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IS 12720 (2004): Criteria for structural design of spillway

training walls and divide walls [WRD 9: Dams and Spillways]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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है”
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“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 .

IS 12720:2004

Indian Standard

CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF

SPILLWAY TRAINING WALLS AND
DIVIDE WALLS
( Second Revision)

ICS 93.16

@ BIS 2004

BUREAU OF IN DIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI 110002

October 2004 Price Group 4

Spillways Including Energy Dissipators Sectional Committee, WRD 10

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Spillways Including Energy Dissipators Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources
Division Council.

The provision of downstream training wall is made to guide the flow from the spillway into the down stream
channel and to retain the draft earth envelope in some cases. Upstream training walls are sometimes provided
to retain earth dam faces where wrap around is not provided or partially provided and to guide the flow towards
the spillway. The structural design of the training walls and divide walls therefore assumes importance.

Divide wal Is are provided to separate bays having different type of energy dissipation arrangement or to separate
bays having the same type of energy dissipation arrangement but with different parameters/levels, etc, kept
from geological/other consideration or to allow for unsymmetrical operation of spillway gates in order to
minimize cross/return flows, eddies, etc. Also divide walls are provided to separate out the power house, silt
excluders, etc, located adjacent to the spillway. Sometimes low or submerged divide walls are also provided to
effect economy.

Walls of approach channels, spillway glacis and energy dissipators maybe masonry/concrete gravity, reinforced
concrete cantilever or relatively thin concrete anchored wall/lining placed against steep rock surfaces anchored
to the rock by steel dowel bars grouted into drill holes in the rock. Where the strata above foundation at the
ends/sides of the spillway consists of earth or poor rock, the walls should be masonry/concrete gravity walls.
Where suitable rock is available from the general ground level, the side walls may be in the form of a thin
concrete lining. Sometimes combination of gravity section and concrete lined walls are used. In some special
cases where the channels or stilling basins are narrow, it may be economical to design the walls and the channel
or basin floor as an integral reinforced concrete U-frame.

This standard was first published in 1989. First revision was undertaken in 1993 to incorporate the latest practices
being followed in the field. The important changes effected in this revision were as follows:

a) Modifications in design loading conditions, computation of forces and stability criteria,

b) Reference to IS 11772:1986 ‘Guidelines for design of drainage arrangements of energy dissipators and
training walls of spillways’ was given for drainage arrangement of training and divide walls.

c) Reference to 1S 456:2000 ‘Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (third revision)’ was
given for design of stem and base slab of divide walls, and

d) The computation of stresses and design of anchorages based on one of the method were covered in a
special publication SP 55: 1993 ‘Design aid for anc~orages for spillway piers, training walls and divide
walls’.

This revi@n is being taken up on the basis of comments received from the users and to incorporate the latest
practices being followed in the field. Modifications have been made with regard to design loading conditions
and the forces to be considered in the design of training walls.

The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the final value
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
1S 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

