Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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D. In New Zealand, a proposal made by a previous Labour led
Government suggests a $50 fine and 27 demerit points for any
person using a cell phone whilst driving, although the Ministry of
Transport is still preparing a report based on public consultation.
Although this is only a pending idea, the government knows this
will be a difficult infringement to police but a start needs to be
made and people need to understand the consequences of what
potentially could happen. It is a common misconception that hands
free kits are safe to use, but research conducted by Waikato
University has proven that these can be equally as dangerous as
hand held phones.
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G. Obviously opinions will differ on this matter, and it will always
remain a debatable issue. A long list of countries seems to be
following the trend and imposing a law against cell phones on the
road, but there is still and even longer list yet to follow. Lack of
data leaves uncertain results but it seems research is ongoing and
surveys and tests are being carried out on a regular basis to reach
some kind of conclusion as to just how dangerous and potentially
fatal this habit may be.
Questions 1 – 6
List of Headings
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vii. Global agreement on penalties
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
6. Paragraph G
Questions 7 – 11
A. Ministry of Transport
C. Waikato University
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7. is currently putting together feedback from the general public.
8. proposed specific penalties for mobile phone use while driving.
9. statistically proven the higher likelihood of an accident.
10. believes any use of a phone while driving has potential risks.
11. speaking on the phone is an overrated risk.
Questions 12 – 16
12. The law in Ireland regarding mobile phone use while driving
is the world’s most serious.
13. According to research conducted by road safety groups,
speaking on a phone makes an accident nine times more likely.
14. Reaction times in an emergency are doubled if the driver is
using a mobile.
15. Eating while driving is statistically as dangerous as using a
mobile.
16. More research is required to form a clearer conclusion.
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READING PASSAGE 2
High above the city of Paris the Eiffel Tower looks over the
thousands of tourists that visit her each day. One of the greatest
sites in Paris, the Eiffel Tower was erected in 1889 for the great
Paris Exposition.
After the design and build of the Eiffel Tower was confirmed for
Paris, a petition was signed by over 300 names to fight against the
building of this project. These names included Parisian architects,
engineers and famous citizens of Paris. Eiffel was heavily
castigated for his design and was accused of designing something
for its appearance and artistic appeal with no regard to
engineering; opponents to the building claimed that the design did
not have sufficient stability to withstand the high winds its height
would be exposed to. But Eiffel and his team of ex bridge builders
understood the importance of wind forces, and the shape of the
tower was largely decided by mathematical calculation involving
wind resistance.
French painters, sculptures and writers did not see the beauty in
the tower and referred to it as useless and monstrous. However,
the Eiffel tower was admired by many notable people (Rousseau
was particularly impressed) and construction began in 1887 and
was soon completed by the end of 1889. In 1909 it was almost
demolished because of the expiration of its 20 year lease but was
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saved due to its antennas used for telegraphy at the time, With
such a difficult beginning to the Tower. It is now internationally
recognized and is a symbol of Paris completely accepted and valued
by its French Citizens.
Today more than 500 hundred people operate the day to day
running of the Eiffel Tower. Each and every day the Eiffel Towers
335 spotlights and 20,000 bulbs create a glistening affect and at
night the Eiffel Tower lights up the city of Paris and is a sight not
to be missed by anyone. The Tower lights up every evening from
sunset to lam, coupled with the light house on the top that sends
out its light beams during the same hours. As recognisable as a
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night time picture of the Tower is, rulings made in the early 1990s
actually made copyrighted the illuminated image, Unless it is taken
as part of a wider panoramic view, the image is protected under
French law. The argument is that the arrangements and display of
the lighting constitutes an original visual creation, much as a major
work of art, and thus should be entitled to the same degree of
protection, The ruling was and remains highly controversial, with
concerns that an innocent tourist taking a photograph of the tower
at night is potentially breaching copyright.
Questions 17 – 19
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19. The Eiffel Tower
A. is 276 metres tall.
Questions 20 – 22
Questions 23 – 29
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25. What is the most common way of accessing the three floors?
26. Protection from what requires the tower to be painted so
often?
27. The Tower is painted using three shades of brown so that it
appears what?
28. What was taller than the Eiffel Tower in 1930?
29. When are the illuminations switched on?
READING PASSAGE 3
HAZARD MANAGEMENT
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dangerous, severe penalties can be incurred by companies
overlooking such hazard identification.
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enforced guidelines regarding safe storage of potentially hazardous
products.
12
Complete the summary using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from Reading Passage 3 for each answer.
Questions 38 – 40
13
⇓
Locate the hazard ( e.g. 39______________ it out
of the way)
READING 17
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
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In the Scottish Highlands there, is believed to be a monster Jiving
in the waters of Loch Ness. The waters of Loch Ness are one mile
wide and 24 miles long, the largest body of freshwater in the United
Kingdom. To many sceptics, this monster is only a modem day
myth, but to others who claim they have seen it, the monster exists
and still lurks in the waters of Loch Ness today.
The very first sighting of Nessie was as far back as 565 AD. It is
believed that she ate a local farmer and then dived back into the
waters, with no accounts of being seen again for over 100 years.
However, since the turn of the 20th century, several other people
have claimed to see her. Some people believe that old Scottish
myths about water creatures such as Kelpies and water horses
have contributed to the idea of tills wondrous monster lurking
beneath.
Some scientists believe that the Loch Ness monster could a mirage
or a psychological phenomenon in as much as sometimes we see
what we want to see. Of course those who have seen her beg to
differ, but many experiments have been conducted to arrive at
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theories to explain what it is that people could be witnessing. It
has been suggested that Nessie could be related to a prehistoric
animal known as a Plesiosaur, an animal that measured up to ten
metres in length and is otherwise thought to be extinct, although
this theory is unsupported by any data, One scientist in particular
has been researching the lake itself to find out more about its
history, It seems that for such a large animal to Jive in this lake it
would require a vast food source, but for such an amount of fish to
survive there would need to be plenty of microscopic animals called
zooplankton. The only way to find out how much of this there is in
the water is to measure the amount of algae. Algae needs light to
survive so by measuring just how deep the daylight can penetrate
the lake scientists can then start to work out what kind of
population can be sustained. Despite results that suggest that the
fish population was too small, the conclusions drawn were
inconclusive.
