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  • Estructura Zetilli

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    Josue Cofee
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    12 vistas5 páginas

    Estructura Zetilli

    Cargado por

    Josue Cofee
    Estructura zetilli

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    n CHAPTER 1. ORIGINS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS Exercise 1.5 The intensity reaching the surface of the Earth fom the Sun is about 1.36KW im. Assuming the Sun tobe a sphere (of radius 6.96 x 108 m) that radiates like a blackbody, estimate (a) the temperature tits surface and the wavelenath of its strongest radiation, and {b) the total power ragiated by the Sun (the Earth-Sun distance is 1.5 x 10!" my Exercise 1.6 (a) Calculate: (i) the energy spacing AE between the ground state and the first excited state of the hydrogen atom; (i) and the ratio A E/E; between the spacing and the ground state energy. (b) Consider now a macroscopic system: a simple pendulum which consists of a 5g mass attached to a 2m long, massless and inextensible string, Calculate (i) the total energy Ey of the pendulum when the string makes an angle of 60° with the vertical; (i the frequency of the pendulum’s small oscillations and the energy AF of one quantum; and (ili) the ratio AE /E (©) Examine the sizes ofthe ratio 4 E/E calculated in pats (a) and (b) and comment on the importance of the quantum effects for the hydrogen atom and the pendulum. Exercise 1.7 A beam of X-rays from a sulfur source (2 = $3.7 nm) and a y-ray beam from a Cs!>7 sample (2. = 0.19 1m) impinge on a graphite target. Two detectors are set up at angles 30° and 12% from the direction of the incident beams. (a) Estimate the wavelength shifts ofthe X-rays and the y-rays recorded at both detectors. (b) Find the kinetic energy ofthe recoiling electron in each of the four cases. (c) What percentage ofthe incident photon energy is lost in the collision in each ofthe four Exercise 1.8 It has been suggested that high energy photons might be found in cosmic radiation, as a result of the inverse Compion effect, ie., a photon of visible light gains energy by scattering from «high energy proton. Ifthe proton has a momentum of 10"° eV/e, find the maximum final ‘energy ofan initially yellow photon emitted by a sodium atom (2g = 2.1 nm) Exercise 1.9 Estimate the number of photons emitted per second from a 75 rm light bulb; use $75 nm as the average wavelength of the (visible) light emitted. Is the quantum nature of this radiation important? Exercise 1.10 A.0.7MeV photon scatters from an electron initially at rest. Ifthe photon scatters at an angle of 35°, caleulate (a) the energy and wavelength of the scattered photon, (b) the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron, and (c) the angle at which the electron recoils. Exercise 1.11 Light of wavelength 350m is incident on a metallic surface of work func {a) Calculate the kinetic energy ofthe ejected electrons. (b) Calculate the cutoff frequency of the metal LL. EXERCISES B Exercise 1.12 Find the wavelength of the radiation that can eject electrons from the surface of azine sheet with ‘a kinetic energy of 75 eV; the work function of zinc is 3.74 eV. Find also the cutoff wavelength of the metal Exercise 1.13 Ifthe stoppit 12V, find (a) the work function ofthe metal, (b) the cutoff wavelength of the metal, and (c) the maximum energy of the ejected electrons. potential ofa metal when illuminated with a radiation of wavelength 480 nm is, Exercise 1.14 Find the maximum Compton wave shift corresponding to collision between a photon and a proton at rest Exercise 1.15 [the stopping potential of a metal when illuminated with a radiation of wavelength 150.nm is, 7.SV, calculate the stopping potential of the metal when illuminated by a radiation of wave- length 275 nm. Exercise 1.16 A light source of frequency 9.5 x 10"* Hz illuminates the surface of a metal of work function 2,8eV and ejects electrons. Calculate (a) the stopping potential, (by) the cutoff frequency, and () the kinetic energy ofthe ejected electrons, Exercise 1.17 Consider a metal with a cutoff frequency of 1.2 x 10! Hz (a) Find the work funetion of the metal. (b) Find the kinetic energy’ of the ejected electrons when the metal is illuminated with @ radiation of frequency 7 x 10"* Hz. Exercise 1.18 A light of frequency 7.2 x 10" Hz is incident on four different metallic surfaces of cesium, alu- ‘minum, cobalt, and platinum whose work functions are 2.14 eV, 4.08eV, 3.9eV, and 6.35.eV, respectively (a) Which among these metals will exhibit the photoelectric effect? (b) For each one of the metals producing photoelectrons, calculate the maximum kinetic energy for the electrons ejected. Exercise 1.19 Consider a metal with stopping potentials of 9 V and 4 V when illuminated by two sources of frequencies 17 x 10"! Hz and 8 x 10!