.,.
 IS 12720:2004

Indian Standard

CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF

SPILLWAY TRAINING WALLS AND
DIVIDE WALLS
( Second Revision)
1 SCOPE a short seepage path to the downstream side of the
control section. The top width of the training wall
This standard lays down the criteria for structural
should be kept 1.5 m, minimum with the arrangement
design of upstream and downstream training walls and
of steps and railings to serve as walkway during
divide walls.
inspection. For the downstream walls of spillway
2 REFERENCES glacis and energy dissipators, free draining backfill
with drainage arrangements should be provided to
The following standards contain provisions, which
reduce seepage pressures.
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this standard. At the time of publication, the editions 3.1.2 Anchored Walls
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
For concrete anchored walls the rock is excavated to a
revision, and parties to agreements based on this
stable slope, normally 0.5 (H) to 1 (V) or otherwise
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
depending upon the geology of the site and then
of applying the most recent editions of the standards
concrete of required thickness (minimum 300 mm) is
indicated below:
laid against to this slope. The concrete should be
IS No. Title anchored adequately into the rock by dowel bars
grouted in holes drilled into the rock. A careful
456:2000 Code of practice for plain and rein-
investigation of the rock should be made before
forced concrete (~hird revision)
designing the anchorage system. The anchorage and
1893 (Part 1) : Criteria for earthquake resistant the concrete should be able to withstand the probable
2000 design of structures: Part 1 hydrostatic head in the rock or residual hydrostatic
General provisions and buildings head if adequate drain hoIes are provided therein (see
(jl@ revision) Fig. 1).
6512:1984 Criteria for design of solid gravity
3.1.3 Combination of Gravity and Anchored Walls
dams @-sr revision)
7365:1985 Criteria for hydraulic design of In cases where partly overburden and partly rock faces
bucket type energy dissipators are met with, the section of the wall should be a
(first revision) concrete anchored wall in the lower rock face portion
and gravity wall above in the overburden portion. This
11722:1986 Guidelines for design of drainage
type of combination wodld be economical in such
arrangements of energy dissipators
cases (see Fig. 2).
and training wails of spillways
3.1.4 Cantilever/Counterjort Walls
3 TRAINING AND DIVIDE WALLS
Cantilever/counterfort walls may also be provided as
3.1 Training Walls training walls depending upon the height of the wall.
3.1.1 Gravity Walls 3.2 Divide Walls

Gravity walls for spillway approach channel and
energy dissipators generally retain backfill or dam
embankment fill against their back side. For approach
walls not retaining a dam embankment, pervious
backfill with drainage may be economical and
desirable to reduce loading under empty or drawdown
conditions, but the drainage system should not create
The divide walls are normally provided in line with the
crest piers so as to have minimum disturbance in the
flow. As far as possible, the walls should be
constructed in reinforced cement concrete so that
section is thin and offers minimum obstruction to the
flow. The divide wall need not be taken too high but
may be kept slightly above the maximum tail water

1
IS 12720:2004

WATER
DRAIN ~

TEMPERATURE
REINFORCEMENT STABLE SLOPE

—
..
.. --’.- - a

+100mm
DRAIN PIPE

----’->= ----j

y +75mm DRAIN HOLE ‘

z’CONSTRUCTION
JOINT

FIG. 1 TYPICAL ANCHORED WALL

level in the energy dissipator when clear separation of a) Dead load;

the flows is required. Sometimes submerged walls are b) Reservoir and tail water pressure and
also provided which provide a clear separation of hydrodynamic load due to flow, wherever
flows at lower discharges and would be submerged at applicable;
higher discharges. However, the extent of c) Wave pressure, if significant;
submergence of the wall should be decided by carrying d) Uplift pressure;
out the model studies. The length of the divide wall e) Earthquake force;
should normally be kept up to the downstream end of f) Earth pressure;
the energy dissipator or as may be required based on g) Hydrostatic pressure on embankment/back-
model studies. fill/rock face due to ground water or seepage,
etc; and
Divide walls can also help in provision of coffer dam h) Live load or surcharge due to earthmoving
to facilitate dewatering and repairs of spillway machinery and other equipment.
aprordbucket, etC.
4.2 Design Loading Conditions
3.3 The drainage arrangements for training and divide
walls should be kept according to IS 11722. 4.2.1 In all cases loading selected for design of walls
for spillway approach channel and energy dissipators
4 DESIGN OF TRAINING WALLS
should include the most severe load combinations
4.1 Forres anticipated. Typical loadhg conditions to be used for
the upstream and the downstream’ masonry or concrete
The following forces should be considered in the training walls have been described in 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.
design of training walls: The design loading conditions for the anchored walls

2
 IS 12720 2004

EARTH EMBANKMENT=

+100mm WEEP HOLES

STAGGERED
GRADED FILTER

.
----- . .
GRADE

MASONARY CONCRETE
GRAVITY W i LL .

