eliminated if air coolers are used.

In warm climates air cooling will not be as effective as water which will produce a
cooler product stream. Air COOI~~~L~s_~J>pro~O_7~~ as effective as water.

Forced on induced draft?

Forced draft pushes the air at lowest available temperature (highest f) hence lower
power requirement.

Accessability to motor and driver are

are lower •
bett~r on forced. Structural and maintenance costs

./. Possibility with forced draft of hot air recirculating into suction of fan thereby reducing
efficiency.

\/ Induced draft gives better air distribution due to lower inlet velocity with less chance of
recirculating of hot air. -~ . "- ,

Induced draft coolers can be easily installed above piperacks or other equipment.
Protection is given by induced draft coolers from effects of rain, wind snow on finned
tubes. Important if fluid in tubes is sensi tive to sudden temp change also freezing at
tubes can OCcur in cold climates or heavy snowfall.
 I
RevIsion: 0 Page No. :

It
SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS

Date: 2/85 4.14

I
Finned tube elements (see Table 1)
I
I" OD tubing is most common with 0.5" to 0.625" fins. Fin spacing 7 to 11 per inch.
Ex tended surface area is 7 to 20 times bare area. I
Standard tube lengths from 6 ft to 50 it (2 m to 15 m). Longer tube designs are less
costly than short ones. I
Bundle depth may vary from ) rows to )0 rows of tubes. 4 or 6 rows is common for
smaller units. Use 4 as first estimate. I
Fin material most commonly AL. Adequate upto 400 GC operating. Use steel for higher
temps. I
Fans and mo tors
I
Fans are axial-flow large volume low DP devices. Use total fan efficiency 65 %. Driver
efficiency 95 96.
I
Fan 0 equal to or slightly less than bundle width. Normally 2 fans preferred. Fans have 4
to 6 blades. Max fan diameter 14'-16'.
I
Distance between fan + bundle 0.4-0.5 of fan diameter. Ratio of fan ring area to bundle
area must not be less than 0.4. I
Fans may be electric, steam, hydraulic or gasoline driven. Individual driver size usually
limited to 50 hp, (40 Kw), 380 v. I
Face velocity of air across a bundle is 300-700 ft/min (1.5-3.6 ms- l )..

~ 10 % change in air flow rate results in ~ 35 96 change in power used.

I
Temperature control (Fig. 1)
I
For close control of pl:'..ocess outlet temperature auto-variable pitch fans, top louvers or
variable speed motors are required. I
Variable pitch fans are more efficient than louvers.

Louvers can be manually adjusted for winter or night time operation. I

For process fluids that freeze or gel at temperatures above the winter ambient a
recirculation system is necessary to maintain air temp entering the tube bundle. I
General approach temp to ambient air is ~ Ge. Absolute min is 10-12 Ge.
~ : Air coolers are noisy. Keep fan speed as low as possible and consider relative layout
carefully.
I
I
I
I
 r---------------r-----------------________________________ -r.____________~--------~

RevIsion· 0 Page No
AIR COOLERS
• Date. 2/85 4.15

4.0 REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE

4.1. Air cooled heat exchangers PERRY pp 11.23 - 11.25

4.2. Air cooled heat exchangers LUDWIG pp 177 - 193

4.3. Air cooled heat exchangers GPSA chapter 9

4.4. Aerial coolers CAMPBELL pp 207 -209

4.5. Design of air coolers - A R. BROWN

Procedure for estimation Chern. Eng, Mar 27 1975, p 109

4.6. Estimate air cooler size N. SHAIKH

HP 41 CV program
Chern. Eng, Dec 12 1983, p 65-70

-;
 I
I •• i !~
I
OPER:\ TlNG CONDITIONS AND NATURE O~ ~o_'.rin :
Duty
Fluid inlet temperature
IQ= I 1 >( 10 6 kcal/h I I
I Tl = I \00 °C 10

Fluid outlet temperature

Fluid inlet pressure
I T2 = I
IP= I 10
fo °C I FLUID LlTf = Tl - T2 =
bar abs I
ru °C I
Air ambiant temperature
Overall heat transfer coeff.
I
IU=
tI = I
I
30
~oo
°C I INLET.:n-1 = Tl - tl = "to °c
I
(See Table 2 and/or attached kcal/h m 2 °c I

work sheet)
(Based on bare tube area)
I
I NOTES

STEP
- -
I
I. Optimum number of tube
rows for U selected
IN= I E I (curve N° 4) I
2. R = ~t air/lH m
3. Tl - T2/Tl - tl
IR=
I
I
I
0·8
D.~lh °c
I
I
(curve N° 4)
I
4. Y = ~t air/Tl - t 1 IY= I o.~.r I (curve N° 5)
5. CHair = Y x (T I - t 1)
6. Exi t air temp t2 =~tair + t I
I~tair= I
I t2 = I
2. /. 0r-
rkf'
°c
°C I
I I
7. Average differential temp.
.1 tm =.1 tair
R
I
~tm = I
I
30.b °c
I
I
I
8. Bare tube surface A = ~
Ux tm
I
IA=
I
I 31..C m2
I
I I
I I I
; r r· - Co 9. Bare tube area/row Fa=A/N
~ 10. Tube length
I Fa =
IL=
I
I
;.,
l·S
m2
m
I
I 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.5 or 9 m are common
I.
II.
12.
Tubes/row TR = Fa/LxO.08
Cooler width W= TRxO.0635 Iw=
I TR = I
I j.J
'8
m
I
I
(l" 00 tUbing)
I
13.
14.
15.
Total fan power =FaxO.795
Number of fans
Fan diameter
I Fp = I 3 t ·k
I NF = I t..
I FD = I i.r
kW I

m
I
I
max. fan diam = 4.6 m I
16.
17.
Power/fan
Estimated weight
Fp/NF I PF = I \(..1..
IM= I 11 roo
kW I
kg I (including motors)
I
4.88 (36.4X9.35 N)xWxL

Notes: Curves numbers refer to

I I I
I
Process Design Manual Chap. 4.
I
M
Tf
I BY
AIR COOLER
PROCESS CALCULA TION SHEET

No
I
1 I W
i
CHI( DATE J08 No i R£ v I
I
I
 - .-
I•. I ;'

I. LlOUID COOLING

LIQUID V[SC0SITY AT TI + T2
2 = cp

GLOBAL HL\ T TRANSFER COEFFICIENT: U

(Read curve n° I) = kcal/h m 2 °c

2. GAS COOLlNG

MOLECULAR MASS: MW =
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
(Read Curve n° 2) :U::
kcal/h m 2 °C
J. TOTAL CONDENSATION

Tl - T2 = °C

GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT: U

(Read Curve n° 3) = kcal/h m 2 °C
4. PARTIAL CONDENSATION

4.1.
WITHOUT Ll2UID AT INLET

inlet gas fJowrate WGI

= kg
outlet gas flowrate WG2
= kg
outlet liq fJowrate WL2
= kg
Tl - T2
= °C
GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT T 1 + T2
2 =
HEA T TRANSFER COEFF. Uc
(Read curve nO 3) = kcal/h m 2 °C

HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ug

(Read curve n° 2) = kcal/h m 2 °C

GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF.

U = ~ x Uc =~ x Ug
WGI WGI = kcal/h ni2 °C

SELECTED GLOBAL HEAT

TRANSFER COEFF. : U
::
kcal/h m 2 °C

#E_
j
AIR COOLERS
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET

HEA T TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

ITfM

BY J CHI( J OAT(
I /108 TITLE
No

lOS No
J REV I ;
 ~
'.-
I
4.1 S
I
4.2. WITH LIQUID AT INLET

inlet liquid flow rate

I
WLI = kg/h
outlet liquid flow rate WL2 = kg/h I
LIQUID MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT T I + T2 =

LIQUID SPECIFIC HEAT AT Tl + T2 CPI =

2
I
kcal/kg ·C

2
2

QL = (WLl + WL2) x CPI x (Tl - T2)

= kcal/h
I
inlet gas flow rate WGI = kg/h I
outlet gas flow rate WG2

GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT T I + T2 =

2
= kg/h
I
."
GAS SPECIFIC HEAT AT T I + T2
2
CPg = kcal/kg ·C I
QG = (WGI + WG2) x CPg x (Tl _ T2)
2 = kcal/h
I
CONDENSATION HEAT

Qc = Q - QL - QG
= kcal/h
I
LIQUID VISCOSITY AT T I + T2
2 = CPg
I
LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. UI = ,kcal/h m 2 ·C
(Read curve n° 2)

GAS HEAT TRANSFER COEFF.

I
(Read curve nO 2)
Ug = kcal/h m 2 °C

CONDENSA TION HEAT TRANSFER

I
COEFF.
=
(Read curve n° 3)

GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF.

Uc kcal/h m 2 ·C
I
U= Q
2!:+~+.Qf
UJ Ug
U = kcal/h m 2 °C I
Uc

SELECTED GLOBAL HEAT

I
.1
TRANSFER COEFF. : U = kcal/h m 2 ·c
I
-
I PROCESS CAlCULA TlON SHEET

I 7 AIR COOLERS
HEA T TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
ITEM

No
I
BY I I CHK I I
OATE , JOB TITL£
J08/110
1 R£ V 1

. - ---
- ... - - .. - ... _-- ----- -- ... ~ ~ ,I
I,
PHOCfSS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: 0 Page No :

I: AIR COOLERS
Date 2/8S 4,20

I' C~'?VF 1 - COOLING HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS

I U

:1_1
-
600
1---
t----
r-=::: r--- r-
500
r--
1-1 400 to-

r- r-....
t--. r--.... l"'"'- t---.
r--. ""r---...
I HIGH 6P
LOW FQULlNG FACTOR

300

IJ '" -.t
...............

I]
200

LOW 6P
" ~
~~
"'::-..

~~
HIGH FOULING FACTOR

11 100
90
80 ..... "
"'
IJ r-...

..
VISCOSITY Cp
-
I' 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.60.10.8 2 3 4 5 , 7 8 9 10

II CURVE 2 - COOLING GASES

II U
~

1-1 sao MOL WT:= 1S0_ I--

Hl

I----"
V - .- ~ r- I I
11 400
V- ~ ~
~

-
~~

I- ~
V-
~
~=10
- I--

lOa
.- L..........- V -- I
, ~

I;
~
V ............

200 ./
V
V
V
~
~
I- ------
V/ V V
/ V
I' V
V
L'

I lOa
V /'"
V
L
/
/
I V
PRESSURE BAA ABS.

I
2 ] 4 S , 7 • 9 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70

I
I.
--
-,---.....;~

.',
I .,.
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN ,V1ANUAL

AIR COOLERS
Revision Page No

Date 2/85 4.21

I: u
!l CU~VE 3. TOTAL CONOENSA nON
I
I soo
700
600 ISOTHERLCAL !

--
I
soo I
I
~
,....
\~ ~ ~
II
11 I 400

Cf:'
'l-
... c. V ~ r-
I""'--
- I

~
( ..... I---" ~ ,,1
./
~
300
~, ~ ~
I

I: I

200
V
V'I~/
~1.

V ~
11 1 so
1/
.,L~

PRESSURE BAR ABS

11 1 2 3 4 S

2
10 20

2
I
30
I
40 SO
I I I
70

BTU/hrft °F x 4.885 = kcal/hrm

IJ u.s:u: 2
Fintube data far l-in. 00 tubes
TABLE: 1

T"ic.' ...N' ..............

BTU/hrft 2o F

--
f ... c . . Hie .....
,ito .....-' ~ fi. .Ii ..... Y, ... ..., •
'"''''-~1. ... o. c .... "

I~
APF. lq h/h
AR. lq h/h
3.S0
1~.5
5.58
21.4 t. w .... ,, ___ ..............
,- .........
'It ..... .,. • .,.-. .... ,.
f,......,..... ....... ""
u. u.. u.

....--
Tube Pitch 2 in . .1 2'h in. ~ 2'/. in. 2Yl in. ~
~ '4'... 0 GOtt ••• _•••••••.••.••. 110-"
'-'
IJ APSF (3 rows!
(4 rowsl
(5 rowsl ,
68.4
91.2
,~O
60.6
80.8
101.0
89.1
118.8
I ~8.5
80.4
107.2
13~.0
, .... o.OCII) •••.•.••..•••. _ .
»-30_ ...... _
' ••• 0.001' ••••.•.•.•.••••..
»-30_ .......__
~J

_2
110-1.2

11U-4.9

(6 rowsl ,.... 0.00'21 ••..••••••.•••.... eo-s.J ~.

136.8 121.2 178.2 160.8

Ii Ho'el: A.PF i. IoUI C%~rrual.n.llt o{(i"tuIH i" .q It/ft. AR U Ute .rr.

..tio 0( li", .. bc co"'PO~ to ,Iw .Itterior .re. of Ii". 00 "-,e ,ube
..,laid. lao. 0.262.q Iflfl. A.PSF .. tlw utlr ...I.,r. j".q flllt 0( b ..ttdlr
2. ..,.._... ~c""'"

..........
yoM......,. w .

0.2
u.. u.
IS-J._ "" u.
100-....7

-"
(~.re•. 0.1 1)-1.1 fIO-4.J
I..

Il
1S-J.J
2.J .,-1.1 I)-J.•
.0 lO-J' 1J.-I.6
110 •. 0 10-1 .• JJ-U
I ..!::::::::
--
10.0 10-0.7 11-4.•
/ 100
1.&' .-- V :;:; P"O.~"" 1....--_-
.......,........
Po,,,, - - ".
Ii I 0
.
'"'_10
90

/V
"?f"
'oi~
./
- .,-.
)0
'OIl
_J.'
1'-'
d-J'
..
u.
"".0-,.u.
U--' .•

U ..--f.'
ira ....-. 710
U-J.
, _JO

Ii I
7)-1 I
V

1._-
,~-, 1
j60 c......,.
'QCX) eo-".J

.50 It It ""4 40°F Pile"" F... 8".11

•. '-...4 ............
u.. ...................... '" ..,.. • .,-...~ c.......
oC
J AII,.I. Con..cloo. Flo. J I
~40 i 8 __ 40"F. Pi'e"" F.. llod .. f~ ........... & . . . . . . u.. u.
""
U.
I
1 !30
.lI

zo 1\
\
, I Ael., •• COftucl_ F1•• _f--

...
.......... c'. ~ OOOOS'
" ............... c __ . - . . . . .

<~-...

........
·c .......
11's_1.
10-. ,
14)....-6.•
7O-J.J

10
-, u .. .... u~ u.

I
o· .........
"- IS-i_ 100--4 ,
....
ZO lO «0 lO 60 10
10· ........ 10-:-) I .).-
0 10 80 90 00 110 IZO lJ· ...... "_)1 «>-. J
0., .... Ho".oo ..'.,,"o
,.-to 1(»-
.0- .......
I __ ....... .0_.
.)-4 t 7,_) ,

_-
I
0.",. AI' Ov ..... "'-' J
'C>.... c~
.'._1' u.

I
u. u. u,

Figure 1 romper .lIure conlrol .)no horsepower savings

N .... U ... _--,eU ,.,~ ... ..., ~ ".,., ' ...... ' ....
.)-.
110_7 •
],
'><>--"
"-JI

'NIU, aulomahC _a" able polen lan' __ ... u ,..,. ~ ..... " ....,.. .... '/~'
• ..... u • ..

I ....----... ......... -.- ..

~

---.
·c ......... -..... • ... _ ...... _ ..... _ ......_. __

I
I' PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion: I) Page No

I: A I R CooLER:-

Date :~/ll'J ·1.22

I' CUR\'E 4

-
t!t.I., I

I dl'"

'.4 ,I-J. /1.-' ~

'.l • : VA? /
.,4-
, L L ~ ./
II J
'.2
,. .ft 7/ ~ "/ /-7
/
k:::" - f-

./- ~--
!OPTIwuw
, 1/1/'7 / N" OF

I]
IEsnWA TlONI

;'j 14/ ~-- ' l /

O.
',4"1/U z../~ V
./ ,,/ loir eR ~
v "
0.'
//, rlfJr ~L- ~ 7' >-V
I: 0.7

0.'
l/f, rl7V t/"/ . /
v ~
~
V

O.S
Ilfll 177/ / ~

I. 0 ••

O.l
I W!J V// /
MW~ 'l;7
~
~
~~
I" Q2
.~~
0.'
'00 200 lOa .00 SOO lOa700 .00
U " .
~ .. 2 "C
~

OVERALL HE AT TRANSFER (bor. lu~1

I,
I: CURVE. 5

y=~~--+---~---+--~----+---~---+--~~~~~+
T' . II

11
II I
!
G.' +--__-+-__--+-___ -Tl-._TZ____."....q,~.L...j~_,.£+___,,~_.: ...,~~--+

I
I'] O.l t----+---~Y'_7£,...q..,L_-"..t.l_--:,....j<::.--_4...c...~----+_--_+_--_+

I'
I 0.' t---#i~,.,.c.,......q_--_+----~--_+_--_+--_+----~--_+_----'_+

, ..
,
I 0.2 0,' 0.' I,' ' 1.2 " 1.1 2.0

I
I , - - - - - - - ,---' -------------------------------'

I
 ReVISlcn 0 Page No
AIR COOLERS

Date: 2/&5 4.23

1. APPLICABILITY

FEASIBILITY STUDY: PRE-PROJECT

Under normal circumstances, the design of plate type exchangers would be detailed by a
vendor based on process da ta supplied by the engineer.

Two types of plate exchangers could be used:

Plate fin exchangers;

Plate exchangers.

For the purpose of this design guide, only a quick description and some characteristics are
given.

F or pia te fin exchangers, the size could be done only by a vendor.

For plate exchangers, the size could be estimated if some vendor (ALFA-LAVAL, APV,
VICARB) information are available.

An estimation of the heat transfer area could be done if the heat transfer coefficient is
known using the same formula as for shell and tube heat exchanger with a LMTD correction
factor = 1. The heat transfer coefficient is difficult to estimate; it depends on many factors
as flow rate of different fluids, pressure drop, plate spacing, etc .••

2. DESCRIPTION AND NOTES

2.1 PLATE FIN EXCHANGERS

These exchangers consist of stacked corrugated sheets (fins) separated by flat plates and
an outer frame with openings for the inlet and outlet of fluids. This core is immersed in a
liquid salt bath to braze all the separate parts together.

F low in adjacent fluid passages can be cocurrent, counter current, or crossflow and
several fluids can be exchanging heat at the same time .

. In case of the inlet fluid is a two phases flow a drum is required to separate the two
phases in order to have a good distribution.

These plate fin exchangers are used only with clean fluids .

• •
 ReVTSlon. 0
I
Page No ..
AIR COOLERS

Date: 2/85 4.24

I
Figure 1 shows the principle of construction of a platefin exchanger. A large amount of
surface can be accomodated in a small volume 0,000 m2/m3).

Maximum design pressure 54 barg

I
Temperature range
Size max.
- 195 ° C to + 65 ° C
1,220 mm x 6 096 mm x 1 340 mm .1
Temper a ture approach 2°C
Applicability LNC, LPG recovery, ••• 1
Pressure drop as for shell and tube heat exchangers.

2.2 PLA TE EXCHANGERS

I
Plate eXChangers are an assembly of metal plates separated by gaskets to give a small
clearance between each plate. The two fluids pass in opposite directions each through
every alternate plate. Refer to figure 2.

The eXChanger is easily dismantled for cleaning if required. A good overall heat transfer
coefficient is obtained and small temperature differences can be used. I
The plates can be made from exotic materials such as titanium which are resistant to
corrosion and are used for sea water coolers. They are very compact exchangers and I
occupy a small floor area.

Maximum pressure 10 - 20 bars

.1
,
Maximum temperature
(Need special gaskets)
250 ·C

Overall heat transfer coefficient

'I
Water/water 2000 - 5 OOO.kca1/h m 2 ·C
Maximum surface about I 500 m 2
Maximum flow 2 500 m 3/h

Applicability: Sea water - service water, water-TEG, TEG- TEG, •••

Pressure drops : allowable pressure drops vary according to the total system I
pressure and the service of the fluids.

for sea water - service water: 0.5 to 2 bar (high ~ P increase the overall heat
transfer coefficient),
I
for water-TEG or TEG-TEG the6P could be very low such as 10 to 20 mbar. I
3. REFERENCES AND USEFUL L1TERATUR&-
. Vendors informa tion. .
•
I
I
I
 I~
Il , j
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

p:..,.;TE EXCHA.'iGC:?.5
RevIsion: Page No

,--' PUl.TE FIN EXCHANGEHS

Date 4.25

I. FICURE I

ILl
I]
o
I' J .j

1-]
I~j

I.
PR.NOPLf OF CONSTRUCTION
I. AawmOly
2. ...... 'oId
l.e....
4. H e _

I • ')0•.

S.Noule
6. WIdUt
7. Sledlin9 "-i9/I'

I
'.I.-V'"
I I
'I
'.~ua~""IIe'
10. Ealeno. .,...,
It. ~"'in9
12. Hee'
"'-,
1'_.'.... ,in
1: 1 '/
Il. Dlslribul;"" lin
14. Side bat
S. End bat

1~11

I
Ii
1
I
II
1!
I

I'
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion o Page No

PLATE EXCHANGERS
Date 2/H<:.

I
I

DETAILS OF PLATE

I TYPE EXCHANGER

I
I
.P...... ..,.,.11
I
F,.",.
Sile
- l .... ' ' ' l

2940
II.

, 11
-
2SlS
Dim"
II

• 3'
.-
Hell'" H

360S
"
11 '0
Pte ••
capac .. .,

'OO-laS
)SIS 11 61 3'00 '0 2 )6OS 11 10 .ao 26S
-------
I S
40SS
.. as
6860
'3 11
,. al
3c;.0
.070
11 I I ,

'3 4,
)6OS
160S
II

II
10
10
260-)00
11S-400

22 6 c;..S 2. 1960 I] 0 400_'00

------- ------
Pla'e mat.r'.'s WeIghts
SI.mle$l Sleel 316 Note
F,am~ withOUI v'olles Or liquid
'ncoIOY·
coon«hons All dlm~nS'O:Hs H''''~n .,t:'
'Of
1.lIntum
COf'ntnefC •• lIy putp
S'le 1 6218 kg (6 I Ions, ~fuld.nce on.y Spe.c,t.C.lIIOns "'.v
. Aeglsteled t'~e nllme be ,mpndrd .It any hme """,.thoul
SIze. 6945 kg (68 Ions,
G~$"~'s Ire SUPP'led .n .llern.I.~ Slle 5 7620 kq (7510ns,
ptiO. nOhee
synthetic rubbers to SUit Ihp
procrss'ng fe'Qu"p~nl' 01 J PI.,p
'.ng~ of liquids sl~lnle,s Sle't'" 1 J 6 kg DO fbI
"I.n'um 8 ] k<') (181b'
H •• ' lng sutlac. per pl •••
22m (135".,

.. -- - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - . J

I ...... _-------"--._---_ .._.. -... -.

 ReVISion. 0 Page No ..
FURNACES

Date. 2/85 4.27

1. APPLICABILITY

It is not expected that a hand calculation of furnaces be performed by the engineer. It is

normally done by a manufacturer based on process data supplied by the engineer.

Furnaces are used to transfer heat directly to the process fluid and generally have a large
duty and produce high process temperatures.

2. DESCRIPTION

2.1. A furnace consists of the following:

A combustion chamber lined with refractory and burners

Tubes which are located within the combustion chamber and where heat is
transferred to the process fluid by radia tion

Tubes which are located external to the combusion chamber in a convection zone
which is also lined with refractory.

Stack for disposal of flare gas.

Air supply system by fan or induced draft.

Instruments and controls.

2.2. TYPES OF FURNACE

2.2.1. Cabin furnace

This is a rectangular furnace and contains tubes which can be horizontal or

vertical. The burners are si tua ted in the walls or floor, and the convection
zone is located above the furnace.

Flue gases discharge to a stack either directly or are driven by an induced

draft fan.

Burners are normally arranged in rows on two wal1s and are spaced so as to
provide a radiation zone of constant temperature a~d avoid flame
impingement on the tubes. An alternative arrangement is burners located
in the floor of the furnace as shown in Figure I.

The connection bank contains rows of tubes across which the flue gas
leaving the furnace is obliged to pass.
A small negative pressure is maintained to prevent hot gas leakage.

There is a pressure loss in the flue gas system and this has to be made up

.
either by use of a fan discharging to a short stack or by natural bouyancy
creating draft in a tall stacK.
 I
RevISion. 0 Page No. :
FURNACES

Date: 2/85 4.28

~I
2.2.2. Cylindrical furnace (see Figure 1)

These furnaces are vertical and contain radiation and convection zones or
solely a radiation zone.
I
The burners are located in the bottom andl the radiation zone tubes can be
I
vertical or helicoidal. The convection bank is located above the radiation
I
zone and contains rows of horizontal tubes.

Generally the stack is vertically above the convection bank with no fan.
I
2.3. BURNERS I
Two types of burner are used in furnaces, induced air or natural draft burners
and forced draft burners. I
2.3.1. Induced air burners
I
These can burn gas or fuel oil simultaneously or independently. Excess air
required is 1.5 % to 20 % for gas and 30 % to 40 % for liquids. If fuel oil is
burned 0.3 kg/kg oil of steam is required (or atom ising.
I
2.3.2. Pressure burners I
The air for pressure burners is supplied by fan. It is therefore capable of
control and the burner can operated with less excess air .5 to 15 %.
I
3. EXCESS AIR
I
Determine the excess air recommended by the burner manufacturer and the type of
burner air system proposed. See § 2.3. I
From this determine the kg of flue gas per kg of fuel fired remembering that air
contains 21 % Vol of oxygen. I
4. STACK GAS TEMPERATURE

This is controlled by 2 factors:

I
The process fluid inlet temperature will determine the temperature of the gas leaving
the convection bank.
I
Condensation is to be avoided. If sulphur is present in the fuel the stack temperature is
raised to avoid the possibility of production of corrosive sulphurous acid. This would
I
result in a minimum exit temperature of about 120°C.
I
I·
I
I
I
Re\lI~lon. 0 Page No.
FURNACES

• Date: 2/85 4.29

5. EFFICIENCY

lOa.!. losses x Hf - Hc
I 100 Hf

If Hc = flue gas enthalpy at exit

Hf = enthalpy of combustion (net calorific value + sensible heat in fuel and air) + heat
being furnished by atomisation steam if required.
11 Losses include radiation and unaccounted, e.g. unburned fuel (2 % is a good figure).

I: For a furnace which is all radiant duty the efficiency is of the order of 50 to 55 %.

A furnace with a convection bank will be from 75 to 85 % efficient.

I· 6. PRESSURE LOSSES

Pressure is lost in :
I~ Burner air regulation J - 15 mm water Ducting variable
Convection bank 5 - 15 mm water Stack variable
I. Pressure is gained by natural buoyancy of hot stack gas.

1 For a system using natural draft burners a low pressure loss is required across the burner and
the furnace operates under negative pressure.

I, 7. FLUE GASES VELOCITY

The flue gases should leave the stack at 10 - 20 m/s velocity to ensure safe dispersal.

Ii 8. CHOICE OF TYPE OF FURNACE

Above a capacity of 60 x 10 6 kcaJ/h the cylindral furnace gives construction problems as

I' the maximum diameter is about 10 - II m.

11 A cabin furnace requires much more floor area than a cylindrical furnace the length can
be as much as 27 m. If the tubes are horizontal then a withdrawal space for tube
replacement will also be required. However for offshore applications the space

I requirement tends not to favour the cabin furnace.

With a cabin furnace it is possible to obtain a uniform heat release across the radiation

I zone. The height can be about 15 m.

With a cylindrical furnace it is not possible to obtain a uniform heat above release across

I the radiation zone. The height can be about 25 m.

For remote locations in oil field applications water bath fire tube cylindrical heaters are
often used <Consult vendors NATCO, BS &:: B etc ... )

• - '.- .. ' ..... " ~ .... p-' " •

I
Page No

I I St
FURNACES
Date. 2/85 4.30

I
9. ESTIMATION OF SIZE OF CYLINDRICAL FURNACE

The following is for a very preliminary sizing

I
D = 2 x Qa
11 Din m
H
Qa:;: absorbed heat in 10 6 kcal/h

I ~
H :;:
= D+linm
2.5 D in m util radiation bank

11
IJ

I! CO"V(CflO ..
rONt
[
" , (.Pl.OSIO..

11
000'"

I~
"ADIATION

I: 1000l

I'
IUA"lAS

I MO"UONTAL Tue, c.e.M ,.ulII.ACE

I
I
I
I
 I'
PROCESS ENGINEERI/IilG DESIGN MANUAL Revision:
I~ PageNo:
j

11 Date : 2/K,)

I
II
IJ
11
11
11
,IJ
I: 5. PUMPS

I,
I;
I'
Ii
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I
I
I
II
1-..
' ......
' ..........................._ ................_______
 ·'.r,., ------------.------~----~
Re\llsion. 0 Page No
PUMPS
a Date 2/85 5.1

1.0 APPLICABILITY

For both the feasibility study and a pre-project study the engineer will be required to
evaluate a pump selection and fill in a data sheet with the basic information.

In order to provide the basis of a good cost and layout estimate it is important to understand
the type and number of pumps for the service in consideration, and the associated power
require men ts.

2.0 DESCRIPTION AND GUIDELINE NOTES

TYPES OF PUMPS

Generally there are three classes of pumps:

Centrifugal Rotary Reciprocating

1. Centrifugal 1. Cam I. Piston

2. Propeller 2. Screw 2. Plunger
3. Mixed flow 3. Gear 3. Diaphragm
4. Peripheral 4. Vane
5. Turbine 5. Lobe

A pump selection chart is shown in Figure 1.

GENERAL USAGE

Centrifugal pumps (Process Pumps)

Medium to high capacity for low to medium head requirements.

Higher head requirements can be met by using multistage impellers.
General service for allliquids, hydrocarbons, products, water, boiler feed.
Simple, low cost, even flow, small floor space, quiet, easy maintenance.
 :,,,.""
I
Page No ..
PUMPS
& Qt
Date· 2/85 5.2
I
Rotary pumps I
Many proprietary designs available for specific services.
Essentially can handle clean fluids only with small suspended solids if any. Can pump
I
liquids with dissolved gases or vapour phase.
Can handle, wide range of viscosities - upto 500 000 SSU at high pressures. I
Typical fluids pumped: mineral, vegetable, animal oils, grease, glucose, viscose, paint<;,
molasses, alcohol, mayonaise, soap, vinegar and tomato ketchup!
Generally specialis t pumps for specific requirements.
I
ReCiprocating pumps I
Pumps produce virtually any discharge head upto
pistons and casings.
lim~t of driver power and strength of
I
i
Overall efficiency is higher than centrifugal pumps. Fltibility is limited.
Piston pumps : can be single or double acting. Use~ for low pressure light duty or
intermittent services. Less expensive than plunger ~esign but cannot handle gritty
I
fluids. I

Plunger pumps : high pressure, heavy duty or contin ous service usage. Suitable for
I
gritty or foreign material. Expensive.
Diaphragm pump: driven parts are sealed from fluid b plastic or rubber diaphragm. No I
seals no leakage. Ideal for toxic or hazardous material Can be pneumatically driven at
slow speeds for delicate fluids.
Triplex pumps: commonly used for TEG circulation.
I
If. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE I
4.1.

4.2.
LUDWIG VOL I

PERR Y CHEM. ENG. HANDBOOK

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 16
!
I
4.3. CAMPBELL VOL (( CHAPTER 14
I
I
198~ I
4.4. "Centrifugal pumps and system Hydraulics"
Ugor J. Karassik Chem. Engrng Oct 4

4.5. "New Program Speeds up Selection of a Pumping

M. Seaman Oil and Gas J. Nov. 12 19~9
~nit" I
4.6. "Rapid calculation of Cen"ifugal-pump hYd"Ulicr"
!

I
W. Blackwell . Chern. Eng. Janv. 28 1980

1
I
I
I

I
 RevIsion. 0 Page No. :
PUMPS
7
Date: 2/85 5.3

1. FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

Always quote at pumping temperature ie : normal suction T.

2. SUCTION PRESSURE

Evaluate at pump suction flange

Ps = Pop + Static head - line loss

Pop = minimum vessel operating pressure bara.

Static head: evaluate at LLL always,take static head above pump centreline.
. specificgravity I . ' _ ,
Statlchead(bar)=h2(m)x 10.197 r -." - Of. r)

Line loss: evaluate APline for bends, fittings, etc: flor estimate use
0.1 bar/IOO m.

3. NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

NPSH available (NPSHA) is evaluated by the engineer. NPSHR required is stated by the
vendor. Always try to provide 0.6 - I m NPSH more than vendor states.

Vapour correction is calculated by substracting the vapour pressure of the fluid being
pumped from the calculated suction pressure. Convert this to m head. For a fluid at
bubble point the vapour pressure = Pop
head (m) = bar x IO.197/SG.
NPSHA = static head - line loss + vapour correction

4. DISCHARGE PRESSURE

Delivery pressure: use maximum Pop of destination vessel

Static head h3: height of delivery point above pump or if a submerged discharge into a
vessel the height of the HLL.
6 P discharge line: calculation based on line length, fittings etc or use minimum of 0.5
bar.
6 P eXChangers, heaters, etc: use allowable A P from equipment data sheets. Estimate
0.7 - 1.0 bar if not available.
 I
. . ~ . -r,,:
Revision: 0 Page No
PUMPS
I
Date: 2/85 5.4

t. P orifices: for flow meters use 0.2 - 0.4 bar. I

A P control valves: use maximum value of OJ bar, or 20 % of dynamic friction losses or
10 % of pump ilP. I
TOTAL DISCHARGE PRESSURE: sum of all above 6 P values.

5. DIFFERENTIAL HEAD
I
Differential pressure = discharge pressure - suction pressure
D1Off eren to1aI h ead = Differential
S pressure x 10.197
I
pec. gr.

6. FLOWRATE
I
Normal flowrate is maximum long term operating flow (m 3/h)
Design flowrate is normal flowrate + design margin.
I
Design margin :

Use 10 % for feed pumps or transfer pumps

I
20 96 for reflux pumps and boiler feed water pumps
I
7. POWER REQUIREMENTS

Note: although the term "horsepower" is still used,power requirements are given in kW for
metric calculations.
I
,/. Hydraulic horsepower = theoretical fluid HP =design flow x Diff. press/36 (kW) I
Brake-horsepower (BHP) = hydraulic HP/ f) P pump efficiency (kW)
Operating load =
electrical input to electric driver at normal pump operating load =
I
BHP/ 'J m motor efficiency kW

Connected load: electrical power to motor at rated motor size (kW) I

Note pump speeds
---'-- -
are either
-,---'- -.- - ..
1 450 rpm
--

8. MAXIMUM DISCHARGE PRESSURE (shut off pressure)

or 2 "
90~
."
rem (50 HZ electrical frequency)
-. __ . ' - -

Estimated shut off pressure: max suction pressure (design pressure of upstream item
+
-I
head. calculatedat HLL and SCi maxi) + 12096 x normal pump A P

9. PUMP MINIMUM FLOW I

For an estimate use 30 % of normal flow.

10. PUMP WEIGHTS I

~o determine the weight of a
I
For an estimation purpose only Figure 4 can be used
centrifugal pump package. I I
I
.~ .. .,.,
' .-,..,' -,-.- --..,~. '.

I
I
<I.oa-')rr;",:

,
If ....._-

~I
i 5.5
2,SO~;
iHlL -

I .-
;:: - ~ .04 bOor c..
~LL l
• _. p= I.ul Oc.r~

~er !14 m.
4 '20~:
L_ ei' ' v .... N-
~;"p :.~~.:u \L"-2
.~
II
,

Indica te pressu re, elevat ions and system sketch

PUMP TYPEi : CEtITF-" :;J-;~.'_ .., 3.:!.Gc

FLUID PUMP ED: Liquid : C.lWDE OIl. Speed : .J
~=:!JO ~p~
Pumpi ng tempe rature T: 40 ·C Viscos ity at P, T
Vapor pressu re at T : 3, '- cP
: ~,O4 bara Specif ic gravit y 0..1: to"'F:
Densit y at P, T :
O,Bl,- (rer. C.OM)
805 kg/m3 Norma l flow Q at P,T : ~ 51 m3/h
Specif ic gravit y at P, T : o,SCS Design margin : '2.S %
Design flow at P , T (1) : 1B9 m3/h
I I I
SUCTI ON PRESS URE I I DISCH ARGE PRESS URE I
I I I
Min. Origin Pressu re= baral 1,03 I Delive ry pressu re
+ Static head at LLL , bara I 1/0 1
= m I 4.20 I Static head L- ~ .-'- \J bar I 1,11
(m x sg x 0.0981 ) bar! 0.33 I A P contro l valve(s ) bar 0,,0
- 6 P suctio n line bar! o. \0 I A P exchang~r(s) bar 0,70
I: PUMP SUCTI ON PRESS URE
I
I
I 1.'2.6
I
I
I
6 P orifice (s)
6P
~P line loss
bar
bar
bar 0,40
,
,

I I Other ( c.onl:i.~l~) bar

I NET POSITIVE SUCTI ON HEAD 0,50
I I
I I TOT DISCH ARGE PRESS bara
Static head at LLL m I 4,2.0 I 4- .4'-

Ij - Line loss
+ vapou r pressu re correc tion
m I
m I
I
t , '2. 7
,-
I
DIFFE RENT IAL PRESS URE

I Suctio n pressu re
11 TOT AL A VAILABLE NPSH

MAXIMUM SUCTI ON PRESS URE

m
I
I
I
'2.,93
Discha rge pressu re
bara
bara
~,'l.b
4.4'-
Pump AP bar 3.1£' Ill)
I
I: Vessel PSV setting
Static head at HLL
baral
bar!
4.50
0,53
m 40,0 I
I
I
I POWE R REQ~IREMENTS I
I' MAXIMUM DISCH ARGE PRESS URE
net bara ( 5,03
I
I
Brake Horse-~wer = (1)x(2) kW
(Fig 2 for 'J~
23,0
I
I(~)
361')p I
I I
I' Max. suctio n pressu re
Norma l,pump /6.P x 12096
11 ~_- '_r-'
baral
bar!
I
5,03
3,80
I
I
I
Estim ated motor size

Design operat ing load (4)/t) kwi

kW
"I
30
I
J(4)
I
34 I( S)
I I (Fig 3 for 'l ",,) I
I B,B3
net bara m I
'i~ 'Y
I I I I
- "- f ~
,
"':.
". I
~

~
I

~" 'r./.:. :,. - - I I

'. :_1 ; 'to '
___ .-
I Estim ated weigh t kg I 1000 I
I l..- cc. " "

- .
I I I

I Ii§. Jf~
PROCESS CAlCUL A nON SHEET
ITEM: TRANS ~ER PUMP

SYI:fl~
PUMP No. ? 2.010 AI'?.
I IJOII TITlE
II OATE E.)(A Mil'. E 'lOS No.: ;'
I REV 10

I ". - ... 1 ·.. ·-~" .--"' ••

 I:.
,

Revision o P8<Je No

11
.~

Date 2/8S SJ

11
' " , ( .. I(AI,. HIGH SltlO

1-; •....,(('10",,-
I'U~
ClNrRI'UGAl 'UMI'1o

I
RlCorROCATIHG 'uMrS
"Ulfl-UAGl 'UIUS 1Il00'''''

ilJ
TJlI'llX ry,(

11 '''OCHS 'u..
rs
I Sf AlOU. ltOO R pjo
,

IJ 'IIOCHS ~ ••rs,
\ Sf AGl. 2Il00 II ...

11
11
~IJ 10
\0 50 \00 1000
FLOw I MI/H J

I) ...
FIG .• GE"E8"L ""HGfS OF APPLICATIOH FOR OlffE Ern PUup TVPO

11 FIG. 2 ESTIMATION OF CENTRIFUdAL PUMPS EFFICIENCY

11 EFFICIENCY
............. DOTTED LINE FOR PUMPS WITH Hmt > 61 Iii

11 ~
.
..... ..... ..... .....
10

IJ 70
...... ..... ...- ~I
~
ull

...
i ~

"".". I""'" •••••

~ ~

IJ 60

so ~
V" ..
.,.,. ~
.., ••••••
•••••
' " H mt >&1 m .
~. .,.,"
I 40
~
..~.
I
30
~" ..
20

I o 100 200 300

I
I
I "-'.,-----.-~.-~

PROCf:~'~NGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: 0

I
Page No

PUMi'S
Date :?/qc: 5.7

1 FlCURE )

1
E1.ECTRlC·MOTOR.S, RECOMMENDED SIZE", EFFlOENCY!II

K...I ~ e\oll' " O'lir51

Pump R~uor.,~n. Probabl., Mo ..... EffICIency Power Fac.«(21
A. ~j,n, Mo ..... .. 01 FuU Load .. 01 FuU Load
Condi.ions Ra.in, Capacity Capacity
&HP &HP .!! !1 ~ .!! 7) 100

0 0.) I II 12 12.) U 7) 10
0.)1 o.n 1-112 7) 7) I'
o.n
1.01
1.00
2.00
2
)
'7
n
n
71 10
10
""
71
10
II I'

""to
7' I'
2.01 '.00 ) &I U I. 7) II

'.01 '.00 7-112 n 10

.,I' "
II.'
,.
..." a-I'
I, ...
'.01 1.00
.,
10 10 a- 70
1.01
12.1
16.1
---
12.0
16.0
20.0
20
n
II
10
U
"
".,
I)
a- "
)

.... U 'I
to
to
20.1

..
.,.,,
2'.2
--
-
2'.1
)'.1
)0
'0 -
I)
I) ..
".1.._1'.'
II.'
II

" .,., ~
,.
to
,..,
"
) .).) '0 10 11.' I'
a- .,.)
n.' -
)2.2
U.2
~
n 11
li
.,.) to.'
12
II
II.)
".) .,to
".) - 17.0 ,..,,.,. ., ,.
17.1 - ' .. 100
12'
I'

..
U .,.,n I'
U to '2

" n.',."
IU -
" ,.
I~ 1)0 70 '2
137 - 112 200 17.) n
II) - 221 2)0 70 ".,
'2.'
10
,." "
I: 221 - 21)
27' - )11
- '07
)17 :1"
)" - ,,,
JOG
))0
'00
,.,. ""
to.'
,)
""
"
II
.,
17 70
to
",.
7J

')0
,.., ",.
91

..
,".)", "" 70
,.'I
," -- ,.,
.10 )00

1 " "
70
'00 10 to
"
(II Applies to totally enclosed mot .... 1 only (i •.,., .,.ploli«> proof)
121 To be used in determination 01 KYA's il desired.

fiGURE 4
DRY WEIGHT ESTIMATE fOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PACKAGE

1
I
I s -,
,. _ _ _~ _, __ .. __ .: __ /...:.. __ ~_.~ _ _

------.-:--~- ~. -~-1-- .:----;--··~-~---+-~~-1-· --:-.-f-.-~'-,-~-~

~._~~~ _ _ ~_._._,L _ _ ..

- - - - - -~ ----i-:- -+.-~ -~--~- ~~--; °f-··· --.-+~-.- ..

I ~.'-
. - - -./'
_ .L...
--""C..L.

'L - - - -
'~"
~--;

:
I',~r -~-,-~~--~-:",-,,-

:
. I I :!
• :
I·

'
.-
I: I
.: .. ": _ . I .::
1"'"'-1'.---
.. -
1, --.- -
_ I

/ - -- ___ .....;_~- . .L- 7-~---_7_1--t--:-- :-i=- h':"+---r- ;--- .-----

I 1 - .--.!..-'~' .:...
~ •

250
. - ~--.-- ~-- .-.:.-+ --1--1. " 1-- .• - - .
SOO
I I I

750
; . I

1000
-HORSE POWER-4-
kW
1250

I
I ---_ .. --
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision : P~e No :

I Data 2/&5

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I; G. DRIVERS

I
I
Ii i

Ij
I:
I:
I
I
I L -______________________~__~----------------~~

I
I PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL R.viljon:

I~ d £ Date
NOTES 2/&5

I' /' l
r, rI ,.J
.~
~ J-) 'J-A..../_/"_~ .1\\ ~j /' . " . ~"., , l ..
I ,• \ , ,
'.,..A.. ( , f r' "'
. " , ,(" ..,.. i\W
Ij
11
11
Ii
11
I]
I!
11
11
II
I jj
Ii !.

I
II
II
II
I t
I
 Revision: 0

.t GAS TU RB INE S

Dat e: 2/&5
Pag e No. :

6.1
1. AP PLI CA BlU TY

Fea sib ilit y and Pre -Pr oje ct stu

dy:

The pur pos e of this des ign gui

de is to giv e som e info rma tion
be abl e to sel ect a sui tab le gas to the eng inee r in ord er to
turb ine .

The gas turb ine s do not cov

er the full ran ge of pow er and
ada pte d to the cho ice of the eng som etim es the pro ces s is
ine s.

The loc atio n is an imp orta nt fac

tor.

2. INDUSTRIAL AP PLl CA nO NS
OF GAS TU RB INE S

,
1
The two ma jor ind ust rial app lica
com pre ssio n. The gas turb ine
tion s of gas turb ine driv ers are
s are also use d for liqu id pum
... ) but the se app lica tion s dep end
pow er gen era tion and gas
pin g (cru de oil, wat er inje ctio n,
on the rati o bet wee n pow er gen
era tion and pumping sta tion
cap aci ties .

In ind ustr y, thr ee typ es of gas

turb ine s are ava ilab le:

hea vy- dut y (on e sha ft, suit abl

e for pow er gen era tion not rec
two sha fts) om men d for com pre sso rs, or

jet eng ine s or aer ode riva tive (tw

o sha fts) turb ine s
ligh t ind ust rial

Hea vy- dut y turb ine s are gen era

lly use d for larg e ons hor e pla nts
whe re wei ght and spa ce are
not a pro ble m. Aer ode riva tive
turb ine or ligh t ind ust rial are
pre dom ina nt for sm alle r
ins tall atio ns off sho re wh ere com
pac t, ligh t-w eig ht driv ers are
req uire d.

J. BRIEF DE SCR IPT ION OF TH

E TURBINE

The re are two par ts for the gas

tur bin e:

a. mai n sys tem

b. aux illia ry sys tem .

3.1. MAIN SYSTEM - Fig ure 1 (tw o

sha ft ma chi ne gas gen era tor)
It is com pos ed of :

the air fit ter

air com pre sso r HP turb ine
com bus tion equ ipm ent LP turb ine
Exh aus t
 RevISion:
I
0 Pag e No ..
GAS TURBlNES

Dat e: 2/8 5
I
6.2

3.2. AUXILLIAR Y SYSTEMS I

The se are : fue l gas or liquid fuel sys tem
hyd rau lic sys tem
I
lub rica tion sys tem
sta rt-u p sys tem
air coo ling sys tem I
3.2 .1. Fue l gas sys tem

A gas turb ine is des ign ed for a

I
cer tain hea t rele ase . It is rec om
men ded to
avo id larg e flow fluc tua tion s (.!.
10 % max imu m) of the des ign val
ue. I
It is also rec om me nde d to pro
vid e a saf ety mar gin abo ve the
poi nt (ge ner ally + 15 ·C) and to
hav e a min imu m tem per atu re of
gas dew
+ 5°C . I
The fue l gas pre ssu re dep end s
on the gas turb ine , a ran ge of
at turb ine inle t flan ge is com mo
whi ch hav e hig h air com pre sso
n. For the new gen era tion of
15 to 20 bar g
jet eng ine s
I
r pre ssu re rati o the pre ssu re
cou ld be as
hig h as 30 bar g.
I
Cer tain trac e com pon ent s mu
st not be pre sen t in the fue l gas
avo id cor ros ion in the hot par ts
of the tur bin e:
in ord er to
I
Van adiu m : less tha n 1 ppm
Sod ium and Pot ass ium : less tha
n 2 ppm
Cal ciu m (no t cor ros ive but cau
ses dep osi ts) : less tha n 2 ppm
Lea d: less tha n 1 ppm
I
Re ma rks : a. The fue l gas qua lity and
net hea ting val ue ran ge to be
spe ci fied to the ven dor .
b. It is rec om ma nde d to ins
tall a K.O . pot and filt rati on
(10 ll) at the fue l gas turb ine inle
filt rati on is inc lud ed in the
t (mo st of tim e a saf ety I
ven dor pac kag e), the bas ic

3.2 .2. Liq uid fue l sys tem

filt rati on is nor ma lly inc lud ed
in the fue l gas su? ply skid .
I
Filt rati on is req uire d dep end ing
Gen era lly the req uire d lev el of
on the gas turb ine typ e and
ma nuf act ure r.
I
filt rati on has a sev erit y hig her
eng ine s.
tha n for die sel
I
The liqu id fue l pre ssu re at the
turb ine flan ge is abo ut 3 to .5 bar
'.' g.
I
I
I
 Revision: 0 Page No .
GAS TU RB IN ES
a
Da te. 2/&5 6.3

3.2 .3. St ar t-u p sy ste

m

A ga s tur bin e ca nn
ot sim ply sta rt- up by
fir ing fuel in the co mb
fo r its ga s ex pa ns ion us tio n se ct io n:
po we r af te r co mb us tio n
at ta in a ce rta in sta rti to be ef fe cti ve , the tur
ng sp ee d fir st us ing bin e mu st
a sta rti ng mo tor .
Th er e ar e se ve ra l kin
ds of dr iv er s wh ich ar
e us ed to sta rt the tur
bin es :
el ec tri c mo tor ,
pn eu ma tic ex pa ns ion
tur bin e (a ir or ga s)
di es el en gin e or ga so
lin e mo to r
hy dr au lic ex pa ns ion
tur bin e
hy dr au lic mo tor .