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their own glimpse of Nessie, In 2007, it was estimated that related
tourism brought in an estimated £6 million to the region, thanks in
pan to the attention of the film industry.
Questions 1 – 6
1. The first reported sighting of the Loch Ness monster was in 1962.
2. It is believed the idea for the Loch Ness monster may have been
inspired by other stories of sea creatures.
3. The last person who claims to have seen the Loch Ness monster
has video footage.
4. There is evidence to suggest that the Loch Ness monster is related
to the plesiosaur.
5. Testing of algae in the loch proved that the food source was
insufficient to sustain Nessie.
6. Movement along a fault line could have caused Nessie to rise to the
surface.
Questions 7 -13
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Write your answers in boxes 7 -13 on your answer sheet.
READING PASSAGE 2
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employee morale, This has given rise to the increasingly adopted
method of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) – a maintenance
program which governs the maintenance of plants and equipment.
The goal of the TPM program is to markedly increase production
while, at the same time, increasing employee morale and job
satisfaction.
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agreement that the system has the potential to be successful within
the company. Then a specific person or team needs to be appointed
to coordinate the changes required to apply TPM methodologies,
an aim that begins with training and education for all employees.
Once the coordinator is convinced that the work force is sold on
the TPM program and that they understand it and its implications,
the first action teams are formed. These teams are usually made
up of people who have a direct Impact on the problem being
addressed. Operators, maintenance personnel, shift supervisors,
schedulers, and upper management might all be included on a
team. Each person becomes a stakeholder in the process and is
encouraged to do his or her best to contribute to the success of the
team effort. Usually, the TPM coordinator heads the teams until
others become familiar with the process and natural team leaders
emerge.
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ongoing process, Changes in employee mind-set toward their job
responsibilities must take place as well, Indeed, initial results for
at least the first quarter may actually lead to reduced productivity
while changes are put into effect.
Questions 14 – 20
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of
headings below.
List of Headings
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iv. The introduction of TPM
14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E
19. Paragraph F
20. Paragraph G
Questions 21 – 24
22
Agreement about the 21_________________ offered
by implementing TPM
↓
Nomination/ establish of 22 __________
↓
Education and training of workforce
↓
Creation of 23__________
↓
Emergence of 24____________ to head group
Questions 25 – 28
Label the diagram below using words from the box below. USE
EACH CHOICE ONCE ONLY
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B. % uptime
C. $000s / quarter
E. % downtime
F. $000s / month
G. Employee costs
H. Wasted resources
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READING PASSAGE 3
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29 – 40, which
are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
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The advocates of single sex education argue that boys in
coeducational settings are less likely to study the arts or advanced
academic subjects just to avoid the social categorization of certain
subjects as being more in the feminine realm. Equally, girls may
tend avoid the sciences and technology subjects as this has
traditional been more of a male domain. Single sex schools are
flourishing once again as parents realise that allowing their son or
daughter to learn in his or her own individual way is a very
important consideration in choosing a school.
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math and science, subjects generally preferred by boys in co-
educational settings.
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D. the opposite sex was not missed
31. Parents
A. must be offered the option of co-educational schools for their
children.
C. have reported that single sex classrooms have helped their child
with confidence issues.
Questions 32 – 36
Co-educational schools
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32. intended to reduce gender 32_______________ , but actually
may not be successful.
33. started in 33______________ but quickly spread.
34. allow students to 34______________ more easily with
opposite sex about general topic.
Single sex schools
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READING 18
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1- 12, which
are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
In 1924, Mount Everest claimed the lives of its first two climbers.
George Mallory and Andrew Irvine were two British climbers,
attempting to reach the summit. The men were last seen heading
for the top of the mountain until clouds surrounded Everest and
they disappeared. Mallory’s body was not seen again until 75 years
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on, in May of 1999, and Irvine’s body is yet to be found. There is
still no evidence as to whether these two men made it to the top
or not, although disputes rages on, Those that believe the pair were
the first; to climb Everest point to two specific points, firstly,
Mallory’s daughter has always said that Mallory carried a
photograph of his wife on his person with the intention of leaving
it on the summit when he reached it. This photo was not found on
the body when it was discovered. Secondly, Mallory’s snow’
goggles were in his pocket when the body was found, indicating
that he died at night. This implies that he and Irvine had made a
push for the summit and were descending very late in the day.
Given their known departure time and movements, had they not
made the summit, it is unlikely that they would have still been out
by nightfall.
The first time the actual peak of this monstrous mountain was
reached was in 1953, in a combined effort by Sir Edmund Hillary
and Tenzing Norgay. On the 29th of May that year, the duo
conquered this epic mountain, standing at the highest point in the
world for a brief 15 minutes. After a brief but fruitless search for
evidence of the 1924 Mallory expedition, they buried a cross and
some candy in the snow, taking a few photographs of the historic
event. As Norgay had never operated a camera, there are no
photographs of Hillary on top of the mountain, just shots of Norgay,
and some additional photos looking down the mountain, ensuring
evidence of their conquest and that the ascent was not faked.
When the news reached London on June 2nd, Sir Edmund Hillary
was knighted in the Order of the British Empire and Norgay (a
subject of the King of Nepal) was granted the George Medai by the
UK, Sir Hillary turned to Antarctic exploration and led the New
Zealand section of the Trans-Antarctic expedition from 1955 to
1958. In 1958, he took part in a mechanised expedition to the
South Pole. Hillary continued to organise further mountain-
climbing expeditions but, as the years passed, he became more
and more concerned with the welfare of the Nepalese people. In
the 1960s, he returned to Nepal, to aid in the development of the
society, building clinics, hospitals and schools. After conquering
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Everest, Sir Edmund Hillary devoted most of his life to helping the
Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust.
The latest record for climbing Mount Everest was set on the 30th
of May in 2005 by Nepalese Mona Mulepati and PemDorje Sherpa,
who were the first couple to get married on top of Mount Everest.
Questions 1 – 6
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6. What was the name of Hillary’s charitable organisation?
Questions 7 – 12
READING PASSAGE 2
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-27, which
are based on Reading Passage 2 below
SLEEP
C. Another common myth about sleep is that the body requires less
sleep the older we get. Whilst It is true that babies need 16 hours
compared to 9 hours and 8 hours respectively for teenagers and
adults, this does not mean that older people need less sleep.