ANCHORED WALL -:

ANCHORS
CONSTRUCTION
JOINT

NOTE — Drainage gallery to be suitably located, if planned.

FIG. 2 TYPICAL SECTION OF GRAVITY AND ANCHORED WALL

have been described in 4.2.1.1. Hydraulic model obtained from the criteria given in IS 7365 or based on
studies are generally necessary for estimating the total model studies.
water pressure due to static and hydrodynamic loads 4.2.2 Upstream Training Wall
(pressure fluctuations artd/or centrifugal action, etc)
and their associated frequencies on the training walls 4.2.2.1 Normal loading condition
and divide walls. a) Water in the reservoir up to the full reservoir
level, including wave forces, if significant;
4.2.1.1 The anchored walls should be designed for the
b) The backfill submerged up to the same level;
sudden drawdown condition considering (a)
and
hydrostatic pressure on rock face due to groundwater
or seepage etc, (b) water up to minimum tail water c) Full uplift pressure.
level on river side, unless the rock behind the wall is 4.2.2.2 Severe loading condition
drained by an adequate system of drain holes
Loading as in 4.2.2.1 above but with earthquake
extending deeper than anchorage system in which case
effect/wave forces.
it may be designed considering partial drainage effect
and anchorage provided for balance pressure (see 4.2.2.3 Sudden drawdown condition
Fig. 1). The foundation level, that is, bottom of the
a) Earthfill/embankment submerged up to the full
anchored walls should be provided up to the level reservoir level.

3
IS 12720:2004

b) Minimum drawdown level on the reservoir 4.3 Computation of Forces

side, and
4.3.1 Dead Load
c) Corresponding full uplift pressure.
The dead load to be considered comprises of the
4.2.2.4 Spillwcryfunctioning loading condition
weight of the masonry and/or concrete plus the weight
a) Water in the reservoir up to maximum water of the backfill. For the preliminary design, the unit
level, weight of concrete and masonry may be taken as
b) The backfill submerged up to the same level, 23.50 kN/m3 and 22.5 kN/m3 respectively. The weight
and of backfill should be according to type of the backfill
c) Corresponding full uplift pressure. resting over the wall slopes and the conditions of the
backfill such as moist, saturated or submerged
4.2.3 Downstream Training Wall
depending upon water level/phreatic line on backfill
4.2.3.1 Normal loading condition side. The unit weight of water should be taken as
9.81 kN/m3 (see IS 6512).
a) Minimum TWL/No water on the river side,
b) Earth pressure and hydrostatic pressure on em- 4.3.2 Reservoir and Tail Water Pressure and Hydro-
bankmentibackfilllrock face due to grot.rnd dynamic Load Due to Flow Wherever Applicable
water or seepage (drains effective), and
4.3.2.1 Reservoir and tailwater load
c) Full uplift varying uniformly from correspond-
ing water head in the backfill side to zero on For the upstream training wall linear distribution of the
the river side. static water pressure acting normal to the face of wall
4.2.3.2 Severe loading condition should be considered. Wave forces should also be
considered for the upper part of the wall. For the
Loading as in 4.2.3.1 but with earthquake effect. downstream training wall, the larger of the hydrostatic
4.2.3.3 Sudden drawdown condition (wherever and the hydrodynamic loads, including centrifugal
applicable) force where applicable, should be considered.
a) Earth pressure and hydrostatic pressure on em- 4.3.2.2 Water pressure in still water
bankment/backfill/rock face due to ground
water or seepage (drains clogged), The intensity of pressure in still or slowly moving
b) Water up to minimum tail water level on river water varies directly with the depth. This pressure is
side (drains clogged), and expressed as:
c) Full uplift varying uniformly from correspond- p = yWh
ing water head in the backfill side to minimum
on the river side. The total horizontal force on a unit length of a vertical
wall will be:
4.2.3.4 Spillway functioning loading condition
a) Earth pressure and hydrostatic pressure on em- F = 112yWh2, and
bankment/backfill/rock face due to ground The moment will be:
water or seepage (drains effective),
b) The hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads due M = 1/6ywh3
to the flow in the energy dissipator. In case of
where
flip buckets, the hydrostatic load should also
yW = unit weight of water in kN/m3, and
include centrifugal force in addition to depth
of water ‘dl’, and h = depth of water in m.
c) Full uplift varying uniformly from correspond- 4.3.2.3 Water pressure in a steeply inclined stream on
ing water head in the backfdl side to the depth the spillway glacis
(all) on the river side.
In a stream flowing down a steeply inclined slope, the
Unless drainage galleries are provided.
pressure pattern is modified from the static condition.
NOTES
The water, which is supported on a spillway slope, has
1 Due to intense turbulence of flow in the energy dissipator, the
ensuing turbulence and surges may produce hydrodynamic a negligible shearing value. Therefore, the floor
forces which may be far in excess of the normal hydraulic supports only the normal component of the weight of
loading. These hydrodynamic forces exerted on training wall the water and this produces the pressures on the floor
would have considerably wide band of frequency, It should be
and on the sidewalls. The overturning force at the floor
ensured that the natural frequency of training wall is not in the
neighbourhood of the predominant frequency of the force and on the base of the side wall for a unit length
exerted to avoid resonance (see 5.3.2). measured along the glacis is expressed as:
2 Passive pressures or earth pressure at rest, as applicable from
the backfill may be considered in thk condkion which may, F = 1/2ywh2cos et
however, be limited to the hydrostatic and hydro-dynamic Iodds.