4. OP ER AT IN G AS
PE CT S

Th e po we r is ge ne ra
lly de fin ed in ca tal og
ue s by I.S .O . th at me
an s po we r at :
Te mp er atu re air in
tak e 15 °C
A tm os ph er ic pr es
su re 101.3 kP a (se a lev
el)
No los s co nd iti on on
in tak e an d ex ha us t du
cti ng
No au xi lIa rie s dr iv en
by th e tur bin e (e xc ep
t lub e oil pu mp req uir
ed by the tur bin e its elf
Th e ma in ex ter na l )
cr ite ria for th e pe rfo
rm an ce of a ga s tur
(lo ca tio n, air tem pe bin e ar e: th e sit e co
ra tu re ) los ses on in tak nd iti on s
e an d ex ha us t du cti ng
co nd iti on s ot he r th an ; op era tio n of the ma
de sig n, me ch an ica l po ch ine at
we r to dr iv e au xli lla
rie s.
4.1 . AI R CO ND IT IO NS

Th e co mp re ss io n po
we r re qu ire me nt fo
r th e air inc rea se s
in cr ea se s. Th e co ns eq as the air tem pe ra tu
ue nc e is th at th e av ail re
ab le po we r rec ov ere
de cr ea se s as th e air d fro m the LP tur bin
tem pe ra tu re in cr ea se e
s (+ 1 °C of air ~ 0.8
va lue ). Se e Fi gu re 2 % of po we r: av er ag
e
fo r an ex am ple .
4.2 . LO CA Tl ON

If th e tu rb in e is lo
ca ted ab ov e se a lev
el, th e sit e p~essure
de cr ea se by ab ou t I an d the av ail ab le po
% pe r 100 me tre s ele we r
va tio n. Se e Pi gu re 3.
 I
Rev isio n: 0 Page No. :

4
GAS TURBINES

Dat e: 2/&5
I
6.4

4.3 . LOSSES ON INT AK E AND EXH

AUST QU CTI NG
I
Und er cer tain con diti ons plu ggi
wil l res ult in a dro p in ava ilab
ng of the air inta ke to the turb
ine may occ ur. Thi s I
le turb ine pow er. A sim ilar dro
p will be see n if the
exh aus t duc t pre ssu re also cha
nge s ave rag e figu res are :

Inle t duc t: pre ssu re inc rea ses

I
by 100 mm H2 0 pow er fall s by
1.4 %
Exi t duc t: pre ssu re inc rea ses

For esti ma tion tak e 100 mm H2

by 100 mm H2 0 pow er fall s by
0.6 % I
0 t.P for inle t and exh aus t duc
ts (2% loss es)
4.4 . DES IGN CO ND ITI ON S I
If the pow er turb ine is run
nin g at 80 % of the des ign
effi cie ncy is abo ut 6 %. If the
turb ine is run nin g at
cap aci ty, the red uct ion in
60 % des ign the red uct ion in
I
effi cie ncy is abo ut 17 %. Sin ce
fue l gas con sum ptio n is ver y mu

4.5 . CO NC LU SIO N
ch affe cte d.
I
Fir st app rox ima te for t am bia
nt > 15° C I
. P site = P iso x 1 x
T.Oi 1 x I
1 +0. 008 {t-1 5) ""1-+O~.O~ l~H
t = am bia nt tem per atu re in °C
I
=
H ele vat ion abo ve sea lev el in me

5. SEL EC TIO N OF GA S TU RB
tre div ide d by 100
I
INE ~.

For pre lim ina ry sele ctio n use

tab le
whi ch giv e ISO turb ine sha ft pow
er. Tab le 1 giv es the
I
com mo nly use d gas turb ine s but
for
mo re info rma tion con sul t the
PER FO RM AN CE SPE C" pub lish
ed eac h yea r.
"GA S TU RB INE WO RLD
I
6. TH ER MA L EFF ICI EN CY AT
150 RA TlN G %
The rma l effi cie ncy dep end s on
the gas turb ine but for a pre lim
I'
ina ry fue l gas esti ma tion the
foll owi ng val ues cou ld be tak

o to 3 500 kW
en:

20 % J 500 to 15 000 kW
I
upt o 15 000 kW 23%
26 %

7. RE FER EN CE S AN D USE FUL

LIT ER AT UR E
I
7.1 .
7.2 .
7.3 .
GA S TU RB INE WO RLD PER FO
VEN DO R doc um ent atio n
CA MP BEL L VOL 11
RM AN CE SPE C pub lish ed eac
h yea r I
7.4 . "Co nsi der Gas Tur bii'l es for Hea
vy load s" - K. MOLICH Che rn.
Eng . Aug ust 25. [98 0 I
I
I
 PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: 0 Page No
GAS nJRBINES

Date 2/85 60S

rl COMaUST'ON
SYSTEM
b Th. Hot Co M _ EIIIOft4
INI ( - - F... , Co.... H.,. 0A4 il T~'ou9~ '". T"rtIi ...
ou' Mo.. elHft."
III Moet ,lie Ait

Ai, Gou
.. H.,.
11
IJ Simple cycle--single shaft.

FIGURE 1

II COM8USTION
SYSTEM
(I~OU"
,. S'oel

F.. t' Cots ill Mo,. Gild.,

11 eo"."UM" Ai,
ell,ftt" ,. H.. , , ... Ai, Tile Ho' Go..s
(Ipo,," TII'....II
, ... T.." ... ,

IJ CO"PA(SSOR~========~
Sholl Sp .... \lI!r;'s ,.;,,, loo..

I 1.;, Gou
i. Hit.

Simple cycle--two shaft.

FIGURE 3

1 0

]
Po_ loss duo to .ffect of inctoasineJ altitudo (fall in atmospheric pressufO)

aooo
I) 7000 /
V
2500

~
6000 / 2000

I~
III

...
III
...
/
~

~
III
5000 a:
I-
III 1500
0
j
,/'" III
:l
./
I
I-
4000 ~
I-
...
~
00(

3000 V 1000
0
j
I-

I 2000
V
/ ;:
~
00(

500
1000 /
I o V
o 5 10 o
15 10 25 JO
", LOSS OF POWER

I
I
------- ~ ----J . ..~

-- ~-----. ~ ,_ t ... ~ ~
- ~ ,~
-
.~
PERFORMANce-DATA
IN~USTRIAL AIION M~ 'l~
ROLLS. ROYCE INDUSTRIAL AVON
)1
a. .
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.. · ... <! .... ":iV 1"1
MICHANI CAl o '''VI ISH"I .. ..
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r: .... .... .... I: I!.... IF·!.II " ' ••

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..... CONtiNUOU S
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11 .1 . 1 I ...... .
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l :::: :::: :.: ~:::L: ::: ::::
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2:'~:: :~ :?t(:: ~::: ~;~: ::fl
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z
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
l tl .. · ........ ..~ ..... ~ ....... - "': ~~~~

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m
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11[00 ~i- j:t;< ~~~j ;.;~ j~:~ ~~?~~·~;~~i~s~~;~ ~~ if~

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. . . . . • . • . ,., •.•. •••• ••••• • ••••
'--I'lo.:~II
---
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VA"'A"ON OJ NOMINAL IHIAM .. l (H,CI("C ' WlIH
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1_ SHAJI.OW(~ Ou'~u'
/I I.

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" .... ...... : ... : :~!!
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:~-:-' - :.: ... ~~E ;~;~ :~~~ .:, ~~+i~ ~;:-: ;~ :;~~ ._r;.i lO~+r.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Th~ c: ~
'1 I .. ...:i.· .. "'1 I'" III ... ·I!fl· Ii:' •••
... IR•••.
.. .I:;T:, .. , .. 1!l l>
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AI.tfillIA'" ..... ,.. .... fu .. f'Ct
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VA~'A"O" OJ "O"" .... l SHAH ~owl~ WlIH AI" INI ... I I"'oI~IAAI ~~~ l>
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HICT"ICA l GIN,"ATI OH IMW.,
10 {:~; I::: :1 . ....... .. 'I" "o'OSSU
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I\rJrjPt.-i7F++H-++Hil lJ
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:

..Ii
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10 t n 0 '0
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10
'u.. fe.
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I.~~~~~~--~~--~~~--~~~~~"~~~~
UIClllhC., "OW'1II0U'~II"""""'"
'"
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Q
v"A,' "0" 0' "0"',,,.0' IlICl"'C" , .OWI" WlIH AI" INIU, V.. "I""ON OJ NOM'''Al IH(" ..... 'I"'CII .. C- W",,"IC ''''('',
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~
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I
11 ~... 1.

-• .d Z
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL

GAS 11.JRaINES

r.
.
- -
Date
Reyision o

: 2/85
Page No

6.7

•-= .:

I H.
_:.
'. c
I
~-- -

~l
:=
·i' :=.
• .r I- '.
'"-
... - ,,:,-.:

I] . I

.'
C

1'.J1 ::
.:c=
-1-

·3:: .
-:1-
,:= TABLE 1
... -
COH.'1ERCIALLY

I] ~
AVAILABLE
GAS TURBINE

..
~::
DRIVERS

1-

I c.
----
:1:
.-."!-
11 ....I; ..
'-
--- r---

•I
...."1- I •
-.---
i:= ---
i":
,,- \ISO::

..-w-
i:;:
!
~~=
,5--
u

I --- 1---- 1-----

I 1----

I ..
: --.
. i
I !'t to' .
«

1 ii
I
~

I
II
•.. .,
STEAM TURBINES
Revision:

Date: 2/85
0 Page No.

6.8

1. APPLICABILITY

For either the feasibility study or the pre-project study the engineer may need to estimate
the required steam consumption of a steam turbine. Details of turbines for guidance and
consumptons are detailed in section 2 and 3.

2. DESIGN NOTES

Single stage turbines generally used for small applications, multis tage for larger.

Consider using steam turbines for pump drivers if residual HP/MP steam from larger
drivers (compressors, generators) is available.

Standard size turbines: Size Stages Power Steam kg/h/kW

kW
Small 0.5-190 350-30
Medium or 2 4-2980 30-9
Large 2 + 370-7450 15-3

Speed range: usual 2 000 rpm to 15 000 rpm

Efficiencies: Power rating kW Efficiency % kW %

1-40 20 750-1500 60
40-250 30 1500-2250 65
250-375 40 2250-UP 70
375-750 50

3. CALCULA TlON OF REQUIRED STEAM LOAD

1. Theoretical Wt = --r.,....:8=-=6~0":"T­ kg/h/kW hi = steam inlet enthalpy kcal/kg

(h2-hI) h2 = steam outlet " kcal/kg (FO't.
steam load
tMori t i.c.a.l. LS~ n.tropi c. path.. be.t-...u t\.
2. Actual steam load Wa = Wt 100
I( i.n.lA.t o.ru:l oul~t ~tJ..I\.Ls)
EHi.cien.Oj (i.)

3. Required steam Ws = Wa x kW load kg/h

4. USEFUL REFERENCES AND LITERATURE

4.1. LUDWIG VOL III CHAPTER 14 pp 422-435

4.2. "Use steam turbines as Process Drivers" - Richard F. Neerken
Chern. Eng. Aug. 25 1980
.
 I
--- PROCESS ENGINE ERING DESIGN MANUAL

ELECTRIC MOTORS
RevISion:

Date 2/&5
0
Page No

6.9
I

I
t
I
I
I. APPLICABILITY
I
For both feasibility and pre-project studies the engineer will be required to estimate I
electric loadings for utility consumptions. Fig. 1 details motor efficiencies tor various pump
horsepowers.
I
2. POWER ESTIMA nON
I
· For pumps the driver horsepower is estimated on the pump data sheet.
I
· For respecifying at drivers or checking purposes use Fig. I to rate power.

· Power rating at 380 V 3 phase 50 hz.

I
FIGURE 1

ELECTRIC MOTORS, RECOMMENDED SIZE 6:: EFFlCIENCY (()

I
Pump Requirement Prob~le Motor Efficiency Power Factor(2)
I
At Design Motor ... of Full Load % of Full Load

I
Conditions Rating Capacity Capacity
8HP ~ 1Q n ~ '0 n !QQ.
0
0.-'1
-
-
0.'
0.7' 1-1/2
I II
67
12
7)
12.'
n "
67
7'
&0
&0
&4
o.n ·
1.01
2.01
·
·
1.00
2.00
'.00
2
J
~
n
n
&1
7&
7'J
&3
&0
&0
&.
67
1&
n
&l
&4
&l
&4
&6
&6
I
-- n aI.' u 90

I
6.00 7-1/2 &0
Ii.Ol
&4 '" 9O 91
6.01
&.01
12.1
·
--
&.00
12.0
1'.0
10
D
20
&0
&l
10 "&3
" "&6.'
&6
&4
&4
U
U
91
90
n IJ &6.' &I U
16.1 20.0
" '0

20.1
26.2
-
-
·
26.1
34.&
30
'0
·IJ

"&0
&6.'
U
U.,
&I.'
&l
&6
&4
U
9O.'
&9.'
90
91
,1.'
I
J4.'
'J.6 ·
IIJ.'
.n.2
'0
60 &4 "
U
17.'
n., &2 U., 90
n . .l
".J
-
·
".2
37.0
n
10O
37

&4
19.'

I'
~.,

,1.,91 ""
II &6.'

19
&9

91
I
&7 .1 · 114 12'
"U "9119.' 90 'J2
· 1J6 DO 91
" 9O 'J2

I
11' &6
1.l7 - !lI2 200 91.' 37.' 91 'J2
I&J · 227 2'0 9O 92.' 9.l.' &0 &6 &'J

22& · 273 300 90.' 93 '10 sa 91 93

27"
319
J6-'
4'0
·
·
-
·
31&
36/0
/009
,."
3'0
400
"'0
'00
91
91
91
91.'
'JJ
'JJ
93
9J
'II
'3
'3
'3.,
&7

"I'"
9O
90
9O
90
93
91
91
91
I
"-'Ii - ,4, 600 93 9" 910. , 10 && 90

.. I
Not"" (I) Appll'" to tOtally "nclo,,,d motors only (I.e .• eIploslOn prooll
-- (2 ) To be """d In determm .. tlon at KVA's II deSired.

I
I
 , PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: P/tgeNo:

J Date 2/&5

1
'I.
,
J
~I
I
J
~I
·.1 7. COMPRESSORS

,.1
I
I
-I
I
I
I·
I • •

I
I
 ReVISion. 0 Page No
COMPRESSORS
7 7
Date: 2/85
7.1
·le APPLICABILITY

For both feasibility and pre-project studies the engineer will be required to evaluate d
compressor selection, discharge temperature, power and complete a data sheet.
To evaluate the discharge temperature and power it is more accurate to use SSI instead of
the manual method presented here.

In order to estimate the basis of cost and layout it is important to understand the type of
compressors for the service in consideration, and the associated power requirements.

2. DESCRIPTION AND GUIDELINE NOTES

2.1. TYPES OF COMPRESSORS

The principal types used in the oil and gas processing industries are:
reciproca ting (volumetriC>
centrifugal
rotary (volumetric)
axial
A compressor selection chart is shown in Figure 1.

2.2. GENERAL USE

2.2.1. Reciprocating compressors

Reciprocating compressors are widely used iln the oil and gas industry for small
to medium gas flows and high compression ratios. For example:
Instrument and service air compressors

Low capacity/high pressure gas

maintain the gas lift capability.
compres~ion
.
for re-injection of field gas to

2.2.2. Rotary compressors

The types of rotary compressors most freqlilently employed in the petroleum

industry are as follows:
Lobe compressors ("ROOTS" type)
Screw compresSQrs

The reliabili ty factor is generally higher than reciprocating machines.

"Roots" type compressors are used where a high flow rate with a relatively
low-pressure is required.

Screw compressors are sometimes used in low flow gas service or for
instrument and service air for installations of small to medium size.
2.2.3. Centrifugal compressors

These Centrifugal compressors have bec<»me very popular offering more

power per unit weight and essentially vibration-free. Initial costs normally
are less than reCiprocating compressors !i>ut efficiency is less and utility
costs may be higher. Frequently used in the oil and gas process ir.dustry .

•
.
 .I
RevIsion' 0 Page No

t 7
COMPRESSORS

Date: 2/85 7.2

:1
2.2.4. Axial compressors
,I
These machines are particularly useful where a very high gas flow at
moderate pressure increase is required. Such applications remain relatively
rare in the industry, the exception being LNG plants.
2.3. DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE LIMIT A nON

Discharge temperature is limited either tor reasons of gas stability, gas

condensation or compressor (or upstream equipment) mechanical resistance
limit.

For reciprocating compressor the maximum gas outlet temperature to be allowed

is usually between 160 to 1800C.

For centrifugal compressor used in gas and oil extraction industries the discharge
.1
temperature is limited to 170/190 DC.

Normally intercoolers are used to maintain temperatures within the above limits.
:1
2.4. DESIGN MARGINS
..1
If the flow is constant, no margin, but if the flow is coming from a production
separator a 'margin of 10 % is recommended in order to take into account the
possible slugs at the inlet of these production separators.
I
5. WEIGHT AND SIZE

For weight and size we recommend to ask the manufacturer as vend~r catalogues detail
only the size and weight of the compressor itself. As the compressor package also includes
also the seal and lube oil console, control cabinet and sometimes the driver and gear box,
I
the use of vendors catalogues could be misleading in estimating the installed weight. ~'I;
..
Figure 4 could be used for a very preliminary estimation. It is established for the dry
weight of a centrifugal compression package including:

compressor skid (aeroderivative gas turbine + compressor)

I
technical room
overhead tank (seal oil)

6. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE

6.1. LUDWIG Volume 3 Chapter 12

I
6.2.
6.3.
CAMPBELL
GPSA
Volume 2
Chapter 5
Chapter 14
1979
I
6.4. 551 Program
I• .. I
I
I
_____ ..... '.
_ • ~_ • . • ' • • . • • _ ::-Ic - I

•
I I
I Gas mix ture l (I) (2)
I com pon ent si (3) (4) (5)
mo l. frac MO L WT (6) ll),
TC PC (J) x (2) (8) I (9)
(l) x (3)
I MW K bar a
(l) x (4) I Cp (no te 1) I l l ) x (8)
I I I Rca l/kg mo leO e
I I
I I
I
I I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I ,. ~
::D
I I I 0
I I
()
m
. I I ~
I I m
I I Z
C)
I n
J Z
I .l: m
I '0 rn
t :.<l :n
I :'1
'-~ Z
'.r.
I 0
C)

I -"
'.Il a
m
I Vl.
I I C)
I 2
I !:
~-
I 2
I C
:t>
I r
I
,I a
~
~
:n
~
<
I
III
...
IMW = 0
Tcm ix = Pc mix = I Me p =
:J
I "-J
Not e l:at T ave rag e ......
= TI • T2 ,,,::n ~

2 Re ma rk: If the com pos itio n

is not kno wn, use the cur ves
Sec tion giv ing Tc, Pc and 15 in dat a
vers us mo lec ula r wei ght .
1S = Mce ~

Mcp - 1.9~ -.J ~

III
...." 2
o
 I
0PER A TlNG C00JD I TlONS 7.4 I
SUCTI ON PRESS URE PI = 7,0 bar a
DISCH ARGE PRESSt_'RE P2 = ~4 ,0 bar a PRESS URE RA TIO P2/Pl = 3. ~3 I
SUCTI ON TEMP. TI = ~O °C

SUCTI ON FLOW W
:: 313 OK

:: 5&000 kl!./h
.'\i\ ';'; ::

GAS DENSI TY AT
""_ '_"' ,-r
/,
I
ACTU AL VOL FLOW V = 9400 m)/h

u STEP
SLJCTION = ==,9b kg/m 3
I
NOTES

1. GAS PROP ERTIE S Pc = 45.9 bar a

OK
I
Tc = 2.30

2. POLY TROP IC EFFIC IENCY

l")p = 0.79 SEE FIG. 2
I
3. AVER AGE If:: MCp/M Cp-1.9 9

4. DISCH ARGE TEMP

~ :: 1•'2. I ESTIM ATE T2 l ~So·c..) /0<
I
"

, J
I T 2 :: T 1(P2) 3 -
PI TJ;T
t T2 ::
::
~z..~,4
150.4
oK
°C
REPEA T STEP 3-4 IF T2 IS
DIFFE RENT FROM ONE
USED IN STEP 3
I
5. DETER MINE Z A VG SUCT
DISCH
ZI
Z2
::
::
0,9&
o,~7
I
AVG Z :: 0,Cj75

6. CALC ULAT E GAS HORS EPOW ER

I
GHP = Z x R x W x ~ x (T2 - T 1)
,_J M W x 3600 x ( ~ - 1)
GHP = 3'2.60 kW R = 8.314 kJ/kg MOLE .·C
I
7. CALC SHAF T HORS EPOW ER

PS = GHP x (l + F/I00)~l/ f)Tl\ PS = 3450 kW

GHP<&OO kW
800« 10 MW
F
5.0
3.5
IJm
0.Q6
0.97
I
Co.\,c.n : F: 3.S o.~1 >10 MW 1.0 O. '38
,~ ::

8. ESTIM ATE DRIVE R POWE R

I
ELECT RIC MOTO R PS x K
GAS TURB INE PS x 0.14 + K)
PO
PO
=
::
-
4 040
kW
kW
K = 1.15
K = 0.02 TO 0.04 WITH I
GEAR BOX
K To..;';~.., ~~ o lot
9. ESTIM ATED PACK AGE WEIGH T

COMP RESS OR-DR IVER- LUBE

I
M :: So 000 kg <SEE FIG 4)

NOTES : I
I
IIiJ-. /j/ PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET

-t I CENT RIFUG AL OR AXIAL

COMP RESSO R ..
ITEM: ·LP ",AS I
• n ~ lito K 70\0
DATE I l J08 TIT~E EXA~ PLt JOIINo I AEII 10 I
I
 -.~ -" , -:---., ... _-
1
OP ER, '\ nN G C0N l)lT lllN S 7.'>

SUC TIO N PRE SSU RE

I
DIS CH AR GE PRE SSU RE
PI = ~ C)
P2 = ?-'7 "\'
~ar
~ar
a
a PRE SSU RE RA TlO P2/ P I
I
SUC TIO N T[,' vIP .
= --.. ~~
Tl = 4) °C
= 31: " OK MW = ? S ,0
SUC TIO N FLO W
AC TU AL VOL FLO W
W = 410 .) k~h GA S DEN SIT Y AT
V = 5~S rn /h SUC TIO N = f ,
:::\"
..-J- kg/ m3

STE P
NO TES
1. GA S PRO PER TIE S
Tc :: ?.47 oK
Pc :: 43,S bar a
2. AV ERA GE ~ = MC p/M Cp -
- [.99
7i
I
= 1,'La \ J.ssu.TY'o:":' T
' Z ::: • 10 '.- \
I _: I
o'-e:
3. CA LC UL AT E DIS CH AR GE
TEM P
~ -t
T'2. = Tl x ( ~i) -~- T2 = 3£B,4 oK Rep eat 2 - 3 if T2 dif fer s
:: '110.4 ·C from tha t use d in STE P 2
5. DE TER MIN E Z AVG SUC T Zi :: 0.9 7
DIS CH Z2 :: Jig S
AV G Z :: 0,%
6. DE TER MIN E OV ERA LL EFF ICI
EN CY
'lg 1')g = O,C;;~
See Fig 3
I,
7. CA LC UL A TE GA S HO RSE
POW ER
i .-
GH P = Zx Rx Wx '6 x (T2 - Tl)
MW x ~600 x(~ - 1) GH P :: i 54 kW ' R = 8.3 14 kJ/ kgm ole . ·C

8. CA LC UL AT E SHA FT HO RSE
POW ER PS = 193 kW
PS :: GH P/f x T} g
f = 0.9 6 to 0.9 7
9. CA LC UL AT E DR IVE R POW ER
Ele ctri cal Mo tor Po: : lot5 x PS Po = LLL kW

•
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PRO CES S CAl CUL A nON SHE

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I PROCESS ENGINE E RING DESIGN M/~J~Ptlt·
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Revi\lon : Page No

IJ 50 Date :2/fl') 7

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11 I.M
FIC. I CENERAl RANeES OF AJ>PLICATlQN FOR DIFFERENT CQLlPRESSOR TYPES

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I PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIc";N MANUAL
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CO.'1P RESSO R.:.

• i Date 7

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 I
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1- 1
--- PROCESS ENGINE E RING DESIGN 'MANUAL
Revl~lon :

Data 2/&5
Pltge No .
-

I
:11
':1

IJ
I;

.1

'11
I: ,
8. EXPANDERS

,IJ
.
11
11
II
, •1

I'
I'
 EXPANDERS
f
Date· 2/&5
&.1 ·1

I. APPLICABILITY
I
For both the feasibility study and a pre-project study the engineer will be required to fill in I
a process data sheet with the basic information and to estimate the expander horsepower.

Outlet conditions and horsepower estimation can be calculated accurately by computer.

Hand calculations for pure component systems using a MOLLIER diagram are OK. I
2. DESCRIPTION AND GUIDELINE NOTES

The turbo-expander is a mechanical device which is designed according to the laws of

i
thermodynamics and aerodynamics. It removes energy from a process gas which results
in a drop in pressure and temperature of the gas. The energy removed is converted into
I
mechanical energy which is most often used to drive a single stage compressor.

Turbo-expanders could be used for: I

1
cryogenic pressure let down
dew point control
C2 recovery
ethy lene processing, etc ...
I
C3/C4 recovery

Thermodynamical principal. See Figure I. I

Expanders efficiency

The expander efficiency is the ratio of the actual energy removed to the maximum
I
theoretical energy on Figure I

HB-HA I
I
HBI-HA

Expander efficiency depends on :

mass flow rate

inlet pressure
inlet temperature
discharge pressure
gas composition I
speed

Generally a value of &0-&5 % can be used for estimation purposes. See Figure 2. I ,
Liquid content at the outlet of the expander varies from 10 to 30 % (we;ght)

Inlet gas must be free of solid particles and water (sometimes C02), ice formation is
prohibited.
I
Maximum horsepower of the manufactured turbo expanders is about 12 000 HP. This
figure should not however be considered as a limit.
I
Turbo expanders can be used in series.
I
Efficiency is affected by the variation of the design flow rate See Figure 3 for an
est ima tion.
I
'-----~---------...I·I

I
r--------.,.----------------_____.-______,-r-__ .~
\"
P.lq" No ' " .
"
EXPANDERS

Date· 2/85 8.2

3. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE

CAMPBELL VOLUME II

Engineer's guide to turbo expanders HYDROCARBON PROCESSING APRIL 1970

Page 97 ••.

Turbo expander applications in

JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
natural gas processing
May 1976 Page 611 etc. ••

What you need to know about gas

HYDROCARBON PROCESSING
expanders
February 1970 page 105 ••.

Turbo expanders offer processors

THE OIL AND GAS JOURNAL
a way to conserve energy
Jan. 23, 1978 page 63 •••

Use expander cycles for LPG

HYDROCARBON PROCESSING Dec. 1974
recovery
Page 89 •••

VENDOR DOCUMENTATION
i.e. : ROTOFLOW, MAFl- TRENCH •• ; -
I·:
IJ
II'
-,

- rHOCESS ENe I -OESIGN :-'1ANUAL

Date
RevIsion: Page No :

PRESSURE . FIGURE 1

I
ilJ Tal Ta

Il PA -------

1
LIQUID
11 PHASE

IJ
I]
I ENTHALPY

.> P A Inlet pressure TA Inlet temperature HA Inlet enthalpy

I Pa Outlet pressure
Tal Outlet theoretical
T a . Outlet temperature
Hal Outlet theoretical enthalpy
Ha Outlet enthalpy

Ii temperature

11 FIGURE 3

11 ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE AS A
FUNCTION OF DESIGN FLOW RATE
>
u
I u
Z
w 100
~
-
I
FIGURE 2 u.. 90
u..
w 8~
V
~
""
-
I- Z
85 2 (!)

84
w
(J
......-- (I)
w
70

I 83
82
81
a:
w
Q"

:>
(J /
~
/' o
u.. 60
o
I- 50
2 j Z

I 80 w
(J 1/
w
79 U
u... a::
78 u... w
w
a. 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 , 20

I 77 0 100 200 300 400

APROXIMATE PLANT FLOW RATE MMSCFD

500 600
PERCENT OF DESIGN FLOW RATE

I
I
I SS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
ReVISion: P&ge No :

I , Date 2/&5

II'
,-

I
,I;
-,

Ij
1

I;
,

Ii
1

IJ
!

I;
I 9. FLARE SYSTEMS

IJ
IJ
I
1
1
1
I
I
1
I
 FLAHE SYSTEM
Date
2/&5 9.1

I. APPLICABILITY

For the feasibility and preproject studies, a detailed design of the flare system is not
needed. Required information for either study will include;

Evaluation of number and levels of flare system

Determination of maximum relieving (and hence flare design capacity)
Flare KO drum Design
Estimation of height of flare stack or boom length arid type of tip required
PSV sizing (not always required, depends on project). I
,

For further more detailed specification and desilgn requirements consult the CFP
DESIGN GUIDE ON FLARES-VENTS-RELIEF AND ~LOWDOWN SYSTEMS.

2. DEFINITIONS (see section 3 in DESIGN GUIDE)

Relief system includes any pressure relief vklvelrupture disc downstream piping
and liquid separator

Blowdown system includes any depressuring val~e, downstream piping and separator
(normally the pressure relief and depressuring systems utilize
common piping and separator)

Flare system a system which ensures the combustion of hydrocarbons

I

Vent system the release of hydrocarb~ns to the atmosphere without

combustion

Design pressure the pressure used to design i the vesse I and calcu la te the wa 11
thickness (see section 1.0.)

Set pressure • I
the pressure at whIch a safety device is adjusted to open under
I
service conditions. Usually equal to the Design Pressure

Accumulation maximum allowable increase in vessel pressure during discharge

through the safety device. Normal accumulation is 10 % but 20 %
is allowed for external fire due to hydrocarbon liquids. For HC gas
fires an accumulation of 5 % is, recommended.

3. FLARE SYSTEM ANALYSlS AND GUIDELINES

This section details how to determine the number and levels of the required flare system for
a feasibility or preproject study and other guidelines.
A system of items of equipment and piping can be p~otected against overpressure most
economically by considering it as a single unit when calculating the relieving capacity
.----------------r----------------------------------------------r--------------,----
----___
I,
p,Jge No.

r
fLARE SYSTE M

Date· 2/85
I
9.2

Block valve~ should not be presen t in the system so as to isolate a

11
unit from .its
relievi ng point. Specia l cases may warran t a car-se aled open
such arrang ement s should be avoide d if possib le
or locked valve. Howev er
11
Interc onnec ting piping should be of adequ ate size and
system should not be of such a size that two separa
not subjec t to pluggi ng. The
te system s would be more
I
econom ical

---~-. In specif ying the design pressu re of the individ ual items and
11
safety valve setting there
are two approa ches

Set the design pressu re of each item indepe ndentl y. Then

11
specify safety valve
setting s to protec t the weake st link in the group of items
I}
Study the items as a single system initial ly. This is prefer
able as it avoids having an
unexp ected "weak link" limit the operat ing condit ions.
11
Consid eration should be given to possib le abnorm al condit ions
viz:
Light hydroc arbon system s can reach low tempe rature s during
depres suriza tion I
Heat exchan ge trains may be bypass ed resulti ng in higher
tempe rature s
than norma l downs tream
II
Failur e of coolin g mediu m can cause excess ive downs tream

Produ ction separa tors may have a varyin g feed tempe rature
tempe rature s

, especi ally offsho re.

I
It is often requir ed or benefi cial to provid e two or more
. the items of equipm ent to the flare system eg: high
separa te piping system s from
and low tempe rature heade rs.
I·'M
Consid eration should be given to the follow ing

Relief gases below O°C must be kept apart from warm

I
I
moist gases to preven t
forma tion of ice within the f1areli nes. This could cause a system
plug up
Segreg ated system s may be econo micall y desirab le to minim

I
ize the extent of low
tempe rature piping

By segreg ating the flows from high and low pressu re source
s into two separa te flare
system s greate r use of the high pressu re drops can be achiev
severe back pressu res on the low pressu re system s
ed withou t imposi ng I
The molec ular compo sition of some stream s may warran
other stream s. e g moist C02 or H2S is corros ive. It may
t their segreg ation from I
be cheape r to fabric ate a
second smalle r vent system to handle these rather than fabric
in corros ion resista nt mater ial.
ate the entire system
I

I
 -- -- -- -- -- -- -. -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -, .- -- -- -- --
-- v- -
RevISIon a
FLA RE SYS TEM

Dat e. 2/&5 9.3

.....--- .~ - Det erm in,H ion of the flar e

sys tem and leve l c:an be sum
rna rize d in the foll owi ng step
ana lysi s. by ste p

l. Doe s the fac ility con tain pro

ces s are as wit h dis tinc t pre ssu
re leve ls eg : HP com pre ssio n,
LP com pre ssio n, atm osp her ic
sep ara tion ?
If so, con side r two or mo re
flar e lev els if suf fici ent lim
itat ion is imp ose d by the LP
sec tion

2. Doe s gas exi st at hig h pre ssu

re tha t on dep ress urin g willi
fall to belo w 0 °C. If so, it mu
be seg reg ate d from war m reli st
ef gas . !f the tem per atu reif alls
belo w - 29° C may hav e to
con side r low tem per atu re stee
l hea der s

3. Ide ntif y any cor ros ive reli

ef sou rce s and con side r if nee
d to pip e up sep ara tely
4. Is a ven t sys tem req uire d
for tank bre ath ers , reg ene rati
orjl ven ts etc ..•
I

The sizi ng cas e of the flar

e sys tem can usu ally be jud
ged by insp ecti on. Inv aria bly
larg est ven t flow will be a full , the
flow reli ef off the firs t sep ara
tor or com pre ssio n dru m or
tota l ele ctri cal fail ure . Thi s a
may be sup ple me nte d by a sim
ullt ane ous dep ress uriz atio n of
com pre sso r or equ ipm ent loo a
ps resu ltin g in a flar e des ign
flow', hig her tha n the nor mal
thro ugh put . Gen era lly fire gen pla nt
era ted load s do not dic tate
the $izi ng of the flar e sys tem
~r)nfluence the sizi ng , but
of late rals and sub hea der s. A
cer tain d,eg ree of exp e: ien ce
in ide ntif yin g the pos sibl e one will hel p
or two cas es tha t wil l size the
nar e sys tem wit hou t hav ing
per for m a full pla nt risk ana lysi to
s.

In som e cas es, the resu ltin g

flar ing load s may be min imi
sed by usin g ESO isol atio n val
aut om atic con trol s to sta rt bac ves or
k-u p equ ipm ent .
 P.Hj' , No
I
FLARE S YST[M
EP Date: 2/&5 9.4
I
4. HEAD ER SIZING : STACK AND TIP CHOIC E I
In order to estima te the main flareli ne and header sizes based
inform ation are requir ed:
on back pressu res, 3 piec:es of
I
Design flowra te tempe rature M W
Length of f larebo om or height of stack
Type of tip and stack to be used.

4.1. DESIGN FLOW RATE TEMP ERAT URE AND MW

This has alread y been determ ined from the previo us section
.

4.2. TYPE OF TIP + STACK TO BE USED (see sectio n 10 in Flare Design Manua
l)

The choice of stack and tip type-w ill obviou sly be dictat ed
by the locatio n of the
plant under design .
For onshor e plants in remot e areas it is usually suffici ent
to use a remot e vertic al
stack with a conven tional pipefi are tip. The height of the
-~--:::~-

-- ----~- -
- .. --" - --------._- -_.
-
stack will be determ ined
bythe radiati on limita tion on the design ated sterile area
round the stack. For non
occupi ed areas, this figure could be high as 5000 BTU/h .ft 2
(15 700 W/m2) resulti ng
in a short stack height . For cases where high flaring loads
still result in a tall stack,
a furthe r reduct ion in height can be achiev ed by using a
Coand a/lnda ir or simila r
type high pressu re sonic flare tip (see sectio n 10 in FLARE
~-. -_._- - --- DESIGN MANU AL for
discus sion of each tip type).
"1
Offsho re the choice is somew hat more compl ex in choosi
vertic al flare or simila r, or an integr al 45° mount ed boom
ng· betwe en a remot e
flare or even on board
11
vertic al stack. The decisio n betwe en these is more often
than not govern ed by
econom ics, struct ural consid eration s and specif ics pertin
locatio n eg: water depth. Gener ally, howev er sonic flare
ent to each platfo rm Ii
tips are used where
pressu re levels allow (2-5· bars) at the tip entry in order
length s, by reduci ng radiati on levels, and associ ated suppor
to reduce stack/ boom
t structu re weigh ts.
II
4.3. FLARE BOOM - FLARE STACK SIZING

The f1areb oom or stack (herea fter termed flare) length

I
is determ ined by the
maxim um allowa ble therma l radiati on tolerab le on the platfo
A detaile d calcul ation of this value for vertic al or incline
rm or surrou nding area.
d flares on or offsho re
I
under a variety of wind condit ions and tempe rature s can
compu ter progra m SUPER FLAR E. For feasib ility and
be perfor med using the
prepro jects, howev er an
I
estima te of radiati on level can be determ ined using the
metho d as detail ed In
AP 521. See Appen dix I.
I

I
,--
,
i
---I~·"-·----·· t~)W~T. ,'
,.
\
Revl'C)li) r'l r)
P.1<JP No " i
l' ~

I
FLAR E') YSTE,l"i
Date 2/&5 9.5

Rec:om mende d Radiat ion levels are given below :

I I
Allowa ble I
I Condi tion Exposu re I
radiati on I
I period I
Btu/h. ft 2 I I
I I
I I
I Areas where person nel may be
I I
1000 I Infinit e I
I loca ted and expect ed to per- I
I form their duties contin uously I
I I
I I I
I I I
I Areas where person nel may be 2000 I minute I
I locate d from which escape is I I
I possib le and shelter is I I
I attaina ble I
I I
I I
I Areas where equipm ent is 3000 I 5 second s
I loca ted and person nel are not I
I norma lly presen t during ope- (Emerg ency I
I ration , but if presen t im- flaring only) I
I media te shelte r is availab le I
I I
I I
I Areas where person nel are not 5000 I 0
I permi tted during operat ion I
I I
I I
I Helide ck 1000 I
I I
The above figures are maxim um allowa ble radiati on
intens ities inclusi ve of solar
radiati on ( 250 BTU/h r ft 2).

,:_ It should be noted that the follow ing recom mende d

values of F - Fracti on of heat
radiat ed and mach numbe rs at the !!E,

a) Pipe flare

Low MW gas F =- 0.2

Ethane F = 0.25 Veloci ties max at design relief = 0.5 M
Propan e F = 0.3 norma l contin uous = 0.2 M
b} Indair /Coand a

All gases F = 0.1 Mach I

c) Marda ir F = 0.05 Mach I
Having calcul ated the flare length based on radiati on analys
is and establi shed bott->
the design flare rates and tip type the main header can now
be sized.
 I
P.I<J'~ No r·
FLARE SYSTEM

Date: 2/&5
I
9.6

4.4. HEADER SIZING I

The major criteria governing the sizing of the header are
vel~i_ty. --.back
Flare headers must be both large enough to prevent excessive -----------
pressure
ba_c~ressure and gas
I
on the plant safety valves and to limit gas velocity and noise to acceptable levels.
Sizing procedure
I r ,

I) Identify "weak link" with respect to MABP on safety values. (this should have I
been done when determining the levels of relief). This is the maximum upstream
pressure tolerable in the system.
I·
2) Calculate the ~P across the flare tip for the relief design flow. For sonic type
tips the backpressure will be 2.0 to 5.0 barg depending on load.

For pipe flare tips use: Flare tip 0.5 - 2.0 psi (0.034 - 0.14 bar)
Fluid seal 0.2 - 0.5
I
psi (0.014 - 0.034 bar) I
Molecular seal oj - 1.0

3) Estimate the equivalent length of piping from I the tip to the flare KO drum.
psi (0.034 - 0.07 bar)
I
(Allow generous margins, flare headers are complex and rarely straight).

4) Calculate the sonic velocity of the relief gas

I
Vsonic = 91.19 j;; -
T
MW
mls
K : CP/CV
T: oK
I
This will give a first estimate of required pipe id: based on maximum relief flow. I
The stack diameter should be one Of' two sizes less than the tip diameter. LIMIT

5)
VELOCITY IN STACK TO 0.85 M AT DESIGN FLq>W.
I

Using the estimated D calculate the ilp from tipl to flare KO drum. The Conison
I
I
. I

equation is recommended for isothermal flow:

I
I
fL
+ ( 39.4
d
+ 2 In I·
Where
2
I = upstream
= downstream
conditions f
L
=
=
lood Y friction factor
e uivalent length m
I
p = pressure bar (a)
u
v
= velocity m/s
d = PIpe id inchs
I
= specific vol m 3 /kg
This calculation requires a degree of trial and err01 as ul =f (PI) I
I
I
 I
a 'lilli,
I FLARE SYSTEM
RevIsion Page 1\10 ...

Date: 2/85 9.7

I
6) Examine the P I (calc) at the rdief drum and decide if the stack + header diarnetci

I is adequate ie is P I (calc) drum approaching the maximum upstream presSure

allowable at the plant? if so increase the diameter and repeat the ~P calc.

I 7) Once satisfied with the drum-tip line proceed back up the flare header and
calculate the next section of line diameter.

I &) Continue along the headers, adjusting f lowrat~s as necessary if sources disappear,
until the "weak link" criteria has been satisfied.
I

I 9) If the project requires sub headers and laterals can be estimated from the main line
static backpressures calculated above.

I EXAMPLE:

I
I
I
I
I L. lOO""

I p... o· '5

I 1. Flare design is based on vent flow from source (1)

2. Weak link in system is set by PSV at source (2)
I 3. System must be designed for a design qow from source (1) not giving a
backpressure at point (3) of more than 1.2 barg.

I 4. Size line from tip to drum (L = 150 m) to giveP drum 0,5 barg (say) size line
from drum to point (J) (L = 100 m) to give PI < 1.2 barg.
sourc~ (I) can flow from
I 5. Check that (I) to (3) with pressure drop available.

I
I
I
 --~--
~}'-!',j _""' !'Jo .,~
FLARE SYSTEM

Date. 2/85 9.8

NOTE: I)
Laterals - - -> sub headers - - -> headers must increase in diarneter
as the systelo progresses to the tip.

2) Max velocity in a lIne is ,\1 ..\CH 0.7 for short duration reliefs only.

3) When calculating 6P for flare systems isothermal flow is

assumed for each section. For high source pressures with low MW
a 6T vs L1P profile will yield more accurate results, i.e. adjust
temp at specific points in the system to account for 6 P
occured.

5. FLARE KO DRUM SIZING

A flare KO drum is provided to drop out and collect the liquid part of the flare vapours In
order to :

prevent liquid accumulation at the base of the flare boom or tower

to minimize the risk of burning liquid (gOlden rain) emerging from the tip and falling on
personnel

to recover and reclaim valuable product materials.

5.1. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

separate knock out drums are generally required for each level of flare system
installed i.e. : an HP KO drum, LP KO drum, LLP drum

cold vapour lines (i.e. < aOC) can be introduced immediately upstream of inlet
line to a "warm" drum providing the resultant temperature in the drum does not
call below design. This precludes the need for two independant drums.

FLARE KO DRUMS SHOULD BE HORIZONTAL AT ALL TIMES.

Mist eliminators are not to be installed. Min design pressure of drum is

3.5 bar (g)

Heating coils should be installed in flare KO druims to prevent fr~ezing of

residual liquids. Typical is to maintain a T min = 40C;::

LIQUID DROPLET SIZE (per API 521)

Recommended particle sizes are;

VER TICAL FLARE 150 (offshore)
INCLINED BOOM > 45° 150
400 "
RE;\10TE FLARES 600
 I
RevIsion. 0
FLARE SYSTEM Page No

Date: 2/85
5.2. 9.9
DRU.\l SIZI.'J,G

Based on the above deSign consideeations the floce KO deum can be sized using the
method outlined in section 2.0. VESSEL DESIGN.
I
For a flare KO drum, the noemal liquid level should be kept in the lowee part of the
drum i.e. , utilise as much space as possible for the vapor-liquid de-entrainment. if a
I
large diameter drum results consider using a split flow arrangement with the exit
nozzles mounted on the head. This will maximise the LID ratio and give a smaller
I
lightee drum. This is especially useful offshore wheee weight
concern.
+ space are a major
I
I
An LSHH will normally be installed in the flare drum to initiate a plant shutdown (or
wellhead shut in offshore).

6.0.

I
RELIEF DEVICE SIZING (For more detail see API 520, 521)
6.1. GENERAL

- Safety valves are either termed balanced or conventional depending upon the
backpressure limitation I )

- Rupture discs are less rObust than an equivalent safety valve and cannot be relied
on to function accurately. It is recommended that rupture discs are avoided
I
6.2.
BACK PRESSURE
I
- Backpressure exists in two forms:
Ii
flowing backpressure is the preSSure on the discharge side of a PSV that is
blowing off to the relief system'

. superimposed back pressure, or static backpressure is the pressure on the

I
discharge side of a PSV caused by another relief source in the System venting to
flare I
6.3.
- For conventional valves the Maximum Allowable Backpressure (MABP) for either
Superimposed or flowing is 10 %. For bafanced relief valves up to 40 % can be
allowed for without a reduction in the valve capacity.

LJQUID RELJEF
•I I

The formula tor sizing liquid relief valves is :

A =
gpm
I
I
~----------------------------------------------~I-
 Rt.1V!~) I on o
FLARE') YS TEM

Date -
2/85 9.10
Where:

1\
Effective discharge .lrea, ins2
gpm = Flowrate, u.s. gallons/min
G = Spec.ific gravity at flowing ternperature
Kp = Capacity correction factor due to over pressure (from figure 6.5)
Pd = Relieving pressure minus constant back pressure (PSI)
Kw = Capacity correction factor due to back pressure When balance
be lows value are used (from figure 6.4)
._.
Kv = Viscosity correction factor (from figure 6.3.)

6.4. VAPOR RELIEF

The formula for sizing vapor relief is :

W
A=

Where:
W = Relief flow, lbs/h z = Compressibility factor
T = Inlet vapor temperature, 0 R (l.8 0 K)
C = Coefficient (from figure 6.1, 6.2)
K = Coefficient of discharge (0.975 unless vendor data available)
PI = Upstream pressure, psia. Set pressure x 1.1 for blocked outlet, CV
failure or 1.2 for fire plus 14.7 psia
Kb = Capacity correction factor (fr_()_f"0 figwe 6.6)
M = Molecular weight of the vapour

6.5. RELIEF FOR GAS EXPANSION DUE TO FIRE (DR Y VESSEL)

F' 0.1406 TI.25

A = As F' =
CK TO.6506

A = effective discharge area of valve ins2 T = 1560 - T, OR

As = exposed surface area of vessel ft2 T = temp. at relief
pressure. o R
C and K as in 6.1+

6.6. STEAM RELIEF

W
A=
 ------~------------------------------------------r-------------r_--___~
~~, ~
I
RevIsIOn. a Page No
FLARE .s YSTEM
&
Date: 2/&5
9.11

PI Set pressure x 1.03. (ASME Power)

or 1.1. (t\SME Unfired vessels)
Ksh - superheat correction factor table 6.1.
I
6.7. STANDARD RELIEF VALVE ORIFICE SIZES .

I..
The following table may be used for estimating the relief valve size based upon
effective discharge areas calculated as in paragraphs 6.3. through 6.6. : the
I
Orifice letter
Nozzle I
Effective Area Normal size
sq. inches DeSignation
I
o
E
0.110
0.196
102
lE2
I
F
0.307
G
H
0.503
1/2 F2*
2G3*
I
0.785
2H3
K
J
1.287
1.838
2J3 or 3J4* I
L 3K4 or 3K6 '~-1

N
M
2.853
3.600
3L4 or 4L6
4M6
I 1
4.340
P
Q
6.379
11.045
4N6
4P6 I
6Q8
R
T
16.000
26.000
6R8 or 6RI0
8Tla
I
*
I
Avoid using 2 1/2 inch outlet flanges (F and G orifices)

**
Avoid using 2 1/2 inch inlet flange (J orifice)
I
I
I
I
I
I o P ')(j" No

FLARE SYSTEM
Date
2/S5 9.12

1
I 7.0. REFERENCES t- LITERATURE

7.1. DESIGN GUIDE Flares-Vents-Relief and Blowdown systems

CFP MA Y 19&4 - TEP/DP/EXP

7.2. API 520 API 14C

API 521 API 14E

7.3. Det Norske Veritas : Technical Notes fixed offshore installations

Norweigen Petroleum Directorate: Guidelines for safety evaluations of platform
conceptual designs.

f~ Safety Vol ...... in Ste-om Sentic.