However, what is true if that for a number of different factors, they
often get less sleep or find their sleep less refreshing. This is
because as people age, they spend less time in the deep, restful
stages of sleep and are more easily awakened. Older people are
also more likely to have medical conditions that affect their sleep,
such as insomnia, sleep apnoea and heart problems.
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in cycles throughout the night, moving back and forth between
deep restorative sleep and more alert stages with dreaming. As the
night progresses, you spend more time in a lighter dream sleep.
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brain to your large muscles allowing them to mend any damage
from your day at work. People woken quickly from stage 4 sleep
often feel a sense of disorientation, which is why it is helpful to use
an alarm clock with an ascending ring.
H. About an hour and a half into your sleep cycle you will go from
deep Stage 4 sleep back into light Stage 2 sleep, then into REM
sleep, before the cycle begins again. About 75% of your sleep is
NREM sleep. If you sleep for eight hours, about six of them will be
NREM sleep. As the night progresses, you spend more time in
dream sleep and lighter sleep.
I. When you constantly get less sleep (even 1 hour less) than you
need each night, it is called sleep debt. You may pay for it in
daytime drowsiness, trouble concentrating, moodiness, lower
productivity and increased risk of falls and accidents. Although a
daytime nap cannot replace a good night’s sleep, it can help make
up for some of the harm done as a result of sleep debt. But avoid
taking a nap after 3 pm as late naps may stop you getting to sleep
at night. And avoid napping for longer than 30 minutes as longer
naps will make it harder to wake up and get back into the swing of
things.
Questions 13 – 16
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NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
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REM sleep
B. is when we dream.
Questions 23 – 27
READING PASSAGE 3
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A. A constellation is a group of stars which when viewed
collectively appear to have a physical proximity’ in the sky.
Constellation boundaries and definitions as used today in Western
culture, and as defined by the International Astronomical Union
(IAU), were formalised in 1930 by Eugene Delporte. There are 88
official constellations as recognised by the IAU, those visible in the
northern hemisphere being based upon those established by the
ancient Greeks, The constellations of the southern hemisphere –
since invisible to the Greeks due to geographical location – were
not defined until later in the early modem era.
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D. Some star patterns often wrongly considered constellations by
laymen are actually ‘asterisms’ – a group of stars that appear to
form patterns in the sky -and are not in fact one of the 88 officially
divided areas truly defined as a constellation. A famous example of
an asterism oft mistaken for a constellation is the Big Dipper’ (as
it is termed in North America) or the ‘Plough’ as it is known in the
UK. In astronomical terms, this famous star formation is in fact
considered only part of the larger constellation known as Ursa
Major.
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leads to the often blurred images seen through ground-based
telescopes). The Hubble Space Telescope can also observe infrared
light that would otherwise be blocked by the atmosphere as the
wavelength (distance between successive wave crests) of
ultraviolet light is shorter than that of visible light.
Questions 28 – 35
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list of
headings below.
List of Headings
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iv. Atmospheric weaknesses of telescopes in orbit
28. Paragraph A
29. Paragraph B
30. Paragraph C
31. Paragraph D
32. Paragraph E
33. Paragraph F
34. Paragraph G
35. Paragraph H
Questions 36 – 40
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Write the correct answers in boxes 36-40.
READING 19
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12, which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
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exception of the single fertile queen, responsible for fetching nectar
for the colony’s progeny. In addition, honeybees have devised a
sophisticated system of communication to relay important
information from member to member.
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Recruits also need to know the direction in which they should fly to
arrive at the appropriate foraging location, and this information is
communicated via the bee’s angular orientation to the hive. It,
however, is not a direct connection to the position of the food
supplies from the hive, but its location relative to the sun.
Therefore if the food is situated directly opposite from the sun, the
bee will fly a straight run vertically downward; if it is in the same
direction as the sun, it will fly directly upward from the colony nest.
A position 60 degrees to the right of the sun will prompt the bee to
fly downwards at a 60 degrees angle toward the right of the nest.
Moreover, because the sun is in constant motion throughout the
day, the bee’s orientation will shift depending on the time at which
the dance is performed. Sceptics of von Frisch’s findings, however,
claim that visual cues are not enough to provide all the clues
necessary to convey the location of a food resource. Several
scientists, among them Adrian Wenner, believe that the dance is
only one component of honeybee communications; odour is the
second key element. Using robotic bees to perform the same
dances, Wenner was unable to attract new recruits to the foraging
activities; however, when he added a bit of nectar to the robot,
workers quickly followed. He also discovered that the odors must
be representative of the actual flowers containing the food source;
otherwise the bees will arrive at the site, but not know which ones
will be profitable.
Questions 1 – 3
1. Honeybees
A. have a rudimentary ability to convey information.
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C. are found in equal numbers of male and female.
Questions 4 – 8
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4. Von Frisch focussed on a number of ________________clues
to deduce how bees communicated.
5. The bee will move forward for one________________ for every
1000 metres away the food source is.
6. To locate the direction of the nectar, the forager will base its
movements on the position of ________________ .
7. For food sources over 150 metres away, the forager will indicate
distance with a _____________ dance.
8. It has been argued that ________________ as well as movement
may help to locate food sources.
Questions 9 – 12
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READING PASSAGE 2
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Although estimates for obesity rates have recently been lowered,
current expectations are that close to one in three boys aged from
two to eleven are likely to be overweight or obese by the year
2020. The prediction for girls is slightly over one in four, a much
lower prediction than ten years ago when forecasts were that
almost half would be overweight.
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sure why obese and overweight children were less likely to sleep
late on weekends, but indicated that they tended to spend more
time doing their homework and watching television than their
normal- weight peers. Still, the researchers urged caution in the
interpretation of their findings, acknowledging that “an irregular
sleep-wake schedule and insufficient sleep among school-aged
children and adolescents has been documented with a variety of
serious repercussions, including increased daytime sleepiness,
academic difficulties, and mood and behavioral problems.”
G. The precise nature of the link between short sleep duration and
obesity remains unclear, said Mary A. Jackson, Professor of
Psychiatry and Human Behavior at Brown University’s Alpert
Medical School in Providence, and Director of Chronobiology at
Bradley Hospital in East Providence. “Evidence has shown that
there are changes in satiety and in levels of the hunger hormones
leptin and ghrelin,” Jackson said. “But there’s also evidence that
kids who are not getting enough sleep get less physical activity,
perhaps simply because they’re too tired. It’s just not cut-and-
dried.” The findings could be of help in slowing down the ongoing
increase in childhood obesity, but for the time being, parents
should be observant of their children’s wake-sleep cycles, and take
steps to ensure they are getting enough sleep, the researchers
advised. Perhaps this is a reminder to us all that despite school,
homework, extracurricular activities, and family time, sleep still
needs to be a priority in a child’s life.