4
 IS 12720:2004

and the overturning moment as: 4.3.5 Earth Pressure

M = 1/6ywh3cos ct The earth pressure should be considered in accordance

with IS 1893.
where
4.4 Stability Criteria for Upstream and
Y. = unit weight of water,
Downstream Training Walls
h = depth of water normal to the floor, and
a= floor angle with horizontal in degree. 4.4.1 The maximum foundation pressure should not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of the foundation.
However, for calculating reinforcement steel in
vertical direction, the bending moment qer unit 4.4.2 The compressive strength of concrete/masonry
horizontal length should be taken as M/cos ct and should be in accordance with IS 6512.
shear force per unit horizontal length as F/cos U.
4.4.3 No tensile stress should be permitted in the
4.3.2.4 Water pressure in a deflected stream normal loading condition. Nominal tensile stresses
may, however, be permitted in other loading
If a flowing stream is deflected by a curving vane, such conditions and their permissible values should not
as a vertical curve in a flip bucket at the bottom of a exceed the values given in Table 1.
spillway, the water pressure is increased by centrifugal
force. This increase in pressure maybe evaluated by: Table 1 Values of Permissible Tensile Stress in
Concrete and Masonry

s] Loading Condition Permissible Tensile Stress

No. f \
where For Masonry For Concrete
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Pc = increase in pressure,
O Normal loading condkion Nil Nil
Y. = unit weight of water, ii) Severe loading condition 0.01 fc 0.02 fc
d, = depth of flow entering bucket, iii) Sudden drawdown condition 0.01 fc 0.02 fc
iv) Spillway functioning condition 0.01 fc 0.02 fc
Va = actual velocity of flow entering bucket,
where fc is the cube compressive strength of concrete/mortar for
r= radius of bucket, and masonry.
~= acceleration due to gravity.
4.4.4 Criteria for Design Against Sliding
The maximum and minimum centrifugal pressure in a
bucket occur at the lowest and highest points of the The factor of safety against sliding maybe calculated
bucket respectively. The approximate bucket pressure in accordance with IS 6512 on the basis of partial
and the maximum side wall pressures are obtained by factor of safety in respect of friction (Fe) and partial
adding the computed centrifugal pressure to the factor of safety in respect of cohesion (FJ as given
hydrostatic pressure at the section under below. The factor of safety against sliding should not
consideration. The total horizontal force on the unit be less than 1.0.
length of the wall due to centrifugal pressure will be:
Loading Condition Fm F.
Fc = l/2P, dl
Normal 1.5 3.6
and moment Severe 1.2 2.4
Sudden drawdown 1.2 2.4
M. = l/6pc d?
Spillway functioning 1.2 2.4
4.3.2.5 Hydrodynamic forces
4.4.5 The reinforcement for cantilever/counterfort
The hydrodynamic forces to be considered are given walk+ should be designed in. accordance with IS 456.
in 5.3.2.
5 DESIGN OF DIVIDE WALLS
4.3.3 Upliji Pressure
5.1 Forces
The upIift pressure should be assumed to act over 100
percent of the base area. The uplift should be assumed The following forces should be considered in the
to vary uniformly along the base width of the wall. It design of divide walls:
may be safe to assume that uplift pressures are not a) Dead load,
affected by an earthquake. b) Water pressure including hydrodynamic pres-
4.3.4 Earthquake Forces sure,
c) Uplift pressure, and
The earthquake forces should be considered in d) Earthquake force.