I
TA.Blf 6-i-Svperheat Correction FOClorl
Sc, .s.,ura-
PrcvUl'c
~ Pouftds
...,. CorrccttOfl FKlor 4-_
r~mpcr.- 0.91
pel
........ 0" 0.97 0." O.fl 0.'. 0.') 0.': 0.'1 O.tO 0.19 Oil
Sq....,.. 10.,,_ Total Temper.lW'C

IJ Incl.
G .... ,
10
FaP.,ltn·
holl'
240 26. JO, JU J6I 400
,Or,,",
421
F ahrcftk ... ,

,., ,.,
..
20 460 .91 no nl
H' Z" )IJ )4J JH 40) 4)) 46J 491 ")
40
60
~17
)01
JIO
))0
JU
))41
))7
)10
)IZ
)to
410 440 467 .,J U'
U'
'4Z
'40 ) ,,,
)to

I-1
422 4SO
10 )24 )4' )'S )., 40' 4Jl .60
471
471
."
497
U'
U' ,,,
U7 '60
)).
'.0
JlO
100 U. )60 )7' 41J
120 J" 440 466 '4., JOG U, u,
. "}
"0 110 )11 40) 4H 4)0 490 JlO
'71 SO,
140
160
)61
)70
)91
'0'
4"
~!'
."
....
)
4',
46J
"0 "7
,
JlO
llO
'H
n7
'.0 "
,,,
~60
)II
lI'
1--] 110 )7, US 4)1 •so 470
'17
... !
SOZ
SO • Sl)
"0 H'
,so no
Jl6

..".,
"S ,to

- --
,,,
-
lOll )11 410 ....41
no ),. 4)' 4U 497 UJ SJ7 S7)
4)0 '40
140
160
210
40J
416
.U
4'40
"S
4n
46)
.'0
4,S
4.0
.to
SO!
S07
Sl2
,.7
nz
'n:!6• ,..,.s
'12
SI1
S46
SSO
S60
,.,
S.,
S77
n)
..
"1
S,.
447 • 10
'" ) 60)

11
46' SU. ssa S7) ,to

..
JOO
"0
400
4:2
.....
4))
4n
46'
.'0
4.0
4"
4"
)00
U2
,~O
))0",
H'
,
''0
n. nl ,,,
S., S"
~'6
Sf)
6O!
610
611
SOIl
600
070
4.,
4"
."
H!
..,!
'0
no
,!.
JOt
,.,
U)
'4J
"6
'40
"0
,..
", ." ,,.
'12
"J
,,,
no
610
.. 0
625
6!6
"'6
.00 no ,., ".
610 6U 6)1
'"
,,, .... , U,
n,

I
1.000
1.150
UOO
).6
'74
"7
"7
It\
,U
60'
"0
620
&01
6)0
'97
6:06H
.... '"
640
610
.,.6" 6U

...
661
660
611
.SO 64\'
UI
710
1>10
701
,..
..,
6JO 1!'

..,
64~ U)
U"
1.000
'19
617
647 660
,,,
670 610
."
"2 704
'01
717
7U
1)0 ,.)
7:!1
7"
DOll 670 6~ 101 71. HZ 7.,
,to 7ft! 7H ll)

I
I.oon 691 III 7~) 7IJ 74Z 766
; I) J:!J 7)) 14!
7" 7'0 791
1J1 762 7lJ 71S "S II~

I
I
I
I
I PflOC E SS ENG I N E EH I NG[)[S.IC,\J MANU/\L Revl\lon

I
I
...
-~
Date . :,'n',

·
c

'"·
I 0
v

<>
0
"'0
u
·c

E
....
u
e.o
co
0 :3
.:: ....
2, ...
.-
I'
E

"
l
"0
u
c:
2
'§
. · > u

.. .
0
> u
"0
"
;;
·~
!"
.D
(5
c:
0 c:
~
'"~ u
I:
v
....
· ""'
I
C 0 <""\

.i ->(

·
u
0
c:
..c V
u
I

~
~ ..!:!

I
~
3
2"
...·0

I ·
U
I
;

""
\3
· ;
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1",:)1) • • • ,nl)'O'"

... '!

." 'it

I 2.
.
'it
z
i

I ~
.
J
W

·· ..... - . ,-.. -
I ..
o 0
~

o
. .... - ...
· ... _.... f' ..
.....
.
, -.. -.
- ..... ~

U ,,,,)1)1,,)0) .. 0·\ .... 4 .. ] '·.0 .... )\·

I
I
I --• pnOCESS [NC'I\JEEflING DESIGN M>\NUAL

"tARE ,\NO ?£L!E~

ReVI\IOIl

Date 2 /ti~
P .lgf~ N ()

1.1 .•

I 10
,

I
I

1 I).. III
~ III
I a:
09
~
IL
I
f-""""
1 I I ! I!!

...0
LJ ,/
« oa
LL
z V
...Qu L
I ....a::
a::
0
u
07

I
...-
~ 0.6

I ell
0
U
VI
0.5
>

I x:
•»
0.4
I
~
I 0.3
10 20
j
40 60 100 200 400 1,000 2.000 4,000 10,000 20.000 100,000
R· REYNOLDS NUMBER
/ ).
"a"". '.3- Capacity Correct. on Foctol' 0". 10 ViKosity ,_

I 1.00
110

;..---- f-
I-- r---
... " 100

lO"
..
~

on
~
Q.

>< -
Cl.
,
Cl.
on
N
0.90
I"\.

" "1'\
~
090

0.&0 V
V
t.J
.. Z
0.8S Go
:r:: L
I CI 0

. ...
'"CI
.J ~ 0.&0
" "-'- ...
a: 070
0
V
... 000
/ i
.
ct IZI 0 7:i :-....
I I
>
.i ....
>-
'=V "- i\.. ....
Z
Q 0:i0

I 1:
Q.
070 t.J
II
"
et 0.0

... ......
>-
OJ
t.J
o o.eS
ct
0
U
0.)0

I ..
Cl.
t.J

••
a: oeo

o 5S
0.20

"
0
10V
I
o ~o
0 10 20 )0 .0 SO 0
SACK P~5S~ I PSIC 0 S 10 IS 20 2S 30 )S .0 .S so
0/. ""(oE SACK • 100 O\l£FlPR[SSURE
PFlESsuAE. SET PA(!\.SUAE. PSIC PEFICENT

I NOTf: The aboYe curve repre10Cnu a compromioc of lhe value.

recommended by a number of relid·v./ve manufaclurers. Thi.
curve may be uocd when Ihe make o(.lhe yalye is nOI known.
When lhe make is known. lhe manufaclurer should be consulted
Non: The above curve .hoW3 Ihal up 10 and includinl ~~ per·
cenl overpressure, capacilY is alfcclcd by Ibe chan Ie in .Iif!, lhe
chance in orifice diKharCC coefficienl, and the chance In oyer·
prenure. Above 25 percenl, capacily is alfeclcd only by the
(or 'h~ correCllon (aClor
chanle in overpressure. .

I
Valvcs operalinl al low ovcrprnsure, lend 10 -challer"; there·
fore. oyerprruurcs of less than 10 percenl should be avoided.
Fig.ure {,.~ -Voriobl~ or (on"anl Back.Pre"ur~ Siling
,flocl or IC. for 15 P~rc~nl Ov~rpr~uur~ on Figure G5 Capacily (orr~clion
faclors Du~· 10 Ov~r.
Balanced Be 110_. Saf~'y.R~li~f Volv~, pr~'~vre for Relief and Saf~ly.R~li~f

I (liquid. Only) Volv~, in liquid S~'V'(~

I
I
 T

I
I --- PHOCESS ENGINEEHING OESICN MANUAL

~·I.I\H.F /VH' fllTIE:

RC\lI~I()n

Date 21f1S
f'Jtjc No

'J. 1 '-

I w
0: 1.00

~~
:::> t ........
V')
w
I ex: w
:::>0:
V')

V') Q 0.90
V')
w ~
~ RPRfS~
/.
o~~
SURf

0: V °0
£,~-?~
I a.. <
~
V
<
m
....
:::>
0.80
J()~,

~S~ I
m 0 S(..
I '?~,
I
I
I--
I--
~ 0.70 ~
~
>-
>- ....
l-

I V V<
c( Q 0·60
Q
< <
u V
,
a
I w
~
0:
R
0.50
a 5 10 15 20 25
I

jo 35 40 45 50
D
0/0 GAGE BACK PRESSURE = BACK PRESSURE. PSIG x 100

I ::c: SET PRESSURE. PSIG

NOTE: The above curves represenl a compromise of the values recommended by a number of relief valve manufacturers and may
be used when the m:ake of valve or the actual critic31·now pressure point for the vapor or IllS is unknown. When the make is

I . known. the manuf:acturer should be consulted for the correction (;Jctor.

These curves arc for set pressures of SO pounds per squ3re inch g:lCe :lnd above. They are limited to back pressure below critical·
now preuure for a given set pre~ure. For subcritical.now back pressures below SO pounds per square inch lale. the manufacturer
must be consulted for the values of 1( ••

I
I
Figure (,'(,,,,-Vorioble or Conslonl Bock.Prenure Sizing Foetor /C. for Balanced Bellows Safety.Relief Valves (Va·
pars and Gases)

I
w
0:

w
0:
::J ex:
II)
II)
w,
::J
1.0
I
- .-
- r--<..:: r.:::::: t-:::::: ~ .
I
I/) Q I-"

V r:> ~ ~
t-- ~ ~- ~- 1 - - ~- t-- t--
II)
w ~
ex: V 0.8
V / " V V fr' ~ ~
0..< V
~m

I k = I I ... /" ~ V
V V lr' ~
VI--
<::J
m 0 0.6
It. V .---- V li~
k =I 3
k = 1.5
I--
~ ~
.....
k : 1.7
I~
I >-r
I--t:
-V
V<
0.4
,
!~
<Q
o <~ ..
I 0.. V ..!.
aW ",N u
0.2
,!
~~ ,
,
II .
I 0
0: 1'-.
/I

::s::
D - a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
o _ B CK PRESSURE, PSIA
yo ABSOLUTE BACK PRESSURE - SET PRESSURE + OVERPRE;SSURE. PSIA X 100 • r X 100

I Figure 6·6~Constont Bock Pressure Sizing Foctor /C •• For Convenli~nal Sofety.Relief Valves (Volpors ond Gases
,
"

I
I

Only)

I •
..
I - .. ,
I
I
~

I
---------------------
~/~:~
APPENDIX A

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR SIZING A FLARE STACK

A.l G.n.r.1
0.1- (11.61)(l0··)ld~t.tI.Jm)~~.I) WIHD--..
(~---.­
Th .. Ippendll p,u.nu ""mplCI 01 .he ....0 melhodl
10' IWn, I n.,e IlIck blsed on .he ellecli oll.dillion. 1.'- 0.209
I. - 0.46 meier (in "de di.me.er)
I
L,
The I-a melhodl lie llIe ""mplc" Ipproocll pltsen.ed
,n s.c,,,on • Ind Ihe molt lpecific Ipprolell u"n, For Mach - O.S, .he narc dilme.er is calc:ull.ed .. '01·
BnulloW\ki Ind Sommer', me.hod. Hei",1 and 10-
Ullon should aho be consideled, blsed on ,II
dis,
IoWl:
I.' - 0.897
-:;

pe,,,on ,llhe nlme il "'in,uilhed (ace 4.4.1.4). 4 - O.ts 100. (inlide diame.er) +
I n
::)

A.2 Exlmple 1: Sizing I Fllr. Stick In melric unill, .hi, "Inlillu '0: fT'.
I ~"j
U.lng the Simpl. Approach 4'- 0.08)) I (/')

In Ih .. ,,"mple, .he bllic dill Ire I I loll"",,: The 4 - 0.29 me.er (inlide dilme'er) ( m
2
mlle"al nowinl il hyd,ocarbon upon. The flow n.e,
w. II IOO,CXXl poundl pel hoUI (12.6 kilol,aml pel acc· U.2 CALCULATlOH OF FLA.. E LEHQTl1 I If'
.,
~

ond). The I.ellie molecula, "ci,h. ollhe upon, Itt, 'The h... liberaled, Q, in Bri.i,h .hennal unill pel
If :;.. 2
" I<) I The nowinl .empelllu,e, T, il 760 de"eCl hour (tilOWIIII), II cal",llIed I I loll""" (ace Fi,ul<I ~ m
m
Rankine ()(Xl f) (422 lel.in, (149 c)1. The hea. 01 6A and 6B): ;;. ::J
romb",,"on " 21,SOO Brililh Ihelmal uniu per pound
o• 10' k,loloulu pc' kilo"lm). The ra.io 01 .he
.peClr" heau In Ihe IU, k, " 1.1. The nowin, p,e,",u,e
Q - (IOO,OOl)(2I,SOO)
- 2.1 S )( 10' Bri.ilh .hermll uniu pcl haUl e 2
~
In me.ric uni .. , .hil Uinalll<l '0: '"
II Ihe nile lip il 14 7 poundl pc' sqlllle inch 1bw>III.e .....
~

m
~----~.:..---
(101 ) k,lop'lUh .bw>III.e). The deli,n wind .eloci.y il Q • (l2.6)(~ )C 10')
20 m,leI pe' hou, (29.) leci pc' .. cond) (32.2 kilomc· (/')
·6.l )( 10' kilowllU
'cr\ pe' hou, (.pprol~mllely 1.9 mClell per accond»).
F,am Fi,lIr.. 6.0. and 6B, .he n.me len,.h, L, il 170
-2,
A.2.1 CALCULAnON OF FLARE DI ..... ETER Icel (S2 mc.en) (iCC Fi&uIC .0.·1).
------~----- ~
Thc Mach numbe, is delermined II loliowl (.. e
1..2,3 CALCULATION OF FLA .. E DISTORTlOH F~ A·l--oun.l\alOna] R.'., ___ ~ Sttong-e Flare SIACi. >
S' 3 I. IIcm I) 2
,.-
C...USED BY WIND VELOCITY (SIMPLE
'-
Mach • (1702)(IO"~~ CALCULATlON)
, •• ,.. ~11o".",·1IWMc 111"*' .... ,nc .. I""'.f' COtMJ.hON (0 C ....
>
r
The UPOI now lI'e il dClermined II lollows: ,hal" .. ) .. U • n.t. Nlen
U ))) 9
tOI.) l.topuc..t ..
, ... II ~)I
In meltlc. unlU, Ihl' "Inllll" 10;

Mach· (1I.61)(IO·'~~
Aow - ('~) e::·n G~)
-lll.9 aclllil cubic Icc. pel ICcond
The name dtllOnlon ""wd by .. ind \,.loclI)' i. cllc ... ·
Illed '0110 .... (ICe Fi,u'e 7):
- Ul9 ftci pcr w:c.on~ C
II
In mclnc unlu. Ihu uln,lllu 10. "" <
For Moch • 0 2, Ih. n.. e dllme.cr II caleuilled 11101· In mClric Ullill, .hil "Inlill .. 10: U. Wind 'elocily '"' ~

10 ... iT, • Aa,. .ip .eloci.y 946

.1 IOO.CXXl
02· (I 702)(10 ~V(l.'i)(46.I)
JIOJ Aow - (I2.6)(~:;) (Jm The nue .ip nil .doclly, U" mly be delermlned ..
U,· .(O 1<»)'
•
.9.46 IClIIII cubic mc.cn pel second 10110.... (.ee A.3.2 101 .nollle, mc.hod 01 Cllcllillon, - S6 9 meten pcl W'cond
d ' ·2.24 U,):
For Mach· 0 ~.
d • U fcci (i""de dllmClcr) Non: I. , ... "klllllllON 'boote. the wohunc 01 • perlen
,.,................. , Eo'I...... aM .. , _ . _ (60f ..... 14.1
pc' ..vue ilK'" ,bioi".. ) II )79.1 ('UN f.... T\c ...... 01. pcricn
,.,....s.
IN per
Aow
U.- -;;iT 3)) 9
In melnc uni .. , Ihl. lunliliu 10:
U,· .(095)'
4
4 -:;
II
Fo, Mach· 0.2. ·471 'CCI per .. wnd
'.
2
::J

_",i
- - - -, - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - -
n mctnc until, thn It.nlilin 10: D'-R,I+H· I R' - 45.1 -11(37.4)
946
r~ -o,n 160' • 7&1 + H" ·21.0 mcl."
U, • .(02'1)1 LAy - (0.'3)(") H'I - lj,600 - 6084 DI·R·'.H·I
--4- - 19,516 4a.9'· 21.0' + W'
- 27,6 mClcn H' - 140 Icci
·143.2 melen per .. COM H'I. 239U - n9
A' MlCh·O 2,
LAx - (0,72) (") H - 140 - ~(60) - 1662.2
- 37,4 mClcn -IIOlee' H' - 40.8 me'en
~·~wi·om In me.,ic unils, Ihis .,anslarts 10: H • 40.a - 11(21 6)
A.2.4 CAlCULAnOH 01' REOUIRED FURE ·27 mc'cn
LiZ ·OH STACK HEIOHT
H'·H+~A,
R'·R-~AI

Ly ·0&.1 For IIIe bui. o( Ihe ",levlalionsln Ihls "Clion, relcr rAy. la.2 melt"
,
LAy. (0.35)( 170)
• 59.S Icci
LA.! • (0&.1)(170)
• 144.' rccl
104.4.1.3. Rdcr 10 Fieure A·I (or dimensional relcr.
eneel.
The deli," bui. is U (011ow1: The mClion of hUI
radialed, F, il 0.3. The heallibcUled (sec A.2.2), Q, is
2.15 )( 10' 8ri,illl Ihennal unil. pcr hour (6.3 )( 10'
k il.,...a" I). The muimum allowable radialion, K, II 150
(Sec A.2.J.)
r~ ·44.2 melon

R' - 45.7 - 11(44.0)

·23.7 me'en
I
S
!
'j I 1"" I" IIIIIIIII.lllld11 II V
V
III .lJlill
n'"'
~

m
Vl
"1:

'CCI (45.1 me'en) from Ihe nlre I .. ek II 2(X)O Bri,ilh D·-R"+H" :/)

'" mefnc unlta, Ihi. tft"SIaIU 10: 'hennal uniu per I\o"r pcr lCIuare fOOl (6,3 kilo_I'1S pcr 48.9'·23 7' + H'I i ~IO'-.o m
1CI".,e me'er). WI. 2391.2 - 561.7
, •• ~~ el,.,. -c. ,'"e., 2
'~(U"." .h~
!!" • .!!.O 156 In equal ion (3) from Section 4, lSIume •• 1.0. Thc - 1829.5
:'
l
0 01'
• i!~'~::~:':.~~.-"c"a.. :;. _I
U, 56 9
dillance Irom 'he name eenlcr 10 IIIe 'llde,le~1
L~ ·0 lS boundary (,hal ii, Ih. objeC1 bein, considered), D, is
H' • 42.8 me'en ,
,
• c... ",,< ... o-.t •• ..c"Io-
.·'11.... ' 0" ,10 -C ..
M

"I'"
..
c: 2
~
L H - 42.8 - 11(18.2) , • o.··O-OO'''·'OOoU--'
~ ~::':.'~::::.:. t"C"
'hen calcula'ed u lo"ows: .~

L~·
·33.7 me'e" •
~ :::
0 85
,ff!& • '''00Il00'.'''' l'ICAl

'.
""'Coo
L D· AI Mach - Q S, His ca!culaled lollOW1:
IS 2

-- . --- .....-
LA,. (0 )5)02) ;::;::
H" - H + I1A, _,a' .. "f" ••..,. .... , .., ...." v-.n, ...... ...avo- ~r:
~I

- 18.2 me'en
• I(O.)KfTIRIO'j
V (4)(3, 14)(200» R' • R - 11A1 ....,.. ........ ,..... ....- --.~.-- '-"
m
, . ,• •~ t.~ ~ ..... "--... ~ :II,.. IiJ"'CII "-'w . . ft ..... \..roIIlos1
LA.! • (0 &.1)(52) • 160.2 feel LA,. 90.1 I... :0-; :/)

.,44.2 mtlCn
In melric unirs, Ihis Innslalca 10:
LAx - 122.4 Iccl
, :J

filii
2
(Se. A.2.3.)
A' Moch - 0 5,
.ffA :;
!!., _ 2'1).0062
U, 4"
D-

- .ft~i~~~·!.~!o:1
R' - 150 - 11(122)
• 89 leel
S
i "j ""11111 I 111111111 1111111 >
2
LiZ- O $}
DI·R·'+H"
160'·89' + H"
JI.
C
>

· .... --..-....•
- 41,9 mele" r
Ly ·o.n Thc phY1ical arranacmcnllllown in Fieure A, I is Ihe
H'I. lj,600 - 7921
- 17 .679
\

LA,. (O.H)(PO) buis 01 'he rollowin, calculalions, H' • III Ie •• f o

"""~
."o.~ ........ u
.,~

0 P
ld~ffitJ" ""11 I: "_,f.OII
~~~~~~
A' Mach - 0.2, 'he narc .,ack hei,hl, H, is ",Icu. I

.I
H· 133 - 11(90) Co>
·90.1 leel laled u lollow.:
• U lee, I ;:; !
rA.r - (o.n)(I70)
·1224 rcc'
H' - H + ~A,
R'-R·~
I" mClric unlta, 'his "ansla,cs '0: ) • - ...... "',-.'oIoCA\ g'"
I""" • _...aGe .. t"U - "ACA\

......".....
H' - H + 116,
l "ulnc unllS, It'll' IranllilCI 10:

U. 89
LA, - 59.5 leci
LA.r - 144.S reel
R'· R - 1141
~A, • 27.6 meren
- ,"' !I "11

............... -...-... ................... --.----.....-.-...-.-- ----

~
,-
"
U;. m2. 0 062 (Sec A.U.) .... ........ .............,... ........... -"
LA.r ·17.4 melen ~ ~.,.... ..,.~I

<;-6, R' - 150 - ~144.S)

Loy -Oil (See A.2.3.)
• 1a re..
-.: ~
c:::
~

"
I
I- PROCESS ENGINEERING OESIGhl MANUAL
RevIsIon: P&geNo:

Date 2/&
I
I
I
I-
I
I
I
I
I 10. PIPES VALVES + FITTINGS

I~
I:
11
I
I
I
I
I
I-
I
 ReVISiOn· 0
Page No.
PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZING
iE L
Date
2/85 10.1

1. APPLICABILITY

For a feasibility study a quick estimate of the line size will be required.

For a pre-project study a better estimate of the line size will be required.

The purpose of this guide is to size only the lines in the process unit.

For the both the feasibility and pre-project studies abaques AFTP can be used:

"Pour Ie calcul des pertes de charges des liquides dans les condui tes"

"Pour Ie calcul des pertes de charges des gaz dans les condui tes"

The line sizing depends on the service:

Flare lines, pipeline and riser sizing are not included on this chapter.

2. LIQUID LINES SIZING CRITERIA

See Table I.

3. VAPOR AND STEAM LINES SIZING CRITERIA

See Table 2.

4. TWO PHASE FLOW LINE SIZING CRITERIA

The jV2 criteria as stated for vapor lines to be followed with:

in kg/m3

W = WI + Wv = total flow rate in kg/h

WI = liquid flow rate in kg/h fl = liquid density in kg/mJ
Wv = vapor flow rate in kg/h tv = vapor density if' kg/m J

and V = Vm = ____W-=-_ __
L m/s
.0.3600
t
0i = internal diameter of the line in m.

fm and Vm are respectively the apparent density and velocity of the fluid.
 .,..r;,:"::J;;; Revl\lon 0 P.l'),' rJo
I
't. Sa
PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZIN~

Date: 2/85 10.2

I
The flow regirne to be checked on the figure I for horizontal lines and on the figure 2
I
for vertical lines.

For horizontal lines slug and plug flow regimes should i be avoided.
I
For vertical lines slug flow regime should be avoided. I
I
Remark: Flow chart Fig. I and 2 are based on author's experimental results.
I
5. PRESSURE DROP CAlCUlA nONS

5.1. MONOPHASIS FLUID (GAS OR LIQUID)

I
5.1.1. "ABAQUES AFTP" could be used with the correction of the line diameter I
such as indicated on these ABAQUES.

5.1.2. Method using MOODY or "regular" Fanning friction factors. I

a. Calculate Reynolds number I

I
Re =
pL =
0 V

0i =
=
line internal diameter in mm
fluid density in kg/m)
fe = fluid dynamic viscosity in Cpo I
f
V = ve.Joci ty in m!s
I Re is a dimensionless number
I
b. Determine the relative roughness: See Figure 3 ~ c.,
o
=
I
c. Determine f = friction factor

d. P = f x 100 x -1f:!....~_
: See Figure 4 ~ f =

= ?~~ bar/laO m
I
5.2. TWO PHASE FLUID
""11 l'gx!0.2 2 i
I ;

Many correlations exist to calculate the pressure

I
drop for two phases flow,
I
depending of the vertical or horizontal line, ratio of vapor/liquid and pressure and
temperature conditions. That is out of scope of this guide and we mention only some
authors:
I
POETTMAN/CARPENTER FLANIGAN
EATON
LOCKHART /MAR T1NELLE
BEGGS/BRILL
TAITEL/DUCKLER
I
quick methods for an estimation are as follows:
I
I
I
 ()

PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE ')IZING

"3 Date: 2/85 10.3

5.2.!. ':ABAQUE AFTP" for gas could be used with the correction of the line
diameter. Takin as defined in § 4 and the liquid viscosity as the fluid viscosity.

5.2.2. ,\1ethod using MOODY or "regular" fanning fripion factors.

It is the same method as on § 5.1.2. with! = rn and V = Vm as defined on § 4

and the fluid viscosity taken as the liquid viscosity.

5.2.3. A more detailed method using the Lockhart Martinelli method IS given in
section 11.0 PIPELINES.

6. NOTES

Tubes dimensions are standard and an example is given on Table 3.

With "ABAQUE AFTP" the correction for the internal diameter must be done and an
estimation of the line thickness could be done with the following formula used mainly for
high pressure.

e = P '/Ie + c
2(SE + PY)

e = thickness mm Y = coefficient having values for territic steels

p
= Design pressure bar g '/Ie = external diameter inch
S = allowable stress bar C = corrosion allowance mm
E = longitudial weld joint factor

5, E and Yare not always available so the following formular could be used for an
estima tion.

e = _-=-,P0:-e_ + c
K

e = thickness in mm
c = corrosion allowance in mm
P = design pressure in bar g K = 43 for carbon steel and low temperature
carbon steel
~e = external diameter in inch
54 for 3.5 % Ni and stainless steel

For small diameters up to about 10" use the thickness given by the schedule on Table 3.

For !::. P do not forget to take into account the change in elevation for liquid and two
phase flow.

L-______________________________________________________________________~~
 TABLE 1

LIQUID LINE TYPE

I 6 P bar/km MAXIMUM VELOCITY m/s I
I NORMAL I MAXI 0 < 2" J" < 0 < 6" I < 0 < 18" I
"'0
I I I
8" 0 > 20" I ,...,
~

I I I
Pumps suctio n:
I I I I
'-'
n
m
I I I I
Liquid at bubble point or I I (,;")
v,
with dissolv ed gas
0 6 I 10 06 I 0 I 14 I 18 I m
I' I' . . I . I
· Non boiling liquid I . I - Z
><C)
2.3 I
- ;j z
3.5 0.9 1.2 I 1.8 I
I 2.4 I
I I I I OJ., m
Unit lines: I I
~

~r: m
liquid at bubble point or
I I I -.
"
~
~
I 06 I 10 06 10 I ,,1
;","j

with disolve d gas I' I' . .

I I :::; 2
• Non boiling liquid
I . I 1.8 I
~~
,C)
I 2.3 I 3.5 0.9 1.2 I I z -;0
I I
1.8 2.4 I :'l
::m
Pum p discha rge : I I I I 'Vl

• Discha rge pressu re < 50 barg

I I I I ~C)
I 3 •.5 I 4.6 Veloci ty 1•.5 t 0 4.5 m/s 2
• Disch argepr essure >.50b arg 7.0 I I ~
9.0 Veloci ty 1.5 to 4.5 m/s I >
I I I I I Z
Water lines: I I I I I
C
>
• Coolin g water and servic e 2J I
Note 1 • 1"Jo .J
':J. .. 1J I 2 .. I J .5 I I
r
• I ..J I ' I
J.
.. I
I I I I
Boiler feed: I 0
. I
~

I '..<"
Q.I

· Pressu re < 50 barg I I I

3• .5 I 4.6 Veloci ty 1.5 t 0 4.5 m/s I
~

· Pressu re> 50 barg 7.0 I 9.0 is

Veloci ty 1.5 to 4.5 m/s I
I I
Steam conden sate return I Veloci ty to 1.5 m/s I '-
:x:
I I I I I
,-"

"tl
Notel : For sea water with line in titaniu m the maxim um veloci ~
ty could increa se by 20 to )0 %. C 'g
.;..
2
~

.. _ . -- --. .a:~-= ' .

- ..... -_ ...
 TABLE 2

I
I VAPOR AND STEAM LINES /
MAXIMUM V2
= gas densit(kg/mJ
MAXIMUM
VELOCITY II /j P bar/km
I lI
I V = gas velocity m/s m/s I NORMAL I MAXI I "
:;J
I < I I I '-'
:-:~
I VAPOR LINES P < 20 bar g 6 000 I ) I iI,

I ) ~ P must be considered
(..~
I 20 ( P ( 50 bar g 7 500 I ~1

I 50 ( P < 80 bar g 10 000 I ) I rT1

2
I P ) 80 bar g 15 000 I ) and be compatible with I 'X:

~r:
CJ
I I ) I -,
I - Discontinuous operation eg: compressor I I ) the corresponding service I ~

-, m
I anti-surge: P ( 50 bar g I 10000 I ) I "C
> ::::;
I 50 < P < 80 bar g I 15 000 I ) I Z
I P > 80 bar g I 25 000 I ) I "
0
I I I ) I r,
I compressor suction I ) To be compatible wi th I 0.25 0.7 I V"l

I compressor discharge I ) above I 0.5 1.2 I :.i :.-:

z
I I I I
I STEAM LINES
I
I - P ( 10 bar g Short line L < 200 m
I
I
I
I
I
I

0.5 1.0
I
I
I
..
;,
-

;.,
-

r
I LonglineL)200m I I 0.15 0.25 I
I I I I
1- 10(P(30barg .ShortlineL(200m I 42 I 1.2 2.3 I 0 :!J
I . Long line L > 200 m I 42 I 0.25 1.0 I ""
1"1>
...'"
<

I I I ~

I -P>30barg ShortlineL<200m I 30 I 1.2 2.3 ::>

I Long line L > 200 m I 30 I 0.35 1.0 ,~

I I I u;

"';J

0
..::
f'
'"<-
~

...
 I
P.l(J" No

r b
PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZING

Date' 2/&5 10.6

I
•
I
7. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE I
LUDWIG
I
Flow of fluids CRANE
I
"Gas liquid flow in pipelines I Research results" by A.E. DUKLER May 1969
Publ by A.G.A., API and Union of HOUSTON I
"Gas liquid flow in pipeline II - Design manual" by O. BAKER, H. W.
BRAINERD, C.O. COLDREN, FLANIGAN and J.K. WELCHEN, October 1970,
I
published by A.G.A. and API
I
"Proposed correlation of data for isothermal two phase, two component flow in
pipelines" LOCKHART, R. W. and R.C. MARTINELLI (1949)
I
BEGGS, H.D., and BRILL, J.P. Manual for "Two phase flow in pipes" 1975 university of
TULSA I
ABAQUES AFTP : "Pour Ie calcul des pertes de charges des liquides dans les
conduites"
I
"Pour Ie calcul
conduites"
des pertes •de charges des gaz dans les
I
PEPITE PROGRAM I'
.
"CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN ON A PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR"
W. WAYNE BLACKWElL, B.S. Page 22
I
"Two phase pressure drop computed" - Mafik Soliman, Hyd. Processing April 84 I
I
I
I
L.

I
I
I
--- I I
Pfl()CESS ENGINF.Ef~ING DESIGN MANUAL
:' HI )(_~f::;:: ;\::n UTI U',Y

LINt: SIZING
:
'~~

Date :2/W,
P J(Je rJ ()

III .
I

100,000
1 I
....... I
1 . Flow pan.,n. fo'
Fig .....
I I
t'-- """ "-.... ...... r- Of.~"'. flo.
horllontal two·pha •• 110-
lb-;ed on
date 'rom I". '1"

I '-
I' -l
I
Annuler fI,.
end 4" pipe).
O. Baker. all end Gu Jou',

.~
lIIan Flo. Bu''', ., fro •• fl •• ne/. Nov. 10. 1958. P 158)

"
,
10.000 .......
~ ;./ :\.
.............. ~ -..... ,/
.~
By :--.

" r--..
S,,.IIII .. fl ..

" ~
SI•• fI..
""-
-- "
1,000
r-.,:- :--..

" "- r--..

f..,.,'\
Plu. fl •• 'r--..
I

~~
1000.1 0.4o.6OJLO Z 4 6 810 2 4 6 8100 Z 4 6 81,000 Z 4 , BIO,ooo
0.2

Slit

BX = 210.7
-wG
-
wl (~o.s
DL 0.166
, (:0.") . See P.l L 3

I BY =
7.102 WG

A VOL J( O(r

OSHINOWO - CHARLES TWO PHASE FLOW MAP

FOR VERTICAL UPWARD FLOW - FIGURE 2
100.0
Og Vapor flow rate. F~ IS« -
0, Liquid flow rate. Ft 3 IS«
D - Pipe imide diameter. inches
p 1- Liquid density. LblFt 3

I; II 1 -Liquid surflce tension~ dyne/em

,. ':- Liquid viscosity centipoise

:,....,.
........
-« '< ~
r-< ~l>- R: R~
l~~ l"- S 6

Ii, -<
•
10.0

y~

'<.'" A
'V' 1'0
<~ 3 4 ~

I' " '" ~.

~~ 1.0 -= CO ~:z
~
-... ~ ~
~ 1.BUBBLE
2
10-1:_
- 2. OUIET SLUG
3. DISPERSED SLUG
4. FROTHY SLUG
..- ~ ~
5.FROTH

I ~
p.- I 6.ANNULAR

0.1 I
I 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000 0

X =F'Tp/V-I- = 1452[(0, .. 0 1,2 /0 5 JIr,0.5 a 1 1.5 I" , 2] a 25

I
1
I PHOCESS EN(;INEEHINC; IJESI(;N M~_ flCVl\lOfl

j);.~()( .. ~::;:' ;\~;! . . . ':': ~.:·:l' r~~~

f 'j
Date : .o/B" 10",

I
Figure 3 - Relative roughness of pipe
I
Pipe Diameter, in Feet-D
.~
~
.1 ...L 1 .4 .5.6 ·Il • J
• l ~ ~ ~J}O I ~ 25
.OS
....., .04 roo.

IJ .03

~02
"' "- ~
f'I
i'
1'\
"' "-
~
~ '"'r-. "~
,~
.0 1""
~
" ..... ~ ,
I] .om "-"" :'lo.
'.DOG
.005
,"' .......
I'\.~
..... ~
I' ,
..... t--
"V
T~
~o
L
" f"'\. I'
:004 ...:'lo.
_"'\.
" I"
~
0" .. t: t:
JXl3
"-" ~ --""-
~ £'.1" I t
wOOD
TAV~
I"
~
I" .":y,. t-

.002 r..... r"-..' ~, ~ ~ ~.1

r-... .....
~~
......
~~ ~I ",,-
""i\.. r"\... .....

"I~
I .00 1
~r-
'"
~~ ,"'", ~
~~ ~I"\. I'.
.. I'.~ ~,

::.0008 I.'lo.
-",:,,}I"l. -"" "",II
"
,
~ .0006 ~ ~, }o, . . . I,
~I·o~'"
B .00)5
':.0004
I"
" '\....~~~ I" I'\.

~
>
.0003
C'o

,,~C',
'-'. L~~ ,
,
~ "'~f'..
"'"

~('
u
a:: '''< "( f"0\,. I"\. .:s;..'
.000 2
'1'(> (>0 '''o~ ... 1'\ ~J
(>
"~ . ~..0c-
'"
"'}o, . . . ~j\
·0
f' . . . 1' r.....
I'.
~~ '" I'~
... "I"
~.... ~
.000 1
.OOOOS
,!XX)()
'. ~
1"0
~ ~.,

.:'lo.I"~,,!1I
~(' -,;e,).,
6l"\.
.(0))5 ~
" I'
~~~
~.• ~
'\.
,
~,."'~ .
I
•(XX)().C t - - - - 0•
' .... "o\C ~'~ r-...
.~'\. ~
.CXXlO3 "'"~e ~
l~ ~ r--..
.()(XX) 2
~c;' '" t\. ~
I",
I I" t'("
~
~
~

I
•()(XX) 1
.00000 8 "" t'
.'
1~,,-
I

~
.000006 LL~J
.DOOOO S I
2 J 4 S 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 I q 100 200 JOO
I Pipe DI.amelel. in Inches - d

I
I
 I.
PROt"E~'78fEnING DESIG N MANU AL Revi1io n: (' Page No :
PROCF: SS MW UTILIT Y

LINE SI7.HJ G
Date : 2/RS 10.9

FRIC TION FAC TOR S FOR

I CYL IN DRIC AL PI PE FIG. 4

.-
.. ...
>- '"
..
c: -I~
!!"f.
~~
a::
•
IS -a
C> .,..... ~
C> c;§ 8 8 8 g§~
.. § § § I