* Hz, respectively (a) Use these data to find a numerical value forthe Planck constant. (b) Find the work function and the cutoff frequency of the metal (} Find the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons when the metal isitluminated ‘with a radiation of frequency 12 x 10! Hz, ™ CHAPTER I. ORIGINS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS Exercise 1.20 Using energy and momentum conservation requirements, show that a free electron cannot ab- sorb all the energy of a photon Exercise 1.21 Photons of wavelength S am are scattered from electrons that are at rest Ifthe photons scatter at 60° relative tothe incident photons, calculate (a) the Compton wave shift, (b) the kinetic energy imparted tothe recoiling electrons, and {c) the angle at which the electrons reco Exercise 1.22 X-rays of wavelength 0.0008 nm collide with electrons initially at rest Ifthe wavelength of the seattered photons is 0.0017 nm, determine {a) the kinetic energy of the recoiling electrons, (b) the angle at whieh the photons scatter, and (©) the angle at which the electrons recoil, Exercise 1.23 Photons of energy 0.7 MeV are scattered from electrons intially at rest. Ifthe energy of the scattered photons is 0.5 MeV, find (a) the wave shit, {¢b) the angle at which the photons scatter, (c) the angle at which the electrons recoil, and (the kinetic energy of the recoiling electrons. Exercise 1.24 In a Compton scattering of photons from electrons at rest, ifthe photons seatter at an angle of 45° and ifthe wavelength ofthe scattered photons is 9 x 10°! m, find (a) the wavelength and the energy of the incident photons, (b) the energy of the recoiling electrons and the angle at which they recoil Exercise 1.25 ‘When scattering photons from electrons at rest, if the scattered photons are detected at 90° and if their wavelength is double that ofthe incident photons, find (a) the wavelength of the incident photons, (b) the energy of te recoiling elecrons and the angle at which they recoil, and () the energies ofthe incident and scattered photons. Exercise 1.26 In scattering electrons from a crystal, the frst maximum is observed at an angle of 60°, What ‘must be the energy of the electrons that will enable us to probe as deep as 19 nm inside the exystal? Exercise 1.27 Estimate the resolution of a microscope which uses electrons of energy 175 eV. Exercise 1.28 ‘What are the longest and shortest wavelengths in the Balmer and Paschen series for hydrogen? 11, EXERCISES 15 Exercise 1.29 (a) Calculate the ground state energy of the doubly ionized lithium fon, Li?*, obtained when ‘one removes two electrons from the lithium atom, (b) Ifthe lithium ion Li? is bombarded with a photon and subsequently absorbs it, calculate the energy and wavelength of the photon needed to excite the Li? fon into its third excited state Exercise 1.30 Consider a tenfold ionized sodium ion, Na!*, which is obtained by removing ten electrons from an Na atom. (a) Calculate the orbiting speed and orbital angular momentum ofthe electron (with respect, to the on’ origin) when the ion is in its fourth excited state (b) Calculate the frequency ofthe radiation emitted wien the ion deexcites from is fourth excited state to the ist exited state Exercise 1.31 Calculate the wavelength of the radiation needed to excite the triply ionized beryllium atom, Be™, from the ground state to its third excited state Exercise 1.32 According to the classical model of the hydrogen atom, an electron moving in a circular orbit of radius 0.053 around a proton fixed at the center is unstable, and the electron should eventually collapse into the proton. Estimate how long it would take for the electron to collapse into the proton, ‘Hint: Stat withthe classical expression for radiation from an accelerated charge dE 2 aif rk = de 3 depo)" 2m ~ Saye ~~ Braue” ea fi where ais the acceleration ofthe electron and Eis its total energy: Exercise 1.33 Caleulate the de Broglie wavelength of {a) an electron of kinetic energy 54 eV, (b) a proton of kinetic energy 70 MeV, (c)a 100. bullet moving at 1200 ms~!, and Useful data: mc? = 0.511 MeV, mpc? = 938.3 MeV, he ~ 197.3 €V am, Exercise 1.34 AA simple one-dimensional harmonic oscillator is @ particle acted upon by a linear restoring force F(x) = ~mas*x. Classically, the minimum eneray of the oscillator is zero, because we can place it precisely at x = 0, its equilibrium position, while giving it zero initial velocity. ‘Quantum mechanically, the uncertainty principle does not allow us to localize the panicle pre= cisely and simultaneously have it at rest. Using the uncertainty principle, estimate the minimum ‘energy of the quantum mechanical oscillator. Exercise 1.38 Consider a double-slt experiment where the waves emitted from the sits superpose ona vertical sereen parallel to the y-axis. When only one slit is open, the amplitude of the wave which gets 16 CHAPTER I. ORIGINS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS through is yi(y,4) = e792) and when only the other slit is open, the amplitude is galy.t) =e? Bellow) (a) What isthe interference pattern along the y-axis with both slits open? Plot the intensity of the wave as a function of (b) What would be the intensity if we puta light source behind the sereen to measure which ‘of the slits the light went through? Plot the intensity of the wave as a function of y. Exercise 1.36 Consider the following three wave functions mQ)= Ae, ya) = Ae VQ) = Ale" tye"), Where 4), 42, and 4s are normalization constants. (a) Find the constants 4), 42, and 4 0 that y, y2, and ys are normalized. (b) Find the probability that each one ofthe states will be inthe interval =I

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