Questions 13 – 15
51
Which THREE of the following statements are true of the research
in Hong Kong?
Questions 16 – 21
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16. Predictions on rates of obesity in children.
17. An outline of the most notable research finding.
18. Ideas on why overweight children don’t sleep in on weekends.
19. How sleeping in on weekends can help a child keep slim.
20. A study looking into sleep deprivation and the affect on body
metabolism.
21. Advice for parents concerned about their children becoming
overweight.
Questions 22 – 25
Write the correct letter A-L in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.
The main findings of the research showed that children who were
able to catch up on 22 ______________ sleep stayed fairly slim
whereas children who did not were much more likely to 23
_______________weight. The researchers mentioned that in
24________________ times a reduction in sleep time has become
common with most people sleeping an hour or two less than in the
past. However, the reasons why overweight children tended to
sleep less on weekends than their slimmer peers 25
________________ a mystery.
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READING PASSAGE 3
TEAM BUILDING
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misunderstandings and disharmony from time to time. A cohesive
unit that minimises friction, she believes, can however be
developed in any organisation committed to investment in its
people. Whilst the taking on of external expertise for staff training
and team building programmes can be costly, a number of
companies, particularly those with a robust human resources
department, are undertaking the training themselves. Liaison
Wizards, established in 2001 and headed by Jeff Blackshaw, offers
free training and development advice to companies wishing to offer
motivation seminars designed in house, in the belief that
contextualised training is always more effective. The company’s
own business model is based upon generating revenue from
advertising on their popular website – a great success, so far,
having surpassed financial projections for each year it has been in
operation to date.
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the personalities and culture at hand can be more easily tailored to
suit the distinctive needs of that particular audience.
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to staff development training relying on methods such as
psychometric testing discussions, motivational conferences and
formal appraisals. The new, and as yet untried, approach will
challenge participants in, by comparison, rather radical ways. One
initiative, for example, requiring the writing, organisation and
delivery of a theatrical performance to which all staff members will
be invited to view.
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29. In house training is more successful primarily because
employees feel more involved in the planning.
30. The value of games as a training tool can be misunderstood.
Questions 31 – 35
Match the statement with the correct person A-E. You can use
each letter more than once.
A. Louise Edwards
B. Brenda Durham
C. Jeff Blackshaw
D. Brian Osborne
E. Alan Kidman
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Complete the summary USING NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from Reading Passage 3 for each answer.
READING 20
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12, which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
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now commonly referred to three distinct categories. The first is
related to those forms of addictions that are perhaps not life-
threatening or particularly dangerous, and are often labelled in an
almost tongue-in-cheek manner, such as the consumption of
chocolate possibly leading to the creation of a ‘chocoholic’. This
category is referred to as soft addiction and is generally related
only to a potential loss of productivity; in the workplace, an
employee who is addicted to social networking sites is likely to be
a less useful member of staff.
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modern form of leisure time and just as valid as reading a book or
playing outside. Another point of friction among people involved in
studying and treating sufferers is that some of the issues covered
by the umbrella term ‘addiction’ are actually mislabelled, and they
belong more to a different category altogether and should be
referred to as ‘Impulse control disorders’.
Questions 1 -6
61
Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. A change in methods
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
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5. Paragraph F
6. Paragraph G
Questions 7 -12
READING PASSAGE 2
POISONOUS ANIMALS
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Often benign and beautiful, there are so many potential dangers,
often lethal, hidden in the natural world that our continued
existence on the planet is actually quite astounding. Earthquakes,
tsunami and volcanoes are some of natures more cataclysmic risks,
but fade in comparison to the dangers presented by the more
aggressive flora and fauna around the world.
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Although there are many hundreds, even thousands of poisonous
fauna, the number of venomous animals on the planet far exceeds
their number, perhaps the most well-known of which are snakes
and spiders. In the snake world, the most lethal is the Inland
Taipan. Able to kill up to 100 humans with the intensity of the toxin
in one bite, it can cause death in as little as 45 minutes.
Fortunately, they are not only very shy when it comes to human
contact, there is also a known antivenin (cure), although this needs
to be administered quickly. In the arachnid world, the spider that
has been identified as being the most venomous is the Brazilian
wandering spider. It is responsible for the most number of human
deaths of any spider, but perhaps more alarmingly it is true to its
name, hiding during daytime in populated areas, such as inside
houses, clothes, footwear and cars.
A Poisonous creatures
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B Venomous creatures
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21. The box jellyfish can cause death by drowning
22. The tentacles on a box jellyfish are used for movement
Questions 23 – 26
READING PASSAGE 3
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perhaps as illustrative as the ability to make accurate judgements
about a course of action to overcome an obstacle. She argues that
there is a tendency for decisions to be made quickly, leading to
only short term solutions and a recurrence of the problem at a later
date. Pressure from other managers, senior staff or even
employees can cause those in middle management to make
decisions based quickly, reacting at speed to a problem that would
have been better solved by a calmer, more inclusive style of
management, However, Martin Hewings, author of Strategic
Thinking, believes that the root of the issue is not in the speed at
which a response is required but in a flawed way of looking at the
problem from the outset. His argument is that most repetitive
problems are actually not permanently resolved because of a lack
of focus as to the true nature of the problem. He advocates a
system whereby the problem must be clearly defined before the
appropriate course of action can be decided upon, and this is
achieved by applying questions to the problem itself: why is this
happening? When is this happening? With whom is this happening?