I'
~~~~~-+~~~~~~~~++~~~~~-r~~I~'r
+~~ .... 8
I, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hr~~~~Vffi~~~

I -...
..
...
Ie:
~ ! liJ
-
:z: IJ J ;:.

--... --.•
u
I- I-~ ::»
0 ~I·~
L- ~L- c ~
.; rr II

...- z:...
u
% .D
L- ~w '"::»... E

,I· •c
::»
0-
I II

....
:=0

'0
"0

..
w c:

...
>-

11
0- u
!
... a::
;JI
0
u -0

.-..
:::::

I' r1
II) ~
...-
....
I:
.:.
-..
I -...
'"

I ....
C!>

I -
q ~
.,.
q .-
q
~
q Ie
q ~ q
~ ~
•
~I~
co _
--.
I ".,::.
.~ "i:
0

........ -< -:IQ

------
I
I
------ ----- '_..-
l' '- -
':'~~"'5
_-1:¥.~.
PHOCE S5 ENGIN EEfll!'J G DESIG N f,1/\NU AL H ,~V,\ ,on , P.I'l!! r~ ()
D HI X::-': : ' ,v::' :T 1:.1 ......!

LIm: 317 LNG Date LIB) !n. I (J

T A.H ~.i ~ j" ,

I
nIh' UI."'1t:N:. : '/I I :~ 'V",

NORHAL THlcnH: SS WITtI -

TOLERAN CL -11.' " II, p, I , NOA .. All\"fIOf\ ,
I
DIN< ~CHfDUlt
/OIA ..
NU_fR'
I \f 11.. • ....,o". 0 [XrA.A OOUIIL(
I , , i HRONe. [ ITRA

KH I KH
INS KH! \CH \CH KH
I \f Alf~ \fA IES \UONC
KH KH
~HI
,
!. 10.1'
10

I.Z-
1O 10 '0 10 , 100 110 I .. 0 I '" KH :
I
)Q ou ~o .oou 10 Sf A 't ~
164 ou 100
I 1.1 , I 1.-1 , 1.7) i 1.' I
,~ 11.1l 1.61 I.ll 1.01 I 1.1' 1.07 ,
,1. 11.16 1.11 1.)1 1.10 I 0
! 1.11
,
I 1.10
!-
I II. It 1.11 0
1.77 0
1.7) I
I ,.Tt , 1.71 I. ))
,
I
, ,,7
,!. 1,.,7 1.11 1.17 1,1 7
I. " I 1.1'_1 7.11
I- )).)1 1.71 , I. "
I. )I '.11 I
'.Jl 1.11 t.J) ! '.~
If"
". " 1.77
!
Ilfr 1.17
I." '01'
'. " 1.16 .,1) '.70
".1' 1.61 1,01 7. ,.
I 1.61 1.01 10.10
lO.n
r 1.17
'.tI '.J' '.71 l.tI J."
1,- 71.02 1.04 1.16 7 ,01 ',Il I,U 1.01
11.01

",01
I- ".fO 1.04 '.to 7,61 11.10 7 ,01 1I,1t

..
J o"

1,- 101.'0 1,06

'." '.01

.- 11'.10 1.06 ',01 ',16 11.10 lI,tO

1.7'

',01 ',10
~ 11,11

17.1l
,- 1",10 1.00
'," f,ll 11.70 11,,7 ',II f,ll ".OJ
,- 161 .17 l.tO 7.11 10.tI .,.11
.-
10"
1" .01

17),Ot
1,71 ',Jl 7.0- .... 10, II 12.70 .,.011 11.1' 1O.U
",1'
ll,OI
7,11

7,0';'.11
10,"

fl,70
II,"

n.ll
',11 6.Jl 7.'0 ',II n.70 11,01 ",It 11,'1 ",'0 21.1 7 7.07 l.aj,.17 fl,10
f-
Ir )1I,lt t,l1 6," '.)& 10,11 ",II 17 ,tl 11,'1 ZI,oo lI,l1 n,ll I,ll I"ll fl.l0
I'''Q()
''','' '.)1 1." '.11 11,10 II,K ".01 ll,'O I U,f7 1I,7l
".71 ',ll fl.70
""00 -06," ',JJ '.ll )0.'_
1." n.1O I~.'" 11,"
"." 16,10 )1." '.ll fl.l0
11"00 ')7,10 " )J 7." 11.10 1',1 1 ",Z- 11.00 II, )1 ".11 ".07 ...., '.11 fl,'O
10"00 )07.n
'. " f,n 11.70 II.~ lO,ll ".If )1.71 11.10 ".' , ".10 ',11 11.70
1'-00 ,Ot," ',J) ',n It,17 17 •• ' n.lo )0.'. " , lo l .. ··,l ll • l7 ".71 ',ll fl.,a
lO"OO "I.n 7 .tl n.70 ",11
I
Notes : II For .chedul e 10
II
21 The (oll<Nl nq di...,..,..t ecs
<
14- are not used normall
y
are not ComtN:>n : I/S- , liS- ,
)) For 00 1 1/4- • 2 1/2-.
>
)0- line diamete
rs increas e .n 2- incre~nts
) 1/2-. ~-

._-- ----- - --
 I
o

~
Page No
PIPING CLASS

Date: 2/85 10.11

I. APPLICABILITY

The purpose of this chapter is to determine the piping class used as shown on a PID line
when the piping material class document does not exist. This is generally the case for
feasibility and pre-project studies.

2. CLASS NUMBERING PRINCIPLES (From DD-SP- TCS-Il2 "PIPING MATERIALS CLASSES")

I
2.1. GENERA nON OF NUMBER
I ,
The class number shall consist of a capital letter representing the ANSI series and !!
two-digit number representing the main material entering into the composition of the I
I
material used for the valve bodies, tubes, fittings and flanges of the network in
question.

Example:

B 01 I
Series 150 •..•••..•• : .•••••••••••. Carbon steel
I
The tables below give the letters and numbers to be used for numbering piping
classes. I
2.2. LETTERS representing the series of the class
I
~ .~

Series I 125 I 150

I I
I 250 I 300 I 400 I 600 I 900 I 1500 2500 Tral::ing
I I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I I I I
I
J
Symbol I A I B I C I DIE I FIG I H I J I y

2.3. NUMBERS representing the main material of the class

oI to 20
21 to 45
46 to 70
Carbon steels (ordinary, galvanized, normalized, etc ... )
Alloy steels
Stainless steels
•I
71" to 85

&6 to 99
Special alloys (Monel, Hastelloy, etc •.. )
Other materials (Cast-iron, copper, copper alloy, etc ... )
I
Glass
Plastic, cement-asbestos fiber, etc ... I
I
I
 .. ,
j
1
"-*=1 Hev l\lon
0 p,)g" No
:'.t.~...

•
l
PIP ING CLA SS

Dat e
2/8 5 10. 12

3. PRE SSU RE TEM PER AT UR

E RA TlN GS
J
The foll owi ng AN NE X
G is ext rac ted from ANSI
f 1 B 16- 5 1977 (AM ERI CA N NA
TIO NA L
I ST AN DA RD STEEL PIP E FLA
NG ES AN D FLA NG ED FIT TIN
GS) .

. 1 For pre ssu re tem per atu re rati

I ngs hig her tha n seri es 250
0 the foll owi ng is use d 500
10000 PSI , •.• (use d mai nly for 0 PSI ,
wel l tub ing and wel lhea d).

Pres sure .tem pera ture rati ng'

FIG. G
for 'tee l flan ge, and flan ged fitri
ng' from ANSI 816 .5-1 9 ~4
ClASS 150 lOll &00 500 wei 1500 HOC! S" 1.11'
1....0 ·c I.mo. 'f Nar,.. c:..""" ItNl AIOS. AlII·II. AZ15·WCI. ASIS·70
ASI'·70
(., (~,

AJ50·lfl. ASlJ·CI.I (., ~cJ

2891 0378 "" ••," II. itt pound, ,., '4.... ... PI' I'
·2010 100 285 (,""
933 200 740 990 1480
141 ~ 260 675 2220 H05
300 230 900 IlSO 2025 6170
204 400 655 875 3375 562~
200 635 IllS 1970 3280
260 845 1210 1900 5410
SOO 170 3170 52!1O
316 600 600 800 1200
)4) 140 SSO 1795 2995 4990
650 125 130 1095 1640
171 700 515 715 1075 2735 4560
110 515 710 1610 2685 4475
750 1065 1600 2665
427 95 SOS 4UO
800 80 670 1010 1510
!
850 410 SSO 2520 4200
. .J
482 65 270 825 121S 2060
900 SO )55 535 1430
170 230 80S llCO 2230
950 l4S SIS 860
538 15 105 1430
1000 20 140 205 110
SO 70 105 515 860
ISS 260 430
AIIHlCM. AUH lO4H
I,," lOC AZ40·JOC. AJSI·C1I
2891 0 H 8 ·201 0100 AJsa·cn rMII 10 lit
913 275 720 nod ..." lOO'f
200 235 960 IUO 2160
141.5 JOO 600 800 1200 3600 6000
204 400 205 530 1800 lOOO
180 70S 1055 1585 5000
470 630 2640 4400
260 SOO 170
940 1410 21SO
316 435 585 3920
600 1CO 875 1310
)43 6SO 415 555 2185 3640
)71 125 410 830 1245 2075
700 110 S4S 815 1225 3460
405 540 2040 3400
750 80S 1210 2015
427 95 400 3360
800 80 530 795 1195
850 395 525 790 1990 3J20
482 65 390 1180 1970
900 SO 520 780 1165 3280
385 510 770 1945 3240
9SO 35 11SO 1920 3200
~38 1000 J75 SOO 7SO
20 325 430 1125 1870
1050 645 965 3120
~91 1100 310 410 620 1610 2685
260 345 925 1545 2570
11SO SIS 770 1285
649 (200 195 :'145
260 390 585
12SO ISS 205 110 980 1630
104 1300 110 145 465 770 128~
85 220 lJO SSO
11SO 110 165 145 91~
760 60 410 68~
1400 8~ 115 185
1450 SO 65 90
310 SIS
851 I~OO lS 45 145 240 400
2S 70 I~ 110
)0 50 28~
NOTES 10 120 200
(01 P~''''h''lble bu' not reco
mme nded 'or p,oIo noed vie
(dl no' fO be Vied 0 • .:( 6,SO abo'W'e 800- F Con .... 'I.on ~Po Igol
·f =6 89~ • p"g
(91 no' fO be vIed OYe' 850-
"
{hf ".of 10 be ..,\ed O"e' I
()()Oe,.
51

;
 I
SELECTION OF TYPES Of VALVES
RevisIon. 0
Page No. I
7
Date: 2/85 IO.l)

1. APPLICABILIT Y

The purpose of this chapter is to deterrnine the types of valves used for designation on the
PID.

valves are used for two mains functions, isolation and control.

The following is only a guide line for selection of types of valves which must follow the
piping material class document when it exists.

2. BLOCK VALVES

The main types are: ball gate

plug butterfly

2.1. BALL VALVE

Ball valves can be full bore or reduced bore.

2.1.1. Full bore uses

flare system: upstream and downstream of PSV, rupture disc, flare line if
required.

downstream pig launcher and upstream pig receiver.

vents and drains on hydrocarbon equipments.

piping valves on instruments for hydrrocarbon.

for block valves on hydrocarbon lines if the pressure drop is critical.

utility except water for diameter larger than 2".

2.1.2. Reduced bore uses

Block on hydrocarbon service without solid particles.

2.2. PLUG VALVE USES

Plug valves have the same ~se as reduced bore ball valves when used for high pressure
(600#). Plug valves can be assimilated to reduced ball valves, Generally, plug valves
are the smaller and lighter of the two.

I
 • -~,!

SELECT/ON OF TYPES OF VAL VES

Date 2/85
10.lil

2.3. GATE VALVE USES

Gate valves can be used as ball valves except for downstream of pig launCher and
upstream of pig receivers. The vertical physical space required by a gate valve is
greater than a ball valve.

Tight shut off for ball or plug valves is superior to that of a gate.

For hydrocarbon service with solid particles presentor as wing valves on well
heads.

For quick closure purposes.

On utility lines for low diameters < 2"

2.4. BUTTERFL Y VALVE USES

On water lines for service, utility or sea water, generally for diameters larger
than 2".

3. CONTROL VALVES

The main types are:. globe

butterfly
special

3.1. GLOBE VALVE USED

Control valve used In most of cases except at very high L1 P as defined by

instrument group, or on water networks, and compressor suction lines [or
throttling purposes.

3.2. BUTTERFLY VALVE USED

On water networks
Throttling a t compressor suction

3.3. SPECIAL VALVES USED

SpeCial valves are defined by instrument group:

for very high ~P the angle valve Could be used

for compressor anti-surge cage valves could be used.
 r - - - - -_ _-..--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.___ .__._._ _--,_ _ _ _ _~_y_--_ __.

Page No
P THROUGH VAL VES AND FITTINGS
7 ?t
Date: 2/85 10. I 5

I. APPUCAHIUTY

The purpose of this chapter is to calculate precisely the pressure drop in a piping network.
This may be required for either study phase for situations where 6 P is a critical
consideration. For most projects however calculation of process line
required.
II Ps wil not be
I
2.
The pressure drop calculations are based on a summation K method.

P THROUGH VALVES
I
2. J. VALVES OPEN I
I
I
TYPE GATE GLOBE PLUG COCK CHECK
VALVE VALVE NAUNE I VALVE
K 0.15 I

P = K pV
t
5 O. I I
I
2.4
I
P in kg/cm2
1.962xl0 5

I bar = 1.02 kg/cm2

I
2.2. BALL VALVE
f : fluid density in kg/m 3
V : fluid velocity in m/s
I
6 P through ball valve with reduced bore: This
extract of CAMERON BALL VALVE PRODUCTS is given as an example.
Ll P depends on the valve vendor. An I
3. 6 P THROUGH FITTINGS I
The example below gives some values of the pressurle drop coefficient K for fittings
encountered in cylindrical conduits. For further information, refer to "MEMENTO DES I
I
PERTES DE CHARGE by I.E. IDEL'CIK, EYROLLES edition, PARIS".

t1 P in kg/cm 2
.t

J.l. ELBOWS
f
V :
fluid density in kg/m 3
fluid velocity in m/s
.6 P = K pV
l.962xl0 5 I
K values for elbows.
RID l.5 3 I-
I
90 0
0.17 .. 2.36 f 0.12 .. 4.72 f
5

0.09 .. 7.87 f
I
I
I
I 1
45 0
0.11 .. l.18 f I
0.08 .. 2.36 f

f = friction factor see chapter PROCESS/UTILITY -LINE SIZING § 5

0.06 .. 3.94 f
I
I
I
 r---------

DJte .' /11')

--+-
1 s.
J"r"- - \ 1 0

~l

f,

k ,. k. '( 1 - !~)
..
... ~
\h;" -<11
[1-(<;0)l
s. J
f. r,;,\-; ... h.~... 1«. ... j'!l.,
"~U''i S I(
cr"
liD"
0 10
20 30 4() 60
100 14() 180
O,02S O,SO 0,47 0.4S
0,43 0,41 O,4() 0.42
O,OSO O.SO 0,45 0,41 O,4S O,SO
0,36 0,33 0,30 0.3S
0.075 O,SO 0.42 0,35 0,42 0.50
0.30 0.26 0.23 0,30
0.10 0,50 0.]9 0.32 0.40 O,SO
0,25 0,22 0.18 0.27
O.IS 0,50 0.37 0,38 0.50
10.27 0,20 0,16 O,IS 0,25
0,60 0,.50 0,27 0,37 O,SO
~.18 0,13 0.11 10.12 0.23 0,36
0,.50

I(·k • (1-5,
'i.. )

J<'
",'D.
• .... .... ......... ....
'b
'-'
-
1.-•

.....
.....
t
..... """ .....
.. , ....
....
e.•• ....
I.JO

I.JO

.....
Ul
U4
1,11
1,1,

.."
1,11

....
.... ........ ....
1,11
'0.•
..u ....
....,
1,11
1,11

1,11
...,
U.
.....
..,. "" .....
" ...,.
U. ..
1,11
U,
....
. ..
U.
..
I ..,
e.- u.
"'OJ ...,. ..... ,....
.... ....
..... .... .....
U.
..... .....
-
U1

.... .. ......" ......." ...IA'n .......n

u, ..... .....

.....
..... ....
UOI

U4
UI
UI

....
1,11 1,1,
...... .... ....
UI
'.J' ..... "'U ....
....
U. lUI
I..JO

..... ....
- I.JO
UI

....
UI

....
1,1,
1,11
1,1,

....
1,11 1,11
Ul
1,1, 1,1,
UI
U4
UI

....
I.JO U4
I.JO UI I.JO
I..JO
I.JO I.JO
I.JO
I.JO
VI UI
UI ....
I.JO I.JO
I.JO

-1 K.

cS'd./'I.
y. s. ~ S~
k=
~---

- - -----------
 I
-,
,

7. L s·
PROCESS Ei>JCI,'JEEHING DESIGN '\1ANU/\l
I
,,i
~.,

Date
I:
I'
~''''I S, • '51. > S.
a, ':I, _ ".,s.
q.
I
%y- I
I,
I
I 1

I
I
I
0.) l ...v.r,\
- b<-.. " ..\" k-s. A.
[1.(%: · ~t- 2 G- ~)] i
~/s.. 0- 0-'1. O-'!I-o ... O-E.
I
I I
O-'i}' 1-0
A 1.·0 O:lS 0--;' 0- (,5 0-,

k, ('5S"~ -(~f
I
I :

I
I
I,
I
 "---.. -------,..,- - - - - , -
---
,

I
I
l'fl()CE:~;:; f '~(;I,'Jfff!I:~(; () E;,/(;,'~ M /\NU/\l
H"IIn'()rl I
-----"--"l,jr~

P,If)!! No
i (j " '- '," . :&,: '.: ~ '.. •\ : : r
,:..' r .: -:' : : ~: :: .

Date .. '1,1
1('. :"

).~~

r
If a
> S.
~.

¢o '"
- V.
s.
¢.
:>1..

So
• S.
: 5.
.
~~,p.
0 {. 0(

0(
<. ~o
~ 'lo .

'1 ~CL'v ..r ... \ (!,''''~,~

.) O<::OI.(~C>· a.~j "'- , '1.0 . ~

,61,
-aI. ~ 2/~

1\ ~ A,
[1 .(~:) 2.
- 2 ~
-
\/1

'I.
Go:,
OLl

. Pl .1
1) 0(. '10
~o
A
.. 1 c., '1Z-
-II. ~ o·B

K . A
[O'~ .(~:r ] A :
0'" '", "tv. '> o·'a

b) 5Yro..~~~ br ... ~'"

'1

K " o·lt- (1- i:.)

1/.

------- - - --
 I
7 ,-- --1 3 7

Date 1: . 1 .,
I
Resistance Coefficient. K
'---i;.. The reSIHance coefficIent IS calculated by the formula:
I
K= ,_L_

~ Valves of the frictIon facto,. f. fo, vanous pipe sIzes are

listed in table 1 '17.
o I
Values for LID and C. for fully opened valves were
calculated from theoretical considerations_ Valves of C. for
partially open valves were extrapolated from test resulu
for representative sizes of ball valves. ....,
- - t > Chart 1 . 18 provides graphIC representatIon of valve
position versus the percent of full open area.
I
Table 1·17

--
"'9<

.-
6-
So,.
r
l-
Friction Factor (~
J'I(100ft
fonOl(11
0190
OllS
016S
01S(]
-..
"'Po S.,.
10-
16-
lr
f'<1IQn
f..,,,,(!)
OilS
all)
0111
I
)CT _OliO
r 0"0 l'- 0101
10" 01 IS )6- 010S
Il" 0110 4(1"
1.- 010<
OIlS or
16-
lr
011) .,- 010)
0101

-- -
' .. 0110
10"
1l"
0111
-
0116
-

Table 1·3
Calculated Values of LID for Full Opening
Cameron Ball Valves in Full ~pen Position
I
"0_
SI ••

·
I
I
'......,.
)<0
110
111
'$0'0 AMSf
-..., ...
-
'CD
110
19\
''''''''0
It,
- - r 1tI-
'"
110
lOOIO AH1I

--...
-~
110
1'1 -
40Gte ~~_
''aftg. ---.-.0..,
------
-
~--
r-,~
......
a.oaID
1.0-+-,..,-- -
"'' '$1:

....., -
WetCI..o

I
••
1>1 - -
In
I ..
1.10 101
hI
110
I"
us
10.
---1 - - , -
III I ..
-I ..
- - 1

I
'0 1'0 It. 1.10

..
'1 1(11 ,..-1-
1111 II.
III
1111 1.61 IlJ
t-1:i1
JlS
J '0
110
In
I, IQ) '97
.n I." '"
'97
uo
J.• ,
I'. ~-
'" 110 I ..

...."... "-
.n
... II. In 100
) II It, II. I .. II. ,
1'1 1.10 10\
III 111 I." I."

I
I.C 1.>1
,.n I.
III
'41
'40 .' ...,
I.C '"
'41
1.16
UJ
I."
I",
I ..
I"
'97
I,
II
'10
'" -- '"
II.
'
-;-;;- -- .. '40
."
, '.
I ..
101 ."
."
110
III
.' "
. .'"--.'.. -
II. I .. , I.
'14 , I.

..
10
I n
''''
,.," '41 101 I- -;-;0-
".
.,.
, I,
I< '" , ' '
--. '" III
''
..
l}t
~-1 - -

.....
1----
11
.,
.. '"
- "- - --,-,.-
10
'" -
,'".,

".
' ..
-
'.,
..,
,,,
,
'"
-- ~.
'"- t-
-'w
,.,
' .. II)
'"
I ..

'.'
..,...-- -~- - "'IIi'
'II
1)0
II<
-1-. - - .
'"
- 111
""ilI- '
'
I--- ,'.. - -
I
'.
'n
.
40
".
-
07,- '"-
t - - ,.,
'" 1111

""- t- 7h"'
101 'II
III

-,.,- -
'It
-
I
1',
L
'I]
-~
- '17
"'
-- -
""-- '- -
III
-

''-0_
..",..,.,
..., ....,
'<Il

• <XI --
,-:,.-., ;~"'1--'~~OGj'QA~;M
'Gl
,.,
\,.
IGl
\"

-·W
,,.
•• '
'11
.\1
-
I.,
,,..
.\1
--
I
'.
-/ .
I~
1111

,..,
1 ..
1 ..
.~
-'0
1 to
, ••
1.,
.111
\0.
\ CI)
.CD
JlO
) JD

)/
-------
,., J'I
1ft
))1
1\1
, ..
,..
...

I
10'"

I
I
I
I
I H f~\lI\ I ( ) f l P . hit} iJ()

I 7
. \ i' : Ii:" " ..... :..
Dale 'i·',

I Table 1·5
Calculated Values of LID for
I Reduced Opening Cameron Boll Valves
in Full Open Position
I "" ... ,_. '),ItO ANt.!
,_. ---_.
- - - -.
-.,...
)OOtO AHt.!
- -;;-..,-;;,
-- . . -
.00'0 AMII
- - - - 6OOIO-~~---
---_ .
)0 . .

.",)1) ... ..."' ...

.etO.., ,~
---
-
.. -
.-
• long_

'"
We"'''' --
---

I
h) 100
<I'
... ,
•• J II) IH II' "1 10'
"0
'" -..-.- -....--
'" 111 '))
.- I)' 91'
I.,
10.1
11.10
61)
III
101
II,
.. I
1'0
1)1
-
II.
1)& )).
-- -
II' -
110
-
III
lU
"I
"I
1'1
"1
)00'
) ..
701- ~.--
"1
191
1'1
, •• 11
, •• 1'
'1,1,
III
1\0 .
,,\
'1 •
\. ..
"1
.", "'
U • ...•••
"0 I,.
'"". 'Il
'1'
"0
'1'
n.,.
JO."
hal]
II.
'10
'0'
, .\
'll
'11
'01
U,
-
'10

".
'll

~I-
'll
'll
'01 ..'",
'11
II.
."
".
'to
"1--
.0'

'"
'91
f---
tit~

'0'
'" -
..
1'.1' "I 'oJ 'oJ

I~
10 t1
11.1.
,..It
ft)

'" '"
'II
'0 to
"1
- - I--. '"
tJ, 'n
-'n
'II 10 "
'
--
'II
, l)

.. ....,..
n.lO I.) III I .. III tl' III I" I.
It.,,
}fo.l1 I"
,
1/1
'IU... In ')) I" It) 1/'
.
<I." ""
"" I." • \ I) ....' ..
n·
I"
-1i)D- -- -f---
In
'\16
I"
~-
1\.
'
·1.~
'"
11\ , )1 '1\ It)
",'1
... n" n'l n.) lHl nil nIJ n .. nil

'.
-
".
""'II
... 00
)1))\

'"
)1)60

'001
llUl
'02
-
)1)60
••
'001
)1)11
'001
- '.
» ..
'ot)
-
)I)"
10 It

- -- ---
)1)60
••
'0'\

- - - ,.-- ------- ))00 at.

'-... '-
v_
--'-
9OOto AHV tSOO to AHII ANSI--
so,.

......""
''''''0.
,"
_eld.or •

...
loa '10
....,
..tde<l

"I . wetd..a
')1)

...)."
\.11 .It "1
"l
'" ·n

I
'0)
'll
"1
'0
-;;-;-
II)
-- \1'
"'1
'hlO
)1)0
lit
lOt
'61 1"
)I),

" I
~-I-- r-~- r- -
1'·11 '1' 'H
... t.
"' II/

I
I Table 1·6
Calculated Values of LID for
r
!

Venturi Op-ening Cameron Ball Valves

in Full Open Position

I - '- -... '-...

SI,.
10••
11.'
, •• tQ
112
Ul
~"'AHSI

-
."
1\.1
-
n.
JOG .... """ _......
-
,,,
'\.1 '- -
.u
'OOIO._~.
~

-
...
.., '-... -
-...
.d
10.
MOlD AHSI

..,
lID

.It
'10-- --- _,0 .-----
-- tI\
-
10' 161
--
,., t~
' •• 11 '1' ')0 0'

I II."
JO.I,
n.I,
'11
lIO
lto
"'
'\1
---f---
lIO
III
.\1
lIO
II)
."
---
)to
~:".'" 1r:-
,.,J
-~
I"
.. 1

C-j
It,
001

.- , - -.. ..
h.lQ 1\. l" JIO )1)\ 11'
I-- ".n
)).1' - - -
".
.. I
"0 I ••
]
110
-.. -
\ ., 1. .
-;;,- -. I t
111
f--- '" ,
I -_.
".)1) I .. I .. 1Il lU
'-~
)I), J. . 191
--- - -

v_..,.
r----,.-

. 10 ••
)..
' •• 10
,-......... ..,.",,,
Welded

....,,
III
-
,~

III
• ..,.aI _
-
.,
'l~
!-- .~~
1-
w~..,

' •• 11

---------------
I
I - -----------,-- - -- - - - - --------------------------------------'

I
 .u CONTROL VALVE SIZINC
ReVISion

Date:
0

2/&'.>
P.l(]C No

10.21
I. APPLICABILITY

The purpose of this chapter is to give Some formulae to estimate the size ~nd the number of
control valves installed for one given service, and to estimate the capability of the control
valves in case of revamping. The final sizing should be done by instrurnent people.

2. CONTROL VALVES CHARACTERISTICS

These are determined principally by the design of the valve trim. The three fundamental
characteristics available are quick opening, linear, and equal percentage.
2.1. QUICK OPENING

As the name implies, this type provides a large opening as the plug is first lifted from
the seat with lesser flow increase as the stem opens further. The most common
application if for simple on-off control with no throttling of flow required.
2.2. LINEAR

Linear trim provides equal increases in stem travel. Thus the flow rate is linear with
plug position throughout its travel.

2.3. EQUAL PERCENT AGE

Provides equal percentage increases In rate of flow for equal incrernents of stem
travel. The characteristics provide a very small opening for plug travel near the seat
and very large increase toward the fully open position. As a result, a wide
rangeabili ty of flow rate is achieved.

3. CONTROL VALVE RANGEABILITY

For an estimation only it iscommon practice to select a valve in which the valve opening
-1
at maximum flow is smaller than or equal to 95 per cent.
For normal flow the valve opening should be at least 60 per cent while for minimum
flow, if applicable, the opening should be larger than 10 per cent. If the minimum flow is -l
close to or smaller than 10 per cent, a smaller valve should be installed in parallel with
the main valve.

For a flow rate the valve opening depends on the valve characteristics and it is given by
vendor in their catalogue.

4. FORMULAE

The valve area is characterized by the coefficient Cv (except for FISHER which use Cg for
the gas (see hereafter).

--4.- The Cv coefficient is the number of U.S. gallons of water flowing during one minute
through a res triction and the pressure drop through this restriction is 1 PSI.
The following formulae are simplified and to be used only for an estimation of the Cv. Some
corrections may be necessary for the installation of reducers around the control valve. If so,
the formulae given by manufacturers in their catalogues will be used for a better Cv
calculation.
'~I

! o f>,l'jt' No
CONTROL VAL VE SIZINC,
D,lle· 2/&5 10.22

4 • 1. LI \) Ij ID

, A - Sub critical flow

.~ B - Critical flow
Pv < P2 and PI - P2 < Cf 2 6 Ps
PI - P2 > Cf 2 6 Ps
I

-,
1
C v = 1. 16 Q j_---'sg'-'--_
PI - P2
Cv = 1.16 Q j __s......g_
CI Ps

Cf = critical flow coefficient (given by manufacturers and depends on the

type of valve and the action of valve by increase of variable) cf <
Pv = fluid vapor pressure in bar g.
-1
PI = upstream pressure in bar g.
P2 = downs tream pressure in bar g.
~ Ps = PI - (0.96 - 0.23 j PI ) Pv
Pc
or to simplify, if Pv < 0.5 PI, 6Ps = PI - Pv
Pc = fluid cri tical pressure in bar
Q = flow rate in mJ/h at upstream conditions
sg = specific gravity at flowing temp. (water = I at 150C)

4.2. GAS AND STEAM

A - Sub critical flow

B - Critical flow
PI - P2 < 0.5 Cf 2 PI
PI - P2 ~ 0.5 Cf 2 PI

GAS
I
Cv =l / G.T. Z I Cv = Q -IG.T. Z'
295 (PI - P2) (PI + P2)
I 257CfPl
I
I
Cv = 47.2 W I Cv = _5_4....;..5_W
_ _ __

W = mass f10wra te in t/h

 I
CONTROL VAL VI: SIZING
T
Date:
2/85 10.23

SI\ TI JR:\ TEf) STEf\.\l

Cv = 72.4 \V
j(PI - P2) (p I + P2) ,
I
I
I
Cv = 83.7 W I
Cf PI
I
I
SUPER HEATED STEAM
I
Cv= 72.4(1 +0.00126Tos)W
ICPI - P2) (PI + P2)'
I
I
I
Cv = 83.7 (1 +

Cf PI
0.00126 Tos) W
I
Cg, PI, P2, Q same definition and unit as § 4.1.
G
I
= relative density (air = 1.0)
T = upstream gas temperature oK = 273 + °C
Z = upstream compressibili ty factor
W = steam weight in t/h
Tos = steam superheat in °C

4.3. TWO PHASE FLOW

For sizing, maximum ~ P = PI - P2 = 0.5 Cf 2 PI

A - Without liquid vaporization

B - With liquid vaporization Ii
51.8 W
Cv =
v P (dl + d2)
Cv = 36.6 W
V/). P dl' I
Cg, PI, P2 same definition and unit as § 4.1.
W = total fluid flow in t/h
I
dl = upstream mixture density in kg/m3
W x 10 3
d =
WlI Wlv
--+--
dll dlv

W11 upstream liquid flow in kg/h

d II = upstream liquid density in kg/mJ
WI v = upstream vapor flow in kg/h
d Iv = upstream vapor density in kg/mJ
I.
I
I
I
 .,
--------~~-,-~---------.~------~

IJ REF
P THR()tJCII V,\LVES ANI) FITTINCS

Date 2/85 10.24

I
d2 := downstrearn rnixtu~e density in kg/rn)
I d2 : = -W-x-10
3
----
W21 W2v
--+--
Ii d21 d2v

W21:= downstream liquid flow in kg/h

11 d21
W2v:=
= downstream liquid density in kg/m)
downstream vapor flow in kg/h
d2v:= downstream vapor density in kg/rn)

4.4. FISHER FORMULAE

For gas "FISHER" use Cg instead of Cv

Ii Cv:= ~
CI
CI = valve coefficient (given by catalogue)
I
w
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I Cg=
0.4583 d PI sin [~/ PI - P2 ]
CI PI deg.

I w
d
=
=
gas flow rate in kg/h
gas density at upstream conditions in kg/m)

I PI =
P2 =
upstream pressure in bar (a)
downstream pressure in bar (a)

I' 5.0. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE

I Vendors documentations
GPSA chapter 2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
---
--

PROCESS ENGINEEnlNG DESIGN MANUAL

Revl~lon :
11 ~
P8<JetJo:

I: Date 2/&)

I
11
11
I:
I:
-,

I;
Ii
I 11. PI PELI NES

1
I'
I' I

Ii
I'
I
I
I
I~

1-
 Rev's'on 0
PJge No.
PII'ELINES
DJte
2/&5 11.1
I. APPLICABILITY

Foe bo th reo,1 bl I I ty o"d pcepcojec t ""dies, ~!LJ'lpe hne Il p a"d t; T calcu I,,, 1o", will
- --- ---~--
normally be perfvrmed using PETITE or RESEAU. It may be necessary however to rnakc an
estimate by hand. Details are given below on how to prOCeed on this.

2. PIPELINE PRESSURE DROP FORMULAE

2.1. GAS TRA,'\iS,\\ISSION

There exist many methods of calculating .Qp for gas transmission lines. Some of these
are:
.American Gas Association Formula
Weymouth
Panhandle 'A' and 'B'
Darcy
Colebrook

Below is given the Panhandle 'A' for use:

1.8539
2 2 GO.4604
PI - P2 q
x
= x T x L x Z x 0.301 S
m

(;:)
1.07881 2.6182
d E
x x
=
Where PI
P2
= Upstream pressure
bar (a) =
= Downstream pressure
bar (a)
G = Specific gravity of gas
Ts = Base temperature
Ps K (273 K or 298 K)
= Base pressure
T bara(I.OI325 bar)
= Gas flowing temp
K
Lm = Pipeline length
q km
= Flowrate at Ts, Ps base
d m 3/d (at Ts, Ps)
= PIPELiNE DIAMETER
cm
Z = A verage gas compressibili ty
E = Efficiency (0.92 for a clean line)
The formula does not take into account the pipeline profile which, if
Significant, can be added to the .6 P calculated if required.

2.2. LIQUID FLOW IN PIPELINES

Use Darcy equation:

2
P = 6.254 F
-----
f D5
,\1 bar/km

M = Mass flow
kg/h F = Moody friction factor
f = Density
kg/m3 E = Absolute roughness
D = line id cm
cm
6p (see page I?~~_and 10.9)
= pressure drop
bar/km
= viscosity cp
 I
R.'\lls.!)n
PIPELINES

Date:
I
2/&5 11.2

I
Re = 35.36& x ,VI F = o4/Re for Re < 2'j ~jG
I
x D 3/2] I! 12

with: A {2.457 In
F =[(S/Re)12 + I/(A.B)
16
for Re > 2000
I
-----~------j
(7/Re)·9
B = 075JO/Re)16
+ (0.27 E/D) I
.. BE CAREFUL when using friction factor charts as confusion arises I
between MOODY F and FANNING F'
F' = 1/4 F

2.3. TWO PHASE HORIZONTAL

I
Estimating 2-phase flow 15. P by hand for long pipelines is not recommended, as
I
the flow characteristics and equilibrium will atter along its length. However an
estimate of Ll P can be hand calculated providing the phase regime is fairly
stable.
I
Given below is a calculation method based Ion LOCK HEART -MARTINELLI_
I
b~th
BAKER method. This method can be used for
or process lines.
longpipelines (stable regime)
I
METHOD
I ,
Llp /J.p
2 PHASE
=
HORIZ I
~equired
I
1. Evaluate flow regime and adjust Pipeline" if

2. Calculate ~PG

J. Calculate 6PL
I
4. Calculate { 6PL/6 PG)I/2

5. Calculate 6p factor ....

I
2 PHASE P~ H

6. Calculate ~Pvert factor (vertical section of pipe) I

For convenience pipe ids are in cm
viscosity is in cpo I
I
I
 r - - - - -____________________________________ . ____________________________________ _

11.1

(;/\5

FLOWRATE Wg kg/h ~ I(l{)n,~,)

DENSITY FLC)WI~ATE WI
Dg kg/r1l3 = II: kg/11 ':: ;}u O( C
VISCOSITY D[NSIT Y DI
Vg c:p = (\ 1 J,
kg/m"' = 1 fu
(J \
VISCOSITY VI c:p
SURF TEN = ...
1 I
"
St dynes/em
FLOWING TE.'v1P
, • CJ = ;
°C ) /
= 0'1 ~

PIPELINE DIAMETER D ern = J.D. Cf,

INTERNAL M\EA PiPELINE LENGTH L
A rn 2 = 0.1.3. Vertical change
m = lo<)u
6.11 m =. to 0

II
STEI'
---
----------,I I NOTES
I
I 1. DETERMINE FLOW REGIME T I
I I I I
I [3x = 210.3 -WI x JDlxD.Ex VIIIJ/ :)<1.62>
--- ----- = / /
I Wg 01 2 /3
I St I I
I I
I
I
I
I
[3Y= 7.087 x W
AxU)lxDg fI I
I
= ~ ' 1 Iq I
I
I
I
I I
I REGIME FROM [3AKER CHAR T I I
I
,
I
I
blS;>r.:'Sfi) I
I
St"f. p0.J<- 10·1 I
I
I 2. CALCULATE LlP I I
gas I I
I I I
I Re = I I
35.368 x WfL
I Re = -Lo: 10 c I
I Vg x D I I
I I I
I I
I Friction factor Uv1oody) I I
I I F = 0.011. I s~~ -·01"" r 10.:,
I t' G I
I LlpG = I I
I
6.254 x f x Wg2
III PG =o-~Kbar/km I
Dg x D)
I I
I I I
I I I
I I
I 3. CALCULATE fj PUQ I I
I I I
I I
I Re = 35.368 x WI I I
I I Re = 18' I ~ 0 I
VI x D
I I
I I I
I I f = ()-olC I
I I
I 6,PL =6.254 x f x Wl2 I I
I I 6 P L =.oofbar/km I
Dl x [}5
I I
I I I
I I I

PROCESS CALCULA TlON SHEET Sheet I of 2

TWO PHASE P(PELINES ITEM
6 P CALCULA nON No
BY 11 CHK 1 DA Tf I JOB No.
J RfV 1
 " j

I ---- ---~~.-~----
----------

i l ..~
~---------~-------

----------1-----
I
------.-

I --~I----------------

I II, ;\ VLl\IV~L VLL,)( ~I Ir'

I
, --- - I I I
, 3,537
I
,
I
I
V5 =
----yy- ~ WI) .~. Q 0 Ills I
I ,
( + Vs V s = aver;)g c veloci ty
I Dg N I
I
, I
I
I ,
,
I 5, CALC ULAT E X RA TlO
I
, J
I
X = ( () PL Y L
X = O,\IS ,
I I
I
L\PG
I
, J
I 6. CALC ULA TE LOAD ING FACT OR WS I
I
I
I
WS =
A
WI x 0.Z05 WS = l ?'IS,O
I
I
I
, J
I I I
I I I
I 7. CALC ULAT E PH FACT OR FOR HORIZ ONTA L FLOW
,
I
-- - I I
I
I FLOW TYPE = D'Si'i j
TYPE OF FLO" I
PH
,'':l,.) I .,.1
I
I
I
DISPERS ED I
I
(up E.H}9. 0.~91)& In X • O.04&ll~n if - 0.OOOJ~9Qn x~J>
PH ::: Ij'6S I
I '\
I I
ANNULA R

BUBBLE
I
I
I
I (aX b )

!l~,ZJ 2<;0.l~
. . . '.& _ O.lt) d
b • 0.)') -o,oon d US" d • .<f m~.
I
I
,-.. I

I I
I WS .1
:.1
I I
I
I
STRATIF IED
I
I
I
I
D~QO
,",5'&
X
I
I
I

I
I
I
SLUG

PLUG
I
I
I
112Q ~O.&D
"S°·
1-2l.l~ X D, ! } }
I
I
,
,I
I I "S .17
-- -
I - - I
I- - - - - - - - - - - -- FLOW TYPE: :: WAVE
I ..1
"AVE
I I H •• " L . 4
I -
: In FH .. 0.2111 In H. - J.99J
I I WG "..G
/). PZH:::
I !A P 2h • ~. ts4 FH "C
2
I/'CD} 'oM1 fu... .1
I .J
I I I
I
I 8. CALC ULAT E PH FACT OR FOR VERT ICAL SECTI ON
bar/km

I .
I I I
I
VERTICA L

SECTION
I FRN •
I
I XD
I
rC.t V2 /D

. U
0.19 (Xl <FRNIO. '
V in m/s. D in c.l-h
\
I
L}.PHv ::: 1.$'10
I I Uk X • X in Disp<:rk< i flow equ. 10 K"I PH verI.

I I I
I
I
r D
\

I 9. CALC ULAT E TOTA L TWO PHASE 6P I

I I I
I Horizo ntal : PH ::: I.1\' g f: 6. PZH :::6PG x PH2 ::: ~J;()
I
I
I
I
Vertic al : PHv= I.~\O
6. P2v =(\PG x PH~ =
"
o,8"r~
bar/km
bar/km
I
I :I
I I I
I
TOT AL ~P = (LjP2H X L +(}.P2 v x h)/lOO O ::: I, ~I\ bar
I
I
I

I l I'. '
-
I

PROCE SS CALCU LA TION SHEET Sheet 2 of 2

7 I
I
I wi I I
TWO PHASE PIPEL INES
P CALC ULA nON
ITEM

No .

CHK DA T£ I ' 108 TlTL f

L.
'I'--"I·, "(L 108 No
I RE V I .J
I
..1
I
 () P,I')C' NO

PIHELlNES
Date. 2/35 1l.5

3. TEMPERATURE PROFILE

For detailed and accurate .6 T and t.p calculations in 2 phase lines buried, subsea or in air
the program P[P[T[ should be used. The hand calculation method presented on pages 11.6,
11.7 is accurate to within 10 % for both gas and liquid lines. The procedure is easily adapted
to a small programmable calculator and increases in reliability the greater the number of
seg men ts used.

The following should be remembered when designing pipelines,

For long pipelines assuming isothermal flow can result in overdesign in pipeline size and
6p.

If the pipeline is constant with regard to material, insulation and burial depth along its
route a fixed thermal conductivity (k) can be assumed.

For gas pipelines the internal film resistivity is negligible _ ignore it.

For all steel pipelines the resistivity of the metal is also negligible.

Snlall pipelines « 20") have a large heat flow compared to the specific heat of the
flowing medium. Consequently the gas will reach ground/sea temp in a relatively short
length. For large pipelines the converse is true and a long distance is requ;.-ed to reach
ambient.

For oil and small gas pipelines the asymptotic temperature Ta is that of the surrounding
medium. For large diameter gas lines, Ta depends largely on the Joule-Thompson effect.

The attached calculation sheet can be used for hot lines in cold surroundings or vice
versa.

For subsea pipelines, epoxy wrapped, concrete coated resting on the bed an overall heat
transfer coeH of U = 10 - 15 kcal/hm 2o C is a good estimate for calculation purposes.
 I
h Cov erin g \1ed iurn :
1 1.6
I
--:-', ? ~' >- ,__________ 3 ...-.
Tg Tern per .) turc
I
o ,~

,'0 1... \ I,)

L k The rrn. ron do =
(
-~
I." ?L l.;cal/hrn 0 C I. j.1
DA T,\ =
-- LIQUID FL()~'

L
Tot al pip elin e len gth
No of seg men ts
m =
= t
:';)& 00
Vol um etri c flow n J /h
Den sity (av) kg/ rnJ =
I
Len gth per seg me nt =
m = 100 0Q M Mas s flow
/::,.y
D
Tot al ele va tion cha nge
Pip elin e dia me ter
Pip elin e dia me ter
.. m = ~ 10;)
ins = 30
kg/ h =
Cp Spe cifi c hea t kca l/kg °C = I
m = o.l6 L

I
h Bur ial dep th to cen tre m = I.t" l GAS FLOW
PI Inle t pre ssu re bar a = /.0 Vol um etri c flow
P2 Exi t pre ssu re m 3/d (std ): ~D

I
bar a = ~ 0 Mo lecu lar ma ss
O<l( .)
6P Tot al pip elin e bar = 10 = 1t1
Tl Init ial Tem per atu re M Mas s flow rate kg/I) =10( !I,r
°C = t. 'i Cp Spe cifi c hea t kca l/kg OC = 0.(

I
J FLU ID JOU LE TH OM SON CO
EFF ICI EN T = r( °F/IOOO psi
(see fig. I, pag e 11.&) ( x 0.00 805 ) =o.L loC /bar
- -- --'

I
I
I
I
STE P
- - I
I
I
I
VALUE
I
I
I
NOTES
I
I
I
I
I l. Cal cul ate hea t tran sfe r fac tor !
I
I
I
x = 2h/ D
s = 2kl T/ln [x .. (x 2 - 1)1]
s I
I
I x = 3.: n
I
I Cov erin g
I Soi l
k
kca lTh mC
1.49
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
s = ~ kca l/hm OC I Air
I Wa ter
0.02 2
0.50&
I San d dry 0.30
I San d wet 1.49
I
I
I I
I
I
I 2. Cal cul ate hea t flow rati o eer uni
I len gth
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I a I
I I
I
I I
I a :: s/M Cp (liq uid or gas ) -(
I a =If]<tlo 'TI- I
I
I
I I
I
I I

I
I 3. Cal cul ate As:z::metotic tem eer
I
I
atu reT a I
Ta :Tg - (J AP + ~ y/jC p)/a L I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I Ta ::-' \ °C I L is seg me nt len gth
I I
I I
I I
I
I j = 426 .5 kg. m
I kca l
I
I
I I I
I
I 4. Cal cul ate dow nstr eam tem e
I
I
I
T2 =(T l - Ta) e- aL + Ta
T2 I
I
I
I T2 :/'I· I.°C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I Rep eat step s 3 + 4 for eac h seg me
I See she et 2 for step wis e spr ead shent
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

.'l
I et I I

7
I I
PROCESS CAl CUl A nON SHE
I
I I
ET She et I of 2

~
BU RIE D PIP ELI NE 6. T CA LC UL A TlO N ITEM
-
--
I
f l I CHK I OA TE l I J08 TITlE ;,,,,AMf',L
No

1108 No
I 'lEV !
I
I
 I 1.7
.

ITERA TIVE CALCULr\ TluN LOG FOR A 5URIt:.D PIPELI,'lE 6T.

I I I I I I I I I I
I SEGMENT N° I LENGTH I ELEVATION I PI I Tl I Ta I T2 I P2 I i
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I m I +m I bar a I °C I °C I °C I bar a I I
-
I I I I I I I I I
I I I / I I I I I I
I I I \ C 00 U --+- 100 I r' 0
I L. ~ I .. II I f., I. /1 I ~S I I
I I I 3 ~ IL..H.. I i' r G I I I
I 2 I
lOOOO <.l I .:, I I
- I I I ~.J. I )0 I I
I I I I 1 1 I I I
I 3 I I 1 I I I I I
1 I I I 1 1 I I 1
I 4 I I I I I I I I
1 1 1 1 I 1 I I I
1 5 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1
I 1 1 1 I I 1 I I
1 6 I 1 1 1 I 1 I I
I I I I I I 1 I I
I 7 I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I 8 I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I 9 I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I 10 I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I

rJOT( : I) Fo (' ac.e. ....... (o.~.. ,,,iu..l,,,\:o'-'.s C.r .to.v~

'-"'" ore,.
I
CDrt<
C" c;>..u "..1 J
f'JI..u~.;;
V'(.w r(..u..4. \ <..ro.r ......r<-. • I\ls 0 {.{c t.. nk 4P b,.:l DV. CUJtlo. S<'" c.~
'r.(..l..u f(.'Olh..I.{~ "j . otl .1.((. t .'0,"" •

•
...
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet 2 of 2

BURIED PIPELINE fj, T CALCULA TlON ITEM

~
No.

BY 1 I CHI( I OAT< I
! IIOB TITlE C?(I\r1?(£..
JOB No. I REV I
 I)
PIPELINES

Date' 2/&5 11.&

4. LITERA TURE AND USEFUL INFORMA nONS

4.1. LUDWIG VOL I chapter 2

4.2. CAMPBEL VOL I chapter 12

4.3.
,
KA TZ HANDBOOK OF GAS ENGINEERING chapter 7

4.4. CRANE MANUAL

4.5.
"E redict buried 1
4.6.
"Two hase ~ P Com uted" R. Soliman
H drocarbon Processin A ril 19&4 ·1
k kcal/h.m. °C 1
Soil 1.19
1
concrete 0.65 1.19
Wet soil
Ground --> air
1.49
2.9&
sand (dry)
sand (wet)
0.30
1.49
I
Ground
Steel
Epoxy coating
--> water 29.&
3&.7
0.67
Air
Water
0.022
0.510
I1

Coal tar 0.22 I

loule-Thomson coefficient.
••
I
100
..,.... IQN "'.ac..IIIaft .....

"0"1<.
Specific heats.
I~
._-- .......... -- '" 2 ,

I.
§ IQ
~
~ IQ
,I,:f 1
I
6CM".
I 711

eo
S i
1.00

0.10
131M<.

I1 I
50 • 0.80

~
2Oo-Ir. 1- 0.711
t J
, 30 0.80

I
-'-
2D
0 JDQ 4QJ
600
""--'. -
aoo, coo '.200' 4QJ.

---~
100'.100 2. coo

.. --
00..
0.50

o.~

0 2DO
4QJ aoo
-
100 •. 000. ~'. OQO 1.100 I -*XI l..Cao
"'--. 00..

1
 RevIsion o Paye No
DEll Y[)RA TION

Date. 2/&5 12.2

Glycol foams in the presence of light hydrocarbons. This can be minimised by good feed
prescrubbing and addi tion of anti-foam agents.

Actual gas exit dew points are usually 10-15 OF (5.5 _ 8°C) above the theoretical
equilibrum dew point. Take this into account when setting the specification.

The number of trays (or packing height) is usually small (4 trays) an excess of either IS

always provided in the design. Recommended efficiencies are 25 % for bubble caps 33
1/3 % for valve trays. Use 24" tray spacing.

Regenerator temperatures should not be above 400 of (204°C) at atmospheric pressure

in order to prevent glycol degredation. Limit heat flux to 5000 - 7000 BTU/hft2, aim for
6000. Provide at least 2000 BTU/gal pump capacity.

To prevent hydrocarbon condensa tion in the glycol feed maintain the inlet tempera ture
at 10-15 OF (5.5 - 8°C) above the gas exit.

Regenerator still column should run at 220 OF (104°C) at top to prevent loss of glycol
but maximise water rejection.

Glycol circulation rates should be between 2-4 gall/It) H20 removed (3 is a good
number).

3. PRELIMINAR Y SIZING CALCULATIONS

An exact sizing of a TEG unit will normally be performed by the vendor on request. The
CFP inhouse program "GLYCOL" also exists for estimating vessel sizes, circulation rates
and utility consumptions. These are based on data from the BS+B design guide. The
following hand method can be used however to estimate the required size:

L Determine water content of inlet gas to contactor at required temp and pressure Fig. 7
Ibs/MMSCF, kg/MMm3.

2. Calculate total water mass in feed gas to contactor

3. Repeat calculation for exit gas using required exit dew point (add 10 OF contingency).
Calcula te dew point depression ° F, ° C.

4. Calculate amount of water to be removed in contactor.

5. :-':se 3 galls TEG/lb H20 evaluate glycol circulation rate.

6. '--',e
Fig. 3 to determine required TEG concentration. %
';e Fig. 4. to determine required stripping gas rate

7. Use 2000 BTU/gall TEG circulated to determine reboiler capacity.

 I
Rel/lSIOn 0 p,)ge No
DEHYDRATION

Date: 2/85 12.3

8. Use Fig. 6 to determine number of trays required in contactor

and Fig. 5 to deterrnine contactor diameter.

9. Evaluate contactor height (see section 2 vessels) include integral KO pot in base of
tower. Hence estimate weight of contactor.

A more detailed sizing method can be found in CAMPBELL VOL II.

4. METHANOL INJECTION (HYDRATE INHIBITION)

In order to prevent hydrate formation in gas transmission lines the product is normally
I
dehydrated in a TEG or mole sieve unit as defined irll previous sections. On some occasions
however (wellhead to plant) this is not possible due to the location of the Source. If the
I
minimum pipeline temperature is below the hydrate point the inhibition of water is required.
This is acheived by injection of inhibitors to depress the hydrate and freezing points. I
Common inhibitors are methanol, DEG, TEG. Recovery of inhibitors at the receiving
plant is normal, the liquid being then recycled. ECQnomics of methanol recovery are not
favourable.
I
Methanol is adequate for any temperature. DEG not good below _ 100C due to viscosity I
limitations. Above - 10 °C better as lower vaporisation losses.

Predict injection rate for hydrate depression as follows: I

w = d M
Ki + d M
100
W :::
d :::
weight % inhibitor
° C hydra te depression
I
M =
Ki =
Mol wt of inhibitor
1297 for Me OH
I
To use above equation
2220 for DEG, TEG

1. Predict hydrate formation temp at max. press in line Tl

I
2. Estimate min flowing temperature in line T2
J. d = TI-T2
I
The amount of inhibitor injected must be sufficient to depress the hydrate point as
calculated above and also provide for vapour and liquid phase losses due to vaporisation
dissolving. Adjust injection rate accordingly. For glycol use 0.0035 m3/Mm) (0.2)
+ I
lb/MMSCF), vaporisation. For methanol use vapour pressure charts (CAMPBELL pp 159).
1
I
I·
I
 ()
Page No.
DEHYDRA TiON

Date. 2/&5 12.4

5. SOLID BED DEHYDRATiON

Solid bed dehydration is used when lower residual water concentrations are required than
the over achieved by glycol units. This is generally around the _ 40°C mark or 1 ppm
!
residual water. Solid bed dehydration can be used for less !stringent design requirements
providing the cost is competitive when compared to TEG.

NOTES:

L.'lG facilit ~s always used molecular sieve dehydration to acheive I ppm H20 or less.

Available dessicant medium:

kg H20/ 100 kg bed
Bauxite 4-6 cheapest
Alumina 4-7
Gels 7-9
Molecular Sieve 9-12 mos t expensive

Beds can be severely degredated by heavy oils, amines, glycols corrosion inhibitors,
salts and liquids. It is essential to have a good feed filter or scrubber prior to entering
the dessicant bed.

Bed life is usually 2-4 years depending on contamination.

Gas flow through the bed is generally downwards. Regeneration gas flows upwards. This
ensures the water is stripped from the media without havi?g to pass all the way through
the bed.
Figures 8 and 9 show a typical molecular sieve arrangemerh.

Regeneration temperature is usually 175°C - 230 0c. Too high temp destroys the
media, too low results in poor regeneration.

Table 1 gives a summary of operating and regeneration pr~ctices.

6. USEFUL REFERENCES AND LITERATURE

6.1. CAMPBELL VOL II CHAPTERS 17 AND 13

6.2. HANDBOOK OF NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING, KATZ, Chapter 16
6.3. PERRY

6.4. GAS DEHYDRA nON "Fire tuning existing field installations"

D. CRAMER - World Oil - Jan 1981
6.5. "Cutting glycol costs I" C. SIMMONS 0 + GJ Sept 21 1981
"Cutting glycol cos ts II" f
Sep 28 1981
6.6. "Correlation eases absorber-equilibrum line cales for TEG natural gas
dehydration"W. BEHR 0 ~ 9JNOV 7 19&3
 I
f'fI(}U SS [N(~lrJFFnINl; DESleN ,"'i\NUI\L flI'VI\I()rl

I
~________________~________________________________________~__o_a_l__
e ___:_:_,/_,_~s~_____1_1____~1 II
PER CEN r G.UCOL 8Y W(tG.n
Dr)' ~os I

•
O"f

Wa'~r olf
II

Fig. 1 Flow "'ee' for die'hylene glycol dehydro'ion pion •.

(Campbell and louron<o.

Mai"
li,,~

~
gas

Fig. ~ flow shee. lOt Iriethy/en. glycol dehydro.ion plont.

(CompO./l ond lou,enco,

TABLE
SUltiAAT ~ I.DVAKTACl:S AS!) DISADVAlfTACl:S _ USOUTIOII LIQUIDS
LIQUID A.DV AHT AC l:S
DlSA.DVAHTACES
Calc 1... CIllor 14. O' ... p
Kak."p ... 11
r.. ..hlfl . .wlth oU.
Corrod • • • leer: colye lcally
Lov dev polar: depre •• toa
IfJdro.cD ,ufld. fora. prec.lpLc:at ••
Lttlal_ ClIlor u. KJ,b c.pActty for VaCtr
Ex ...... 1"..
Low cocco.loa rate
lapurh1e. la ca..erc1al ,rad •• ca", ••

..
ICot hydroly.od oooUy a
corroalOll.
D.v polat d.pro.oloo 22-16 C
10-lD perc_t 11£\ .~v CO}. H2S _ad """cer
60 .... 5 'ercn, DlC Cr .. ter cArry 0 •• 1' Ch.a • .,leb tr 1. th,.lca.
.t....lt&QcO".ly.
S-IO '.rceat Waeer Clycol tcd1olc., fo..1D. ceDdea.c I ••
01 . . lGa.
Oc.hydcec.a .1>4 puc It l.a
ODe opc.raCloG.
,.. la
, ..
,!Ycol.
L1a1Ud for praeclcal purpo ••• to .our
d.bydretloQ.
At h1ab r ...... c.tlon c . . peraturll.
DII.cted
cocco. loa 1• • ,robl ...
D.w polAe "epra •• loea 10 1La1eed .aod 1 •••
t""a with trloth,I ... ,I,eol.
Dlach,l . . . Clyeol Stoble
Do .. aot oolldll, to coaceoc.raClI'd C.CICY ovac .r ... Cac c.h.ao ,,1ch c.rlllChyllloe
-o1"c. tOil.
Sc.abl. 1..0 pce •• ac. of
aQ,"
.""ltur.
01>4 COz at ....... 1
operac. 11lC tc.p.r. Cuc •••
,lycol.
Noe ov. . . . 9) p.ceaa.t .01"c. lOll
obe. ' •• 4 c •• U,.
-,
o.v po lac lIfapca .aloo 1••• ehaa 'Itch
trteeta,le.a ,l,eol
b.
I
atlbly hydro.coplc
Hl.h u.ltLel eo.t

I
C.rry o .... c 10 . . . 11

..-
Tc lilthyleoe Clyeol Do .. DOt .olldlt, la
eooe.oeraCed Kl,h lattLe I coat
.ohlt toQ..
s.:.b 1« In ~rc •• nc« or «",I tloU'. tahlblc.. (a..lA, (Bld«acy 10 pr •• ance
ot lI,ht hy4rocarboa liquid •.
o.Y'lIn aDd CO2 at Doraa 1 D.-
opcr.( Inl r:~pcrac" ..... (041.101 ale.Gt ."at Io.ct lara
b • • dd~.
KI,hly hYlro.coptc
£...'1,. r~Ie-D.r.C.d to 99
eeat 1I01uc ton.
C.r r,. O"'«r
pcr - I
t • . . 11
H"h dt'1W ~IQ( dept ••• loo

I
I
I r----------------------'r-----------------------~----------------------------T---------

I~
Date

I
I ,~
f
1

FIGURE )

MINIMUM TEG
~
CONCENTRATION
•
I
o
L

.
•
o

I
I
I
I
Eqvlllbrlua (ainl.ua) vatar 4~ polnt

I obtalaabl. for a ,lvan la.n TtC coacen-

Cration aad .ffectlvc cone.eeoc C••per-
.cure.

-,..,.,

I HoaGeraph for •• u . . uftC 1.1\0 .ffect . f Itl'appa". Cu • • aC'U~ ~n4 "boahr tc.p.r.t .... n 1fT" TtG. IN UAH CLYCOL SoOUJT10lll
,.rforaance of • TEe "p"."t"- u.it.

I
Oft 0\.
91.0 , •. s H.O 9I.S

n...... he .. 11 •••...,. ..... I ...... tlUI .-.oC""'.

n.. c_cH,n,'_ .t 1...
Ii FI,. 3 lIM _ _ tr.,'_ ,Iycel h
.t
f_4 f ...
.... ,lreol I.
n .. 4 "r l<Ioo. 11.1. n.. te . . . I. d ... oqVOUoo
...... t .... ' •• 4 .r totel •• c.r " _.... lroa ~.
I" aM Cl,col clrcula'i . . nt •.
1\
nt_ aor_l reboi I., t . . . . r.''' ... 1.1 104-':. If
no ItUpp'a, ,at i . . . . . n a ct,cel ca-pOUUOft

I 1\ ... M .ffect OIl ,.rf.r-anc •. If .....c .....,.. 11 to

b • • ..,10y04. ,l'Oc ...4 .. r(lea11, fl"'lM "'. t .. ~r­
aU,A lane to tlt.. ' e . ,.,eo' ca-pouUOft.

I
I
I ,11 97\
o

9'.0 .... !» •• 0
'nc

I
1fT I" llQi C T 0 UA'-""'C nil. .,:>U •• t:1

I
I ----- - - - - , - , - - -.. -----.----------
----,---------~-
----

H"II'-"Oll .,
I~
f "'jl'

Date ,~/I"" I, •

I' FIGURE ')

1.40 - CONTAC1'OR D.IN1E:TI:R,

I
IJ /
/

11 ;1.:< +- .·4fe-.~bc-tHY+Rfci;~)~"'
I; '80

•:.:' ... !. r :..,

~j:-r-4j....l . / ... ~- L .. .f-- .• L4 ·t-~-+~'L-l?L;·r-+ <~2
i/: T I e I
I'
1- L : F:/, d ... :..:!.::::·.·.;:-:::
J_ .. ~ .:: ~!: +_:., ~:.. _:.]c.l]. ~fl L. ~;·~>l;L~~ :::~~: <!:~. :>'jj
! ~ : :.: ;,·t: ~~~:=- ~;t~,
I
; ,
---... . -.
; i
Ii .:~ j-r':~, -b'v~
!--; .. --"
: :: ; I : I:
·-t '~ . :::-V'::"~!·"+~L:::.:
-:-,V-"'I :-:.r::
; :

"ot l. tiL .j . >-' iI-:--l~V . L *~r-~lJdEf-:k