accordance with IS 1893.

5
IS 12720:2004

5.2 Design Loading Conditions H= height of the wall, in m;

b= base width of the gravity wall or thickness of the
5.2.1 The divide walls should be designed for the cantilever wall, in m; and
following loading conditions. F= factor which is a function of geometry.

5.2.1.1 Unsymmetricals pillwayo perationcondition For gravity walls up to 30 m in height, F = 0.001394

s/m may be used. For fixed-free cantilever wa!ls up to
a) Hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads due to 30 m in height and with b/H not exceeding 0.50,
the unsymmetrical flow in the energy dis- F = 0.0021 S/m, maybe used.
sipator. In the case of flip buckets the hydros-
tatic load should also include centrifugal force 5.4 Stability Criteria for Divide Wall
in addition to depth of water, and The divide wall should be designed to withstand the
b) Corresponding full uplift. overturning moments for the conditions given in 5.2.
The maximum foundation pressure should not exceed
5.2.1.2 Spillway not discharging condition
the safe bearing capacity of the foundation.
a) Water up to minimum tail water level on one 5.5 Design of the Reinforcement for Stem and Base
side, Slab of Divide Walls
b) No water on the other side assuming it to be
5.5.1 The reinforcement for stem and base slab should
dewatered,
be designed according to IS 456. In case the wall is
c) Corresponding full uplift, and
founded on sound rock, the base slab may be
d) Earthquake forces.
alternatively designed as given in 6.
5.3 Computation of Forces 6 ANCHORAGES
5.3.1 The dead load, uplift pressure and earthquake When the training/divide walls are resting on a
forces should be calculated as given in 4.3. concrete block laid over sound rock, stresses will be
induced in the concrete block and the rock below the
5.3.2 Estimation of Hydrodynamic Pressures concrete due to loading on the wall. The diffusion of
stresses into the base block is of considerable
For estimation of hydrodynamic pressures on account
importance for determination of depth of anchorages
of turbulence and surges, model studies are desirable.
of reinforcing bars.
However, till these forces are ascertained from model
tests criteria given below may be followed for P. = r~ H2
estimation for the forces for preliminary design in case Pew = 213 C. H2 tx~
a stilling basin arrangement is provided:
8.0143
a) Assume depth of water on one side of wall
c. = 2
equivalent to maximum depth (H) occurring 1-0.72 A
304.8T
after the hydraulic jump has taken place; [)
b) Assume a rectangular water pressure distribu-
tion due to water load on the flow side of the where
wall;
Y. = unit weight of water in kN/m3,
c) Assume Westergaard’s Parabola to further ac-
H= depth of water in m,
count for the hydrodynamic effects of surges
using an acceleration factor of 0.15 g (see T= earthquake foundation vibration period
Fig. 3). In a seismic area, earthquake loads may ins.
govern over surge loads; and ah = horizontal acceleration coefficient (to be
d) Proportion the divide wall such that the natural taken as 0.15 g for design calculation),
period of vibration of the wall is less than Pw = total horizontal water pressure with a
0.2 s. rectangular distribution in kN/m,
NOTE — The natural period of vibration for either a Pew = additional water pressure in kN/m, and
gravity or fixed-free cantilever wall maybe found by the
following approximate formula: Ce = factor in kN/m3.
NOTE — If the value of T is not available, C, may be taken as
Ts=Fxg 8.2 kN/m3.