Anne Wicks believes that our problem solving abilities are first run
through five distinct filters, and that good managers are those that
can negotiate these filters to arrive at an unbiased, logical and clear
solution. Wicks has built the filters into a ladder through which all
decisions have the potential to be coloured, the first step being
programming – from the day we are born, there is an amount of
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conditioning that means we accept or reject certain points of view
almost a reflex action. Programming will of course vary from
person to person, but is often more marked when comparing
nationalities. Our programming is the base of our character, but
this is then built on by our beliefs, remembering that for someone
to believe something does not necessarily mean it is true. So
having built from programming to belief, Wicks argues that next
on the ladder are our feelings – how we personally react to an issue
will skew how we look at solving it. If you feel that someone
involved is being unfair or unreasonable, then a solution could
over-compensate for this, which of course would not be effective
in the long run. This has the potential to impact on the next step –
our attitudes. This involves not only those attitudes that are
resistant to change, but also the daily modifications in how we feel
– our mood. A combination of all these steps on the ladder
culminate in our actions – what we choose to do or not do – and
this is the step that most directly controls the success or failure of
the decision making process.
69
Write the correct answer A-D in boxes 27-33 on your answer
sheet.
A. Marie Scrive
B. Martin Hewings
C. Garen Filke
D. Anne Wicks
E. John Tate
70
Questions 34-37
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
ACTIONS
what we opt to either do or not do
↑
APTITUDES
can be short term and relate to 37_____________ at a particular time
↑
36_________________
could lead to complications when reacting to others
71
↑
BELIEFS
possibly only personally held beliefs, not necessarily universally
35_______________
↑
34_______________
conditioned to react; often influenced by place of birth
Questions 38 – 40
72
40. John Tate believes that successful decision making is not
related to psychology
73
READING 21
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are
based on Reading Passage 1.
AUSTRALIA’S PLATYPUS
74
primarily for asserting dominance amongst fellow-males. To be
stung by a male platypus is a rare event with only a very small
number of people being on the receiving end of this most reclusive
creature.
In the same area of the hind foot where the male has the poisonous
spur, the female platypus only develops two buds which drop off in
their first year of life never to appear again. The female platypus
produces a clutch of one to three eggs in late winter or spring,
incubating them in an underground burrow. The eggs are 15-18
millimetres long and have a whitish, papery shell like those of
lizards and snakes. The mother is believed to keep the eggs warm
by placing them between her lower belly and curled-up tail for a
period of about 10 or 11 days as she rests in an underground nest
made of leaves or other vegetation collected from the water. The
baby platypus drinks a rich milk which is secreted from two round
patches of skin midway along the mother’s bell)’. It is believed that
a baby platypus feeds by slurping up milk with rhythmic sweeps of
its stubby bill. When the juveniles first enter the water at the age
of about four months, they are nearly (80-90%) as long as an
adult. Male platypus do not help to raise the young.
75
mainly in the form of bottom-dwelling aquatic invertebrates such
as shrimps, worms, yabbies, pea-shell mussels, and immature and
adult aquatic insects. Small frogs and fish eggs are also eaten
occasionally, along with some terrestrial insects that fall into the
water from overhanging vegetation.
1
: Catchments are an area of land drained by a creek or river
system, or a place set aside for collecting water which runs off the
surface of the land.
Until the early twentieth century, platypus were widely killed for
(heir fur. The species is now protected by law throughout Australia.
Platypus are wild animals with specialised living requirements. It is
illegal for members of the public to keep them in captivity. A
platypus which has been accidentally captured along a stream or
found wandering in an unusual place should never be taken home
and treated as a pet, even for a brief time. The animal will not
survive the experience. Only a small number of Australian zoos and
universities hold a permit to maintain platypus in captivity for
legitimate display or research purposes. Current Australian
government policy does not allow’ this species to be taken overseas
for any reason.
Questions 1-5
76
1 The appearance of the platypus caused experts to doubt
it was real.
Questions 6 -9
77
Questions 10 -13
READING PASSAGE 2
78
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are
based on Reading Passage 2.
Questions 14-18
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of
headings below.
Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
79
ix. The impact of noise on sleep
14 Paragraph B
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph E
18 Paragraph F
80
B. The first experiments in recorded scientific history on the effects
of people not getting enough sleep took place in the late 1800s.
According to records, three volunteers were deprived of sleep for
a total of 90 hours. Later on, in 1920 more experiments in sleep
deprivation were conducted by scientists where several people
were deprived of sleep for a period of 60 hours. The results of many
sleep deprivation experiments have been recorded and conducted
by American ‘sleep scientist’ Nathaniel Kleitman. Often referred to
as ‘the father of modern sleep research’, Kleitman’s work has
formed the foundation for many areas of current sleep research.
In one experiment, Kleitman examined thirty five volunteers who
had been awake for 60 hours and also conducted an experiment
on himself, remaining awake for a total of 100 hours. It was
revealed that people who are sleep-deprived for periods of more
than 60 hours try to fall asleep in any environment and show- signs
of mental disturbances, visions and hallucinations. As the length of
sleep deprivation increases, so too does the mental decline in an
individual. Having studied a group of 3 sleep deprived people, sleep
researcher Dr. Tim Oswald, concluded that chronic sleep
deprivation often leads to drastic consequences. Oswald’s
experiments reinstated the necessity of sleep for proper human
functioning.
81
D. The affect of sleep interruptions have also been a focal point of
some sleep research. In urban societies, traffic and aircraft noise
are often referred to as ‘the bane of urban existence’. Tom
Grimstead took people who were classified as ‘good sleepers’ from
quiet neighbourhoods and introduced into their bedrooms and
night the noise equivalents of a major urban road. An actimeter –
a device which measures the amount of movement in sleep – was
used to gauge the quality of the participant’s sleep. The
participants emerged from the experiment in a depressed-like
state after four days. Grimstead reported that participants had
depression and mood scores similar to people with clinical
depression…a reduction in certain performance tasks was also
noted’.
82
appear awake, even with their eyes open but in fact they are
actually sleeping.
Questions 19 – 23
Write the correct letter A-D in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.
21 Some need more sleep and others seem to get by with less
sleep.
List of Researchers
A David Joske
83
B Stanley Limpton
C Tim Oswald
D Tom Grimstead
Questions 24 and 25
The list below lists some health issues associated with lack of sleep.
A. heart problems
B. nervous disorders
C. dizziness
D. depression
Question 26
84
Choose the correct letter, A-E
Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage
2?
B. Studies in sleep
READING PASSAGE 3
The assertion that water has always been the essence of life is
nothing new. Water comes in many forms: spring water, sea and
river water, rainwater, and fog and dew water. Yet water is
becoming scarce and this scarcity is becoming a very real worry for
governments all around the world. The reality is that one of the
main obstacles to the economic development of a particular
country is its lack of an adequate supply of fresh water. Current
figures show that an inhabitant of a wealthy, modern town
85
consumes 100-400 litres of water daily. In some developing
countries the amount of water consumed does not exceed 20-30
litres per day. Rich or poor, annual water consumption has
continued to grow, increasing fourfold over the last 50 years.