I [-Iu _ .~: I'. :""~1~' Lj j.LY -'-.' . :-1= c-l .J.-+.';'.:;'.:<
I. .•.

. .0 i-i.:....Tt+tt.cX-=>-~1': -~~,t,· +-iJ ..k"'. .:&¥I~r·i~ v

.,
1 ,~o~···;- .. : ., ... :. 'r:' ~'j :-S. :·1··:091-= · .~:- . ~,-~ . :~. -~. 'r=~:-r:r' -TTl ?
I, ~ .. .:. ... ~ -.. ~ - ::._+-.:j w·:·~::riz ~:i: ··;..·~)flc- ..rb~-::~.:.l/-b ~-;L-~··!~H·~::~

1\
11
I' III
0(

I
i:~~!~~·~~il~'~!~,i~~~li~~i~~i~,~~~~~ii~~~~;~~~~,~
!!::.:~: ii:: :::~ ;,::Flt: idt: ::j: gj::~ .;~~ ,::y; :i~; ::,; ::' ~!~ /:liHi U:: ::::lo.~; (T~n]1'~ ::;:Iifl! :E..:V,ji
~.:qm igl ;~;, ~i(: ~,,:
~~ l;~~ i~·~U ~j: ~~I. ~~~'~,~~~~:ill %;;~ ~n ~~ :!~~~ ~~~ ~t~ :i;i~: ~~ ~~~~ij:~ ~~;~~ ;~~,!~~~~i~~ l;~~;'
90 ;)11 i~!;{ :iii 'f:rLl~l.;:lJjif.i:~; ::'!~ ::;: i~: :::: y. g:::::- :iii :::: '::; i!E:@ ::'iN! !!!!~ltilli
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d RECYCL£OCAS
CAS

I ~ 'CH[UATIC OIAORA" OF" "OL£CULAA 'I£VE" AO~OAPTIO'"

COW""€HOR

I
I
 ·--~--T--- - -------------------------------.---------

~.t\., 'i wt:l: IT,,," I '\,JC

= Date 2/s) 12.10

1. APPLICABILITY

Generally natwal gas, or assocldted gas CorH,lin acid cornpiOnents, rnainly clri)on ril<)'<:i<j,:
( C0 2) hydroge~ sulfide (COS), carbon disulfIde ( CS 2) and mercaptans.

To obtain a commercial product, gaseous or liquefied, the gas needs to be treated to

eliminate these sour components for safety or process re~sons. An other aspect of gas
sweetening is linked wi th the development of the C02 injectlion to improve oil recovery. In
this case C02 is extracted by a selective process. This section details different methods
available for gas sweetening and lists their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are
given on which system to select for specific services.

A detailed sizing method is beyond the scope of this sectiion, but can be found In the
referenced Ii terature is required.

2. UNIT
I

The specification of treated gas can be given in grains/lOO SdF for H2 S or sulfur content

1 grainllOO SCF = 16 ppm volume

3. GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES

Various processes are available:

chemical absorption solid bed adsorption

physical absorption cryogenic fractionation
chemical conversion using catalyst
the absorption process is the most utilised

3.1. CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

In this type of process, the chemical solvent absorbes the acid components present
in the feed gas by chemical reaction and releases them by heating at low pressure.

The main chemical solvents are

The Alkanolamines Agueous % normally

used (wt)
,\\EA (Monoethanolamine)
15-20
DEA (Diethonolomine)
20-35
DGA (R) (Diglycolamine), (FLUOR ECONA,\lINE) up to 65
.\\DEA (Methyldiethanolamine)
15-30
DIPA (Diisopropanolamine), (ADIP)
30-40
v. al;':aline 531t solutions .:IS potassium carbonate KZ Cu 3
 -y"" .
I
GAS') WEETENINC
R(\Vf~IOn o Page No ~ ~I
Date: 2/&5 r

.-\lkannI3:ninc') ~3nnot qc used undiluted beC31J5e :

12.11
l
close to solid state at arnbie~t conditions

low stability at high temperature (heating is needed to extract the absorbed acid
gases) with generation of highly corrosive products by decomposition.

Table shows the advantages and disadvantages of these processes.

3.1.1. MEA PROCESS (see figure 1)

,\ilEA solution was the first solvent used and is still widely used. Generally a
15 % weight solution is utilized.

a) Advantages
I
I
- high reactivity
low solvent cost
good chemical stability
publicly available (no licensing fees)
b) Disadvantages
,I: I
irreversible degradation into corrosion products by sulfur components.
such as COS, CS2

- irreversible degradation for the solvent by oxygen (Direct contact with

air must be avoided)
- ineffectiveness for removing mercaptans
- high utili ty requirements high vaporisation losses
- need of rec1aimer to purify the circul~ting solution
- no selectivity for absorption betweenH2S and C02
- foaming problem
·1
c) Fields of utilization

- general use: MEA can be utilized for gases containing from 60 ppm to
,
15 % volume acid gases without COS, CS2, mercaptans and with acid
gas partial pressure up to 100 PSIA currently maximum capacity for a
I
MEA unit is around 250 XI06 SCFD.

3.1.2. DEA PROCESS

I
The second most widely used gas treating process wi th a tendancy to replace
the MEA process and some improved process~s.
I
Flow diagram very similar to ,\ilEA process wj thout reclallner.
I
I
I
I
-----------_._- ....

CA<) ')I,l,'EETENINC

Date 2/35 12.12

no degr-ld-l tion by COS and \~S2 (hydrolysed into C02/H2S)

J. sig:1ificant amount of the light mercaptans present on the feed g<1S
is abs0rbed

a good chemical stability _ no need for a reclairner

J.very low absorption of hydrocarbons _ reduced vaporisation
publicly available losses

b) Disadvantages

lower reactivity compared to ,\1EA and thus higher circulation rates

for the conventional system (Not applicable to SNEA-DEA process)
an irreversible degradation of the solvent by oxygen and HCN
higher utili ties requirements
no selectivity for absorption between H2 5 and C02
foaming problems

c) Fields of utilization

The DEA process is used to treat gases containing H2 5 , C02 and also
COS, CS20 R5H (up to a total acid gas content of 20 % volume)

5
H2 content of the treated gas lower than the normal specification
requirements (4 ppm volume) can be acheived. The C02 content of the
treated gas can be as low as to lOa ppm volume. Performance of the
process depends on the C02/H25 ratio in the feed gas.

d) Improved processes

I. Split flow (see figure 2)

F or Sour gases wi th high acid gas content (above 25 % mole), DEA

flow rate can be reduced. Investment cost increases significantly
(more equipment, complex columns, increased regenerator height).

2. SNEA - DEA process

5NEA company has developed a process using a higher concentration

of DE.-\ (above 30 % weight).

The process licensor claims to gIve in one step, for gases containing
o t03 5 % of H 2 5 and 0 to 35 % of C02, a treated gas rna tChing the
rT10st stringent H2S s~eciflCation (4 pprn by volurne).
r------ ______, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
I
g')\lI',:()r'"

CAS SWEE1TNINC

O.)le
I
2/35 12.13
I
3.1.3. DIGL YCOLAMINE (DGA) PHOCESS (FLUOR ECONAMI;-..JE)
I
The DGA process has a limited number of units cOfnpared with \IE:\ and
DEA.
I
Although in the public domaine, the process was developed by FLUOR and is
refered to as the FLUOR ECONAMINE process advantages and disadvantages
to compare with ,V1EA are:
I
a) Advantages
I ,
- low solution circulation rate due to the c.oncentration (same absorption
capacity as MEA)
- low utili ties consumption
I
- very low pour point (-40°F) - Plants in cold climate areas
b) Disadvantages
I
- needs cooling of the solution during the absorption phase I
- high solubility hydrocarbons and aromatics are dissolved
- high solvent cost. I
!
c) Criteria of selection

Like MEA, DGA reacts both with C02 and CS2 and a reclaimer is
I
required. The process is applicable to gases with acid gas content from
1.5 to 30 96 volume and C02/H2S ratios between 300/1 and 0.1/1 at
operating pressures above 15 PSIG.
I
3.1.4. DIPA PROCESS I
This process has been developed by SHELL under the ADIP trademark name.
It is characterized by the selective absorption of H2 S in presence of C02'
I
3.1.5. MDEA PROCESS
I
As with DIPA, MDEA is characterized by its selectivity for H2 S in presence
of C02'
I
MDEA processes are proposed by process licensors:

SNEA (D) I
UNION CARBIDE: UCARSOL
I
I
I
,-----~- .- .. _---
-----.--------------------------------~-----------,-----~- " !,">j,':

r)
Cr\') ')WITTlNINC
a
Date 2/&5 12.14

).1.6. HOT POT ASSII J \\ Ct\l~bON:\TE PI~OCESS (see figure 3)

An activator specific to each process licensor is added to Increase the

reactivity of the solution

- BENFIELD (amine and other activators)

- CAT ACARB (amine and other activators)
- GIAMMARCO-VETROCOKE (arsenic and others activators)

The main characteristic of the process i~ that the absorber and the
regenerator operate at the same temperature (lIO/I15 0 C)

a) ,'\dvantages

no degradation by COS and CS2 which afe hydrolysed

good-chemical stability - no need fpr a reclaimer
no reaction with air - low heat requirements (isothermal)
low hydrocarbon absorption - selective Ico2 absorption
(GIAM,\1,AJRCO)

b) Disadvantages

licensing fees required - high water crntent of treated gas

low reactivity with H2S - no mercaptan absorption

c) Fields of utilization

I
Applicable mainly on gas with high C02 cpntent. Low H2 absorption
, S
makes it difficult to achieve specification of!4- ppm volume.

Generally a two stage process will be used

K2 CO ) for C02 removal

amine fbr H2S removal

This dual system (amine 1 K2CO) can be in some instances more

attractive cost wise than an amine process.

3.1.7. CONST/{ UCTION MATERIALS

'I

!
Carbon steel generally utilized in the cfuemical absorption units.
Regenerator can have a strainless steel cladding and trays. Reboiler tubes
can be stainless, but still subject to c')rros10~. \1one! is :in alternative by
costly, copper alloys shall be avoided.
 Rt)·.tt\.l )" ()

CAS S \I/E[ rENINC

Date 2/85 12.15

Generally solutions treating gas with high C02/H2S ratio will be more
corrosive.

When the C02/H2S ratio is high, stainless steel will be preferred for the
following equipment: amine/amine exchanger tubes, expansion value
internals, regenerator trays and reboiler tubes.

3.2. PHYSICAL ABSORPTION

In this type of process, the solvent extracts the acid components by simple physical
contact and releases them by simple expansion at low pressure.

High pressure and low temperature favour the physical absorption. Table 2 lists the
advantages and disadvantages of physical solvents. These processes are applicable
especially in the case of high acid gas partial pressure (above 5 bars also).

Not suitable for sweetening at low or medium pressure (to bars abs) gases containing
large amount of heavy hydrocarbons. Can be considered for a selective absorption.

The main processes are:

3.2.1. WATER WASH

Can be used as primary treatment. For absorbers water wash can be achieved
by addition of trays in the top section. ,

Because of its low efficiency, water wash should be used mainly on gases with I
a large amount of H2S. Corrosion problems for this process should be
considered carefully.
I
3.2.2. SELEXOL PROCESS (see figure 4)
I
developed by NORTON CHEMICAL PROCESS can be applied to gases
with large acid gas content.

has been applied for sweetening of gases containing up to 65 % of C02

I
and 9 % of H2 S at pressure ranging from 25 to 100 bars abs.

treated gas specification can reach 0,02 % C02 and I pp~ H2 S. When
I
used to absorb selectively H2S or C02 it can also dehydrate.

other sulfur compounds (COS, mercaptans) are also eliminated.

I
I
I
I
 "" .

CAS <)WEE ITNING

2 &1
OJte 2/&5 12.16

3.2.3. FL UOI\ SOL VENT

- developed by FLUOR, propylene carbonate is used as the solvent

- primarly intended for the removal of C02 from gas containing up to 50 %

volume residual C02 content around I % volume in treated gas.

C02 solubility is higher than that obtained with \IEA or potassium

carbonate.

can be used to treat gas containing H2 S and C02. H2 S content would

require a finishing treatment douwstream to obtain 6 ppm of H2 S, COS and
mercaptans also absorbed.

- requires an extensive use frotating equipment.

3.2.4. PURISOL PROCESS

- proposed by LURGI uses n-methyl-2-pyr-rolidone as solvent

- as the solubility of H2S is higher than C02 can be considered as a selective

process to remove H2S even in case of low H2 S / C0 2 ratio.

3.2.5. RECTISOL PROCESS

- developed by LURGI, uses a refrigerated solution of methanol as solvent.

High selectivity for C02, primarly used on synthesis gas or on precooled
gas (cooling by an external refrigerant cycle for example).

- major disadvantage of the process, when not integrated in a plant already

equipped with refrigeration cycles, needs refrigeration and methanol
injection.

3.2.6. EST ASOL VAN

Developed by F. UHDE GMBH uses tri-n-butylphosphate as solvent. Selective

process for H2 S extraction. If C02 specifications on the treated gas are
stringent, additional unit downstream will be required.

3.3. PHYSICO - CHEMICAL PROCESSES

3.3.1. SULFINOL

- this process has been developed by SHELL

- involves a physical solvent (sulfolane) and a chernically reactive agent
(O[PA alkanolarnine) in aqueous solution.
 P.HF' No
I
CAS SWITTENINL

Date: 2/&5 12.17

I
I
Sulfoldne permits deep absorption of C02 and H2S, Arnine facilitates the
extraction of the acid gases from solvent during regeneration I
performances for selective dnd non selective H2S absorption depends on
operating conditions
process also permits extraction of mercaptans and other sulfur compounds
(COS). As for physical absorption, absorption of heavy hydrocarbons
occurs (mainly aromatics). Does not dehydrate the treated gas. Compared
to amine processes, SULFINOL shows a low foaming tendency
SULFINOL solution freezes at about _2°e.

3.4. SOLID BED PROCESS

3.4.1. MOLECULAR SIEVES

not widely used for gas sweetening

can be used as a finishing treatment to remove mercaptans
absorption in molecular sieves is particularly well adapted for LPG as
finishing treatment to obtain the sulfur content specifications of propane
I
and butane
good absorption capacity for H2S low for C02' They remove water
,
pre ferentiaJly
sieve life is reduced for gases with high C02 and H2 S content I
3.4.2. IRON SPONGE PROCESS

could be also classified as absorption process or as a conversion process

I
(H2 S is converted to sulfur)
mainly applied to gas with low H2S content
I
discontinuous process, iron oxide has to be regenerated or replaced. I
Spontaneous combustion of the fouled product occurs with air. I I

4. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF ABSORPTION PROCES~ES

there is no multipurpose process for gas sweetening, each case is specific and shall be
I
studied accordingly
final selection is done on the basis of economical criteria from short list of processes
which seem appropriate to satisfy the treated gas specifications
I
I
I
I
I
I CAS SWEETEN INC
P.lYC No

I Date· 2/85 12.18

I chemical processes are characterized by their abili ty to absorb acid gases with a low
influence of the gas pressure. They require a large heat quantity for regeneration

I physical processes performances are more dependant on gas pressure. A thigh

pressure with high acid gas partial pressure, the absorption is better than for

I chern ical processes

selection criteria listed herebelow can be used for preselection of sweetening

processes but shall not be considered as definitive.
I
4.1. C02 ABSORPTION (NO H2S IN THE GAS) (see figure 5)

I 4.2. SIMULTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF C02 AND H2 S (see figure 6)

I 4.3. H2 S ABSORPTION (NO C02 IN THE GAS) (see figure 7)

This is not a frequent situation with natural gases.

4.4. S

I H2 SELECTIVE ABSORPTION (H2S AND C02 IN THE GAS) (see figure 8)

Physical solvents are particularly well adapted in thi~ case.

I I

Among the chemical processes, only MDEA and DIpA seem to be adapted for this
service.

I 5. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE

I (I)
Natural gas production transmission and processing
F. W. COLE, D.L. KATZ, L.S. REID, C.H. HINTON
I (2)
Gas condi tioning and processing (volume 4) gas and liquid sweeterting by

I ROBERT N. MADDOX edited by JOHN M. CAMPBEL~.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I Date I.·

I FIGURE

MEA PROCESS

I Fl"Ow OIAGRAM

1 00-.1 to .et.,
.. o:s.-.t 16 •• ,
#'

r- r-
FIL TER
Bl.ANI(ET
REFLUX
C"'S Tu",;

..... 'NE
COOLER
AWI"E
SURGE STIl.L
TANK

I REFLUX PV .. P

I SOUR
-_
FLASH CAS

C"'S .... AWINE

'"uwp ...... _-",
I
CONTACTOR

FL"'SH T"'NI(

I
RECl. ... I .. ER

I RICH WEA' LEA .. WEA

EXCH ..... GER
STILL
REIIOILER

I o ·PRE HIO" Po.,

o re .. PER ... rVRE OF

I
I
I
I
I
',',' ~ 1

[)ol I I.'

I AnVANTACr\ ANn f)1\AfWANTACt\ t)r AII\t'I> I' TION

lA/ILl

I'I>O<":f~\F.S!f\Y CI'f"WAl \"lVt,",,1

I ',. ,~q\"I"I'" to "CH1If;JI\

~nVANTACf\

p"",4' P'~\\II(f"
E .o'h~'m.1 (,h~m".II
PI""OVANT "Cf~
I

... ("on "Q"."n~ ~.~~ ~n~'It, '1" ... ,,1, 10'

r~"t'nt'f.Jll('Jn 110 f".lr~(1 .('1(1 (.1'1", "nm thf'" \olutlonl

,\1,..:,'" ,n, .. ,~ ..\,.(' .,;" ,f'l ... ('IP("'.t'11l1t f)f'f"\,urr on the"'

Irr.)I,.d r".J\ 1""'lh, n ,,10.of to .. ,n'f"\t{ _h('n '''(' \Olollon I~ pf)lIulrrf Ch.,chnf" .a,h(Hl\.
o,tI'H)('ndrt1 \0'1(1\)

';rr" \1''::''1 dtnorpllon of ht' .... y f'l,drO<"<lrbon\ P"".t)ly

:"f"\("nl ," Ihr frrrt It~, COrtoilon probl('m, fC',\uh,n« hun, \tlltJllon .,)II(JdIIOIl ((onl.-, . . . . H.
d") Of' 'rom \olullOn 'ppf:rht'dltn~ r1ur,n.:, f('!tf'nf"r.t,nfl

\10,,"1 .... , Iht' prOCf"U('\ .Jv .. ,lahlt' In tht' Duhh( 110rn .. tn

(no flr-rn\ln" rrt',1 I'",~ ~.,~, '~qu,,~d ,t d.lu'~ 'h~ \olv~n'
''-111 K·n!\oIYcr'l1 cQvlllbrHJm t14' • .tV.I.ldhlco If\ thc
HI~h ~'I<' ('on'~n' 011 'h~ "~.'~d ~d\
I
i.rr'-'drll,t>
I

I "OVANTAGE~
TABLE
PHYSIC"l SOL VENT~
2

['IIS~DVANT"Gn

I r ~ ~("n("r .II f Ion

prt!'nurf"

ReduCe"d corrOSion Co",p.ared "'Ith Not \UI t,.t1 tOt (as .:at medIUm
chemIcal p(OCeHe~ r limlnes) prenvrf" f dHocldted ~as)

La ... wafer content o! tht' Absorption 0' f'leavy hydrocarbons

I "0 nC'e"d lor pure" watcr tor

from fhe" 'ecod ~as

dilution

'10 hC'.tln~ rCQUlred fOt' solvent

I ACID
GAS
SWEET

I LEAN
SOLN.

I •• '0-.(.

I SOUR
COOL

GAS

I ~TEAM
I _SPLIT STREI\M
.'1MIN[ PJH!C[SS

I --------------------------~

I
 f'flOCESS lNGINI LfllN(~ [)E~;'(;~~ r.'.\NUJ\L R ev/\/on l

.,

I Date 1 ..~ . ~) !

I -,
I

-tll.V.
-.cCUWUl" '0.

l(AIif
SOL lot ",OI-I.lU.,

'·.ffOAI

I
I HOT CARBONATE PROCESS

FIGURE 3

I
RESIDUE GAS

I HZS 6 AIR

I FUEL
ABSORBER GAS

I INLET GAS
STRIPPER

I COMPRESSOR
Aln

RECYCLE

I
SOLVENT VENT

I ..lSJ.f...XOI,. PRQCESS FLOII' FOR HIGH CO

FIGURE 4
Z
ANO HIGH HZ!"

I
I
I
- - - - - - - - - - - .... .. -, - - - - - I .J ~ ••. ,_••..• .J 1..--.- ~

FI9U~ f,

...!'I L!U!'UlYL_~_~J9RL!!.9.!!.f.~Q"...f~~
FIGURE 5 _CQ"~~~~-"l U!!Q_~91

swEETENING PROCOIES FOR GAS

CONTAINING 1i 2 LQ!!llINO CO 2 '

- ---- " ' , ' (II. '''IAl 'Ainu'" IN 'HI 'liD CI.' IIUI.,
",1. ,.."TIAl .... (Bu'" ..... THI ' ( ( 0 GAS. IIl1t i .1

1,000
1,000
800 f--
800) .
600 :;
600) ~
-,
400
IEl.(IOl ~HYSICAL SOL YI N TI
400I ....
~"YSICAl P"OClIUI "-
SUl"NOl I I
~.
200 r - - ,.S'SDLYAHT
UPAICLV
200I
,
'N (A ..C)(" :-~
100
80 10 I V
8I Vi
60
6I

V ++-,
V'II
40
~.OC£Ull
4 I
' I .,
IIOU. AOIP. IUL"NOL AOIP.II,A PHH'CAL I I'
I .'- ' i ~

]0 _ .

10
I
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2I

..J I
V
Gf"" ~t--
q ...
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L

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8 I
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v.: ,)" ~

0°~"O
_ _ AW'".(S VITIIIOCO"( tot)'
IT R( 1'0110 ......
~"<;I I

ff"'--
•
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",+"
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Co
r: ~

.." V
..

~i'O'
la(HOAO 1----- t-- ...

~
~
~'(IAOCO.(

V
III '"oeOI(( M S
I
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I I I ,
WOEA
I
001 0,02 004 0.06 0.1 a2 0.4 0.60.81.0 2 4 6 8 10.0
0.1 a1 0,4 060.81.0 6 8 10 0 20 00
--;
"1' PARTIAL ""(SSUIIII IN THE ..... COUCT 1,,1')
"1' P"""Al ",,'uu., ,. . fHI PAOOUC' " •• ,1
-.
,-
--------------------- ' . .J

FIGURE 7 PLGURE 8
l!.f.fTENIN(; PBOCEHU FOR GAS i"H TfNINC PROCESSES FOR CAS
CONT AININ(; C;O,..QNLY INO N,II CONTAINING CO, ~ ,t

ACI~ CAl PA~TI.L PIIEUUII[ IN THf FEEO C.l 1'"''

} - - - ~ ... 1IfI TIAl PAl Uuflt,E 0' CO
, IN THE' E I: 0 CAS «, ... ,

11,0000 1,00 I
II 800 I I 80 ) "'::
'.1 CO) • • 1111"'(1 . , CO,
600 60 I
:::::
40 I .,.,
400 ;,~

~"~I,bAL
PM"ICAL
tOl HTI :./l
't(
• AWIJrillf 10~ V['N Tl
~H'IICAL IOLVENTS fCO ..... , .. ( ~HYSIC"'1.. SOt..V(NTS ..,.,
I·
I
200 20 'f--
S.. lA·Of.
I . , CO,' • .,'''fl
IUOOL ?i
z
z
100 :.~
/ 80 l/j
ao ~

60
. , CO, 'HYl'CAL IOLVENTS V 60 I
L
. , CO, 0[. IULF, .. OL., .. U'CAL SOLVE .. TS VI Z
/ / ~
40 V 40 I V ! :J
m

CO~
-

..V
I

/.I
: :./l
I

I -,
~
., DEl IUl"HDL I
. , CO, .w'NE
20 20I I Z
k1~~
4·
~ L}~>l
....
4·
I

I
:::
;-
10
V4··
."
...' 10
8 V4"·"
...... z
,-
~

>
VnO>l." l/n . . .
8 r
O~
6
lhO~"
6
4
t£o~ .
~ ...'+.. ....'-to" 0

V V
~
w
"''''H( (wI A,
O(A SUI..'IHOL ~
..
<

2 2
-
I
0.1 0.2 O.~
lL •
0.60.81.0 2 6 a 10.0 20 .0 60 SO 100
1
0.1 0.2 04 0.6
V
1.0 '2 4
'--'-
6 8 100
-

10 40 60 80100.
I"

:::

PUHlAl P'IIE: SSU"( OF CO, IN PIltOOUCT C,"" AC,D CAS PARTIA.l,. PR(UURE 'H PRODuCT "'1')
-u
'.
Z
 o
2
Date. 2/85 12.24

I. APPLICABILITY

For both feasibility and pre-project studies, the engineer will be required to select a
process scheme (i.e. : choice between cold frac and refrigeration system) to estimate the
power, utilities, weight of this package.

2. DESCRIPTION

The description is based on simple cycle. A refrigeration cycle is based on the exchange
between a hot source and a cold source. The cold source is a refrigerant, the air or the
water, the hot source is the gas to be refrigerated. (see figs I, IA)

Figure shows such a cycle where:

tl is refrigerating stream temperature

t2 is condensed refrigerating stream temperature
PI is vapor pressure of the refrigerating stream at q
P2 is vapor pressure of the refrigerating st~eam at t2
Pd compressor discharge pressure
td
compressor discharge temperature
T I/T2
initial and final tempera ture of the hot sourte
TR I/TR 2
initial and final temperature of the cold sou~ce
I

On the figure I A, it is easy to explain the cycle on a pressure enthalpy diagram:

I
is the duty of the process to be refrigerated
is the duty of the condenser
QI + HP
HP is the power of the compressor

3. MODIFICA nONS - ECONOMISER

During the discharge of the cryogenic refrigerant, a mixed phase is generated (vapor and
liquid). Only the liquid phase participates in the cooling dUity. The vapor phase being
compressed from low pressure to the high pressure without participation at the
refrigerated duty.

It is possible to remove a part of this vapor phase by addition of an intermediate pressure

stage removing the vapJr' from the low pressure stage compressor which is called
economiser (see figures 2 and 2A). An economiser is widely used in the industry.
 I
2
REFRICERA nON
Date.
I
...,
2/&5 12.25
I
4. SELECTION OF THE REFRIGERANT I
Depends on the required final temperature of the hot source and the disponibility of the
country where the units are installed. I
. Tables I shows the performanr.es of different refrigerants in various conditions.

It is recommended that the compressor suction pressure be maintained above atmospheric

i
......
pressure.

5. CHOICE OF DlFFERENT PARAMETERS

I
5.1. REFRIGERATING STREAM TEMPERATURE tl AND COMPRESSOR SUCTION
I
PRESSURE P2

t 1 to be 3 to 6°C lower than the final temperature of the hot Source T 2.

I
With the selected refrigerant and q read on the MOLLIER diagram of the selected
refrigerant the vapor pressure.
I
5~2. CONDENSED REFRIGERA TING STREAM TEMPERATURE t2 AND COMPRESSOR I
DISCHARGE PRESSURE P d

In first, estimation take t2 ::: TRI (initial temperature of cold source) + 15 or 20 G c.

t2 to be checked later if it is compatible with the cold source flowrate and the pinch
of the condenser (pinch are shell and tube § 3 note 2) which should be 3°c minimum.

With t2 determine P2 which is the vapor pressure of the refrigerant at t2 (read

MOLLIER diagram). Compressor discharge pressure ::: Pd ::: P2 + ~P through the
condenser.

5.3. PRESSURE IN THE ECONOMISER Pe

This pressure will be finalized with the compressor manufacture but for an estimation
take:
I
I
I
I
I
I
 REFRIGERt\ nON

Date. 2/&5 12.26

6. CALCULATiON WITH ECONOMISER (sce figure 2A)

Step I Determine refrigerant circulation through the evapbrator = m2

% vapor at evaporator inlet = x 100

% liquid at evaporator inlet = x 100

Step 2 Determine vapor refrigerant circulation rate through the econo-

miser = ml

% vapor at econorniser inlet = x 100

% liquid at economiser inlet = x 100

% vapor at economiser inlet

x
96 liquid at economiser inlet

Step 3 I
Determine refrigerant circulation through the condenser = m

Step 4- Duty of condenser

~Q2 = m

Step 5 Calculate the compressor discharge temperature and power (see

compressor chapter).

Step 6 Check the pinch in the condenser and the cold source flowrate (if not
acceptable select a new t2 and Pd and repeat. the calculation).

Step 7 Size drums evaporator and condenser (see vessels and shell and tube
exchanger chap ter 5).
 1
REFRIGEI~ATION
RevIsion o Page No
I'
r-------------~------------------------------ ______~Date
____• 2/&5__~~1~2~.2~7~~1
~~

7. SELECTION OF MATERIAL 1
The material selection to be made carefully. We recommend to take the temperature
corresponding at the vapor pressure at the atmosphere pressure (i.e.: for propane it is
recommended to select the low temperature killed carbon steel).

&. MULTISTAGE CYCLE

1
If we look at the enthalpic curves of the exchanger (process refrigerant) with or without
economiser, it is obvious to see that the area between the process stream and the
refrigerant stream is proportional to the compressor work (in a first approximation).
1
It is possible to reduce this area by addi tion of several pressure levels between the discharge
and the suction of the compressor. However, there is more equipment (drums, exchangers,
1
regulation) and the compressor is more complicated.
The number of pressure levels is an economical problem but the maximum is 3 or 4 I,
selections of these pressures: the pressure ratio between each pressure is for a first
estimation.
1
= number of compresser suction
= first compressor suction pressure
condenser pressure

9. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE

9.1. Gas conditionning and processing volume 2 by Or. John M. CAMPBELL

9.2. Applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants volume 3 by Ernest E.
LUDWIG
1
9.3. Chemical Engineers Handbook by Robert H. PERRY/CECIL M. CHILTON
1
1
I
I

I
I -----_ .. _-

Hevlslnn f> _HI" r\J"

Dale

I REFRIGERATION CYCLE
FIGURE 1

I
(V)

RAW
GAS - - : - - - - - - - - f - ' TO COLO SEPARATOR
EVAPORATOR
(.101 )

(L +VI (LI

REFRIGERATION WATER
t2
td P2

COMPRESSOR
(HPI ACCUMULATOR

(LI

FIGURE 1.A
PRESSURE

CRITICAL POINT

tl t2
P2 ---~--------~~-------=-------k------~
(.1Q2'
CONDENSER td

I
I
I I .1 01
EVAPORATOR
..
H3 Hl H2 ENTHALPY
I
I
I
I
I~
7
I- REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH
Date 1 ...

ECONOMISER

I FIGURE 2

T 1 r-------, T2

11 ~------~~ ~~---------

11

te ECONOMISER
pe
P1
te pe

COMPRESSOR
(HP)
td
SUCTION
DRUM
T,
CONDENSER I
(602)

ACC4MULATOR

. FIGURE 2.A
, PRESSURE

I' (P) tl te t2 CRITlICAL POINT

I~

P2 --- --
I (602)

I te
td

I
I (601)
I te
I

I H3 H5 Hl H2 H4
I

ENTHALPY (H)
Hd

I ' - - - - - - - - -- -------- ----------------------

I
 Table 1 COMPARISON OF COMMON REFRIGERANTS
£va pord tor
Temp. °e _62 oC -57°C -51°C -40 0 C -34°C
-46°C -29°C -23 0 e -18 0 e -12 0 e _6 0 e _loe 40 e 10°C 15°C
Evaporator Al11!'On Ia 0.3825 0.5286 0.716 0.958 1.26
Prenur e Propylene 0.496 0.655 0.861 1.63 2.095 2.65 3.31 4. 11 5.03 6.15 7.41
in Bars 1.11 1.43 1. 79 2.21 2.69 3.31 4.00 4.82 5.68
Propane 0.3825 0.513 0.674 0.868 6.62 7.79 9.03
1.12 1. 41 . 1. 76 2.16 2.63 3.20 3.86 4.64 5.51 6.485
Freon 12 0.198 0.274 0.369 0.491 0.641 0.B27 1.05 7.58
1. 32 1.64 2.02 2.46 2.97 3.56 4.23 4.99
eondensed LIquId Temperature 35°C; Condenser Pressu re
Ammonia 35.58; Propylene 14.61; Propane 12.20; Freon 12In Bars '"::
:::J
8.. 48 :::;
kgm refrIge rant AlTJOOnld 0.206 0.204 0.202 0.200 0.199 0.197 0.196 0.195 0.193 0.192 0.191
, .
per minute Propylene 0.939 0.913 0.889 0.871 0.848 0.830 0.812 0.191 0.190 "'"
per ton of Propane 0.990 0.958 0.925 0.8~ 0.875 0.853 0.830 0.807 0.798 0.780 0.767 0.753 0.739 0.726 0.712 0.699 :/l
r efrlger a tlon Freon 12 2.35 0.789 0.776 0.756 0.739 0.721 0.708 0.694
,.,.,
2.28 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.05 2.00 1. 96 1. 91 1.87 2
1.84 1. 79 1. 76 1. 73 I. 70 ~
:;;
~
Brake horsepower Amronla 4.31 . 3.74 "':
per ton of 3.23 2.80 2.41 2.08 1. 78 1. 50 1. 26 1. 03 0.835 :::J 2
Propyl ene 5.00 4.47 3.96 3.51 3.10 2.69 0.648 0.483 m
refrige ration Propane 2.35 2.06 1. 74 1. 46 1. 20 1.00 0.830 0.647 0.485.
o.
,...,
4.98 4.39 3.87 3 ;43 3'.03 2.67 2.32 2.03 1. 75
Freon 12 5.70 4.98 4.33 1.49 1. 24 1.01 0.800 0.622 0.458 :::::
3.79 3.31 2.86 2.47 2.14 1.83 1. 55' 1. 30 1.05 S·
0.848 0.668 0.490 2
Kilowatt per AlTJOOn i a 3.22 2.79
ton of 2.41 2.09 1.80 1. S5 1. 33 1.12 0.940 0.768 0.623 ::J
Propylene 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.62 2.31 2.01 0.483 0.360 .~

.."
refrige ration 1. 75 1. 54 1. 30 1.09 0.895 0.746 0.619 0.483
Propane 3.72 3.27 2.89 0.362
Freon 12 4.25 3.72 3.23
2.56
2.83
2.26 1. 99
2.47 2.13
1. 73 1. 51 1. 31 1.11 0.925 0.753 0.597 0.464 0.342
'

-,A

1.84 1.60 1. 37 1.16 0.970 0.791 0.633 0.498 0.)66

~

2
Condensed liquid Temperature 52 0 e; Condenser Pressu re In Bars: ~
Ammonia 20.88; Propylene 21.64; Propclrl~ 17.92; Freon 12 12.68 :>
2
kgm re fr i gerant AlITT()n Ia 0.223 0.221
~

:>
per minute 0.219 0.217 0.215 0.213 0.211 0.210 0.209 0.207 0.206
Propylene 1. 21 1.17 1.13 1.10 1.07 1. 03 0.205 0.204 r
per ton of 1. 01 0.980 0.957 0.934 0.912 0.894 0.875 0.857 0.844
Propane 1.30 1.24 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.04 1. 01
refrige ration Freon 12 2.91 0.980 0.953 0.925 0.903 0.880 0.857 0.8)5
2.81 2.71 2.63 2.54 2.47 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.01 I. 96 0
~
Brake horsepower Arrrnonia 5.68 4.96
per ton of Propyl ene 7.49
4.38 3.81 3.33 2.92 2.54 2.19 1.90 1. 63 1. 38 1.16 0.952
I't
"
~

6.72 5.96 5.32 4.71 4.14 3.66 3.23 2.79 2.41

refrige ration Propane 7.47 6.60 5.85 2.03 1. 78 1. 55 1. 31 I. 10
5.18 4.60 4.06 3.59 3.18 2.81 2.43 2.07 1.77 1. 50
Freon 12 8.09 7.11 6.25 5.46 1. 2 5 1. 03
4.78 4.18 3.67 3.20 2.78 2.41 2.07 1.77 1.49 1. 24 1. 02
Kilowatt per AlITT()nia 4.24 3.70 3.27 2.84
~
-
ton 0 f 2.48 2.18 1. 89 1.63 1. 42 1. 22 1.03 0.865 0.710
Propyl ene 5.59 5.01 4.45 3.97 3.50 3.09 2.73 2.41 2.08
refr Igerat ion Propane 5.57 4.92 1.80 1. 51 1. 33 1. 16 0.977 0.821
4.36 3.86 3.43 3.03 2.68 2.37 2.10 1. 81 1. 54 1.32 1. 12
Freon 12 6.04 5.30 4.66 0.933 0.768 -::
4.07 3.57 3.12 2.74 2.39 2.07 1.80 1. 54 1. 32 1. 11 0.925 0.761
~
<-
 1
--- "H()I:I " ,).) r:"J(;'Nf"! Hlt~,; DESIGN '.,/\rJlJ/\L

;U'YR: ~. tJ.,'\ : : (Ji:

IIt~VI~I()f1

Date :-:' /n',

p '''Jt~ t'J I)

i :' . J I

Tabl. 1-
COMPARATIVE OA TA OF REFR IG£RAlHS
1
I
RefrIgerant Number
(ARI Oesigndtion) F -11 F -12 f -2'l F-II 3 F -114 F -SOO
Chemical formula CCll '-
CCI2fZ (HC I F2 CCIZF- C2CI/ 4 73.8t C(12' i
Molecular Wt
80llin9 pt. ta 1. 013 bus. °c
131. J8
23.1
120.93
- 29.8
86.48
40.8
CCIF2

181.39
41.6
110.93
3.6
26.2t CH)CH 2

99.29
-]].]
I.
Critical temp. °c
Critical pressure. bars

Specific heats keal/k9m °c

of liquid ta 300c
191.8
43.16
112
41.14
96
49.35
214.1
34.11
145.1
32.67
122 .8
43.49 I
.220 .235 .]]5 .218 .238

I
Cp of vapor ta 160C. 1.013 bars .300
.146 .149 .156 .171
Cv of vapor ta 160(. 1. 013 bars .lJO .127 .145 .151
Ratio CplC v • K (300(.1.013 bars) I 1.11 1. )4 1.18 1.12 1.09 l.lJ
RH io of Spec i fie hea ts
I iquid. 460C
vapor, Cp .400C sat. press.
Odor
2.04 1. 55 2.14 1. 47 I. 59 1.17
I
Ethere. I. 'same same same same same

Vi scos i ty centipoises)
odorless when
mixed wlair
I
Sat. liquid 35°C .3893 .2463 .2253 .5845 .3420 .2150
41°C
Vapor [iI 1.013 bars -IOOC
4()OC
looC
.3123
.0101
.0103
.0105
.2395
.0118
.0119
.0121
.2207
.0120
.0122
.0124
.5472
.0097
.0098
.0100
.3272
.0108
.0109
.2100
1
.Olll
Thenna I Conductivity k

Sat. liquid 35°C

41°C
kea I
f9-"CC
.0881
.0864
.07155
.0698
.0852
.0823
.0162
.0744
.0641
1
Vapor ta 1. 013 bars .0626
-1°C
4°C
lOOC
.0061
.0068
.0068
.0070
.0073
.0016
.0089
.0091
.0094
.0055
.0058
.00595
.0083
.0085
.0088
I:
"

Ii

I
I
I
I
 --
,
PROCESS ENGINEEHING DESIGN MANUAL Re\ll\lon . Page No :
i ' "1· ,{\'. ~~.;.i ~

Date 2/&5

11
11
,
I,
Ii
1

Ii

13. UTI LI Tl ES

I
1-
I
1
1
I
I
I --

I
 .-----------,-----------------------------.----------,------,
1 I
UTILITIES
I a Date 2/85 1).1
I. APPLICABILITY

For both feasibility and pre-project studies the ef"\gineer will be required to make .:in
estimate of utility requirements both in consumptions ~1nd equipment required_
I

This section details a few guidelines and notes on the fbi lowing utilities:

1 WATER TREATMENT
UTILITY AND INSTRUMENT AIR
INERT GAS GENERA TORS
W,A. TER S YSTE,'vIS
FUELS

2. WATER TREATMENT

The following details the common used effluent water treatment equipment given in order
of effluent quality:

API gravity settler

J

! , Usually the first line of clean up. Simply a settling tank with a top skimmer to remove
any floating oil or debris and a bottom skimmer to remove sludge.

Effluent quality around 150 microns globules and 150 ppm oil.

Large bulky items, cannot be used offshore. Either circular or rectangular in design.

Simple, cheap very common in onshore use.

Tilted Plate Se arator (TPS) Corru ated Plate lnterce tor (CPO

Widely used both offshore and onshore.

0
Uses plate packs, usually at 45 mounted in a tank and relies on gravity settling between
oil + water within the spaces between the plates.

Effluent quality down to 60 micron oil globules and 50-200 ppm.

Can have problems with high solids content if upstream settling tank is not installed.

- TPS units are usually used as the first treatment stage offshore.
Flotation units

Uses induced or dissolved- air flotation to remove any residual solids/oil in the effluent.
Works in reverse to a gravity settler (small air bubbles trap debris and float to top of
tank).
 I
P,lq.· Nu
UTILITIES

Date' 2/85
I
13.2

I
Effluent quality better than 40 ppm. Vendors usually guarantee < 30 ppm.

Can be used both offshore and onshore. Usually installed downstream of a TPS unit or
I
A P I separator.

Filtration (Use for Water injection systems only)

I
Filtration units either uses media beds (sand, anthracite, garnet, walnut shells) to I
achieve water quality or filters (fibre socks, mesh, stainless steel cage).

Usually not required for effluent water treatment unless very low residual solids
I
content enforced by local effluent standards.

More commonly used for water re-injection where high quality, low solids level is
I
required. Can achieve 1-2 ppm in certain beds, 10-15 ppm is more common.

Units are generally compact but heavy due to media bed weight.
I
Good pre-filtration is required to prevent fouling up of main bed units.

E f f luen t standards
I
Listed below are maximum residual oil content in effluent wat'er for dumping to sea: 1
NORTH SEA
INDONESIA + MIDDLE EAST
40 ppm
30 ppm I
CHINA 20 ppm
LOCAL ESTUAR Y (river) 5 ppm (European standard) I·
Process drains, produced water, deck (site) drains (see figure 1)

Produced water may need degassing before treatment. If the amount of dissolved gas is
I
small it may be possible to handle it in the TPS unit.

Deck or site drains normally flow to a separate sump tank before de-oiling. If the deck
I
drainage is small or produced water flow is small, both streams can be c.ombined
through one TPS unit. I
Process drains are normally manually initiated and pass directly to the return oil slop
tank. These drains are generally water free. 1
Always try to use gravity feed between units. Pumping can cause emulsions and make
oil-water separation harder. Similarly avoid fast flowing lines and turbulent pipe
I
arrangements.

I
~,.

I
I
 - - - - - - -...-.. -.-.. --.--------,~-----_ _ _ r - -_ __

UTIUT1ES Page No

J. UTiliTY AND INSTRUMENT AIR (see figure 2) Date 2/85 I J.J

Co,npce"ed dic is used on plants loc instcument

uti Ii ty secvices eg , pneuma tic tool s, cleaning, etc. ,
CO~tcol,
I
tucbine and engme stact-up and

Foc tucbinelengine stan-up 17-25 bac SUpply will ~e cequiced.

I

F oc genec aJ instcu ,nen t and util i ty aic, Co'npcessoc 1isch acge acound 9 bac is adequa teo
ConsUmption, use 0.6 SC/m (0.0 17m31m in) loc eac~ aic pilot (~ Valve)
(jnstcument aie) 0.& sclm (0.022 m3lmin) loc vaJve Positionec
generally I mJ/h per valve unit will do as first estirr!ate.
Add 25% to compressor capacity for design.
I

Utility5 aic , conSUmption is inteemittent and

7 3
dilticul~ I

to estimate at eaely pecject stages.

Add 7 - 100 sci m (JJO - J 0 m 1h) to compcessoc capac it y /oc ini t iaJ esti ma te.

All plan ts shou Jd ha ve J 00% ins tcu men t aie s tandb y c <lpac it y.

U til i t Y and instcu men t ai c Can be sup p Ji ed I com 'ame compcessoc oc sepac a te ones
depending On capacity requirement.

Instcument aic mUst be dcied beloce use. Oew Point 0/ aic is dependant on minimum aic
. as
tempecatuce in Jocation 0/ unit. Genecally dessicant bed dciees ace used giving dew points
low as -600C.

~ot
Size aic ceceivecs to give JO-J5 minutes 01 instcumentaie assuming the compcessoc goes
down. this
during Pcessuce in the instcument aic ceceivee shouJd
period. laU beJow 80 psig (5.5 bac g)

Foc Jong aic tcansmission headecs in coJd climates intemjediate KQ puts may be cequiced.

An estimate 01 compcessoc and dCyee weights and P<Jwee ~ce given in /iguce 3.

Inen gas is cequiced in all pJants loc pucging and inee<jng 0/ equipmen,. Foc small
cequicements "'2 bottJes can be used in cacks. This howevec, is not leasible loc lacge units
and so gas geneeatoes mUst be supplied. The main types 01 gerieeatoc in use ace .

- cryogenic dis tilla tion of air

- oxygen absOrbtion on sieve
- gas Combustion

Focbepucging
to purged pucposes esti'nate capaCity based on 3 times the voJume 01 the IMgest
in one hour. ~e"el
 I
UTILITIES

Date
2/85
I
13.4

I
Cryogenic distillation is used only for large volume requirements, specifically LNG
plants. Not used offshore. I
Gas combustion produces a N2. C02 mixture for inerting and purging purposes. ,'Jot used
much these days except for onshore large volumes.
I
Pressure swing absorbtion is the must common used method for N2 generation. Skid
mounted units are sometimes supplied with dedicated air compressor, or can use
I
existing plant air compressor for supply. Air consumption is 4 -5 times inert gas
production rate, residual 02 in gas is 1-2%-3%.
I
Details and weights of cornmon units are given in figures 4 and 5.
I
5. WATER SYSTEMS

Seawater I
Used for cooling purposes both onshore and offshore. Can also be used as wash water,
sanitation water and feed to potable water units.

Seawater is also used for fire water systems but is usuaJly a separate system. The
seawater cooling circuit is normally connected to the fire water ring for emergency
supply only.

Always coarse filter the seawater before Circulating to the plant. This removes any
debris or marine life.

Treat with chlorine at 1-2 ppm concentration - maintain a residual CL - level in the
water exit at 0.3-0.5 ppm.

Seawater exit temperatures to outfall canals or drain caissons should not be above 400C
to prevent corrosion.

Once through water systems are preferr~d for small cooling duties with only 3-4
eXChangers. For large duties and number of units where the cost of corrosion proofing is
prohibitive consider using a closed loop cooling medium system. Common used is
25% TEG in water.

For cooling medium/seawater eXChangers consider using titanium or similar plate

eXChangers. These are especiaJly ideal offshore due to reduced weight and space
requirements. I
I
I
I
r - - - - - - - - - - - r - - - - - - - - - - - - - -____________-,-_______r -_ _ _ _- ,

IJTlLlTll~
?7
~------------__-L____________________________________________~______________
Date. 2/&'> ~_________
13.5 i

Pot.1ble 'w'ater, I
I

Depending on loea tion of plant potable water can be made in si tu or supplied by t.:mh:er
[or storage, or taken directly from a mains supply.

For onshore plants most common method of water supply is evaporative distillation.
Problem with these units is size and weight are high and residual TDS (Total Dissolved
Solids) is 5-10 ppm. This results is a bland distilled water which is not pleasant to drink.

Increasingly popular now are Reverse Osmosis units (RO) which are lighter and need less
maintenance than evaporative units. Water quality is 400-500 TDS (World Health
Organization TDS for drinking water is 500-1000) operating costs of RO units is
1.5 times that of evaporative distillation.

Power consumptions: for a 100 gph (O.38 m 3/h) unit.

Evaporative Distillation unit (EO) 3.5 kW

Reverse Osmosis (RO) 5 kW
Vapor Compression unit (VC) 15 kW

"'tost common unit offshore at present is the VC unit which is very reliable and easy to
operate. Unit operates at 100°C and is more susceptible to corrosion.

RO units are relatively new, operate at ambient temperature and has few mechanical
parts for servicing. Average membrane life is J years.

Consumption
estimate on 50-60 gallons per day per man (0.2 m J )
Storage
allow 10-15 days for offshore units
10 days for onshore remote areas

Potable water can be dosed with hypochlorite at 0.4-0.5 ppm to inhibit bacterial growth.
Waste water and sewage

Before discharging to river, sea, or underground sewage + waste water must be treated
to meet local health regulations prevalent in the area.

Limits are imposed on BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen
Demand), coliform bacteria Count and TDS.

Example limits are: bacteria < 200 per 100 ml

TDS < 150 ppm
BOD < 100mg/I
CL - residual > 0.5 mg/l ( 1.0 mg/l
 I
(JTILlTlE,)

Date: 2/85 I J.6

I
'iew.J.gc is treated by physical attrition, .)irati<)fl and rhl()rine dosing to
sewage.
\0-1~0 ppm raw I
Provide 15-20 hr retention time for enzymic action to reduce f)OD. I
Allow 30-50 gall/day per person (0.15 m J ) for sewage, shower, laundry and kitchen
wastes. Use upper limit for hot unsociable climates. I
6. FUELS

Diesel
I
Used for emergency generators, pump motors and air compressors, cranes, and
alternative fuel for turbines.
I
For emergency equipment provide individual day tanks sized on providing fuel for 24 hr I
operation.

Main diesel tank (for feed to day tanks) should hold 10-12 days supply. This is dependant I
on location of plant and normal supply periods.

Diesel should be filtered to ~ 5 Microns. Can be centrifuged to remove residual water

I
and smaller particles. This is especially recommended offshore where longer storage
times, supply boat debris, seawater contact and poor supply quality can lead to
operation problems.
I
For storage use atmospheric venting tanks with vacuum-PSV
pedestrals, platform legs or inter-deck space for offshore storage.
vent. Use crane I
Gas W
Fuel gas is supplied as normal fuel to generators, turbines

Always pass FG through a scrubber before use. Filter

an~
I

~as
any gas driven motors.

supply to turbines to
I
10 microns (generaJly turbine manufacturer wiJl state quality required and may include
his own filters) - do not rely on this and provide separate treatment anyway.
I
Maintain FG temperature at least DOC above dew point. Minimum temperature of gas
to be 5°C.

Common supply pressures are 15-20 bar (some jet engines need 35 bar).
•I
Size fuel gas supply on maximum design duty of all users operating. Allow + 10%
margin.
I
FG used for flare purge and pilots, etc., does not need to be filtered to 10 microns _ use
gas straight off scrubber overheads.
I
I
I
r----------~----
-~--------------
--- _ _r_------~-- __

Date

I "1 1
Proce ss water and deck drain water treatm ent
Gas 10
PCV To....... com",1Iat .
hdt

Ct ....... _ (011)

G, ....... no.. (011)

lev

W.I .. oeg...-
or M)Uf • • r.,.
S\nI)pet

.
o ,,,-
,
0.0. "'.", including ,_
..... ,.,/Yfash down .,. ••
(May bo IrUled IItouQII
ooI-"~I'" tnl ...oepIO<)

II

'I

.I__ __-:-~
F'e
Comp resse d Air Syste m

..
To .-.,
~

Con-4><euon
(250 psIg)
 I
PHOCE SS (NCIN [[flIN( ; DESIC N MI\NU I\L HcvlSlo n

Date' .'/fl"
I
11. "

FIGURE)
ESTIMAT E OF .... EIGHT ANOPO .... ER FOR INSTRUM
ENT AIR UNITS

I
I
100

...
0
m
~
:J>
I
I
n
0
"~ Z
II>
C
...
~

0
so z
I
I
CAPACIT Y Nml'h IO'C .. I b ... 1
I
5 •• 11 ,I.nb

Latz. ,1....
-tl
rnITJ i
I
I
1/2

Da..-.,..., •• 4 .~ir:hb

. , ,,,'"...'"
,t...,.. "......
I
T~ He" ....
T, . . A'~'~I ~c'Mf .. "h ..nc' C ... ~ ... JIlutI ."''' '-O"-"'fW' C.. ,
1\"
L I ..... HI" .... , ...... C\a) '.1 W .. c,hl n.~ La W 1 H(m, V'CIIP" (\,_ O .....j ... II 1.•• ooao
01l.l\ JI J .•• I.' • II nG I.t.'.l.' .• 100 60., •• 16 )QQQ
0"·"11" to 11
"
oa.,.. ,.
'0. , •• J, .," 11000

0"'''"
O,,'}I;,"
)" I.) • ,4
• I . I.S •• _.
1200
1100
1 . . ,..11
......,.1..1 " .
tOO
,t • l''' • I ,
l600 0"');', ... lOt 10 11000

.','.1.10 1tOO .'a,'.ll ,!OO IJ .14." ""'"

,)0(0

I
Layout plan
1 Au c.omprcuO f
2 AncrCDOlu
I
) Burrc-r \fCUr'

4 Ad,orbcr
S ""OOU(I butTtf
6 "id(,I"ICCI