where

6
 IS 12720:2004

RD’S
A

FIG.3 WATER PRESSUREINDIVIDEWALL

7
IS 12720:2004

ANNEX A
( Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Spillways Including Energy Dissipators Sectional Committee, WRD 10

Organization Representative(s)
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd, Gandhi Nagar SHRIN. B. DESAt (chairman)
Bhakra Beas Management Board, Narrgal Township SUPERINTENDING
ENGINEER
EXECUTtVEENGINEER(Ahernare)
Bodhi Water Resources Department, Bhopal SHRIJ. K. TtWARt
SHRtR. K. CHACHONDIA(Ahemate)
Central Design Organization, Gandhinagar SUPERINTENDtNO ~GtNEER
Central Water & Power Research Station, Ptme SHrttP. B. DEOLALIKAR
SHRIMATIV. V. BHOSEKAR(Alternate)
Centml Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR(CMDD-N & W)
DIRECTOR(SSD & C) (Alternate)
Consulting Engineering Services (I) Ltd, New Delhi SHRIV. K. KAPUR
SHRIP. K. SANGHI(Alternate)
Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara Srsttt
V.S.BRAHMABHAIT
RESEARCHOFFICER (Afternafe)
Hindus(an Construction Company Ltd, Mumbai SHRIR. G. VARTAK
SHRIK. R. VISHWANATFt(Alternate)
Indian Association of Hydrologists, New Delhl SHRt~tTAM SINOH
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee DIRECTOR(WRTDC)
DR NAYAN SHARMA(Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad CHIEF ENGINEER
SUPERINTENDINGENGtNEER(DAMS) (Ahernafe)
Irri@ion & Water Ways D~rectorate, Govemrnent of West Bengal, &JPERINTENDtNOENGINEER
Distt Darjeeling EXECUTtVEENGtNEER(Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneshwar CHIEF ENGINEER(D& R)
DIRECTOR(HEAD WORKS) (Afremate)
irrigation Department, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh CHIEF ENGINEER(RSDD)
DIRECTORSPILLWAY(RSDD) (Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Uttaranchal, Roorkee CHIEF ENGINEER& DIRCTOR
~GtNEER (Alternate)
SUPERINTENDING
Irrigation Department, Government of Kamataka, Karnataka DtRECrOrt
Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra, Nasfrik SUPERINTENDINGENGINEER(MD)
EXECUTtVEENGtNEER(MD-5) (Ahemute)
Jaipmkash Industries Ltd, New Delhi SHRI D. G. KADKADE
SHRINARENDRASINGH(Alternate)
Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation, Shimla SHRIR. S. CHAUHAN
SHRIV. K. VERMA (Alternate)
Na[ional Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd, Faridabad Strra S. C. MITTAL
SHRISANTOSHKUMAR(Ahemafe)
Sarchir Sarowtr Narmada Nigam Ltd, Gandhi Nagar SHRIG. L. JAVA
SHRIS. J. DESAI (Aftemate)
Wapcos (India) Ltd, New Delhi SHRIS. R. NAttAYANAN
SHRI A. P. CHOUDHARY(Alternate)
BIS Directorate General SHRIS. S. SETHI, Dlreetor& Head (WRD)
[Representing Director General (Ex-o@icio)]

Member Secretary
SHRIMATIROSY DHAWAN
Joint Director (WRD), BIS

8
 -—

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. WRD 10 (323).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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