86
produce approximately one hundred cubic metres of fresh water.
This amounts to almost $ 1 per cubic metre – a considerable cost.
Although there are several different areas from which water can be
sourced, paradoxically the most extensive are the most difficult to
tap. The atmosphere, for example, contains vast amounts of fresh
water composed of 2% condensed water in the form of clouds and
98% water vapour. The vastness of this water source is
comparable to the renewable liquid water resources of all inhabited
lands. The amounts are easy to calculate, but being able and
knowing how to economically obtain this water in liquid form is
most challenging. One approach in drawing water from the
atmosphere is fog nets. Places such as the coastal desens of West
Africa and areas of Chile and Peru have favourable condensation
conditions. In these areas, ocean humidity condenses in the form
of fog on the mid-range mountains (over 500m). This fog
composed of droplets of suspended water can be collected in nets.
In the 1960s, a University in Northern Chile conducted the first
major experiments with fog nets. Drawing on the knowledge
gained from these experiments, further testing was done which
culminated in one village using fog nets to yield a healthy daily
average of 11,000 litres of water. On a smaller scale, fog-collecting
nets have recently been used in the Canary Islands and Namibia.
87
temperatures between the earth and the air to combine and dew
formation occurs.
Questions 27 -29
88
C. ground water.
D. artesian wells.
Questions 30 – 34
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F from the box
below.
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.
89
E. is made up of both clouds and water vapour.
Questions 35 – 40
36. Glaciers, rivers, artesian wells and ground water are all sources
of fresh water.
37. Large bodies of water, such as the sea, have yielded the most
fresh water.
38. The collection of water through the use of fog nets is becoming
increasingly more popular around the world.
90
40. Dew and fog are major sources of water in smaller villages and
isolated areas.
READING 22
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are
based on Reading Passage 1.
91
LOOKING IN THE TELESCOPE
A story is told that around 400 years ago some children were
fooling around in an eye glass shop. They noticed that when they
placed lenses one on top of the other, they were able to see a
considerable distance. They played around with the concept for a
while, experimenting with what happened when they varied the
distance between the lenses. Hans Lippershey, the Dutch lens
maker who eventually applied for the first telescope patent, credits
children as having been his motivation for the invention of the first
telescope.
The first telescopes built in the early 1600s were very primitive
inventions allowing the user to see around 3-times further than the
naked eye. It was not too long however, until Italian astronomer
Galileo heard about the invention ‘that through use of correctly-
positioned lenses, allowed people to see things a long way away’.
The tools used in the manufacturing of the first refracting telescope
was all Galileo needed to know and within 24 hours he had
developed a better one. In fact, the process of improvements
Galileo made on Lippershey’s telescope were quite dramatic.
Whereas the original version had a magnification of 3, the new
telescope had a magnification of around 30. Galileo achieved these
extraordinary results by figuring out the combination of the
positions of the lenses and also by making his own lenses which
were of better quality. Although he originally thought they were
stars, the better quality lenses – and some scientific analysis –
enabled him to eventually use his telescopes to see the moons of
Jupiter. Galileo’s refracting telescopes – so-called due to the way
they handled the light that passed through them – were the
standard at that time.
92
time. Newton created a Reflective Telescope, one that used a dish-
shaped or parabolic mirror to collect light and concentrate the
image before it was visible in the eyepiece. Thus, lenses used for
magnification in telescopes were replaced by mirrors. Mirrors have
since been the standard for telescopes. In fact, according to
telescope researcher Dr. Carl Addams, the basic designs of
telescopes have not changed much in the last 100 years. What has
changed however, is the way technology has been used to improve
them. For example, the larger telescopes in the world today are
around 10 metres in diameter and the mirrors placed within them
are so finely polished that even at the microscopic level there are
no scratches or bumps on them at all. To achieve such a flawless
surface requires a very expensive process that operates with the
utmost precision.
1
: The separation or change of direction of a ray of light when
passed through a glass of water.
93
equipment are located primarily throughout Europe and America.
Dr Addams believes that the telescopes of the future will be a
gigantic improvement in what is currently considered state-of-the-
art. Telescopes that are 20 or 30 metres in diameter are currently
being planned, and there has been a suggestion put forward by a
European firm that they would like to build a 100-metre telescope.
Says Addams, ‘The quality of the glass needed to build a 100 meter
telescope is like building a lens the size of a football field and
having the largest bump in that football field being a ten-
thousandth of a human hair’. The engineering and technology
required to build such a flawless reflective surface is most
impressive.
Questions 1 – 5
A. invented by children.
C. a reflective telescope.
94
B. created the first reflective telescope.
3. The Galileo telescope was better than the first telescope because
it
A. 20 or 30 metres in size.
95
B. it is difficult to locate the flint glass needed for them.
Questions 6 – 10
96
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet
READING PASSAGE 2
97
diseases and cancers, Amongst workers involved in the recycling
of computer products, there has been a proliferation of blood
diseases Printed circuit boards for example, contain heavy metals
such as antimony, silver, chromium, zinc, lead, tin and copper.
Environmentalist Kieran Shaw estimates there is hardly any other
product for which the sum of the environmental impacts of raw
material, extraction, industrial refining and production, use and
disposal is so extensive as for printed circuit boards.
98
E. An overwhelming majority of the world’s hazardous e-waste is
generated by the industrialised market economies. Because labour
costs are cheap and government regulations in some countries are
decidedly lax, the exporting of e-waste has been practiced as
another method to deal with its disposal. In the USA for example,
Datatek, a research company, estimated that it was 12 times
cheaper to ship old computer monitors to China than it was to
recycle them. Data on the prevalence of this activity is scarce due
to past bad publicity and dealers of e-scrap not bothering to
determine the final destination of the products they sell in 1989
the world community established the Basel Convention on the
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste for final Disposal to
stop the industrialised nations of the OECD from dumping their
waste on and in less-developed countries.
99
increasing quantity of recycled material in any new products they
produce. In fact, between 70% and 90% by weight of all collected
equipment must be recycled or re-used. These directives will go a
long way toward improving the e-waste problem in Europe and
other governments of the world should look seriously at
implementation of some or all of the legislation.