.('nd I
--------------------~.------~------
--------------------~ I
I
 - -,
- ------------- --- - ~.. . ~ ,- . .J ~

l'flnt1r" trlll.ond"ir hrr"tt" r"~cr\\ ,rC',,"wlt ,,.4,,('1 nf'- and ,Pt(, fnfrt'
r. 'IUU1 mtn,.f Lindt I)\\'1\' ,hnl'

Ads.orpliyc s.cpMllion of lir in arbon molc..culu lin'u.

0, , ..idull conlcnl
in produci
}OO
Technical data
4 Vol ""
Small ,1 .. lI: Rudy-(o,~pcf'llion pllnll on on. unil
FWly funelioo- aod pcrformlll(.t·I.llc4.
No inswl.lioD "'orl.
1200 No coolon& ",.1<. 'C(jWtc4 -:;
I
c
o Type 1-1 .... 0,"" N, prooua pre"",. 4.S baI N, produa p ....un: 6 bll ~

dClip"lioD mount p.odua Po .... I"rodua Po-" :::)

l ill produd qlWltity eDruumption qlWl~l)· co\Uump~oo , I

5,1H .ppro .. kW ~Ib Ippro .. kW 'T1

~I
c.
0) Il I 16 IU V1
IOOV- - - - - - - £ -,,-£ -J1f(' OJ O\\'N 10 I 11 I) 20 11
"l .'T1
H 2 20 9 )0 14
G"l .~-- -.-- ---- Z
C OS ~ IS lS 21 ::J
24
~
O~'N 54 )7

1
I II 4S
2 SO 20 6S ~
Z
~
01 :Po I lJ'I OS SO 2.S 60 )6 ~
6 10 D\\'N90 I 61 }O IS 42 ::;
Proull pres lure baI H
2
OS
--_._---
90
100
))

4.
liS
120
••
--.----------
10
.-J
~,~
Z
""
~
, , OWN 110 I no So4 160 71
•c wI

2 110 60 2)0 16 :::J

----- rn
<':1

, 0, ,esidual eDDI.DI
ill p.oduCl
~
l..&rK. ,lUll; Rudy·(or-opcf'liloo planu
Millimal iAIulIaliOD ......l.
I.om tuoclion·",nc4 wuu,
:J
Z
r- c

:; OJ Vol""
-
G"l
M
~
Type
dcsiP\ltion

._-_.-
M.J..LC4~
mnlcet
in produc1
N->produCl
P.oduCl
qlUnlll)'
"'i,1b
PIClIUI"-~.1...b&L __
Po"'er
consumption
apprOI. ''\\'
N, produ" prCllure 6 bll
Produa
qlUl\lI~
m;,1b
Po~'r
oonnampLJon
approl ,,,.,'
CooUD& ",1.<1 m'1b
N. prod"" prnrut<
o baI 6t..J
~
>
Z
_._--- --
~XXl
~ ~
0
DWN 400
0)
I
2
)40
)00
)70
110
m
IH
29)
)1)
SOO
170
190
](X)
..
12

H
16
1&
21
C
V
r

O! O.S 410 liS SOO 2bO

2.0
17
19
2.1
OWN 700 I SIO ](X) 6.SO 7'1
2 620 lIS ISO )00 U }} 0 ~

OS 910 )90 1100 1)0 ~ S} '" .";

<
DWN 1600 I
1
1110
mo
410
4SO
14-40
1900
-- --.-
SIO
610 .,
~ 61
71 "" ""

so Tb( pc:,{Of"DlWCZ r'I\UU luted ue musure.d II 1O·C a.i.r ICmpCrllun, ~ w humld11llnd I b&J pnuan
"th. IhoJl. Th. prt>duc1 nilJo,cn h.u I d ••· po.nl o( -SO'C " .lmoq>h.n, pre .. ure and wnturu <J() ppm
I art>on d,ol/d. Ai "'cU Ai I IClldual portion o( I'll< ..... U
'Po
Th. hi", nuib~.!)' of OWN pl.nll .n,bluthcm 10 b4 'eDnOm,c.&l11 op.ra •• ~" p.n lo,d up 10 6CA of en
10 p.oduc1 qUlllli!),. In ,dd.\lon 10 thc ,undlrd unill ""c4. cullomllcd Ov.'}j planu un be ,uprl,cd bucd on
cullom .. IpcCl(,al.ons (or produCI qlUnliliu. lupply prcllufCllnd produc1 un.u
P.OUII p.eslurc bll
"0
poj •., . . . . t .. ~ .... IU\fJ"I'o, "" I .~"'. I"' "W.
..... ,I}.,.,•.
~
QD ProduCI no'" } .;J
[0 Spec (Dttf)' Icqul,cmfnl under duia:n conditions Z
Po P,oal\ prCHUfC
r - - - - - - - - - T -_ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ .-----.-.--------r-----__-,-____--.
PROCESS ENGii-.JtERING DESIGN MANUAL
RevIsion:
Plt<JeNo.

Dat8 2/85

14. COMPUTER PROGRAMS!

 .--------------.----------------------------------------,-------------r---------,
I
RevIsIon: ()
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Page No
I
~------------L--- __________________________r_------~D-at-e-:----2-/8-5--~-1_4_._I__ -11
I. AMINES: Sizing of gas sweetening uni t.

FUNCTION
I
This program provides capability for the calculation of gas sweetening processes using a
single amine (MEA or DEA). It also determines the main equipment characteristics of the
unit for preliminary studies. I
OUTPUTS

Contactor bottom temperature

I
Amine flowrate
Exchanger amine/amine area I
Contactor diameter (J.S. CONNORS formula) and number of trays
Stripper reflux drum: height and diameter
Reflux pump: power
I
Amine pump: power

RANGE OF APPLICATION
I
The temperature of the rich amine entering into the stripper is 190 F.
The bottom temperature of the stripper is 240 F.
I
The default pressure of the reflux dr-urn is 20 psia.
Steam saturated temperature is supposed to be 250 F.
I
2. BRILL I and II : Pressure drop profile in gas and liquid pipes I
FUNCTION

BRILL I I
The program predicts pressure gradients and liquid holqup occuring during the simultaneous
flow of gas and liquid in pipes; I
BRILL II

This program is specially assigned to calculate the transport capacity in the case of a
mixture of two gases.
I
RANGE OF APPLICATION I
These programs were written for the FRIGG pipeline. However, they can be used for other
lines, specially for gas with condensate. I
REMARKS

The line can be level or not. I

The risers are calculated.
BRILL I takes into account the line temperature profile. I
L-____________________________________~--------~------------------------------~~ I
I
 r---------------~---------------------------------------------_r----------__~r_------__,
ReVISiOn 0 Page No
COMPUTER PROCHAMS

Date - 2/&5
14.2
3. FLASH: [qlJilibrium cakulations

PROCESSI.'JG

The program is based around the Peng Robinson equation of state and the API (modified
Lee-Kessler) corresponding states method for thermal properties.

REMARK

This program is not as robust as large commercially available batch simulators such as
PROCESS, but it is very quick, cheap and easy to use.
Answers are instantaneous.
The program is self documented.

4. COMPOL Y : Multi-stage compression unit

FUNCTION

This program simulates a multi-stage polytropic compression uniit.

PROCESSING

GPSA method.

RANGE OR APPLICATION

The transformation is assumed to be polytropic.

The number of stages is fixed or calculated (for a compression rate). It is possible to input
non-standard components.

The KATZ table giving Z (Pr, Tr) is included in the program.

,5. GLYCOL: Sizing of gas dehydrating unit

FUNCTION

This program simulates a gas dehydrating unit using tri-ethylene glycol.

PROCESSING

The gas is countercurrent dehydrated in the absorber using a triethylene glycol solution
which is then regenerated by stripping in a packed column.

RANGE OF APPUCA TION

Gas input pressure into the absorber must be between 200 and 2000 PSIA.
Gas input temperature into the absorber must be between 40 and 160 F.
Gas dewpoint temperature must be ) _ 40 F.

L
..
 I
,~

RevIsion. 0 Page No.

COMPUTER PROGRAMS I
Date: 2/&5 14.3
6. GULF: Sizing of petroleum platforms I
FUNCTION

Estimates and simulates petroleum platforms.

I
For preliminary studies, it calculates:
size and weight of equipments (process utili ties, drilling quarters)
I
size and weight of structure and substructure
cost of the construction I
PROCESSING

The equation of state used is a modified version of SOAVE REDLICH KWONG.

I
REMARK

Oil flowrate can vary from 3000 to 300 000 BOPD. The program is specially adapted for
compact platforms (drilling, quarters, production) but can also be used for production
platform only.

The accuracy of the weight and cost estimations is respectively about ~ 15 96 and ~ 20 %.

7. HANLEY: Density, thermal conductivity and viscosity calculations

FUNCTION I I

This program uses the HANLEY equation to calculate' density, thermal conductivity and
viscosity of hydrocarbons and hydracarbon mixtures. I
.J
INPUTS

The program will handle a 20 component mixture. Library data is available for C 1 thru' C 17'
I
Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Water. Pseudo components can be defined
in the input file: if they are used, thermal conductivity will ~ be calculated. I
•
A data file is required. For each pseudo component, the following properties are needed.
critical pressure, atm
Acentric factor
critical volume, cm 3/g-mole Molecular weight
critical temperature, Kelvin Normal Boiliryg Point, Kelvin.
This empirical equation is believed to be the best correlation currently available for
estimating liquid and vapour densities at pressures above 100 atm.
Vapour densities calculated using this method are believed to accurate up to 6S0 atm.
•I
The viscosity correlation is very accurate for the vapour phase, but not as reliable for
liquids. The best available method is probably the Chung-lee-Starting equation, with an
average deviation of 24 96. I
The thermal conductivity correlation is included for completeness, but its accuracy has not
been assessed.
I
L-____________________________________________________________________________ ~~
.1
I
 ReVISiOn 0
COMPUTEI? PROGRAMS
• Date·
2/&5 14.4

8. L1BPROD: Fluid physical properties cakuJations

The L1BPROD library encloses FORTRAN subroutines for calculating various properties.

FUNCTION
Subroutine ASTM :
stock tank oil viscosity at a certain temperature by the ASTM
correlation.

Subroutine CALBO : Oil Formation Volume Factor by the STANDING correlation.

Subroutine CALFRI: Friction Factor by the MOODY diagram

Subroutine CALSIG :
Gas-oil surface tension by the BAKER and SWERDLOFF
correlation
Subroutine CHE W :
Oil viscosity by the CHEW and CONNAL Y correlation

Subroutine LEE:
Gas viscosity by the LEE-ET -AL correlation

Subroutine RSOUPB: Solution Gas Oil ratio by the STANDING AND LASATER
correlation
Subroutine ZED:
Gas compressibility factor by the STANDING and KATZ
correlation

9. MASBAL: Creation of mass an energy balances resulting from PROCESS program.

FUNCTION

The "MASBAL" program generates mass and energy balance tables, in conjunction with the
SSI program, according to the user's specifications.

The program uses the output of SSI program and generates mass and energy balance tables
which can readily go into a report.

PROCESSING

The tables can be generated either in Metric or in English dimensional units system as it
may be the casein the SSI program.

The classification of components defined in the SSI program can be reduced for mass and
energy balance tables (components up to C20 for ssr program can be c1assi fied up to C 10+
in mass balance).
Printout of enthalpy is optional.

The stream composition can be expressed in the four different ways molal flow rate,
molal percentage, mass fJow rate, mass percentage.
Ea.~h table contains g streams maxirnum.
 I
RevIsIon a Page No
COMPUTER PROGI~AMS

10. MONOAGA : Pressure drop profile in dry gas pipes

FUNCTION
I
Calcula tion of pressure lossses for steady flow in dry gas pipes.
PROCESSING I
MONOAGA uses the AGA method which is based on the general equation for compressible
fluid in pipes, whatever their profile may be. I
OUTPUTS

Anyof the following five variables can be calculated:

I
flowrate
length
outlet pressure
inside diameter
I
inlet pressure

RANGE OF APPLICATION I
This program can also be used to predict the behaviour of gas with very low condensate
contents (less than 50 cm3/Sm3).
The profile of the ground can be flat or otherwise.
The temperature profile can be fixed.
I
11. PEPITE : Pressure drop and temperature profiles in gas and liquid pipes
FUNCTION
I: ,

This program calculates the profile of pressure, temperature and hold-up liquid along pipes
carrying single or two-phase fluids.
I
PROCESSING
I
This program uses the most efficient correlations which exist at the present time for single
or two-phase flow, whether the ground be flat or otherwise. I
Pressure losses for two-phase flow are based on the research work carried out in BOUSSENS.
The calculations methods used are commented in the note "Two-phase flow in pipelines"
written by Mr lAGIERE, and included in the 1982 Surface Seminar.
I
OUTPUTS
I
The p,og,am can deWmine, at any point of a pipeline, the p<essu<e, the temp.,.tu,", the
flow pattern, the liquid content and the other hydrodynamic characteristics.
I

I
I
I
 r----------------r---------------____________________________ r -____________, -________~

1
i RevIsIon 0 Page No
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
£ tus
• Date: 2/85 14.6

RANGE OF APPLICATION

The many tests run under various conditions show that PEPITE IS definitely better than
other models.

The good resul ts are obtained by PEPITE 80 to 90 % of the time, whereas tradi tional
models only provide acceptable results 50 % of the time.
The least effective results obtained by PEPITE are those for steep uphill slopes.
This drawback is on the point of being solved. On a whole, the accuracy of the calculations

1
is in line with that of the accuracy of the measurernents themselves.

REMARKS

In addition to pressure and temperature calculations the PEPITE program will define the
flow pattern.
The user can do ten different calculations with a single run.
1
1
The results can be either summarized or detailed, on request.
Either starting on finishing conditions can be given as inputs for the PEPITE program.

12. PETREL: Pressure drop profile in gas and liquid pipes

FUNCTION

Calculation of the pressure losses and liquid content of the pipes, for condensate gas, oil
,
. and gas, oil gas and water flows in horizontal, slight slope pipes .
I
I
.J
INPUTS
-1, Temperature profile or average temperature.
Physical properties of the fluid.
Line profile.

Some physical properties can be predicted with correlation~ included in the program.
PROCESSING

The PETREL program offers several calculations methods corresponding to different fields
of application.

Methods available in PETREL include: DUKLER, HUGHMARK, EATON, BONNECAZE and

FLANIGAN.

OUTPUTS
Anyone of the following parameters can be calculated:
inlet pressure line length
outlet pressure

RANGE OF APPLlCA nON

This program does not calcula te risers.
The calculation of liquid contents is doubtful in the case of condensates gases.
 I
ReVISion - 0 Page No_
COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Date: 2/85 14.7

13. RESEAU : Combination of PROCESS and PEPITE prograrns

GENERAL

This program is the combination of the PEPITE and PROCESS programs.

FUNCTION

This program calculates pressure drop and temperature profiles using the results of the
process program.
11
PROCESSING

Fluid physical properties needed in the PEPITE program are interpolated into tables
generated by PROCESS program.

INPUTS

Input data is composed with:

Process input data
Unit calJed "US 14" (name, inlet and outlet stream numbers)
Options of the calculation
Pipeline characteristics

RANGE OF APPLICATiON
Pressure must be included between I and 7 250 PSIA I

Temperature must be included between - 200 and + 2000C

Only twenty "US 14" can be calculated per run.
II
The PROCESS options: OUT DIMENSION, SCALE and SEQUENCE- cannot be used.
The PROCESS option "CALCULA nON TRANSPORT = 2" is compulsory.
11
14. THERM : Pressure drop in liquid pipes I
FUNCTION ,1
The TERM program computes heat and pressure loss calculations in liquid pipelines for
I,
I
Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow.
It can also predict the restarting pressure after a shut down.
It also alJows pump calibration.

I
I
I
I
I
 I;'
11 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Revl~lon 0 Page No

1-- Date: 2/85 14.8

INPUTS

I Physical properties of liquid:

viscosi ty versus temperature (for Newtonian flow)

III viscosi ty versus temperature at different shear rates (,for non-Newtonian flow)
yield strength versus temperature

11 density versus temperature

specific heat versus temperature
thermal conductivity versus temperature.
11 Some of the above properties can be predicted, but it is preferable to obtain viscosity and
yield strength of liquid from laboratory measurements.

IJ OUTPUTS

-1 Three output formats may be selected by the user:

II "finite element length"
"percent length increment"

'IJ "preselected finite element length"

In the third case, the program also computes the restart pressure as a function of time
,
I: after shut down.

15. UPFLARE : Flare calculations

11 FUNCTION

11 Radiation level calculations for an oriented pipe flare or a Coanda flare :tip.

INPUTS

11 Boom and tip characteristics.

Gas characteristics (flowrate, gross heating value)
, -1
I; Climatic conditions (wind, sun)
Calcula tion options
t

I: PROCESSING

The calculation methods are API RP 521 or KALDAIR.

I OUTPUTS

Flame profile

I Radiation levels at given points or isopleths (lines of constant flux).

REMARKS

I The method used (API RP 521) has been extended to three dimensions and any flare tip
or ien ta tion.

I l

I
11
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUf'\L Revision: P&<Je No :
Il ~
~ Date :2/&5
il-~

I
;IJ
11
1
II
1

IJ
IJ1
'11
I:
15. DATA

11
IJ
I!
II
Ii
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 I;
1-'.' I

DA T A SECTION
R('I/I~lon . 0 Page No

II-- s
• Date: 2/85 15.1

I PAGE

2 General data
11,_J 3-9 Conversion tables
10

I.'l
PSEUDO CRITICALS AND OIL PROPERTIES
11 -14 Physical properties of hydrocarbons
15 Figs. 1-3 Compressibility factors of natural gas
16 4 Pseudo critical pressure VS. M W
11 17
18
5
6
7
Critical constants for gases and fluids
Critical temperature VS. normal boiling point
Characterised boiling points of petroleum Fractions
1 &
IJ 19
20 10
Molecular mass, BP, and densi ties of fractions
DENSITY
Relative density of petroleum fractions VS T
1-1 21
22
23
11 Relative density of petroleum fractions VS MABP
VISCOSITY
12 Viscosi ties of hydrocarbon gases
24 13 Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids
llj 25 ASTM viscosity chart
26 VAPOUR PRESSURES
14
27 15
28 16
29 17
30
31 1&
32
--, 33
19

IJ 34
20
21

35
IJ 22 I
Thermal conductivity of natural gases
23 Thermal conductivity ratio for gases
24 Thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids
36
'1 1 37
38
25
26
LA TENT HEATS OF VAPORISA TlON
Latent heats of various liquids
Latent heats of hydrocarbons
39 27 Heat of combusion of liquid petroleum fractions

I 40
41
42
28
29
SURFACE TENSIONS - MISCELLANEOUS
Surface tensions of hydrocarbons
Dew points of natural gases
43 30
I 44
31
32
Solubility of natural gas in water and brine
Solubility of methane in water
Solubility of natural gas in water
33 Solubility of water in hydrocarbons
45
I 46
34
35
36
Temperature drops for expanding g~s
Temperature dr~ps for expanding gt s
Physical propertIes of gas treating chemicals
47 Physical properties of water
I 48 Physical properties of air

I
.1
 PROCE SS ENC;IN EEflIN G DESIG N MANU AL
Revisio n Page No

GENE RAL /),\ TA

Date 2/135 15 -2
Voluu of Ihe go, (on,'on l R in PV = n RT
10 .. , o' v,",,,, a.'t.d b.lo_ ,,11. 416Q I"e .. ,
--- ---
of O·C and 101 31 ~ \1'0 fOl , .... .. 01",,,,,,. of , _01 . . . . II o,h.r .olv •• coi<viO'.d
f,o~ (O" •• ~'.O" 'O(to .. , I"'ed ot'I 'obI ••

-" T. ""',..I"Q ",''. " ......... V.I"",m_

•
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a'''' I.,., o Of70H.7 7
" Temp-rot "". En·',r
•
... 0/
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1, •• _
17.031
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... 0/
(
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_,
-01 l ---
"'''' Hg
--

'••...
ba' I~f.' .- -- O.OfJ 10 Ib _01
-01
(
kg/c_ r I••• , 008418. Ib ... 01
·R
"v
hp· h
I 9839
o 000180 ~
(
' 0008JI4 )

'••.
~Pa ...
Ib mol Ib ... 0/
·R
a'''' It' o no 2. Ib ",01
IIW·h 0000 381 00
Ib ~ol h·lb I 3-) J
......kG
i., h' 11 830
Ib ""01
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Ib ",01 'R Ib/;'" It' 10.JJ7
l ,ovl. 8) .. 3
Ib
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••
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... '
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.~ SI, I ",01. i, eq""j"olen ' ",of.; the
10 , ..... Q'" "'~.<vlor mo .. of CQI'bo,,·12 . fo, •• omp' •. " 12 o/mot

Th~ r~lation of Degr~es Saumt or A_P.r. to Sp~cific

Gravity is expr~ssed by th~ followin g formula a: PIOLAIt YO\.UIOE
For liquids lightu than waf~r: p • 1(h96 ps, •• 1 ot. _ I.OUS boo ..

Oegr~~s Baume = 1~0 - 130. lb ..,Ie o·c )S9.0 ) rt)

(&O·FJ 15. S'c )79.'9 n J
140
G=
130 + O~gr~~11 Baumt ~ "",Ie O·C 22.414
)

D~gTeell A.PJ. = c- - 131.5.

141.5 (bO"FJ IS_S·C 21.6,*,
-
-)

G= 141.5
131.5 + O~grees A_PJ.
For liquids ht!aui~r than waur: °C = 5/9 (0 F - 32)
, -,
145 OF = 9/5 (OC) + 32
D~gT~~1I Baum~ = 145 - G.
K = °C + 273_15 = 5/9 R
G= H5 OR =OF + 459.67 - 1.8 K
145 - D~gT~~s Baumt
G = Specific Gravity = ratio of th~ w~ight of a giv~n SI ~U3 a"" Mu/liplla llon Faclon:
volum~ of oil at 60° Fahrenh eit to th~ w~ight of the sam~
volum~ of water at 60° Fahr~nheil Pmix Symbol
10" Ie,. T
To determin~ the reaultin g cravity by mixing oils of dif· 10' Ii,a G
fer~nt gravitie s: loe mc:p M
10" kilo k
-. mdl + ndz 10" hedo
~

~ 0= 10'
b
dcr:a
o= D~n.ity
. m+n
or Specific Gravity of mixtur~
10-'
10-"
dcci
da
d
centi c
m = Volum~
proporti on of oil of dl d~naity 10-' milli ID
n = Volume proporti on of oil of d, d~naity 10-' micro II
dl =
Specific Gravity or d~aity of moil 10-' nano D
=
d:z Specific Gravity or denaity of n oil 10-11 pico p
10-" femto f

USEFUl. NOTES
11r" alto
•
1
Ri Individual , ... constAnt • R/mol .... t of , ...

N. Avc>&adro constant • '.022}2 • 10 13 molecule s/mol

, Accelar .. tion o{ , ... "ily •)2.17

'.11 mI. l
{tls l

v\ Veloc.ty of S<Nnd In dry &lr II

o ·C &J\d I .. rm , I 019 fils • ~'\I-"'l. .... 1.
 I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion f) Page No

DATA :;ECT I ON
I,
- I
Date 2/f.lS 15 - 3

VOLUME
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I
I
 - ------ '-- --- --- -- -

PRO CES S ENG INE ERI NG DES

IGN MA NUA L RevIsion )
Pag e No
.~~

DAT il SF:C TIO! 'J

Dat e 2/8 5 15 -4
:\R EA
-----,-----
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m
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IqUI " inch 6.45 1 600 E-{)4 6.45 1600 E +<lO 6.45 1600 E-Q 6 1.594 225E -07 1
6.94 4444 E -OJ

1 IqUI " foot 9.29 0 J04 E -{)2 9.29 O)()4 E +<I~ 9.29 0 J()4 E -()4
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 r--.----
I

• .. PROCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIG N MANU AL

DAT,; SEC,l')~J
RevisIo n

Date
()

2/85
Page No

15 - 5 1
VOLU METR IC FLOW
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DENS ITY
I
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m
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... mm. par centimetre evb. 1,000 000 E +OJ I 3.612730E~2 6.242 797 E MI 8.34540 6 E +00

pound IMr cubic indl 2.76799 0 E +04 2.76799 0 EMI I 1,728 000 E +OJ 2.310 000 E M2

pound IMr. albic toot 1.6018-4 6 EMI 1.6018-4 6 E ~2 5.78703 7 E-04 I 1.336 806 E-Ol I
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 i

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~ - .-
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; PRO CES S EN GIN EEn lNG DES

IGN MANUAL Rev isio n .,
v P;,g e No

• •
'1

DAT ,\ SEC T r ')~-I

Dale 2/8~ 15 - 6

PRE SSU RE
TO TA L
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---
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--
PHOCESS ENGINEEHING OC;IC~J MANUAL Hl!lIlSlon Pa'll! No

:J,Y";'!, ~> t: l_~'r : {':;

Date 2/8:' 15 - 7-

VISCOSITY (KinematIc)

1 I
~ISCOSITE CINEMA TIQUEI
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 pnOCESS ENGINEEnlNG DESIGN MANUAL RevIsion ~)
Page No .

OAT,; SECTrO:,
Date 2/B5 15 - 8
SPECIFIC HEA T CAPACITY
---~---- -----.-.---~~~~-------~-
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PROCESS ENGIN[[flING D[SIGN MANUAL RClli\lon )
Page No

:llIT:, :;r:CI'I Uti

Date ~/H':.; 15 - 9
HEAT CAPACIT Y /ENTROPY
----
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 I·
11 a Page No ..

1 -' DA T A SECTION
Date:

1 2/&5 15.10

1
IIJ PSEUOO-CRITICALS AND OIL PROPERTIES

IJ'1 Definitions:
'-I-V t--)

Ii True vapour pressure : - actual vapour pressure of a crude oil at the actual
temperature of the fluid.

11 Reid vapour pressure : - reference vapour pressure of an oil at a controlled

temperature of 100 of (used as a basis for product specification).
11 ? -:. . :; Or "

Molal average boiling point : - equal to the sum of the mole fraction of each

I; component x its atmospheric boiling point oR.

.... Volume average boiling point: VASP : - average temperature at which the ASTM
I 10 %, 30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 90 % volumes boil.

I- VASP = T 10 % + T30 % + T50 % + T70 % + T90 %

5

I! Mean average boiling point: MABP : - the slope of the ASTM distillation curve is used
to correct the VABP to give MASP. See Fig. 7

I' Cubic average boiling point: CABP : - another corrected form of VASP.
j

I' \lOP K or WATSON CHARACTERISATION FACTOR

I K = CABP
sg sg af 60/60
CABP in oR

I This issued as a characterisation factor when defining crude oils. It is required for
various other data evaluations.
I
I
I
I
 ----- _. -

1- I'fHXESS E ~J (~ I ~J [ F. HIM; Llf:;l<iN

• I i\';" ,\ .;,:C!'i I)::

~'~'\NU"L Hl'vl~l()n

Date ,,-' I H'_, 15

P;I'}l'

-II
No

I s.... NOI. No -
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF HYDROCARBONS(27)
I 2 )

('''leal con\~ .. nt1

E

....
~
-D
.E . -....
u
D Cl.
.u
.. ~ E
NO Comoound c
Cl. , C
, Cl.
M
..
~

"-
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co

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c: '" M
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....
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0 0 ~ 0
... ~ 0 E
0
u.. ~
0
cD - > u.. - "
Cl.
0
>
1 MeU,.ne CH. 1604) -161521281 )5000.1 -182.41d 4604 19055 000611
2 EI"."" C 1 H. :.J.070 -8858 (6000 I -182.8cr' 4880 :lOS 43 0.00492
) Proo.ne CJH a 44 091 -42.07 1341 -18768" 4 249 369.82 0004 60
4 n-8ura"" C 4 H ID 58.124 -0.49 )77 -138.36 3797 425.16 0004 J9
5 hoourane C 4 H ID 58.124 -11.81 528 -159.60 )648 408.13 0004 52
6 "..pen.ane C,H Il 12.151 36.06 115.66 -129.73 3369. 469.6 0.004 21
7 hopenlane C,H I1 12.151 27.84 151.3 -159.90 3381 460.39 0.004 24
8 Neopenrar\4 C,H l1 72.151 9.SO 269 -16.55 3199 433.75 0.004 20
9 ,,·He •• ne C.H I • 86.178 68.74 37.28 -95.32 3012. S07.4 0.004 29
10 2-Methylpenrane C.H I4 86. I 78 60.26 SO.68 -153.66 3010. 497.45 0_004 26
11
12
3-M"thylpenllne
Nt'Oh ••• ne
C.H I •
C.H I4
86.178
86.178
63.27
49.73
45.73
73.41
-
-99.870
3124
3081.
504.4
488.73
0.004
0.004
26
17
13 2.)·0.melhylbulane C.H I4 86.178 57.98 55.34 -128.54 3127 499.93 0.004 15
14 n-Hecnane C,H .. 100205 98.42 12.34 -90.582 2736 540.2 0.004 3 I
15 2Merhylhe •• n" C,H I • 100 205 90.05 17.22 -118.27 2734. 530_31 0004 20
16 3-M"rhylhe •• "" C,H 16 100205 91.85 16.16 -- 2814 535.19 0.004 03
17 3-E rhyl""nta"" C,H .. 100.205 93.48 15.27 -118.60 2891 540.57 0.004 15
18 2.2-0.merhylpenta"" C,H I • 100.205 79.19 26.32 -12381 2773 520.44 0004 15
19 2.4-0imerhylpenllne C,H I • 100.205 80.49 24.84 -119.24 2737 519.73 0.004 17
20 3.3-0imelhylpe"tane C,H 16 100205 86.06 20.93 -134.46 2945 536.34 0.004 13
21 T,;pta"" C,H I • 100.205 80.88 25.40 -24.91 2954 531.1 I 0.00397
22 ;'.Qctane C,H I , 114.232 125.67 4.143 -56.76 2486 568.76 0.004 31
23 Oi.wbutyl C,H I , 114.232 laul 8417 -91.200 2486 549.99 0.004 22
24 hooctane C,H .. '14.232 99.24 12.96 -107.38 2568 543.89 0.004 10
25 n-Nonane C,H1D 128.259 lSO.82 1.40 -53.49 2288. 594.56 0.004 27 I
26 n.~"" CloHU 142.286 174.16 0.4732 -29.64 2099. 617.4 0.004 24
27 Cyclopentane C,H IO 70.135 49.25 73.97 -93.866 4 S02. 511.6 0.00371
28 Merh ylcyd open line C.H IJ 84.162 71.81 33.85 -142.46 3785. 532.13 0.00379
29 Cyclohe.ane C.H 1J 84.162 80.73 24.63 6.554 4074. 553.5 0.00368
JO MethylcyclQhe une Ct.H.!. 98.189 100.93 12.213 -126.59 3472. 572.12 0.00375
31 Ethene (Ethylenel
32 Propene (Propylene)
CJH.
C)H.
28.054
42.01)1
-103.77(291 -- -161U5" 5041 282.35 0.004 67
-47.72 1596. -185.25" 4600. 364.85 0.004 30
33 1·8utane (8utyle",,) C.H, 56.108 -6.23 451.9 -185.3S" 4 023. 419.53 0.004 28
34 ci,·2·Butene C 4 H, 56.108 3.72 337.6 -138.911 4220. 435.58 0.004 17
35 r",ns·2·Burene C 4 H, 56.108 0.88 365.8 -105.55' 4047. 428.63 0.004 24
36 lsabulane C4 H, 56.108 -6.91 452.3 -140.35 3999. 417.90 0.004 26
37 I-Pentene CsHIO 10.135 29.96 141.65 -165.22 3529. 464.78 0.004 22
38 1.2·8utadiene C.H, 54.002 10.85 269. -136.19 (4 S02.1 (444.1 (0.004 OSI
J9 1.J-Butadiene CcH, 54.092 -4.41 434. -108.91 43JO. 425. 0.004 09
40 ISOPrene C,H, 68.119 34.07 123.77 -145.95 138SO.1 (484.1 (0.004 061
41 Acetylene CJH J 26.038 -84.~ -80.s" 6139. JOB.JJ 0.004 34
42 Benzene C,H. 78.114 80.09 2438 553p 4898. 562.16 0.00328
43 Toluene C,H, 92.141 110.63 7.895 -94.991 II 106 591.80 0.00343
44 Elhylbenzene C,H IO 106.168 136.20 2.87 -94.975 3609 617.20 0.00353
45 o·Xylene C,H IO 106.168 144.43 2.05 -25.18 3734. 630.33 0.00348
46 m.Xylene C,H IO 106.168 139.12 2.53 -47.81 3536. 617.05 0.00354
47 p·Xyl"ne C,H IO 106.168 138.36 265 13.26 3511 616.23 0.00356

I 48 Slyrene
49 ISOO'opylbenzene
SO Methyl alcohol
51 Ethyl alCOhol
C,H a
C,H l1
CH.O
CI H • O
104.152
120.195
32.042
46.069
145.14
152.41
64.54
78.29
1.85
1.47
35.43
-3061
-96.035
-97.68
3999.
3209.
8096
647.6'
631.1
512.64
. 0.00338
0.00357
0.00368
0.00362

II
17.70 -114.1 6 J83 513.92
52 Caroo" mono_ode
53 C.rbon dto_tde
CO
COl
28.010
44.010
-191.49
:.. 78.51'
--
-- -205.0"
_56.57 d
3499(33) 132.92(331 0.00332(33)
0002 141J3)
1382 D31 J04.19IJ31
54 Hyd,OQen wll.de HIS 34.076 -60.31 2881 -855:J<f 9005 373.5 000287
55 Sullur d.oude SOl 64.059 -10.02 6308 -75484 7894. 430.8 0.00190
56 A.mmon,. NH) 17 031 -3333(301 1513 _1114 4 11280 405.6 0004 25
51 A" "11. 0 1 28.964 -194.2(2) -- - 3171121 1324(2) 000323131

I 58 Hy(j(OQe n
59 O.VQen
60 N,rr<;>oen
61 ehlorln.
HI
0]
N]
Cr.
2016
31999
28013
70.906
-25287"
-182.962·
-195.801311
-3403 I 134
--
--
--
-2592"
-218801
-210.0"
- 101 cr'
1 291
5081
3 J99
7 711
33.2
I!)II 11331
126 I
417.
003224
000229
000322
0001 75 (
62 WeI ... H.O 18.015 100.00· 1317 000 22 118 6473 0003 18
- -
I I
63 Heflum He 4003 -268 931321 ]]751)21 521321 0014 )6(311
64 Hyd'OQf!n chlorIde HCI J6461 -8500
.. - 6 )04 ·114 18 d 8 J09 . )24 1 000222
-

I I

I
I. - ..- -

PIlOCESS ENGINEEnlNG DE~;ll-;N ~.'ANUJ\L H'~""\I(J/l P,I<J'! No

• ;J,\T;, :~F>~T [ON

Date ":;'H5 15 - 13
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF HYDAOCAABONS(27)
-
I 5f~ Nor.~ :'\10 10
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1 M~than~ JJ936 37694 - S09 86 9S4 50 150
2 Ethane 60 395 66032 51.586/1 18456" 489.36 1.21404/1 1610 29 1]0 ·05' • 1 fjI.f
3 Prooane 86456 93.972 SO 008/1 25394/1 42513 121905" 23 86 2 1 95 97 I • I B'.r
•5 n·8u(an~
Isobula~
112.384
112.031
121 179
121.426
49.158/1
49.044/1
2811&"
27621"
38526
366.40
1332 92/1
-
31.02
31.02
18
18
84
84
89 fjI
91.6
93 B'
-0. lei.!
6 ,,-Penta~ 138 380 149.654 48.667 30709 357.22 1.360 24 38.18 1.4 8.3 62.61 61.7 1
7 Isopentane 138.044 149.319 48 579 30333 342.20 1.35658 38.18 1.4 (831 903 92.3
I Neopentane 137.465 148.739 48427' 28896/1 315.34 1.345 38.18 1.4 (8.31 80.2 855
9 n·He.ane 164.402 177.556 48.344 32091 334.81 1.377 46 4534 12 7.1 26.0 248
10 2·Methylpentane 164.075 177.229 48.273 31749 322.52 1.374 17 45.34 12 (7.71 73.5 13.4
II 3·Methylpenta~ 164.188 177.341 48.300 32303 325.82 1.379 18 4534 11 21 (7.71 74.3 745
12 NeOhe ••ne 163.683 176.836 48.191 31512 30524 1.371 57 45.34 12 (771 934 91.8
13 2.3·0ImeU\ylburane 164.025 177.179 48.269 32157 316.50 1.377 59 45.34 (121 (771 94.3 -0.3'
14 n·HeOla~ 190 398 205.431 48.104 33095 316.33 1.390 17 52.50 1.0 70 0.0 00
15 2·Methylhe.ane 190099 205.132 48.051 32809 306.06 1.38743 52.50 (1.01 (701 46.4 42.4
16 3·Methylheune 190 243 205.276 48082 33249 307.27 1.391 19 52.50 (1.01 (7.01 55.8 52.0
17 3·Elhylpenrane 190327 205.359 48.101 33796 308.94 1.39594 52.50 (\.01 (701 69.3 650
18 2.2·0,merhylpenra ne 189630 204662 47.964 32520 291.03 1.38475 5250 (1 01 (7.01 956 92.8
19 2.4·0,methyloenlane 189.803 204.836 48.000 32501 294.41 1.38408 5250 (\.01 (701 83.8 83.1
20 3.3·0imethylpenrane 189885 204.918 48.019 33488 295.87 1.3\1342 52.50 (1.01 (101 86.6 80.8
(1.0) (7.01
21 Trootane 189.690 204.722 47.982 33 319 288.90 1.39196 52.50 +0.1' +1.8' I
22 " .octane 216.374 233.286 47.919 33865 30126 1.39981 59.65 096
-- \
I· 23
24
25
26
27
O,isoburyl
Isoocrane
n·Nonane
,,·Oecane
Cyclopentane
215 797
215.732
242.398
268396
131.114
232.709
232.644
261.189
289.066
140.509
47.832
47.843
47.783
47.670
46.955
33372
33 299
34 485
34985
35 225
285.69
271.44
288.82
276.06
389.20
1.39488
1.39392
1.40773
1.414 11
1.409 27
59.65
59.65
66.81
73.97
35.79
«098)
10
0.87'
0.78'
(1.41 -
2.9
2.6
551
100
--
84gi
552
100
--
--
+0.1'
I

t
28 Methylcvclopenrane 156.757 168.032 46.825 35 278 345.51 1.41240 42.95 11.2) 8.35 80.0 91.3
29 Cyclohe.ane 156034 167.308 46.606 36497 355.95 1.42892 42.95 1.3 7.8 77.2 830
30 Methylcyclohe.ane 181.567 194.720 46.525 35997 317.03 1.42566 SO.11 1.2 - 71.1 74.8
31 Ethene IElhylene) 55.942 59.700 - 482.77 14.32 2.7 34.0 75.6 +()·~r
,
Propene (Propylene I - 437.68 -- 21.48 2.0 10.0 ~.2
J2
33
34
1-8utene (Butylene)
ci.·2·Butene
81.482
107.475
107.191
87.119
114.991
114.707
48.081-
47.927' 30055"
28916" 390.60
416.10
--
-- 28.63
28.63
1.6
(1.6)
9.3
--
84.9.
80.a'
83.5
97.4
100
35 r'.M·2·Butene .106.957 114.473 47.a4~ 29184" 405.56 -- 28.63 (1.6) -
-- - --
36 I.obute~ 106 755 114.271 47.769" 28685/1 394.18 -- 28.63
35.79
(1.61
1.4 8.7
- --
909
37 I.Penrene 47.788 30852 359.25 1.37461 77.1
133465 142.860
47i:~ -- (12.1 - --
11 J8 1 .2·Butadiene 104.118 109.755 31 21Q11 (449.6) 26.25 (2.01
39 1.3·Butadiene 101.917 107.555 46. 29 242" (418.7'
(385.2)
-- 26.25
33.41
2.0
11.5)
11.5
-- 81.0-- 99 1 --
40 Isoorene 127.330 134.846 46.408 31836 1.42536
41
42
Acetylene
Benzene
53.098
134.055
54.978
139.692
--
41.843
--
36998
--
393.32 1.504 32
-- 11.93
35.79
2.5
1.~
80.
7.9'
-- --
+2.8'
--
43 Toluene 159.534 167.050 42.4SO 37000 360.14 1.499 73 42.95 1.~ 7.1' +0.3' +5.8'
44 Ethylbenzene 185.555 194.9SO 43.014 37478 334.98 1.49856 SO.11 0.99' 6.7' 97.9 +0.8'
45
46
a·Xylene
m.Xyle~
185092
185020
194.487
194.415
42.900
42.891
37935
37245
346.80
342.47
I.S0795
1.499 80
SO.11
SO.11
1.1'
1.1'
6.4'
6.4'
100.
+2.8'
--
+40'
47 p.Xylene I 85.0SO 194.445 42.901 37122 338.92 1.49839 SO.11 1.1' 6.61 +1 2' +3?'
48 Styrene 180 290 187.806 42.213 38439 (351.23' 1.54969 47.72 1.1 6.1 +0:2' >+3
49 hooropylbenlene 211.328 222.603 43.410 37591 31225 1.49400 57.27 0.88' 6.5' 99.3 -2 If

SO
51
Merhyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
28.601
54.062
32.360
59.699
22.685
29.707
18057
23513
107597
840.54
1.330 28
1.36345
7.16
14.32
6.72(5)
3.28(5'
36.SO
18.95
-- --
--
52 Carbon mono.ode 11.959 11.959 -- -- 215.70 1.000 36
-- 2.39 12.SO(5)
-430(51 45.SO
-
74.20 - --
--
53 Cart>on dio.ode 0 0 -- -- 573.27" 1.000 49 -
-- --
1- 54
55
HydrOQen sulfide
Sulfur dio.ode
56 Ammonia
57 Air
21.912
--
17.301
-- -12.091
23.791
--
20.121
--
--
-
--
--
--
--
--
548.01
387.74
1366.
214.
1.00061
1.000 62
1.000 36
--
7.16
--
3.58
--
-
15.50(51
-400(51
-
21.00
- -
-
--
--
--
58 Hvdrogen 10230 - -- 4SO.4 1.000 13 239 74.20 - --
-- -- - -- - - - - --
I 59 O·voen 213. 1 ()()() 27
-- -- -- -- 204 1()()() 28 - -- -- - --
I~
N'trOQe'n

62
ChIO(II~e
Wille, 0
-- 1.879
--
0
--0 288.0
2257.
lJB18'
I J3347
--
- -- -
-
-
--
- (
63 Helium -- - -- -- - I .()()() 03 --
-
-- -- - -
64 Hy(jrOQen chlortde -- - - 431.5 1 ()()() 42 - -
I I
I I
1
I
PflO CES S ENG INE Efll NG DESIGr~ ;";'ANUAL Rev IsIO n: .) Pag e No

.......................
Dat e 2/H ) IS - I5

CO MP RES SIB ILIT Y FAC TO

RS
FOR NA TU RA L GAS

IJ'-1
I,]
1',-1

I
1-
C .... ~f' • • ,
FI G_
. . . . li',. f ....... , f.,. ,., ... .,,,,,o, ... h~ric.
".f' ........ "' ...

I
I
I

I •• , L--' --,i-
I:
L..-: .
.
I '_L _:_ .' __ "_'-" :'

~
..J~:--,H-'~,t~;- lH::I
i H~~.:i:~;LL::~:.:L:~!'!
...
I ....... ....... -. '0
.
~H:j~:;ti:;hd:d~::""':-'--':i:--< ';
.~
__ ......._.
••l .~ •• ,

I
I,
l-J PROCESS ENGINEEHING DESIGN I'ANUAl Page No :

'Ii DATA SECTION

Date ~ 1f3S IS - I6
P,eudo critical pr."ur. F lG. 4

I ]000

~P!H ±
I
Ad.pled 'tOm- ·'N'IUfl. G,lalln • • nd In, VolllIl.
Hydtoc.rbonS.R by Btown, Kltz. OtHtrllll .• nd Aloe n , t"'!
. ~
-It , GPA, '\loe J±
II.J
6)00
f-l'
f~
~1I
0 0 0
~. [i" • o~
6000
.0
~ !N~ II
li H-
Il 0
~

·
)}OO
,~ ~ lui,
]tt cii
1w.'
,
........ deft .. " .f

o~+
I~..,.d
" tt tt
I

~ o.
· ~

+ r+' ~-
1'1 Q.

"0

v
:.000
'H\-
~
_1'>.

• f}OO

1_1 ·
">
.L

4()()()
,

IJ1 ]}OO
0
'.I

0 0,..
0" 0_

111 )000

HOO
''''

'~
}O _
10 30 60 10 80 100

I ·~H~HH~rr~ctEtt~~-----F~IG. 5----!:-~~~~~~a.~~
111 " .. udocrilicol pr.p."i •••f "OlUrO'~ 'A... ~

I,'-1 '~~
. .....
"'~

11 lOCI +!-+:'
I -1 H::t Et

I- 110

l.i . IT
±
~
160

f
I •
.
':
l '0

tti
.:

I 17 0
§li
8T~~

illf:k
I ]00

ilifJg
~

~:ill:i11±t

I " o0 t::!i1:!±:!.i' o. •
c. ..................... ,._. 'I

I
I
PHOCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIG N MANU J\L Re\ll~.on : Page No

r C,iticol temper ature,

Date ~/85 15 - 17

1 Normal bo.long po.n!. ·C

FIG. 6

,I, -,

I·
1-
I~

1-

1
I
I
I J 80 t-+-+JI''':-'-¥+--F++-+--+-++---i..-+----4--'-_+__

L-L-L-_ ..L.-'-... L--L--'- -'--L-L- -L.........

••••••, ,..._••••
by "0_". (otl. Ob.,f.U. o"d
--L-L-- 1._-L___'_.~...L--.. I I
CoT' ..,...
' I
~'"''
Ide", CPA, 19.8 :
,
"" ..,.. .!.
I
~
L _1_'-- '- _ _ _ , ___ )60
-~ ]80
;
1.c0 300 400

I
500
Normal bo.ling pain!. ·C

I
I
1-1 I'nOCESS ENGINEEfllNG DE~IGN Mi\NUAL ReVISIon p",]O No

\I~·~ z Date IS -18

I C
:0
0 )',
." .,
~
~

,I I
c
6

. _. . _
0

~
<;
<

u~_,._._
c

11
0
~

,
g

I
~
c
g -0

·
~

·-
11 E
,
~
!?
10

I 0
~
·
"
!?
c
10
7
g

'I J ·
(;
U .00

I
,11
1'1
I
. '1
I:
I:
I
I
I
I
200 400
Mean average bOdtng POint. 0 C

I
 o Page No

[)A T A SECTION
Date:
2/85 15. I~

DENSITY

VAPOUR DENSITY

Vapour densities or molar volumes can be calculated from the equation:

V =ZRT
P

P I psia bara
!=~
ZRT T OR oK
R 10.73 0.08314
I Ibs/ft3 kg/m3

Specific gravity of a gas = lJ;&

air M Wair = 28.967

~IQUID DENSITY

rhe density of a multi component mixture can be calculated using the summation of the
:omponent densities:

Wi = mass component
fi = density component

quid densities for hydrocarbon mixtures can be estimated using. Figures 1'), 11 in this section .

•
.
 I
Rel/ISlon o Page No I
DA T A SECTION
Date: 2/85 15. I~
I
DENSITY
I
VAPOUR DENSITY
I
I
Vapour densities or molar volumes can be calculated from the equation:
I
V =ZRT
P

P I psia bara
I
!= MZ~': T oR oK
R 10.73 I 0.08314 I
I Ibs/ft3 I kg/m3

Specific gravity of a gas

I
MWair = 28.967

I
LIQUID DENSITY I
The density of a multi component mixture can be calculated using the: summation of the
component densities:
I
Wi = mass component
1
fi =density component
I
liquid densities for hydrocarbon mixtures can be estimated usingJ Figures 10, LI in this section.
I
I

I- .. I
l
I
I
 I~
---~
-_. _.-----

11 PfI()(ESS ENGINUHINC; [)ESIGN MI\NUI\L Hevl~l()n ragl! No

! 11
I,
-- DAT,\

Approwimote relollve density of petroleum froctions

;1-: :'1' 1, )~,
Date : ~

FIG.
/H')

10
IS - 20

10

IIJ r- i"- r--

i"- r--
I I
r-Oo:-...... l
'~
!

---- - -
r-- t-... ~
i"- r-- r-- I---r---
r-. I
11
----- -
-
i"- r- r-- --r-- I- r--
b
r-- r---
.....
----- r-
t-...
t--,
---t--.
r- r--.. r-- b-.
--- --- i"- ......
t

---
~
09

11 b
r-- r- ..........
i"- --r- t--, ---- I-b-.,. -------~
~(J r-r-..... --i"- ___
........ ...... ---- r---. r--
.........
r---- r--.., ........
r- .......... -----r- .....
i"- t-..,
li"
........ ... O(
...... r--....
r- ---
__
........
........ ~ :--.
.......... r---......
.........
..........
............. ',00

11 r---......
r-- r-
---
-----r- r-- ........
......

......
r--
Co"" ~
........ 0""................
I-~"'O'i-"d ::--.., r- r--......
........ "",i, . . . r-.
r- .......... ~8:--. :- :--
I- r- .......... . . . . . . r- r--.... ........ 1-....., .........:~o, r---.. r- r--.... ~ IS.
r- I-- .....
0.8
r- :--..... .......... . . . . r-c---.. . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . I- . . . r- ~4 r-r--
11
C
-......;...
...... or-
r-......

,r- I'-- .........

I'-- r--....
~
.........
b-.
...........
.........
.......... . . . . . --r-r---.. . . . r-:--. .
. . . r- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..........
. . . . i"--.
......
r--...
I---r--.... ~~
i"- r--.... ___ r--..

r- r---- . . .I---r--.., . . . ~
--
I-
'IJ · ," "" --
'- ........... ............
............
......
. . . . . . r--....
r--...
..........................................
r---..
........
I---~ ~
........
r-
1.

r-...- i"'-....
l-
r- '. b-~
.......... .......... . . . . .......... r-.. . . . . 1'- -....... ......... I'-- ............
........... b.. r--
;--....
-
~

o 07 .......

11 · " ........ 0 114 .......

i'- ..... .......... ~~ i'--r--.... . . . . . . ~ I'--
~

Q.
'-... .......... r--.., 0 ~ r--...... I"-., ............ ~

!
E
"'- i'- .......... o -.......,
~O .......... ......... r---... i'---~ . . . . I'-- r-.. i'-- b-., ~:---..... I'-- r--.... ..........
r-
0
... "'- i'- i'- :---.... '-... ......... b-., .......... t---.. i"--r-- ~b.
........ ........

Il! .
c
i'- " "'- i'- " i"-- ........ ........
--'R~ ~
r--.... t-..... r--..... .......
i"-- ....." .......... r-..... '"
..~
'0

"
i'- ~ ....... t'-.. """ r'-. ...... i'--.
.........
........
-.......,
'-...1"-.,

.........
..........
i'- .......
r---....
r---.... .......
r-.......
~ r-...- r-....... ........ "-
........ .......
~
Il: .2 0.6
• i'.~
, """" "'- ........... . . . i'- i"-- """ i'--- 0 I'-, r---.... "'

'" "" ~" .........

'" '"
~
~ :--.... ........
....... ........ -......., ........

"""" ""- "-

......... .............
~>", r----. :---.... t-...
"""
"- ...... r--..... o~c~ t'-.. r-....... r-.......

III ""
t--.
...... ,"'" ...........

t'-... 1""- i'-

r-...... ~ ....... " ........... '-.
.........

" . . . . . , . . . '" . . . . ~ qJ . . . . . i'- .......

.........
.......
""G!>ll
. J . . . . ...........
" !'-
........
r....... r--..... .......
......... ......
i"--
i"'- t'--.
"-

'1-' O.S
"" "
t'-..
"
"- ~
~
f',," r........
~"" r--...
," ~
""
"'- ~ "~
""
~6
~t'h.
'"
"-
",
........... b-,.
0
0

'" ......
"'-
.........
"-
!'- .......
"'-
r-.....

"
~o> ~ ~~ "~
'"
.........

" '"
""- '-. "'-
K "'- ,"'-
'" '" 0

O~'"
"-
~ "'- ......... "r----..
1·\ "r\.
"'- ~a.
'" "" '"~

~
:
.......

1\
0.4 '" '\ '\
""

" f"\
",

~~
0'
'\, OJ

t?",s " \
0"

'\
1,\
'\
'\
l'.
~
r........
~
:--....

"- "'-,
"-
" r-.....

l\ \

r\'{,~ \ \
0 :\

\ \ \ !'\\ i\ '" "-

"~ "'-
~I
\ \
\\ \ \ ~ :\. [\ ~ "'-
I" \ 1\\ 1\ \ \ :
\
~ l'.
o1 \ \ ~ ~. \ i'
I' 0 20 .0 60 80 100 120 '.0 160
'~",p~fotUfot'
180
GC
700 no 1.0 760 180 ),)0

I' i

I,
I.
, - - - - .-"

Ii
.----------.--------~

f>fH)(ESS [Nl;INEEHING DESICN r.,i\NlJi\L

21
I 15 -

1 FIG. 11

SSO Relotive den~ity of petroleum fro(tion\

IJ l.OS

I:"1 SOO Example

Al300 o c0.

I] 450
an oil ..... ilh rd. den. at 15°C
and 101.325 k Pa(abs) of 0 R6. and
Kw II.OQ).
has a reI. den, of 0.636 '00
100

1 al 7500 kPa(abs)(9

II Kw
(Mean avg. B.P.. °C + 273.151 X 1.81,··1
=~~~~~~~~~--~~~--~-­
r 0.95

1 RA!1. den. at 15°C and 101.325 kPa(abs)

II l50
0.9!

0.90

IJ ..
u
'
300
090

Ii ,
.
0

a.
E
..
: -"
_ c
LJ
0.85

!:
,! 250
o
: ·0
Q. .
C

11 c
:{
~.:
C»

0.80
'"..
..'"
.~
0

1 200

II Q.
Q.
,I>
,.
,~
0.75
Q.

11 ISO

.
Q.
,0
Q~\,
0~1> "
0.70

11 100
o
0.'"
0.1'1
065

I) 50 0.60

Ii o
0.S5

0.50
0.·5
0 .• 0

I Adop,.d '0 SI by CPSA I,om lI,n.,.

1
lenotr. and Schweppe. P.'roleum R.f,ner. 1958

I
I
I
o
I DA TA SECTION
Page No

:1 Date:
2/85 15.U

VISCOSITY

I UNITS:

I: Dynamic viscosity I centipose = 0.0 I dyne.s/cm2 = 0.000672 Ib/ft.s

Dynamic viscosity ~___-_

Kinematic viscosity: I centistoke = 0.0 I cm2/s =
11 Other quoted units for kinematic viscosity are:
density

Saybolt universal
I ,
Saybolt furol
Redwood Engler
conversion charts are sited in literature

Ii VAPOUR VISCOSITY

1
Use figure 12 in this section or

II Calculate using:
i)
fW1 ~
Zp.: d~ ~
Z '(1" 'I'M . . .;
Y'""' = mixture viscosity
f; = component viscosity

I ii) r m = A exp (B/C)

, HW;

d:
= component mol.wt
= component mol.frac

I A-:
(9.~ ~ o.ot. t1.uJ) T I.r
accuracy.:. 5 %

(lo<t
I -t'l\MW1""'t") \ot.

-1
e> ~ ~.r + '\rC + 0.01 Nw

Ii C. -:. 2.A _ 0.1 &

T

I: (' = Mw. P
cRT
II
1
LIQUID VISCOSITY

Use Figure 13 in this section or : - -?

I Calculate using: i) t'IM:: ( Z)( \. ( }-'~ ) Y3 j x~ = componel1t mol.frac

The viscosity of crude oils with an API> 30 0 (sg = 0.88) can be estimated using:

I logr= a - (0.035XAPI) centipoise

·C I a

I where 38
I
2.05
54 1.83

I 71
&&
104
1.55
1.30
1.08

I Correlations for liquid viscosity possess a general reliability of.:: 15 %

1
1 .----------,.---_._------------ -_. ------,-- - -- _._---,----

11 PROCESS ENGINEEnlNG DESIGN MANUAL ReVISion. Page No :

-, DATA :;ECT i O~J

Date 15 - 23
I
L/8S

I
11
Il ...
~

Ii1
'0
Q.

...
C
v

11
I ,
I

IJ I V. I';" III I!
0.0101"1 I.Hil i 1111. ', ...
1111
o 100 200 lOO 400 500

I j
' .. Ttm·~rotu(t.

lal
dtq f'

II
11
I ..
'0
....
...
.':
c ~~
c..
11 u

- -
u

.~ 0_020
.::;:..
v

I 0.015

I
I lOO
Temptru1urt. drq F r rmptro lurt. dell F
lei Idl

I FIG. 12. Vi,co,i'. 01 "Olu.ol QO'~'. 10J 0.6 g'o.,'" Ibl 01 0'0'", (el 080'0"" Idl 10 g.a •• ,. 11-~1.1

I VISCOSITY OF NA rURAL GASES

I
---------------- - ---' >---, --l '--' ----.J
.... l1li'-
l ___ . J
-
Viscosities 01 hydrocarbon liquids

HII,H
lHH
...."Tl
SOURCE: C"I
1. A.P.1. Research PrOlect 44
2. Swill et ai, AIChE Journal 6. No J, Sept 1960 ~

3. Pari sot & JOhnson, J Chem Ene Oata, 6,

3 No.2, Apr. 1960 ~

4, Adapted 'rom Heat Transler Tables. Amerocan :n

Locomotive Co., 1952 o
2 n
< m
(/l
VI (/l
o
(")
m
1 2
09 Q~.. 0 C)

~~~
~
oe -l 2
01 • "'0 ~ m
06 "qi Vl
m
rrl :::J
05 ()
04 -l 2
~ C)
t:::t 0
Q.'" 03 z o
m
E (/l
,.. C)
02
2
'"0<J .'1.
~
>'" """0 >
~/1 2
."'. .+"'f';'C, C

"'" .
TI)"""-'
•. C~ >
r
\~ ..,c--; ,;'

I~
?'~"
C''' ,

I - o..
.?

;)1 .,.:n
'.r 0
!ll.
.'",. ~.
(') ;)
003 .::; ('\ :l
n :) .-; t
~m0 .
~~d
(') N
'-. -:.
(D
Oleftns ar. approximately 15'110 less "SCOus
than Ihe corr.sponding normal paralt,n hydrocarbons

tmu:ttt
H
11; l
520
Vl

l1\ ~
Qj

·240 ·200 ·160 ·120 -80 -40 o 40 80 120 160 200 240 280· 320 360 400 440 480 .,.
10

(\) Z
Temperature .• C
~ o
I r---- ----- ----. ,. . . . . . ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
,
- - -- ,- ---- ---- ---- -

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'- - low-temperature vapor prellures lor light hydrocarbons
Temperature, 0 C
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~--~ •..~_ .... __ .J

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I] PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: Page ,,~o

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DATA SECTI,JN

I Date 2/8S IS -28

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I FIG. 16
TRUE VAPOUR PRESSURES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND CRUDE OIL

I
I
- -._---- - - - - - , - - -

I~l PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANLiJ/\L Ht!vl\lon : Page No

~ J
I

II-~ OAT ,,\ SECT I O;J

Date : 2/B5 15 - 29
Permissible expansion 01 a 0.7 relative density PermissIble ellpansion 01 a 0.8 relative density

1 natura' gas without hydrate formation

~~~~i~':::---c::-p......' ~..::l..---:'-rf-.1l-+o--t\-+'l1trl-+I-t-\-\I\+.\+,'i-\-:'\+~I'-.~i---1
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Final pressure. kPa (abs)

I
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,I 70000
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natural gas without hydrate formation
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I 1
6000
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10000
I

20000

I I

FIG. 17 HYDRA TE FORMA nON

I
I
 I,
Il DA T A SECTION
RevIsion: o Page No.

'11 Date:
2/85 15.30

I; SPECIFIC HEATS

,IJ (HEAT CAPACITY)

IJ UNITS: BTU/lb of
1 BTU/lb of =
11
4.19 kJ/kg 0C
kJ/kg °C 1 BTU/lb ° F = 1 cal/g °C

IJ VAPOUR MIXTURES

Use figs 18, 19 in this section

IJ
CpO is a fuction of temperature and can be calculated using:

'IJ CpO = A + BT + CT2

Ij1 where A, B, C are constants dependant on system composition

and T is in oR (K)

,11 Values of A, B, C are cited in Kern, or Perry.

Il CpO can be corrected for pressure if Pr and Tr are known using Figure

II K = ratio of specific heats.£e this should also be corrected for pressure if required.

LIQUID MIXTURES
Cv

IJ Use Figure 21 in this section or :

IJ Calculate using
. -}

;IJ Cpl = 2.96 - 1.34 G + T (0.00620 - 0.002349)

kJ/kG °e (T in °e)
Cpl = 0.68 - 0.31 G + T (0.00082 _ 0.000319)
I BTU/lb of (T in OF)

I-~ G = liquid specific gravity

CAMPBELL
(accuracy:: 5 %).
I
I
I
1 -----r---, - ----

PROCESS ENGI~JEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revl~lon: ,; PJ(JI! No .

$ 2 Date ;> /85 15 - 31

1 -200 o
SP(ClrlC Ho.r
200
T( .... P(}I"TVAt OECAE[S
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or
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...,fb-
.a..J 1::""
;t: q. iii
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I ...... U::::f .(<' .70. .70

-
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.... I .... I;( ....~ u

1 Ir
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CI
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~

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400
OCGA££S rN1R.E:.NHCIT
600 eoo lOOO

I
I FIG_ 18 SPECIFIC HEAT OF HYDROCARBON VAPOURS AT 1 ATM (NOTE UNITS ARE
BTU/LB/oF)

I
I
I
I PROCESS ENGINEEfllNG DESIGN MANUAL Revision: ,) Page No .

I Date : 2/85 15 -32

...<i.
c

I 20
...~.

I 10
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8a

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I l .0 ...E
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o

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I r-t- i
002

I AtdwCtd p'f'u",rt.
06 08 10
f! • :
c
z ) 4
0.01
10·

I FIG. 19 HEAT CAPACITY CORRECTION

MOLE/oF) (at atmospheric pressure)
FACTORS (NOTE UNITS ARE BTU/LB

I
r - - - - - - - - - - . ' - - --

PfWCESS ENCINEEFliNG DESIGN MANUAL RCIII\lon :

DATA SECTIO:J
Date ~/u) IS -33
oOrT~---.----.-----,-----.------r------'

~~~~~~---1---~r----~-----r-----;
FIG. 20
Appr •• I. . . . . . p.clflc h.ol (Opoclly roll ••
• f hydr.corb.n Va •••
~O~~~~~---1--+---~----r-----r------;