Questions 14 – 20
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of
headings below.
List of Headings
i. Exporting e-waste
100
vii. Electronic changes bring waste
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
Questions 21 -24
101
Write the correct letter A-D in boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet.
List of companies
A. Noranda Smelter
B. Datatek
C. Keystone
D. CleanCo
Questions 25 -27
102
According to the information in the text, which THREE of the
following pollution laws have been proposed in Europe?
READING PASSAGE 3
103
around the world. Regrettably, a vast majority of the victims of this
staggering number are from developing countries. Whether it be
earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, volcanoes or tsunamis, over the
past twenty years, natural disasters have been happening more
frequently and affecting more people than ever before. It follows
that the international community should address the issue of
‘disaster preparedness’ and establish a process by which natural
disasters are dealt with.
1
Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods and services
produced by a country in a year.
104
In January, 2005 the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction
(WCDR) met in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture to discuss and debate how
the international community should address issues of disaster
preparedness and mitigation. The meeting itself attended by over
4,000 delegates representing some 168 countries occurred almost
10 years to the day after the Great Hanshin earthquake in Kobe.
The January meeting of the WCDR in Kobe provided experts and
scientists from over 150 countries, government officials, Non-
Government Organisation (NGOs) and United Nations
representatives an opportunity to review the Yokohama Strategy.
It recorded on the 2005-15 Yokohama Strategy Action Plan that
participant countries and agencies should work over the next 10
years to reduce vulnerability to natural disasters. The Action Plan
encourages as a first step, the integration of disaster prevention
programs in all development and policy-making plaits for all
countries. Jim Edgeland, UN representative stated, “Disaster risk
reduction is not an additional expense – it is an essential
investment in our common future, but the benefits of this
investment will be calculated not only in dollars or euros or yen
saved, but most importantly, in saved lives in every corner of the
globe.”
Perhaps the most significant work done at the WCDR meetings was
the drafting and adoption of the Hyogo Declaration, This document
expresses the united determination of the international community
to rely not only on advanced technology or facilities for disaster
preparedness, but on a people-centered early warning system. The
people-centered system requires effective communication and
education in the building of disaster-resilient countries and
communities.
105
discussed. Earthquake expert Professor Tomohiro Kawata said,
“Because this disaster happened over a decade ago, the memory
of the devastation can be forgotten. Part of our gathering here
today is to make sure that we do not forget what happened back
in 1995.’’ Also included were some personal stories from the
earthquake victims themselves. Earthquake victim Kumiko Nagota
told attendees that her house collapsed in the Kobe earthquake
and she was trapped under it. She tried to call for help but after a
while she lost her voice and just had to wait there until help came.
Attendees were told of bow the town mobilised to facilitate
recovery and reconstruction. An exhibition hall showed pictures of
mounds of rubble produced by the earthquake as well as a display
of objects donated by earthquake victims including a broken clock
and a child’s toy that molted in the fires caused by the earthquake.
Said Kawata, “As well as being a memorial, our facility and, indeed
this forum, is a place to learn from earthquake experiences and
incorporate the things we learned into our preparations for future
disasters”. During the forum, it was agreed that in May 2005, a
new hub for the coordination of international disaster recovery
support activities wrould be established in Kobe.
Questions 28 – 31
106
28 Mostly people from poorer countries are affected by natural
disasters.
Questions 32 -35
107
A. discussion and debate amongst the international community
attendees.
108
Questions 36 – 40
A. Hyogo Declaration
109
D. Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World
READING 23
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are
based on Reading Passage 1.
110
based psychologists find out what happens to people isolated from
the outside world and deprived of the normal use of their senses.
While over a longer period of time such extremes of silence in
conjunction with sensory deprivation are harmful, there are many
today who are in search of quieter areas.
111
in developing countries. This means that regardless of the
economic status of a particular country, the effects of noise are just
as widespread and the long-term consequences for health the
same. Therefore, practical action plans based upon proper scientific
evaluation of available data on the effects of noise exposure, with
the express purpose of limiting and controlling the exposure of
people to environmental noise is a most worthwhile undertaking.
The findings from various noise studies had the effect of changing
the perspectives of many of the world’s governments. Whereas
noise had been considered a ‘nuisance’ rather than an
environmental problem, laws were made to protect citizens against
it. In the United States and Ghana, federal standards for highway
and aircraft noise were introduced. State governments created
noise regulations pertaining to building codes, urban planning and
road construction. In Canada and the EU, noise laws are the
domain of local governments. Activities in those countries deemed
mandatory such as the collection of rubbish or some medical
112
services are the only allowed exceptions to what otherwise are
quiet local neighbourhood zones.
Questions 1-7
113
4. Noises that enter the human ear are actually heard louder than
they really are.
5. There is a strong relationship between hearing loss and age.
6. Loud noise exposure studies have caused government changes.
7. In Canada, police monitor the level of noise in local
neighbourhoods.
Questions 8 – 9
D. heart disease
E. stomach cancer
F. sleep apnea
Questions 10 – 13
114
Classify the following features as applying to
READING PASSAGE 2
UNEARTHING JÓRVÍK
115
many years is indeed a rare thing. The five-year excavation in and
around the street of Coppergate by the York Archaeological Trust,
managed to uncover some breathtakingly well-preserved remains
of Jorvik. Due to the unusual abundance of dense, anoxic wet clay,
Jorvik’s mostly timber buildings, pits and wells, work areas and
animal pens were remarkably very much intact.
116
E. Archaeologists are concerned with studying the environment of
a past civilisation and, like a detective, try to reconstruct a picture
of what life in a particular area must have been like. Remains from
the city of Jorvik told archaeologists a story about life in the Viking
kingdom. A cap made of silk which was uncovered indicated a
connection with the Byzantine Empire and beyond. Coins bearing
inscriptions from the Uzbekistan city of Samarkand and a cowrie
shell indicated contact with the Persian Gulf or Red Sea tus showing
how far some of the inhabitants must have traveled. Also
uncovered side-by-side were Christian and pagan objects probably
indicating that Christians were probably not in power at the time.
117
supporting thatched roofs, open fireplaces and simple earthen
floors have all been constructed.
Questions 14 -15
The list below gives some factors which may explain why the
artifacts at Jorvik were so well preserved.