)5~-----'~~\+~~----~----~------t-----~

25~----4------~--~~~r-~~------t-----~

20~-----4------~------~~~~~~~t-----~

15L-__ ~~ ______ ~ ______L-____-L____ ~~~~~

1.01 U2 1.16 1.20 1.2.

,C

0,9
cO
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±

~~~
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ffB :f2~lilit~·-r+ '1+

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... -r+++-_. : :.. . .: ---+-
,_0 ;::;:;£
o 100
I .. __ ..... _..... ----.--------------------.-------.------.
1'-] RevIsion o Page No

1 -, DA T A SECTION
Date:
1 2/&5 15.3.1.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

I
il UNITS: BTU/lb of I BTU/lb of = 1.4&& kcal/m.h.oC

1-1
VAPOUR MIXTURES

I Use figs 22, 23 in this section

I Low pressure thermal conductivities of pure gasd and vapours can be estimated
using:

11
'II j
accuracy .:. & % k
f -
- BTU/h.ft°F
Ib/h.ft
Cp - BTU/lb of
1
I LIQUIDS

11 Use fig 24 in this section or :

Liquid hydrocarbon mixtures can be estimated using:

I k = 0.0677 [1 - 0.0003 (T - 32) J

sg
I
accuracy.:. 12 % k - BTU/h.ft°F
I sg - specific gravity .78<>.95
T - of 32 < > 392
I SOLIDS

I See Perry of Kern for details of metals, earths and building materials.

I
I L-____________ ~~------ _____________________________________

I
I -- ---------- ---------,-----

I ENGINEErII~~C Rp.Ylslon : ,
r.
PROCESS [) ESIGN Mf'NUfll Page No

Date 2/tl~ 'I) -35

Th@rmol Conductivity of Natural GOIU at 101.3150 "-Po (ob.)

I I-n:- j
--'_L---,--~---;:=:=:-~_L~~ --1
, ~-
FIG., 22
. . __.__ ... _ ·'._00 . . . _ .......... _.
~ _ . _ . . ( ... _ .. ,~._ ...... _ _ _ , _ 1

, -..... <-- (... - '-_._-.. -. '.. --

- - . . _ • t ....--. ... _ c._ .r._ •. ___ ....
~
E 0060 Orw~. ___ • _ .... ... , •••• _ . '.' .c. . . . Thermal conductivity ratio for go,@,
~ oose
: OOS6 - L
I r, t.
- L t-.,.__. - ..-__... .
._.~_ ~
IOr---'-~-r-----~---r--~-r---r--~-r~~
'~--+---+-----+----+--+--+---t-
E OOS.
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Ii 0 0101-+-+-+-+-+-lr-"<~r-~ FIG. 23
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0.0'£ ~--
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I THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF HYDRO-

CARBON LIQUIDS
I FIG. 24

I
I
11 DA T A SECTION
o Page No

'I' Date:
2/85 15.36

I LA TENT HEAT OF VAPORISA nON

II UNITS: BTU/lb I BTU/lb = 0.5556 kcal/kg

1-1 kcaJ/kg

Use figures: 25, 26

I- Estimate using Troutons rule:

Ii
I) accuracy.:: 20 %
)..: 1,. Tb caJ/gmole

Tb =boiling point oK
IJ For relief valve calculations use 50 BTU/lb if actual Yt.ht is not known.

1 ,. Detailed es tima tion methods in Perry : pp 238 <1 ______

IJ
11
II
IJ
I~
It
I
I
I
I
r--------~------------ ----- - - - - - -------
PROCESS ENGINEEIUNG DESIGN MANUAL ,)
Rcvl\lon Page No

II D,'T,' SECTION
Date 2/85 IS - 3t

D
OF ·C
1800
1700 LIQUID
, RANGE
·C 'e ., ·C x y PRECISION 10~

"OO~
1 SOO
lJOO
100 Act' It C Acul
ACt' to'"
HI
lU
100·100
100·100
5.'
r.O
II.'
10.l
10

"'''''''onl. Il) 10·200 l.l l .•

600 Am,' .lcO'\ol (isot 10' 100-300 '.0 t.o
1100 aetu~n. 11l 10-300 U.S

~1
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I000-:::l SOO
a .. t.n. ( ... 1
Bul~.
IU 40· '0
70-.200
1.'
1.'
II.'
11.7
IS

..,
900 a .... ". (04'.1 IH '5-175 1.4 12.1

,..
a .. I,1 .lc ...... 1 ("'1 "7 17ChlOO 1.0 '.1
800 aul,1 .IC ...... I (04'01 165 ,SO-.200 1.7
a .. t,1 • Ic ..... 01 ~'O , .7 20
700 B.. I,I .Ic ..... ol (... c\ lIS 17~'O '.1 I.)
B.. I,I .Ic""ol (.1.", llS ,04-.200 1.' '.5
C •• _ dlo ..... U 'C).loo 1.1 II.'
600 C •• _ dl ... III ... 271 '4C).11$ 1.5 n.7
C.,bOft I.lrac ...... , ...
,., ,ChlOO

,.
21l 1.1 17.1
Clllorl_ 'OO-lOG '.5 14.5 30
SOO CIIIOIOf_ 25. '1$-.215 1.1 15.7
Olc"loroe .. ,I.". «I., lQ ~OO '.4 n.J 20
01 .... 1",1 ami". 115-.200 4.J 1.1
nl 19
400 Olp ... ",1
Olpho",1
,C). II
ll-'SO
l.l
1.1
lS.l
15.1 18 1 I I I I I I I r--.-. I- 40
Olp".",1 ,50-,00 0.1 12.1
Olp".",1 •• Id. 511 5Chl'0 J.l 15.S
17

300
OI ..... "'I.al ... 14~00 '.2 14.5 16 1 J I I I ~ SO
E"'_ 410 10·nO •• 0 '.1
E""I .Ic""ol 2., lC).140 1.1 7.0 lS -
E""I .lcoh.1
E""I_I_ ,., 140-1 SO
nD-ll0
4.7
1.'
I.l
•• 0
14 60
IS0·.110 •• 1

200
E""I dllorlde
E""I ....
E ..'I ....
'".- ,C). SO
sia-ns
1.0
4.0
12.2
1.1
0.1
13
12
70
BO
180 E .. ,I .....
E .. ,I • ."..
," U-UO
uC).zeO
J.l
1.1
1207
1207 y11 90
160 F.oOft " (CCI-F\ 'n ~2S0 J .. 17.J 10 100
F •• Oft U CCCI-F) 111 IC).ISO J.' 17.2
60 F.o ... 11 CCHCI-FI ,n lO-ZlO 1.1 15••
9
F •• Oft U CCHCII II 5C).t&0 •• 0 15.1 B
120 F ..... III CCCI-FCC'F) 214 4G-lSO 1.5 !l.r
CO F .. Oft 114 CCCI-FCCIFI 145 450200 1.5 n.7 7
100
H.pl._ C~) 251 ,D-l'O 1.4 I1.S
61 1'1 I I L,5O
H....... C~'
.,
ZH SW40
,C). to
1.4 !l.l

..,
"el"'ene 5.1 I.) 5
go 30 MeI",1 .lcoh.1 1. lC).140 1.J S.l
MeI .. ,1 ac"".1 '4D-l.0 1.1 C
BO MeI .. ,1 amI_
".111,1 eIIl.,I'"
157
141
l00·Z00
1&-110
4.1
2.1
'.5
tt.l
31 1 I I I] ~ 200
70 5 2 0 ".1",1 ell I.. I... 11C).120 s.2 11.2 2
".1.. ,1 , ...... ,.
Il10'11,1_ eIIl .., ...
lI4
2,.
15~2S0
,sD-lSO
'.1
,.0
11.J
12.7 1 ~ I I I I I l- 250
60 HIIr ...... 1... X &. Z5 1.2 '.2 0
HIIr ...... Id. 25-US 5.1 U.l • 1 2 3 • 5 • 7 • • ,. ~ 3 ••
SO OcI_C""
P."I .... C~I
ZM
'IF
1&-100
15-250
J.O
'.J
Il.'
12.7
X . )50
P."ta ... C-4 DO' 1M ,Q.lOO
..,
1.2 1%.7

40
P.op-
P'o",1 .lc_1 C.\
Pr09J1 .lc_1 C"-'
M
214
U&
15-251
2W70
150-250
20'
1.5 ..,
11.0
1.1 400

30
P,.ldl_
Suit .. 41 .. 1...
T.I ......
T'lc....... "'r'-
144
'M
12,
IF,
U,
nW50
,~

'~OO
uWOI
LJ
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201

1.1
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120'
13.7
tS.1
450
500
SSO
• .tor 1WSS 1.' '.0 600
-
700

BOO
20
1B
Eumpl. : Pour I' •• u • t~C. 'c - t = 275-
800
-:-.dH20 538 keell kg

LATENT HEATS OF VAPORIZATION OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS FIG. 25

I
I; PROC~SS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL I Revision: I) Page No :

DATA SECTION
Date : 2/85 I IS -38
I
I
I]
.. ~

I'
I' (,)

-
~
. .J
<
I) I ~.....
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- 7

I: I ~:::>
0

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....
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oJ
0," o.~'
PRESSURE - A TM
2 " 6 8 '0 20 (0

I
I LA TENT HEAT OF VAPOURI5A TlON OF
HYDROCARBONS FIG. 26

I
1
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I
'- '
1I PROCE SS ENGIN EERIN G DESIG N MANU AL Revisio n: 0 Page No :

DATA SECTION
I SPECIFI c,; GRAVIT Y
60/60 0 F
Date : 2/85 IS" - 39

I
1.10 1.00 .GO .80 _70

19,000

'I 20,toO

Ii 18,800

10,000

I 18,600

II
I '" -.- -- 18,400

•
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~ '8,400 ..J
.....
• 18,200 ~

I: E

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Z
0
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I ,~
u
~
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0
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J: 17,800 c
I&J

I: tit X

~ .-
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Z

1 1
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'8,100 17,600

I 1',400
7,400

I 1',200
17,200

I 1',000
HEAT S OF COMBUSTION OF liQUI D FIG.
- ----- - --_ .. -- ._. ", ,
I 17,100 1':::/::q::;;r?I:3k=':i~!i;PE
PETR OLEU M FRA': TlONS ! FROM MAXWELL DATA
0fiC HYDRO CAR80N S, 19~, 0 VAN NASTRA NO CO"
INC,
r::== =
17,000

16,900
- I() 0 10 20 ~ 40 '0
I
60 70
API GRAVITY

I
I r - - = - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - -...- - . - , - - - - r_ __
I a

-
RevIsion· Page No
DA T A SECTION

I
Date: 2/85 J 5.~o

I
SURFACE TENSIONS
I
11
I; UNITS: Dynes/em
N/m
1 dyne/em = 10- 3 N/m

Ii For surfac~ tensions of paraffins use fig. 28

I: To estimate surface tensions for hydrocarbon liquids/gas use

cr ~ [~ .
I.
Ie.. - f"]
1 t'\"" (I. .J.
source : baker
accuracy: .!: 10 %
I P = Parachor = 18.07 + 2.946 MW for paraffins with MW < 100
1 = 278 + 2.3.5 (MW - 100) for paraffins with MW > 100

pI = liquid density Ib/ft 3

1 flv = vapour density Ib/ft 3

I For oil-gas mixtures can also use

~: (Al.t. _OoC~"l T - oo~'l- APZ.) " (."r (_0 0001-?)

1
0

T = temperature in of source Beggs + Brill

I P = pressure in psia

1
1
I
I
I
 I
I PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision 0 Page No
!

I DATA SECTION
Date 2/85 I~ -41

I Sur'ace 'onlion 0' paraf'in hydrocarbon,

FIG. 28

;1 JO
Ad.O'... Ie 51 ... <inA. 0..............
O. ,-, M _ _ • ~. ~" .... T... ~...
I:f±i±
~

. .~
1t•• I.
., . ~ ..~~I A. ,~ "SvlfKe Te,....,. .. c.n... 0",
CoA' ........' a. •••he. G....··. '.ltOI~
~ ~". R:+
~ ",0., ". Tectl"Olo9Y. Seotetft"'.• ,.).

I 2S ~

... .,.
t
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.
•
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MoI ...,!. . . . ._ I I

E~
.........
z: u
I~!c! I
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c~
C

.!C -II IS
220

:v .....e ...
200

I o z 110
;e
... i60
10
::0

I \~ ..
S
0 .,
I •

nf ..

I o
-120 -10 -.0 o .., 10 120
r....po<_•• -c
160 200 2.0 210 320

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I
I .-. PROCE SS ENGIN EEf1IN G DESIG N MANU AL

DATA SECTIO N
RevisIO n: 0 Page No

'I Dew point 01 natural ga.

I Date 2/85 is -42
remo.,aIV f.
FIG. 29

I
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80 .00 '20 '''0 t60 ,eo 100 1<0 llO

1000000

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20000

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6000
100000

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6000

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TOTAL
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SOLIOS IN BRIN£. ,
•
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1000
100
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I
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'---------

I; PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Hell,\,on I) P3']O No

I ,--, DATA SECTICXJ

Date : .'/8~ I /5 - 43
I -Tl- I I .,?:cEr'
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Solubility of natural gases in water and brine. FIG. 30 Solubility of methane;" waler.
FIG. 31

I; Z4jr-r-r-r-~'-'-'--r-r-r-r-r~~-'-;r-r-r-~

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., SOLUBILITY OF NATURAL GAS IN WATER

II
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1500
c:

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;; 8 I: :-. . . ...::k-
? '000
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z

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260

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Total lollc"," ." bt'int. ,pm. 10·)
lO 40

FIG, 32 ,5oIubil,ly of noturol gal;" wot.,.

I
I
I
I PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision 0 Page No :

DATA SECTIO~l
I 44
1 Date : 2/85 15 -

I ,0
FIG. 33
Solubility 01 waler In hydrocarbons

II : 09
0.8
01
06

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I r---------------~-------------.~ _______ __ ..:..-~<~.~.~~~~ ~jr---
I-~ PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision 0 Page No

~--
DATA SECTION
-4 5
'I - ,to' o P'''I
Dale 2/85 15

FIG. 34 .A(\,aOahC e<panso()n "om 5 CXXl pS'9 10 .Imosp"""

I -'!IO-

.u.o· 2[)0 P'1

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·.., .. . .. --22. . .
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---oN

TEMPERATURE DROPS FOR EXPANDING GAS'

I .lO

FIG. 35 ·Ac:I.a~tC 8I.panSIOn from 10.000 to 5.000 psig.

I .n

.~

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WclIIIeC...., . ." ' "

I.----------------------------------------------~
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- .. I- - - - --- - - - -' - -.-- - - -
I
.;
-~.-- .. -
Physical prop erti es of gas 'rea ,lng
che mic als
M.n .. th.n .I.", ln. DI.t h.n.I .",ln . ',I •• hon. I.ml n. DI.l y,.I. mln. -
fotm ""o ....• •.•• ••.• , •••• DII •• ".,.n ,I," ,I".
•.•• •• I •••••••••
•
HOC ,H4N H, (HOC,H412NH
hl...1- p,.""", c., b." •••
Molocu'o, mall .... .... .... .... (HO C,H4 )lN H(O C,H. )2NH , Oim .,hyl .,h., 01
..•• .••. .•.. . (HO C)H. )2NH
Bo,'ing point @ 101. 3 ~Po (ob.) . ·C 61.08 105.104 poly •• hyl. n. glycol C,H .CO ,
.... .. .... .. . 1048.19 10".1~
170." 269 133.1 9 280
F,o. "ng poin', 'C .... .... .... 360 (O.c omp ol.l) 102.0 9
...• , , •... .... 10.5 221 2049
Critic al cons tanh 28 22.04 270 2~2
-12.5 042
P,.II U", kPo (obi) .. , •.•. ..•• •.•• -28.9 -~9.2
T.mp o,o." .. , ·C .... , .. , .•..• ...• •. , 59U
, ••.. • , .•.. 3273 2~d
350 3772 3170
OonlOty ,. 20'C , kg/m ' , , .. , . , 04~2 5104
•. , •••• ••.• .•• , 1011 0403 109
11010"" don. ;.,. 10'C /l0'C .... 1095 11104
.... .... .... . . 10sa @ 15.6 ·C 999 .30· C
$pocolic h.o. copocity. kJ/(k g·oq 1.0119 1.0919 (30/ 20'e , 1031 @ U'C
.. 15.6 'C •... . 1.1258 .1.0572 1205 .7 ."
2.5046 II 20'C 2.512
0.98 9 .. ~5!20'C
Th .. mo' cond"C1i.ity, J/(I· m'·· C/m 2.931 1.203 :D
). 20'C '" .• 0.25 6 2.391 2.88 9" 30'C
lo'on ' hoo' 01 .opo ,ilo,i on. k./ti g 0.22 0 2.0.52 @ "-'~ t.40J 0.
Of kPo fobl) ... 826@
T01. 3 kPo
0.20 9 ('")
Hoo' 01 rooc,ion, kJ/kg 01 acid gal 670 . 9.73 Vo 535 @ 101.3 ~Po
0.19 0.25 ·C 0208 @ (' )'e rn
510 @ 101.3 ~Po 430 (II (1)
H,S ... " .... .... .... .... .... kPo 484 @ 101 J kPa
III
, ." •.•. . III
CO, .... .... .... ... , .... .... -930
...• •... ... -156 8 rn
Vi.colOty. mPo' I .... .... , .... .... -10465 -197 7 -H2 @ 2.5·C 2
.... .... . , .. 24.1 .20 ·C 3S0@ 20'C 1013 II 20'C -J72 @ 25'C o Cl
40@ 1.5.6·C >
~
(90 m... " lolu'ionl 198 II 045'C
(9S m,," " loluloonl
86@ 5oC'C
5.8 @ H'C 108 @ -2~'C
4 . .5 @ O'C
>
--i
I
~I
RoI, oc"'o ind ... N~, 10'C .... .... 2.5@ 2~'C l/)
.. , .... ... . US3 9 rTl
Flo.h poin •. COCo 'C ... , .... .... 1.4776 1.48S2 087 @ 100' C n.
.... .•• , , .. . 1.04598 I:
93
E.hy l.n. OIycol
138 lIS
DI.th yl.n. Olyc.I
127
\.045oC2 (II oC.5·C
120C '51
1.42 09
131
--i
....
~ o
2
Cl ,
I I

Fo,mulo .... .... .... .... .... ',I •• h,l.n . O',co '
"" ••• h,I." . Ol,co ' Sull ,'.n. - m .•.~
.... , ••.. .•.. ... , •.. , • • •
Moleculo, mOil . . . . • . • • • • • • • • • HOC ,H40 H HO(C ,H40 )2H HO( C,H. OllH HO( C,H4 0).H
M.th on.'
....
~ CIl
~
• • • • • '" •••• •••• ,
•• , • • • 62.0 7 C.H ,SO, COl Cl .':
Io;!,ng po,n ' • 101.3 Va (ob.) . ·C 106.12 150.17 CH,O H Z
F,ooring poin.; ·e .. , .... .... ....
.... . , .•.. , .... .... , . .
197 2045
19~.32
'20.1 7 32,0 4 .~
.... .... .. , . . . . .. . . . . -13
287 327 285 645
~ 3:'
l>
I
C,ihc ol (on,' onfl -B -7.2 -6.2
",o .. v,o, kPo lobi) ... , .•... •••• 27.6 -97,7 2
•••• •. , •..• •..• ,.. 1696 C
r.mp .,o'u ro. 'C .... .... .. , •. 4661 330~ l>
' •••• •••. •.• , .•.. '. • 312 2590C
O.nl ity II ~O·C. kg/m ' ...• •... 40B 04042 .5790 1956 r
..• '.. •••. •... ..•. ..•• • 04104 .5045
R.lo,i •• d.n., ty. 20'C /20'C .... 1113 1116 240
.... •• ,... .... .... .... . 1123 12046
1.1155 1.1184 1265 190
Spocil,c hoo' copoci,y. kJ/(~g··C). 1.12504 o
15.6 ·C ••.• • . .•. ..•• •• 1.2048 \.268 :D
2.3\1 0.79 17
Th.,m o' conduC1i.ity. J/(I· m',· C/m
). 20'C •••• .••. •• ' ••• 0.2 .7.
15.6 ·C
2.2040
0.24 9" 15.6 ·C
2.06 0 2.111 1.507 II lO'C 2.41 01.5 '- 10'C )
'"R> .
R>
~.
10lo n' hoof 01 .opo ,ilo.i on. kJ/~ 0.20 41" 1.5.6·C
Vilcolity. mPo 'l .... .... .... ....
g ot Vo (obi ' .. , ....• ••••
800 . 101.3 kPo 540 . 101.3 kPo 416 . 101.3 kPo
0.197 II 37.B·C 0.21 5 o·
:;)
..•• ••• •• :. . • . • . . • . . • • 20.9 314 " 101.3 Vo '15 • 100' C
. 20'C 35.7 .20· C IIOJ II 101 l kPa
47.9 " 20'C 60.0 " 20'C .....,
10.3 @ 30'C 06 @ 'O'C
6.1 @ 50'C '-
CP
c
2.5 @ 100' C V1
I.~ @ 150' C
RoI'OC1i •• ind ... N4. 20·C .... ....
.... ..• , •... . , .. , ...• 1.4316 0.97 @ 200' C
Flolh poin" COCo 'C ... , .. , .... 1.40472 1.455 9
NOT (: I mPo· I • I un.i poil l
.... , ...• , .... .. , .... , 116 143 166
1.459 5
177
U81 @ 30'C
117
I 3186
14
'" ."
II>
ID

~
I".>
I 2
(j\ o
I --~ _~w' .~ . • .~~Z~;'i -
PROCE SS ENG", ;lEERI NG DESIG N MANU AL
I Revilio n 0 Peg e No

DATA SECTION
4i
I
Date 2/8S 15 -

Heel c.pO(t" of Wot.,·

I
I S 1000))
•
7
I 0017.
loom
••
I 'a
, 110m
, lIOn-
, 00'"
"
II
II
LOO'~
100UO
I ooon

I .-
10 I ooor.7
1\ I.aoool
It 1.000"
17
I. .M7'
It .~

I II
D
D
Jt

It
._7
.'""
.'"11
.,"11
.""Ol

I
)II
)1 ......,
."'"
.....
I Jl
,.
JI

JI
•""I
.f9ISt

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J6 .,..,.1
......
I .-
J7 .,..,.1
J6
)t .9ge66

41
41 .t9171
41 · t9176
4) ."..,

I· 44
4)

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...
41 .WI07
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."9116
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U 1.00019
PHYS ICAL PROP ERTIE S OF WATE R U I.aooo.
I.ooon
44

....
u LOOOlS
1.000"

I Th. _ _ 1 c.......ct;,,;'l' ef W ......... s._"

.....ns/I •. l(" ,"J
..
61

II
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n loom

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14;
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.Mftl,..
549 I
.500 i
5H
72.0 ;
l
800/
405
~O·
I
700
t4.J
181
14
··'n-
11
77
I 00 If.
Coolili
loom
1.00141
"" .... , ,-. a:
IIlIl &1& . /9'1.1 4":'~ 11 I oozsa
e:.~ ~

- - - .- -
77.8 ;
sq Hl1
Lill \0'1' f\S.S roe 4011 .\YI ,~ l '1.4,1
is I ; 1114 "• Loom

I .!flo' l&S &;q fi'l\ 700 1181 8.19 571 tOi qU 1101 III 100,..
II I 0011)
.......
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...
l.~
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fJW . 7n..
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II.
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IH ..
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loonl
I 00171

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¥Ifi 710 8'l1 &57 tn. "lSI ! l.12
) ;~ ,,;z 707 71J IN7 162 19'
122 129
II I OOltZ

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,.Y' '-'\1 ~7)
11.1 IJO 1\\
710 ;111 ;01 fill;
.... , .... .. 7"1 '11 :- !f. ;/H 171
/1111

lit!
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17 •I 00011
0001'
I 00017
I-
-Ea.r4ctC"d hum 'vptrM..1u.. T.. ble- J . ...t <..MlM·w " ..
''',II. p..i1'W1. tllMh lule'r .... f •• "".1 r .... IIt,.. ,... , ._ .....
puc1" lnC'f'tlnc at \h .. ~"""I Conduc
r,ftpr'''''''' 04 'f .. a",. ru ••. I~ FIN ..... ..
tt I CIO!OI

I
............ 1'1'''' .... -If' T.Iot .. 1.!M
.
'1
'I
• OOU•
• 00110
• 00\7'
1 -

I
I ----.. ------- "'--r-
'.·ili i · lII-~ ~ ••" ~<.' • >: i
' PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL
-~ ~ -'- ~~!;f:,~
1«1"

r' '
I
RevISion: 0 Page No:

DATA SECTION
Date :2/6515-48
I Th.,. ..... C."ductiYity of Au,.·
Tht'rTnllllllklu.t''',h •. 8Iu/.h .h, . of

I Pr«uurt'.
Ih /"1 In .t>-

I~
0
:
-L50
' 06111
01121
-ZOO
o ;~1
0;1;1;
-I~

0""1
0_
._---
- IIlI
11\.11
11\.1.\
-;0

I I;'
T.. ",p.
--.-

11M
II
-r
;0
._----
IHI
IUl

Lj.:;'\
I .~;7
Ilil

I h7'n
1 ~-I
.,..
I :\;
1;11

I"'"
11"1 I 111 I I'lli I :- ... ~ I ~\~

I; SO
100
ISO

lOI'I
01129
' 0~1
IlIr.o
0".
O.:~:
Oll/l.~

, 0 703 . 052 •. 0 'I.'i8

O'il.
0')27
11'1-41
I n.\'l
I lIftS
1117-;
I
I I'lli
I 19'1
I.:! 10
.
I 0'10 I 2:!.1 ' I lSO
I 11 ..
I l2J;
1.1'18
I HI
I 4Sl
I~I
I ;liZ
ISfi'I
; ~:II
11'71
IIi:;
16;<1
1 :\1
I :,.
I ; ..;
I \IN
I,tl'
I ~"I

1.470 1\4.4 HiM I:"" I ~cll

1.'10 O~.. 11977 I 10: : I 1lII I JIll 1.4811 1.~1 11;<11 I 7'f~ I "'W;
II"""
I
100 lI..sl I 12e I 1.U4 ~ 1.177 1.•'11 I"~l 18'f'I I r,nl I"....
.no 0'1117, I (till I I'" I I 2'1 I «l.~ ISI~ 11120 171. IU\ I'll
~ 1125 111M; I I'M I..JI9.1.n.1 I SJ.l I "111 1:10 I ~:!'f l't!
,
tIOII I I~ 1!5 ue I 146 ISii 1.611 I 7~ I .... I'll
:110 1211 1)0 I...., I ...a I~ 1M 177 IV; 1'1-4

1 '100
'1110
IlUI
1'''-
-'
I J,~
1404
IloS
141
I."
I ..~
1.5Il
I.S~

·Com"'l .... by P. £. uln To nht •• n .~"""I thcnnal..,onduo.lI •• tv ••1..... cIs.ode I~ tah" ••Iun
I .\1
1..\6
II.~
Id"
I &1
1&\
1:0
I~
I;.
I :11
I~
I'll
1"-
I ..
I'll
1'iIi
1'17
I ....

I: by 100 Fot I.hln .. Sf un.l. I ...... '10' 10 1.100'1(. I to 100lI' .... , .. _ \· ..... rIN • .: •••"h ...,k ..
.nd R.hcno • ..,h. '"T1wrmophYllnl p,_rt.~. 01
SSf Ita", IT ;o...~. 1971
.nd "'or
Compo_nh .. \ 1 _ . 1'ifiII....... 'BS-
n" """''''f' In.C':OIK,,
'or
pre-wftt·cb,· ac."C'W&c.'·

,
I' p,~"",<.
Viaee';.., ., ,,".

~
Vueolil).. n../(It.)(hr J )( 10"'
Tc"'P. ·F.
SpecifIc Heot ., Air ....... ~

I~ r 100 i 2.5CI
Cal." ·C.
.n_ It. , --'~ i - ~! ~

1111
Ib.!,,! 0 100!

I T~"l1---"
200 3.r. 3.14 I U8; 4.211 I 45: i 4.,8 i :U2 545
400
eon
3~ 313. 405: 4.36 I 4.53 I 4.86 5.19 I 5..51 ----- . 7 I."Bt '.140 ••
3.54 313 I 4.14 4.QI 4.119"· 494 I 5.2S S.5t> • .De .M1 .W .ZSl
IlOO ud I -,. .De .146 .m .lJ't
1.000
l.12
l gr.
3iS:
4.0.,
4n
4.31 4.56 i •.
4 .•6 5.07 I 5..J1
14 5.10 I 5.JIo ,
561
567 -I.
-I,.
.Dt
.HI
.Dt
.J".SO$
.•S.lIN 1
_

I 1.200
1.400
1.800
401\ • .%0
4.!!f;: 4.35: • .54
4.•• ; 4.55. ....
I
442
• -;'7
4.r.
I
4.116, 4.92
5.00
5.~
!
S 16 I 5.4-4 S 72
:i.24 I 5.50 5 77
UI I 55';' . 5.S.
5~ i 5.5J : 5.!iIO
For the .J)«i.fic heala 01 other 1D&t.eri.u .. a fWlctioD
1,Il00
!.ooo
4.10
5.10
413
I 4iS I
I 4.13
4.r.
5.00
5.10
5.11
5.27 I
541 5.10 . 5.9.
of ,be pr_ure, lee "!DUrDatioDaI Critical Tabl_." Yol.
6. PP- U-83. See r....
3-11 MeS 3-14.

I 2,SOO
3.000
3.sao
•.000
805;
1.12 e.l. I
7.82; 6.76'
I a..:u :'.J.4.
5.s:; 5~
5...
UJ
5.l1i
5.10
41.116
6.65 6.U
551.
5.11 ~
•.08;
• .38 :
5.M , S.r.
5.111 , 1.1)6 • e.19
8.12 ; US : 643
1 .•2 '.C3· e.6.1
~ e.o.

c.sao I 910' 1.111 •.09; 6 .•6 1.65; Ull 611: 682

I 5.000
8.000
1.000
I
: 9.85
11I.l5
: 1263
'.49: 7..55
11.411>'
10.•&;
II»
1.16
7.90
9.17 I 8.11
i 1.99 :
1.86.
1.26
I

'.119
1.52
'.03
'

'.11. 0:
I •.
1.43: 1.80
7.82 & 10
1.000
i
: 14..56 11.94'IO.l8! I.e
12.~: 1I.O!1 j 10.11 I
UII &.se 1.311. 1152

I
11.000 16.09 11.46 '.07 UJ. a.90

10.000 ! IUO 1•.03: 11.65 i IQ.79 : 10.10 us 1.37: 11.17

·Compiled ",. P E. ut..,· For I""'" .. 51 .....to &om 90' 10 1300'&': .•
I Ie. 1000 batl. IH VUln'lftlft. " ....-chi ....... and Raho"",·ocll. I"hc .......
p/l)'lieo' ~rtoo 01 .'It PHYSICAL PROPER TIES OF AIR
I
.nd .W c-po..enu,- N _ . 1966. •nd
NBS-SSF " .... IT 1O-3009S. Ilia nu. _~ coaui... 0 . . . ,......... 01
pr~wn •• «URC",.

I COMPOSITION 0' THI! ATMOSPRI!IlI

The compositioo of dry air is ramrbbly COIIStaDt an O'V'Cl' the c10be and throu&b-
out the entire tropospbcR. The proponioos by Il0l_ of the various COCDpODeDts
are IiY'CII below (alter A. P. PIDeth. 1939. 19S2).

I SubsWlOr: y. by volume SubstaDoe y. by volume

I NI
01
Ar
n0()9
20,"
0-9J
CH.
Kt
HI
2<))( lCt-'"
I )( ICt-'"
5 )( I~'
-<X>. O~J NIO 5 )( I~'

I Ne
He
J.I)( let-'
',2)( 10--'
Xe
RA
9 )( I~·
6 )( l~··

.~ - - - - -1A41114wui&1~
I
I
 ---.----.~.-".,.,-, ..•. ~"-'--~i

PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision P&<JeNo:

Date 2/&5

16. PROCESS CALCULATION SHEETS

I __:C::--=--"-------'r-------.
-:-~

I~!

I' • .- P~OCESS CALClJLA nON SHEETS

I
I
ReVISion

Date:
0

2/&5
I Page No

16.0

I
I.J
I EQUIPMENT CALCULATION SHEETS

I
I AIR COOLER
SHELL AND TUBE EX<i=HANGER

I PUMP I

CENTRIFUGAL OR AXIAL COMPRESSOR

il RECIPROCA TING COMPRESSOR

TRA YED COLUMN
I
VERTICAL LIQUID GAS SEPARATOR
II HORIZONTAL TWO Pt1ASE SEPARATOR
HORIZONTAL 3-PHAS~ SEPARATOR
PIPELINE TWO PHASE~P CALCULATION
,I PIPELINE ~T CALCUUA nON

I:
\

I'
,i
I:
I
I
I
1
I
I
r--- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- .:. ::.-~.:~,

I.

ITERA riVE 'ICALC ULA TION LOG FOR A BURIE D PIPEL

lNE.!lT .

I I
I SEGM ENT N° I LENG TH I
ELEVA TION I PI Tl Ta T2 I P2
I
m I
+ m I bar a I °C °C °C I bar a
I I

10

PROCESS CALCU LATION SHEET 2

ITEM:
BURIE D PIPEL INE .1T CALC ULAT ION I No.
 I
II
I
I
,

I
I
I
I
,

,
.1
I

I
I
I
I
!
I
SI33HS VIva SS3JO~cl 'LT
I
I
j
L
I .

I
I

I I
I
I
I
C.'gll 911ro I
oN d6ild
UO'SI"'d~
l'tnN'tfW N!)rS30 !)Nl~ 3 3N r !)NJ ::;~:!,>vO:' d
..
~----_ _.-
,

'---i,.: ".;',
~- ..... ~.
--.
- -,--
I
I
 -

I --~---!

, PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL RevIsIOn: Page No . '~T~~)

I '"

NOTES Date : 2/&5

I
I
I,
I
I
I
I
I
I ~,
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
:1
I
I
1_________________________
1
I
I
6. Wall thickness
I
DESIGi\l PRESSURE P= barg Max stress C5 = 1220 bar
Ii CORROSION ALLOWANCE C =
mm S5 = 1000 bar
S=
I' Joint efficiency E =

= PxD +C
I: t
2SE-1.2P = mm

Ii 8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)

1-1 t =
L =
mm
m
Shell weight
Head weight
= kg

1..
= kg

I) D= m (t x D x 20)

TOT AL WEIGHT = kg

I'

I
I
I
I PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET

CALCULATION FOR HORIZONTAL ITEM

I
~ ... TAN/T AN LENGTH L' •
I .. FLOW PATH LENGTH L =, ~
-I
eDT I0
· Amend sketch if boot

I 0= HLl
required instead of baffle
· Indicate on sketch
if mesh required
III
HIL r--- · Heads: 2 : 1 elliptical
hS Ihem ispherical
lIL _, h J hl h2
h4
hS/ • -1-&'1
I .. i B i., 1
EQUIPEMENT No :
DESCRIPTION:
@
I 0eer a ting data:
Oper a ting pressure bar a :
CONDENSATE Flowrate
I Operating temperature ·C :
fC Density T,P
kg/h
kg/m3
=
=
QI Vol flow T,P m3/min =

I GAS MW
--
Mass flowr ate kg/h =
fC Viscosity cp =
Density T,P kg/m3 :
I Qg Vol flow m3/h :
WATER CUT

fW
Flowrate
Density T,P
kg/h
kg/m3 :
:

}' :. Qw Vol flow T,P m3/min:

I Particle size microns:
fW Viscosity cp =
1. Vaeour-liguid settling velocitr : from Fig. I/ca1cuJated *"
I C :
Vs = m/s

*" Delete as applicable

I 2. Maximum vaeour Vm = Vs x 0.85 x L Vm= m/s
I velocity LID: 3 D

3. Liguid-liguid settling

I Oil in water
mm/min mm/min

I Water in oil
mm/min mm/min

I
I
I CALCULATION FOR HORIZONTAL
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
ITEM
Sheet 1 of 4

3 PHASE SEPARATOR
I
No. ,
BY T J CHK 1 DATE I I JOI nru 1011 No
, liE.. i

I
I
I
I 4. ,\iozzle sizing: veloci ty limits (1I1/s) :: Inlet: 7 -13, Gas outlet 15-30, Liquid outlet 1-3

actual vel m/s

1--------+-_________ ---------t---- ~____ _
I. [nlet flow:

I (+ [0 %)

2. Gas outlet:
;1 3. HC outlet:
4. Water outlet: .

I 5. Vessel sizing
For trial I use tres oil (HLL-LLL) = 4 min
I OIL SECTION

I TRIAL 2 3 I 4
I
I I
I
I Selected hID
Calculated (Qg/Vm)
Av as % AT (Fig. 3)
Av m2
I
I
I
I
I
Total area At m2
I I
I Liquid area AI m2
I
I
I
I
I
Calcula ted 0 mm I
Selected 0 I I
I LID (3 - 4)
D mm

J
I
I
I
I
I
Flowpath length L I I I
mm
I T an/T an leng th

HLL height
L' mm I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
hI mm
Volume at HLL I I I
I LLL height
Volume at LLL
h2
m3
mm
m3
I
I
I
I
I
I
Surge volume (HLL - LLL) I I I
m3 I
I Calculated tres min
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I I
I Notes or comments: I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I a) tan-tan length L' = L + 1 t x (01 + 02) mm - Ignore if D < 1.2 m

I
I
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
I CALCULA TION FOR HORIZONTAL
Sheet 2 of 4
----------------------------;
ITEM:

No ..

I
I
I ---.

I
'I WATER SECTION
Trial 1 B = 2/3 x L = mm (rounded)
I TRIAL I I 2 I 3 4 I
I Total liquid vol flowrate
Qw + QI m3/min I
I
I I
I
I
I
Baffle distance B
I
mm I
Liquid area at HLL AI
I
m2 I
Horizontal vel at HLL VI
I
mm/min I I
Ut water (step 3) mm/min I I
I Vertical fall from HLL
=BxUt/V1
HLL - vertical fall
mm
mm
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I Liquid area at LLL
Horizontal vel at LLL
AI
V2
m2
mm/min
I
I
I
I
I
Ut water (step 3) mm/min I I
I Vertical fall from LLL
= B x Ut/V2 mm I
I
I I
I
Selected baffle height h3
I
mm I I
I Selected HIL level
(adjust h3 and B if necessary)
h4 mm I
I
I I
I
'I Check oil rise:
Horizontal vel at LLL
Ut oil (step 3)
V2
I
mm/min I
mm/min I
Vertical rise within dist B I
I = B x Ut/V2
= max. outlet height
mm I
I I
I
I I
h5 selected L1L level
I h6 selected outlet height
mm

mm
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I ql water vol at HIL (upto baffle)

q2 water vol at L1L (up to baffle)

m3

m3
I I-
I
I

I q3 water vol at NIL (upto baffle)

q4 water vol at outlet (

3
I
I
I
If )
m3 I
I q surge = vol (q I - q2) m3
I
I
I
surge time q surge/Qw I
min I I
I residence time q3-q4/Qw

calculated oil residence time (upto baffle)

min I
I
I
I
Vol (NLL - NIL}/QI I I
I min I I

I
I
~ 11
#IE CALCULA TlON FOR HORIZONTAL
3 PHASE SEPARATOR
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
ITEM.

No_:
Sheet 3 of 4

I- BY CHI( 1 DATE 1 IlOB TITLE 101 No. I REV I

I

I
-
'"
I
I
I
I 6. Wall thickness

DESIGN PRESSURE P = barg Max stress CS = 1220 bar

CORROSION ALLOWANCE C = mm SS = 1000 bar
s=
Joint efficiency E=

t = PxD.C = mm
2SE-l.2P

I 8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)

I t

L=
= mm
m
Shell weight =
Head weight =
kg
kg
J..

I D= m (t x D x 20)

TOT AL WEIGHT = kg

I
I
I
I CALCULA TlON FOR HORIZONTAL
Sheet 4 of 4

J PHASE SEPARATOR

I
I
I ~----------------------------------------------------------------------~

I OPERA TING DA T A

I GAS LIQUID

FLOWRATE Wg kg/h = FLOWRATE WI kg/h =

= kg/m J
I DENSITY
VISCOSITY
Dg
Vg
kg/mJ
ep =
DENSITY
VISCOSITY
SURF TEN
DI
VI ep
St dynes/em
=
=
=

I FLOWING TEMP

PIPELINE DIAMETER D cm
·C =
PIPELINE LENGTH L m =
=
A m2 6. h =
I INTERNAL AREA = Vertical change m

I STEP I NOTES

I I. DETERMINE FLOW REGIME

I
I
Bx = WI x '/01xDgx VII/31 =
I 210.3
Wg 01 2/3 St

BY: 7.087XWf =
I Ax(DlxDg t

REGIME FROM BAKER CHART

I 2. CALCULATE aPgas
I Re = 3.5.368 x Wg
Vg x D
Re:

Friction factor (Moody) F :

I Ll.PG : 6.2.54 x f x Wg2 APG : -~ bar/km
Dg x Dj

I 3. CALCULATE ApI IQ

I Re: 3.5.368 x WI
VI x D
Re:

I APL : 6.2.54 x f x WI2

DI x D5

I
I PROCESS CALCULATI N SHEET Sheet 1 of 2

I TWO PHASE PIPELINES

, tl P CALCULA nON
108 TITlE E JLA, r\ Pt. L

-
•

I
I
I I
'1 4. AVERAGE VELOCITY

3.537 (.!.& + WI)

I
I
I Vs = ;n/s I Vs = average velocity
or- Dg 5T I I
I 5. CALCULATE X RATIO
I
I
I
I

I) X = ( L\PL
llPG
)t I
I X =
I
I
I-l 6. CALCULATE LOADING FACTOR WS
I
I
I
i WS = WI x 0.205 I WS=

I
I
A I
I

11 7. CALCULATE PH FACTOR FOR HORIZONTAL FLOW

. I FLOW TYPE =
TYPE Of' FLO., I PH

I DISPERSED
I (up E."". 0.""1 In X • O.o.U7~ if - o.ooo,.~ ~J)
PH =
b
ANNULAR WC ) •• '.1 - 0-1'1 d
'I BUBBLE
It • O..)a) - " _ l d UK d .$ m&lt.

., STRATIFI£O
'''~ x
I SLUC
"s
II20rd
.,S
CUU

I PLUC

WAVE
~---
2l.l f{ XD,I"
.,S II
I H • • WI.. AlL I
- ----
In FH • 0.2111 In H. - 1.")
FLOW TYPE = WAVE
I -,--

11 I .,e:; .... c
!t.'2tI • C. ts4 .FH WC Z "cO' ~/-tu..
bar/km

11 8. CALCULATE PH FACTOR FOR VERTICAL SECriON

VERTICAL i FRH. iO.t y 2/D Y ia mI.. D in ~

I SECTION
I
I xD •
I
l- X.
0.1' (X) (FRN)o.,U

Xc in DUpened Dow cqu. to Cd PH wert.

PHv=

I 9. CALCULATE TOTAL TWO PHASE P

I Horizontal
Vertical
PH
PHv=
= PG = bar/km
bar/km

=( =
I TOTAL P P2H xL + P2v x h)/lOOO bar

I TWO PHASE PIPELINES

PROCESS CAlCULA nON SHEET
ITEM.
Sheet 2 of

AP CALCULAnON
I
No .
I
-
I ... --- - -- -. -----------
'\I

i 'h
I
I Dj SJ
Coveri ng\1ed iurn :

Tg Tempe rature °C
k Therm . condo kcal/h m·C
=
=
I, ?
<. ---.-. - ._-- L .,
I II, ?l.

-
DATA
- LIQUID FLOW
Total pipelin e length m Volum etric flow m 3/h
No of segme nts
= =
= Densit y (av) kg/m J =
L Length per segme nt
I !J.y
0
Total elevat ion chang e
Pipelin e diame ter
m =
+m =
ins =
M Mass flow kg/h
Cp Specif ic heat kcal/k goC
=
=
Pipelin e diame ter m =
I
\
PI
h Burial depth to centre

Inlet pressu re
m =

bara =
GAS FLOW

Volum etric flow m 3/d (std) =

P2 Exit pressu re
I AP
Tl
Total pipelin e
Initial Tempe rature
bara =
bar =
°C =
Molec ular mass
M Mass flowra te kg/h
Cp Specif ic heat kcal/k g·C
=
=
=

I J FLUID JOULE THOMSON COEFF ICIEN T =

(see fig. I, page 11.8)
° F /1000 psi ( x 0.0080 5) = ·C/ba r

I I --
STEP
I VALUE
I NOTES
I
I !
I
1. Calcu late heat transf er factor

x = 2h/D
s II
I x =
I
I Covering k I
kcaUh mC I
I Soil 1.49 I
I s = 2k /In( x + (x 2 - otJ I s = kcal/h m·C I Air 0.022 I
II I
I
I
I
I
I
Water
Sand dry
0.508
0.30
I
I
,1 I I I Sand wet 1.49
I
I: I 2. Calcu late heat flow ratio eer unit
length a
1 I' I
I
!
a= s/Mcp (liquid or gas)

3. Calcu late As~metotic

temee rature Ta
a = m- I

I I
Ta =Tg- (J6p +6y/jC p)/aL
I
Ta = ·C L is segme nt length
I j :: 426.5 kg.m I
I I I kcal

I 4. Calcu late downs tream teme T2

1

T2 =(Tl - Ta)e-a L + Ta T2 = °C
1 I
I Repea t steps 3 + 4 for each segme nt
I
I
I
I
I
I
I See sheet 2 for stepwi se spread sheet I I I
I I I I I

JL
·~:t··
Sheet 1 of 2
I
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
BURIE D PIPEL INE 6 T CALC ULA nON ITEM.

No, :
1IY1 1 CHK I I I Joe TITLE JoeNo I I
-
OATE
REV
 OP ER A TlN G CO ND ITIO NS

SU CTI ON PRE SSU RE PI =

DIS CH AR GE PRE SSU RE
bar a
P2 = bar a PRE SSU RE RA no P2/ P 1 =
SU CTI ON TE. \\P. Tl =
= MW =
SU CTI ON FLO W W =
AC TU AL VOL FLO W
k2/ h GA S DENSITY AT
v = mJ/h SUC TlO N = kg/ mJ

STE P
NOTES
1. GA S PRO PER TIE S
Tc =
Pc =
2. AV ERA GE ~ = MC p/M Cp - 1.99

3. CA LC UL A TE DlS CH AR GE
TEM P
l-1
T2 = Tl x ( ~~ ) -~- OK
T2 = Rep eat 2 - 3 if T2 diff ers
= ·C from tha t use d in STE P 2
5. DE TER MIN E Z AVG SUC T Zl =
DIS CH ZZ
AVG
=
Z =
6. DE TER MIN E OV ERA LL EFF
ICI EN CY
'lg ")g = See Fig 3
7 . CA LC UL AT E GA S HO RSE POW
ER
GH P = ZxR x Wx l x (T2 - T 1) GH P =
M W x 3600 x r& - 1) kW R =8.31 4 kJ/ kgm ole :C
8. CA LC UL A TE SHA FT HO RSE POW
ER PS = kW
PS =GH P/f x '1g
f = 0.9 6 to 0.9 7
<3 • CA LC UL AT E DR IVE R POW ER
Ele ctri cal Mo tor Po = 1.15 x PS Po = kW

PROCESS CAL CUL AnO N SHE

.. ET
ITEM ·

No. :
 I
TRA Y CALCULA nON SHEET
I
Columrn item: Name:
I
Tray number:
,\lumber of passes: I
Po = bar a

1. VAPOUR AND LIQUID TO TRA Y

I
I
FLUID kg/h MW

--
kmol/h Tc
oK
Pc
bara
I d15
I kg/m 3
I
HYDROCARBON: I ------
LIQUID I I
VAPOUR

TOTAL I
-------
Compressibility factor Z I
Reduced temperature Tr
Reduced Pressure Pr I
=
Tr = -10 + 273
Tc
= Po
Pr = - =
Pc
'I
From charts Figure 1,2 or 3
page 15-15
Z = I
Vapour densi tx I
Dv = 12.03 x MW x P
Z x <to + 273)
= 12.03 x I
=---- = kg/m 3 I
Vapour actual rate
I
Cv = kg/h = =
Dv
I
PROCESS CALCULA TlON SHEET
to ITEM
Sheet 1 of 4
I
No

I
I
 2. LIQUID FROM TRA Y

to = o C Use figure 10 page 15-20

kg/m 3 DL at to = kg/m3

Liquid flowrate = kg/h

3. DOWNCOMER DESIGN VELOCITY VD dsg

TS = = mm "TRAY SPACING"
0L - Oy = kg/m3
VO dsgo = m 3/h/m 2 From figure 2 Page 3.10
System factor K 1 = from table 1 Page 3.9
VO dsg = VD dsgo x KI = m J /h/m 2

4. VAPOUR CAPACITY FACTOR CAF

TS = mm
CAF 0 = from (Fig.3) on page 3.10
System factor K2 = from (Table 1) page 3.9
CAF = CAF 0 x K2 = x =

5. VAPOUR EFFECTIVE LOAD V Load

V Load = Cy~ = x J---' = x

0L- Dv

= x =

6. APPROXlMA TE COLUMN DIAMETER DT = m from (Fig.4) page 3.11

---------------

PROCESS CAlCUlA TlON SHEET

• .. ITEM.
Sheet 2 of 4

TRA Y COLUMNS
No
8Y I I CHI( I DATE 1 I JOB Tlru J08 No ! REV I
 I
I
3.2. COLU,\\;\l HEIGHT ESTI.\\t\ TlON
Tl
I
I
" I
I
T,.nlilion

I
Tl

a. HI See design details on vertical vapour-liquid separators.

I
Minimum distance for H I will be one tray spaciri1g . Minimum distance between
inlet nozzle and top tray 300 mm. I
Selected HI = mm
I
b. H2:
I
H2 : tray spacing x (number of actual trays - 1)

No actual trays = theoretical trays/tray efficiency

I
for tray efficiency see section 2.1 page 3.3. Assume = 50%
I
I
Actual tr~ys =______
i
Note: if the column diameter changes over the length, the transition piece will be
I
ht = 4<01 - 02) long and H2 will increase by this ,amount I
Selected H2 = m m
I
I
PROCESS CALCULATION SIflEET Sheet 3 of 4

TRA Y COLUMNS ..
ITEM

No
I
108 fill E 108 ~o

I
I
I
I
I c. H3:

I H3=hl+h2

hi = tray spacing x 2 = mm

h2 = h6 + h7 + h8 (see vertical separator sizing)

h6 = hold up time

F or production flowing to :

I another column t = 15 min

storage 2

I a furnace
another unit
10
5

I reboiler /hea t exchanger 5

h6 = mm h7 = mm h8 = mm
I I
~h2=: mm

I H3 =h1 + h2 = mm

I Selected H~ = mm
-------
I!
TOT AL COLUMN HEIGHT =Hl + H2 + H3 = mm

I
I
I
I
I PROCESS CALCULA TlON SHEET
ITEM
Sheet 4 of 4

No .

I
I
 I
I
CALCULA TlON SHEET FOR VERTICAL TWO PHASE SEPARATOR
I
I EQUIPMENT W

·Ii Operating data:

Pressure (operating) bara =
Temperature (operating)
Il Gas MW
°C =
= Liquid description:
Gas flow rate kg/h = Liquid flow rate kg/h =
Gas densi ty (T ,P) kg/m3 = Liquid density (T,P) kg/m3 =
Actual volume flow Qg m3/s = Actual volume flow m3/min =

Ii Particle size microns =

Mesh pad Yes Estimate Vs using Figure 1 and 500 micron curve
11 No If P < 50 bar and f < 0.0 I uSe Fig. I and 150 microns
If P > 50 bar or f > 0.01 use calculation for Vs
ill
1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity: from Fig I/calculated It Vs = m/s

C = Vs = m/s
* Delete as applicable
Ii
2. Derating % = 85 maximum velocity Vm = m/s

11 3. Actual volumetric Drum flow area = m2

I: gas flow = m3/s Calculated drum IJ = mm

SELECTED DIAMETER = mm
I 4. Required liquid hold-up times

I h5 : HLA - HLL = min = m3 = mm

h6 : HLL - LLL = min = m3 = mm
I h7 : LLL - LLA = min = m3 = mm

I 5. Mesh pad: Yes/no thickness = mm

~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P_R_O_C_E_S_S~CA_l_C_U_l_ATT_:~_(N_M_S_H_E_ET_____ Sheet
I .....
.

VERTICAL VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATOR

No
1 of 2

I 8Y I I CHI( I DATE J 1108 rlTLE JOB ~o I At \I !

I
 I
I I
!

1
6. Height calculation
I Y

.I.
" = rnrn I
I

hi : '15 % of 0 or 400 mm (Use rnax)

I =
TL mm
h2 : mesh pad
hI = mm
h2 '// / filL h3 : 50 % of 0 or 600 mm
= mm
·1 j ~
With mesh: hi + h2
No mesh: hi + h2 +
+ h~

h3 :160 % 0 or 800
= mm
hl = mm
I--~ "1-
h4 : 400 mm + d/2 : d = inlet nozz 0 = mm
hoC h5 : From step 4 or 290 mm = mm
IIL\ h6 : From step 4 or 3jo
I
mm = mm
hS
IIU.
h7 : From step 4 or 150 mm = mm
h8 : 150 mm tor bottom LC
__ NT-L
'"'6
300 mm for side L.C = mm
LLL I

h7 For "dry" vessel

L.LA
h6 + h7 + h8 = mm
h8
TL

TOT AL VESSEL HT T AN/T AN

~
=
-mm
7. Wall thickness

I DESIGN PRESSURE P= barg Diameter 0 = mm

CORROSION ALLOWANCE C= mm
I Max stress:
S = 1220 bar CS t = PxO +C

I' 1000 bar CS

Joint efficiency (.85)
S
E=
= 2 x S x E - 1.2 P

I tmin = 0/800 + C
= mm

1 8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6)

=
I t
L =
mm
m
Shell weight =
Head weight =
kg
kg
0= m (t x rfx 20)
I TOT AL WEIGHT = kg

I
I VERTICAL VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATOR ~o
PROCESS CALCULA ION SHEET
TEM:
Sheet 2 of 2

BY I I CHK r DATE I I JOB TITLE

[~OB "'0 I RE V I
 I
I
I CALCULA nON SHEET FOR HORIZONTAL 2 PHASE SEPARATOR
TANITAN (L')
I• L", mm
I
,I HLL
0=

I LLL

I
I: Head type elliptical/hemispherical * EQUIPMENT N° :
Indicate on sketch if demister mesh required DESCRIPTION :
I * Delete as applicable

Operating data:
I Operating pressure bara =

I Operating temperature °C =

Gas molecular weight = Liquid nature:

I Gas mass flow rate kg/h =
Gas density T, P kg/m 3 =
Liquid flow rate kg/h =
Liquid density T,P kg/m 3 =

I Qg actual vol flow m 3/s =

Gas viscosity cp =
QI actual vol flow
Particle size
m 3 /min =
microns =

I 1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity: from Fig. l/calculated * Vs = m/s

I * Delete as applicable
c =

I 2. Max. vapour velocity

LID = 3
Vm = Vs x F x L
D
Vm= m/s

I 3. Actual vapour volumetric flow Qg = Av = ,Qg =

Vm

I
I PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
AL ITEM
Sheet I of 3

NO.

I
I
I
I
I 4. Nozzle sizing: velo.ity limits (m/s) = Inlet: 7-13, Gas outlet: 15-30, liquid ol!tlet 1-3

I 0i: Inlet flow

(+ 10 %)
= m3/s Nozzle ID = " Actual vel = m/s

I: Gas outlet
Liquid outlet
=
=
m3/s
m3/s
Nozzle ID =
Nozzle ID =
" Actual vel = m/s
" Actual vel = m/s

I 5. Drum sizing

I For trial I tres = 4 min vol required =4 x QI =

I TRIAL 2 J
I 4 I
I I
I Selected hiD
Vapour area Av m2
I
I
I
I
I
I
% Total area (Fig. 3)
I I
I Total area
Liquid area
At
Al
m2
m2
I
I
I
I
Calculated drum 0 I I
mm
I -:.
Selected drum 0

L/D (3 - 4)
D mm
I
I
I
I
I
I
)
I I
I Flowpath length

Tan/Tan length
L

L'
mm

mm
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I HLL height
Volume at HLL
LLL height
mm
m3
I
I
I
I
I
mm I
Volume at LLL I
I Surge volume (HLL - LLL)
m)
m3
I
I
I
I
I
Calculated tres min
I
I I
I NOTES:
I
I
I
I
I I
I SELECTED DRUM: DIAMETER' mnlt x mm tan/tan
I I

a)
I Tan/tan length L' = L + It x 0i + It 02
(ignore this correction if D < 1.2 m and use L for volume cales. For trial I use L
and ignore heads).

I b) If VOL HLL is less than required surge increase D, L or hID or reduce tres (by
inspection).

I PROCESS CALCULAT:ON SHEET

CALCULA TlON FOR HORIZONTAL

ITEM
S
2 of J

2 P EPARATOR No.

I
I
 Duty
i \~ = kcal/h
Fluid inlet temperature I Tl =
Fluid outlet temperature I T2 = °C IFLUID6Tf=TI_T2= ~C
F iuid inlet pressure Ip = bar abs I
Air ambiant temperature I t1 = °C I INLET LlTi = TI - tl =
Overall heat transfer coefL lu= 2
kcal/h m °C I
(See Table 2 and/or attached
work sheet)
(Based on bare tube area)
NOTES

STEP

1. Optimum number of tube

rows for U selected
IN = (curve N° 4)
2.R=~tair/ tm
IR =
(curve N° 4)
3. TI - T2/T! - tl
I
4. Y =At air/Tl - tl
IY=
(curve N° 5)
5. ~tair = Y x (Tl - to III tair
6. Exit air temp t2 =~tair + tl I t2 =
7. Average differential temp • I
.6tm -tltair
---r IMm=

8. Bare tube surface A = _Q

IA =
UX3trTl2
I
9. Bare tube area/row Fa=A/N I Fa =
10. Tube length
IL= m 3, 4,5, '6, 7.5 or 9 m are common
11. Tubes/row TR = Fa/LxO.08 I TR = I (I .. 00 tubing)
12. Cooler width W=TRxO.0635 I W I m
13. Total fan power =FaxO.795 I Fp I kW
14. Number of fans
NF
15. Fan diameter max. fan diam = 4.6 m
FO m
16. Power/fan Fp/NF
PF kW
17. Estimated weight
M kg
4.&8 (36.4X9.35 N)xWxL (including motors)

Notes: Curves numbers refer to

Process Design Manual Chap. 4;

PROCESS CAl(ULA TiON SHEET ,

ITEM

No
 I
I
1. LIQUID COOLING
I
LIQUID VISCOSITY AT Tl +
2
T2 = Cp
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT: U = kcal/h m 2 °C
(Read curve n° 1)
I
2. GAS COOLING

MOLECULAR MASS: M W =
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT : U =
(Read curve n° 2)
kcal/h m 2 °C
I
3. TOT AL CONDENSATION

Tl - T2 =
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT: U =
(Read curve n° 3)
kcal/h m 2 ·C
I
4. PARTIAL CONDENSATION

4.l. WITHOUT LIQUID AT INLET

I
inlet gas flowrate

outlet gas flowrate WG2

WGI =

=
kg/h

kg/h
I
outlet liq flowrate WL2 = kg/h
I
T1 - T2 =
GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT T I + T2 =
2
'I
HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Uc
(Read curve nO 3)
= kcal/h m 2 °C
I
HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ug = kcal/h m 2 °C
(Read curve nO 2)
I
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. I

U = WL2 x Uc
WGI
= WG2 x Ug
WGI
= kcal/h m 2 ·C I
SELECTED GLOBAL HEAT
TRANSFER COEFF. : U = kcal/h m 2 °C I
Curves"refer to POM Chptr. 4.
I
liE
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET

.. 7
AIR COOLERS ..
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
ITEM

NO
------------------
I
I
L 8Y I I CHI( I DATE I I '08 TITLE lOB No REV I
I
I
 4.2. WITH LIQUID. AT INLET

inlet liquid flow rate WLl = kg/h

outlet liquid flow rate WL2 = kg/h

LIQUID MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT Tl + T2 =

2

LIQUID SPECIFIC HEAT AT T I + T2 CPI = kcal/kg °C

2

QL = (WLl + WL2) x CPI x (Tl - T2) = kcal/h

2

inlet gas flow rate WGI = kg/h

outlet gas flow rate WG2 = kg/h

GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT Tl + T2 =

2
GAS SPECIFIC HEAT AT Tl + T2 CPg = kcal/kg °C
2

QG = (WGl + WG2) x CPg x (Tl - T2) = kcal/h

2

CONDENSA TION HEAT

Qc = Q - QL - QG = kcal/h

LIQUID VISCOSITY AT T 1 + T2 = CPg

2

LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ul = kcal/h m 2 °C

(Read curve nO 2)

GAS HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ug = kcal/h m 2 °C

(Read curve n° 2)

CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER

COEFF. Uc= kcal/h m 2 °C
(Read curve n° 3)

GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF.

U= Q U = kcal/h m 2 °C
2!:+2S!.+~
UI U g Uc

SELECTED GLOBAL HEAT

TRANSFER COEFF. : u = kcal/h m 2 °C

PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET

• AIR COOLERS
.. ITE ~-A

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT NC

DATE J06 TITLE I R£"
 I
I
I HEM: I VALUE NOTES: I
I
I
I I
I
I
I DUTY
I
Q I
I
kcal/h
I
Indicate temeerature I
I
I
HOT FLUID I I
Inlet temperature T 1
Outlet temperature T2
I
I
°C
·C
I
I I
I I
I
COLD FLUID
Inlet temperature t 1
Outlet temperature t2
·C
°C
I
I
I
I
T I - t2 °C
I
I
I
I
T2 - tl ·C I
LMTD from formula (1) ·C
I I
t2 - tl

Tl - tl
·C
·C
I
Tl - T2

p = t2- tl
°C I
~I
Tl - tl I
R = Tl - T2
I t2 - tl
NUMBER OF SHELLS
F = LMTD correction Fig. 2
1 I
I
2
I
3 I
I
4
II
factor (3) I I
I I
CORRECTED LMTD CORR.
I
I
I
I
:
I I
HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. U kcal/h I Including fouling
TABLE 3 Page 4.10

HEA T TRANSFER AREA

m2·C I
I
I
factor
I
I
A= Q
U.LMTD CORR
m2 I
I
I
I I
ESTIMATED TUBE LENGTH I FT{m) I
ESTIMA TED SHELL DIAM I ins(mm) I
I I
I
I I
ESTIMA TED WEIGHT Bundle I
Shell
Total I
I
tonnes
tonnes
tonnes
I
I
I
I
I I
I
...
8Y I J CHK f
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
OA TE 1 J 108 TITLE
PROCESS CALCULA nON SHEET

.. ITEM:

No

loaNo
. 1 REII I
I
I
,I

I
 Indicate pressure, elevations and system sketch

PUMP TYPE:
FLUID PUMPED: Liquid:
Speed:
Pumping temperature T: °C
Vapor pressure at T Viscosity at P, T : cP
: bara Specific gravity
Density at P, T : ( re L c.on.d.)
: kg/m3 Normal flow Q a.t P, T
Specific gravity at P, T : : m3/h
Design margin : %
Design flow at p. T (I) : m3/h
I I I
SUCTION PRESSURE I I
I DISCHARGE PRESSURE I I
I I I
Min. Origin Pressure: baral I Delivery pressure I
+ Static head at LLL bara I I
: m I Static head
(m x sg x 0.09&1) bar I I
bar! D. P control valve(s)
- tJ.. P suction line bar I I
bar! 6. P exchanger(s) bar I I
I 6 P orifice(s) bar I
PUMP SUCTION PRESSURE I toP
I
bar I I
I ~P line loss bar I
Other
I
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD bar I I
I I
Static head at LLL m TOT DISCHARGE PRESS bara I I
- Line loss m I
+ vapour pressure correction m I
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE I
I
TOT AL A VAILABLE NPSH m Suction pressure bara I
Discharge pressure bara I
MAXIMUM SUCTION PRESSURE I
Pump A P bar l~)
Vessel PSV setting m
baral
Static head at HLL bar!
I POWER REQUIREMENTS
net bara I
I Brake Horse-eower = (l)x(2) k W 0)
MAXIMUM DISCHARGE PRESSURE
I (Fig 2 for 1');> 36 r:Jp
Max. suction pressure
I I
baral I Estimated motor size
Normal pump to P x 120 % kW 1(4)
bar! I
I I I
Design operating load (4)/~mkW I (S)
net bar a I I (Fig 3 for ~m)
I I I
I I
I I I

,.
I Estimated weight kg I I
I
---- ----- I
-- I

.
PROCESS CAlCUlA TlON SHEET

J/ilii.
I

~ PUMP
ITEM

No
I I C I OA rE I 1 J08
i
 I
OPER.4. TlNG C00l[) [TlON S I
SUCT ION PRESSURE PI
DISCH ARGE PRESSURE P2
=
=
bar a
bar a PRESSURE RATIO P2/P 1 = I
SUCT ION TE.'v1P. Tl = °C

SUCT ION FLOW

= oK MW = I
ACTU AL VOL FLOW
W = k:jh GAS DENSlT Y AT
V = m Ih SUCTI ON = kg/m J
I
STEP
NOTES

1. GAS PROP ERTIE S Pc :: bar a

I
Tc :: oK

2. POL YTRO PIC EFFIC IENCY l")p :: SEE FIG. 2

I
J. AVER AGE ~ :: MC /MC -1.99
p p ! :: ESTIM ATE T2 I
4. DISCH ARGE TEMP
T2:: Tl(P2 )
PI 17p
a T2 ::
::
oK
°c
REPEA T STEP 3-4 IF T2 IS
DIFFE RENT FROM ONE
I
USED IN STEP 3

5. DETE RMINE Z A VG SUCT

DISCH
ZI ::
I
Z2 ::
AVG

6. CALC ULAT E GAS HORSEPOWER

Z ::

.1
GHP :: Z x R x W x ~ x (T2 - T 1)
M W x 3600 x (lC - 1)
GHP :: kW R:: 8.314 kJ/kg MOLE .·C .1
7. CALC SHAF T HORSEPOWER

_ PS :: GHP x (l + F/100) x 11 ')m-

GHP<800 kW
F
5.0
'Jm
0.%
I
PS :: kW 800 « 10 MW 3.5 0.97

8. ESTIM ATE DRIVE R POWER

>10 MW 1.0 0.98
I
ELEC TRIC MOTO R PS x K
GAS TURB INE PS x 0.14 + K)
PO
PO
::
::
kW
kW
K :: 1.15
K :: 0.02 TO 0.04 WITH
I
GEAR BOX

9. ESTIM ATED PACK AGE WEIGHT I

COMP RESS OR-DR IVER- LUBE M :: kg (SEE FIG 4)

NOTE S :
I
I
..
BY J I CHI( I
,
CENT RIFUG AL OR AXIAL

DATE 1
COMPRESSOR
I JOB TITlE
PROCESS CALCU LATION SHEET
.. ITEM

No.

JOB No , REV I
I
I
I
 I
I PROCESS DA T A SHEETS
ReVISIOn f) Page No.

Date: 2/85 17.0

I
I
·1 PROCESS DATA SHEETS:

I
I AIR COOLER
EXCHANGER
PUMP

I COMPRESSOR
TRA YED COLUMN

I PACKED COLUMN
FURNACE
FILTER
I VESSEL

I
I':. SUMMARIES OF EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS

COLUMNS

I~ PUMPS
HEA T EXCHANGERS
I'; COMPRESSORS - TURBO-EXPANDERS
AIR COOLERS

I' DRUMS
FURNACES

Ii,
I
I
I
Ii

I
I
l P .. .,~

I
I
~ ..
TE PI DDPI
Job :
S~rvic~
PROCESS DATA SHEET
AIR-COOLER
I
[
Unit
It~m :
TUM a.rvlc~ :
I ",2 I m2 If Toi.1 de v, loped aurlaer :
I m' j m2

I 2 CHARACTERISTICS
3

I
TUBE SIDE Temp.r.lu" Inial ·C

4 Flufd clrculaled Tempa,.lur, outlal ·C

5 Fluid enlarlng kglll Pra •• u,a b., g

II •7
Liquid
Vapo,
kg'"
kglll .
Oanall), d 15·/C·C
LIquid vlaco'all), cp

• Slaam kglll Molacul., welghl

I I

10
11
Hon-<onden •• bl ..
Cond,n . . d fluId
kg'"
kglll
59_cllle ha.1
LalanI ha.1 01 vaporl~allon
kcal/kg ·C
kcall kg
.,.,
Condan.ad .I_m kg/ll Allow.ble pra.aure drotJ

I' 12 Fouling resistance 1/ ~calIhJ-c De.lgn pr .. au .. drotJ bar

I 13 AIR SIDE
1. Air .,.Ioelt)' flt/a Temperalure Inlat ·C

I 1.15 Air IN ..... aecUon

Capac II)'
,,;J.
11\3/_
Temp.... ture outl.1
Altitude
·C

'"
I 17 Total he.t •• cttat'l,..cl kc.11 h
11 H •• t •• ~ _ftlclat'lt w"h ...p.ct to tulia .urfac. Irc8II h'1l 2·C

I 11

20
.... t •• ch.nge _'flclent w..h ...p.ct to tot.1 .e... loped .url.ce
II.T.O. I
k.ca1l .. m20 C
·C
1

Ii Z1

22 o.algn p .... u,. bar.

CONSTRUCTION

13 Ta.t pr••• u,. bar.

I 24 Oa .Ig" temper.ture
TUBE MATERIAL
·C

I 25
26
NOTES:

27

I 28
211
10

I J1
32
13

I J4
35
a6

I J7

31
REVISION
d.te
, 0 1 2 3 4

'1 by

I 40 Checked

I
I
I .,
-
.s

-
PROCESS DATA SHEET
EXCHANGEfl
I
l p" q~

I TEP/DDPi
Job:
Service
I' Unit
l"tm
SI.u I Type I' Seiling
I 2

J
Surl. p., unit
I Sheila per unit

PERFORMANCE DAtA
I 1 Surl.ce per .hell

II 4
5
II
Fluid clrcul.t.d
kg/h
Shell 'Id~
:
I
Tube .ide

Tot.1 fluid .nl.rln9

7 liquId ~"
I •
8
10
v'por
.t •• m
non-cond.n •• bl ••
kg/h
kg/h
kg/ h
,

11 FluId v.porlz.d or cond.naed kg/h

I
!

12 St •• m cond.n .. d k9 /h
13 Gnlvlty·llquld 15°/ 4·C In: 0'1: In : out:
14 VI.coaUy·llquld cp In : ou, : In: out:

I 15

,.
16
17
M.W. v.pora
Sl»eclflc MaHlquld.
Latent Mat 0' vaporization
kcal/k,·C
keal/k,
In: ol!l:
I
!no out·

T etn9 en au ro ·C In: out: In: out:

p'H.U'.
I 18
20
21
Op.r.tln,
NUlllbe, .f , .....
Vetoclty
bar,

MI.
12 p,.nure drop ber do.lgn : al ow: d •• lvn : allow:

10 23
24
25
Fovlln1l ro.llt.nc.
"_t •• chanood
Tran.'" nit.
1. ~cal/ h mil-C
Ileal! h
~cal/" ..;toe
I ""0 correct.d
I ~EAN
·C
·C

I 26

27 De.lgn pro •• ure bar.

CONSTRUCTION:

2. T •• t pro •• u,. ber I

I 28
30
31
o-I,n tempenturo
Tuba.
ShaU
-C
I11III

111ft!
N' 0.0.:
1.1. :
BWG:
Tlckn ... :
lMIatII : Pltc:tl:

32 Shall cov'r Floetl~ h.. d .cov., :

I 13
14
35
Chann.1
Tuba I"H' •• Statlon.ry :
BaW. croat T),p, :
Ch'nnel cover :
FICNltlng :
Thlckn ... : Sp.clng : mm
36 Baffl. long Type: Thlckn... : SpacIng: mm

I 37
3.
38
Tube aupport.
Galk.tl
Conn.ctlon •• h.1I In: S.rl •• :
Thlc:tn." :
TI!ICknn. :
Out:
Spacing:

Sorl •• :
rnm
mm

chann.1 In:

I
40 S.rl •• : Sorl .. :
41 Co,rollon allowanc. Ih.1I SId. mm mm
42 Code r.qulromenl. T.m. class :
43 Weight .ach .h.1I Bundle Full of wale, kg

I
44 NOTES:

I 45
46
47

I 411

4i NOTE: Indlule .ft.r •• ch pa" wheth.r .tre •• r.II .... d (SR) .nd whethe, nldlog,.phed ( x R)

I, 50
51
52
REVISION
date
by
0 1 2 ! 3 4

~
5.J Checked !

I
I
l
I Ai
.1!1::J
PROCESS DATA SHEET
Pa9r

-- PUMP

I -
TEP/OOP/
Job:
I Unit
Service
I Item

I 2 Fluid circulated
FLUID HANDLED

3 Pu",plng te",peratur. 'c

I
I

4 VI.co.lty at P.T. cp
5 Vapor pre •• ure at .T. bar a I

• Specific gravity 15/4

I
I

7 SiJeclflc gravlly at P.T.

• OPERATING CONDITIONS

I I
10
. Capacity
DI.cll.". pr ... ur.
m3/11
bar II
11 S41ctlon p ..... ure bar II

I 12
13
01 "erentlal pre •• ure
Net differential h ..d
bar II
m
14 NPSH available m

I ,.
15 Hydraulic hCH'Mpower kW

PUMP

I 17
1.
Type
0..1,,, capacity ",3/11
i
11 Efficiency %
I
I

I
2'0 Malt. brake 1I«.epower kW
21 Spud tlmn
22 Material.

I DRIVER
I
24 Type

I 25
21
Ratln,
S9 .. d
kW
tI",n
27 Op.raUng load kWh

I 21

~LI _____
Connected load kW

s~p_ar_e____________________~______~__________________________________ --J

I 30 REMARKS
31
-
I 32
33
J4

I 35
36
37

I J.
]8

44 i
I ., REVISION .0 1 2 I 3 c
C2 date
.3 by I

I cot Checked

I
I
I
iM
,..
PROC ESS DATA SHEE T
COM PRE SSO R
1
P"9"

I TEP oOP J"~

rUn"
ServIce
1 lie'"
I FLUID HAND LED
2 CompO Sllion molt %
I
I
3
I
4
5

I 7
6

8
--
I 10
9
Suction t~mp~ralur~
°C
11 Capaci ty Mass 1
kq/h

I 12
13
Mol~cular Mass

K yalu~ CDI Cy
14 D~nsity (suction P T.J kg/m3

I 15

16
Compr~ssibilily factor

OPE RATIN G COND ITION S

I.J 17
1£
Capaci ty OOC, 1 A Ta
Capaci ty (suction P. T.J
Nm3/h
m3/h
19 Suction pr~ssur~
1
I~
bar 9
20 Disch arg~ pr~ s sur~ bar Q
21 Compr~ssion ratio

I -,
22

:3 Typ~
COMP RESS OR

l4 Number

I 25
26
!)~siqn capacit y
Efficien cy
Nm3/h
% -: ... -
'-

---
- --- --
I'
27 Max, brake hot$~power kW I
28 Speed t/mn
29 Materia ls

I 30

31 Type
DRIVE R

32 Rating
kW

I 33
34
Operati ng load
Connec ted load
kWh
kW
35 Spe~d
t/mn I
I 36 REMAR KS.
I,

37

I 38
39
~o

I 41
~2

43 .
n[VISIO f<,;

dall'
0 1 2 J '-I

I ~4

45
bV
CIo(lke d

I
I
I iii
... ! PA 0 C E S S 0 A T ASH E E T
TRA YEO COL UMN
l P0l9~

I TEP/O OPI Jab.

S.,vic. •
I Unit
III.m

I 2 E.lallnll low., • Ve. or ftO

COLU MN CHAR ACTE RIST ICS

3 ,".leM ~llmel.,

I 4
5
TrlY .Plclllil
Tray type
1ft'"

&

I
Tolll II"mber o. tray.

7
TRA Y CHAR ACTE RIST ICS
•
I
Trl, lOCI lion
II HumlNr o. flow PIIIII
10 H"mber o. traya
11

I
Tray apeclftll Iftm
12 ~rell"re·· IMr
13 LI~"I~ tlftlPera tura ·C
14

I
Vapor tempera lure ·C
15 Rail (In II... , k,11I
1& a: R.te (In _In, kIftOl/lI
0
17 0- Rale ('n wolllllle) •••

I 1.
111
«
> lIolecul ar .eltllt
Denalt ,'"
al/lI

kg/lftl

I
20 Rile (III lIa .. , k,1 II
21
22
-
C
:::l
Rile (1ft Volum e)"·
Oenltt y···
.3/11

a q/m3
23 - Surflce tlftllOft

I 24
25
...I
F_I", te,,4enc ,
Pre .."re .rop 1I ..ltallo...
qrre/crn

IMIr
26 Tray _tertal

I 27

2.
Tray thick" ...
-
I 1II
30
HOTES : (IIIlftlmulW rail ~"lred, ,..._ 'or replacin g tra,. unuul condltlo nl, ItC.)

11

I J2
33
·4
.
I ... 5
lS
7

I ~.

311

I ••
42
HOTES : •
• •
Advl .. If 11111 II I •• c .. "m lower
'MI,.te nelhe, IlIlolule or lJ8uge prallu,e
• •• Al . . rallft, condltlo nl

I 44 REVISI ON 0 • 1 2 3 4

.,
40; dale
by ,

I Checke d

I
I
.m-_! l

..
Pagl."

I 'M
PROCESS DATA SHEET
PACKED COLUMN

I TEP/DDP/
Job
S~rvic~ •
1Uno!
I lI~m

I 2 Ell.llng low.r : y •• or no
COLUMN CHARACTERISTICS

:1 3
4

S
In.lde dlamel.r
Packlnll type
Packlnll dlam.'.r
mm

"""
I
6 Halllht of peeklnll nvn
7 Humber of bed.

I PACKING CHARACTERISTICS
I II
10
Location
Hum.ro of Md.
11 mm

I
H.llilht of bed
12 Pr•• aure ... bill
13 LIquid f.ed t.mperetur. ·C
14 ·C

I
Vep« r..4 t.mpereture
.\
15 Ret. (In mau) klllh
16 a: Re'. (In Il101 .. ) kInOl/ ..
17
a Re .. (In yolume)··· In3lh
Q.

I 11

19
~
>. Moleculer •• lliIht
D.n.lI, * •• k,/1I\3
20 Rat. (In mau) klllh

I 21
22
-
C
~
Ret. (In YOlume)···
Den.lt, •••
11131 h

k" n3
23
0
Surfeee tenalon lI,nel em

I 24
25
...I
Foamln, tendenc,
Pre •• ure drop IIM".tlon. bIIr

I 26 REMARQUES:
27

I 21
29
30

I 31
32
33
..
I 34
35
36

I 37
31
19

I 40
41
42
NOTES:
·• • Adyl.e If thl. I. a vacuum Icwer
'ndlcat. whether ab.olute or lIauge pressure
• • • AI oparatlng condition.

I 4l

44
45
REVISION
date
0 1 2 3 4

by

I I
~ C"~ck~d I

I
I
l Pagr
I II!J
.-
PRO CESS DATA SHEE T
FURNACE
I TEP/O DP/
Job:
Service :
I Unil :
1 Item;
I 2 Abso,~d h.. t 106 Keel/ h

I
3 Mn .• lIo •• ble hul lIu. ,03 Keel/h I

4
OPER ATING COND ITlQN S

I I
5
UNITS
INLET OUTLET

I 7

•
Temper. lure
~r.aaure
·C
"r II

10
• Fluid 1

I 11
12
Tolel fluId
LIquId
V."or
kll/h
k,III
klllh

I 13
14
15 ~
It....
Non~ndena.bl ..

v...rlzed •• 'gIIt
k,lh
k,/II
,

'I

I
11
17
LIquId . . . lty Ue/C·C
LIquId wlecoalt y
.
CIt
11 LIquId KUOP
.. i,
I
11 ..... vapor .nd non-con d.nHbl ..
20 V.por KUOP 1

21
CONS TRUC TION
I 22
23
Deal", pre. . ure
""o.ab l. pre .. ure drop
It.r II
laar

I
24 Tuba _tarlal - radiation zone
25 conwac:tlon Eone
2t5 Fuel

I· I

27 NOTES : I
2.

I 2.
30
31

I 32
13
34

I 35
31
37

I 31
38
40

I 41

~
REVISI ON
dllte
0 / 1
2 I
3 4
I,

by
I ...
43
Checke d

I
I
l Pag~

..
i

I PROCESS DATA SHEET

I ""
TEP/DDP/

.Type
Job:
S~r\lic~ .
FILTER

I
.r
I
Unit :
II~," :

I 2 FILTERED
N~mber

FLUID

I 3
4
5
Nature of fluid
F I Itralion temperature
Specific gravity d 15/4
·C

I
6 Specific gravity a T
7 Viscosity. T P cp
8 Fruzing point
Nature of impurities
I 9

10 OPERATING CONDITIONS

I
b.rj!

I ~::~~ ::::~?~"i"
11
m3 /h

I I
12
13 i'
".1. ressure dro bar
I 14

15 DESIGN CONDITIONS

I
16
17
Oe,ign temperature
Oni gn pressure I ·C
bar g I
18 MATERIAL
I 19
:~!r elemen! support
I
20
21 F liter cloth
I 22 Corrosion .IIowance mm

I 23
24
REMARKS

25

I 26
27
28

I 29
30
31

I 32
33
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EaUIP MENT CHARA CTERI STICS SUMMA RY

TEP/O OPI FURNA CES

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I iii
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CATE JOB N·
EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS SUMMARY

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AIR
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1 SHEET N·