B. the clay
Questions 16 -21
118
In boxes 16-21 on your answer sheet write
119
NB You may use any letter more than once.
READING PASSAGE 3
120
Given the complexity of the process of language acquisition, the
question of how infants learn to speak in their native language so
rapidly is an interesting one. Among linguists, the answer to this
question has been researched and debated for decades. Some
researchers think that the answer to the question – if indeed there
is one – may unlock a secret to faster language acquisition amongst
older people. Over the years, experiments where researchers have
devised an artificial language that contained certain aspects of
natural language structure have been tried. The artificial language
was presented to the infants one ‘piece’ or ‘sample’ at a time. Once
they became familiar with one piece of the language, another piece
from the same artificial language was introduced. Once the infant
appeared comfortable with this process, a piece of real or bona fide
language was introduced. The researchers then measured such
things as surprise and interest shown in the new language samples
to determine whether or not the infant related to them as being
completely new or as being more of what had been previously
learned. The infant’s reactions to the new stimuli helped linguists
to determine what mechanisms underpin the first stages of
language acquisition. Experiments like this have uncovered some
astonishing facts namely the rate at which an infant, even as young
as 7 or 8 months, can take on the new’ information. Some infants
demonstrated the ability to process the new information after as
little as 3 minutes of exposure. Their young minds were able to
structure the linguistic input into relevant and ultimately
meaningful units of information.
121
when the same stories are read over and over again to young
children. In one experiment, a mother exposed her son to only one
book for nearly two years. The results were that the child spoke
much earlier than his other siblings and was able to recite 90% of
the text on each page by the age of two. Other studies have
revealed that a knowledge of nursery rhymes among three-year-
olds has been a significant predictor of later reading skill.
Questions 27 – 31
122
B. is the starting point for communication.
123
B. was greater amongst infants exposed to a bona fide language.
Questions 32 – 35
124
some researchers recommend that they 33………………..…………. it,
while others feel that 34…………….………….is the most effective way
for them to learn. Regardless of which method of language
acquisition is used, most children reach 35…………..………………as
they grow and develop.
Questions 36 – 40
125
READING 24
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are
based on Reading Passage 1.
126
answers, but, often as not. Find ourselves walking along the same
well-trodden paths.
B. So, for many people, their actions and behaviour are set in
immovable blocks, their minds clogged with the cholesterol of
habitual actions, preventing them from operating freely, and
thereby stifling creation. Unfortunately, mankind’s very struggle
for survival has become a tyranny – the obsessive desire to give
order to the world is a case in point. Witness people’s attitude to
time, social customs and the panoply of rules and regulations by
which the human mind is now circumscribed.
127
itself, is convincing people that creation is possible, shrouded as it
is in so much myth and legend. There is also an element of fear
involved, however subliminal, as deviating from the safety of one’s
own thought patterns is very much akin to madness. But, open
Pandora’s box, and a whole new’ world unfolds before your very
eyes.
E. Lifting barriers into place also plays a major part in helping the
mind to control ideas rather than letting them collide at random.
Parameters act as containers for ideas, and thus help the mind to
fix on them. When the mind is thinking laterally, and two ideas
from different areas of the brain come or are brought together,
they form a new’ idea, just like atoms floating around and then
forming a molecule. Once the idea has been formed, it needs to be
contained or it will fly away, so fleeting is its passage. The mind
needs to hold it in place for a time so that it can recognise it or call
on it again. And then the parameters can act as channels along
which the ideas can flow, developing and expanding. When the
mind has brought the idea to fruition by thinking it through to its
final conclusion, the parameters can be brought down and the idea
allowed to float off and come in contact with other ideas.
Questions 1-5
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
128
3. how habits restrict us and limit creativity
4. how to train the mind to be creative
5. how the mind is trapped by the desire for order
Questions 6-10
D. are geniuses.
B. an automatic response.
D. a well-trodden path.
129
B. the human brain is blocked with cholesterol.
9. Advancing technology
A. holds creativity in check.
B. improves creativity.
C. enhances creativity.
D. is a tyranny.
B. is increasingly common.
D. is a rare commodity.
Questions 11 – 14
130
YES if the statement agrees with the
information in the passage
READING PASSAGE 2
131
employees and other users (buildings such as offices, schools,
colleges or hospitals) now do not. Entry areas which in another age
were called ‘Reception’ are now manned by security staff.
Receptionists, whose task it was to receive visitors and to make
them welcome before passing them on to the person they had
come to see, have been replaced by those whose task it is to bar
entry to the unauthorized, the unwanted or the plain unappealing.
Inside, these buildings are divided into ‘secure zones’ which often
have all the trappings of combination locks and burglar alarms.
These devices bar entry to the uninitiated, hinder circulation, and
create parameters of time and space for user access. Within the
spaces created by these zones, individual rooms are themselves
under lock and key, which is a particular problem when it means
that working space becomes compartmentalized.
132
I can’t leave a message on my colleague’s desk because his office
is locked?
133
everyone we see answering or initiating a mobile phone-call in
public begins by saying where he or she is.
Questions 15 – 18
B. security.
C. open access.
D. positive virtues.
A. is unauthorised.
134
A. but now they do not.
Questions 19-24
135
on 23………………………….. However, e-mail and voice-mail have led
to a 24 ……………….………..opportunities for person-to-person
communication.
no different
from solved overcame physical
Questions 25 – 27
136
A. Between the Inishowen peninsula, north west of Derry, and the
Glens of Antrim, in the east beyond the Sperrin Mountains, is found
some of Western Europe’s most captivating and alluring landscape.
E. Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes
upon the forlorn, but imposing ruin of Dunluce Castle, which stands
on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic lashing
it on all sides. The jagged-toothed ruins sit proud on their rock top
commanding the coastline to east and west. The only connection
to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the kitchen court fell
137
into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully
inhabited. In the next hundred years or so, the structure gradually
fell into its present dramatic state of disrepair, stripped of its roofs
by wind and weather and robbed by man of its caned stonework.
Ruined and forlorn its aspect maybe yet, in the haunting Celtic
twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age,
another dream.
138
bridge, however, it is still not a crossing for the faint- hearted. The
Bridge swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seems
to drag the unwary- down, and away. Many visitors who make the
walk one way are unable to return resulting in them being taken
off the island by boat.
Questions 28 – 32
139
Questions 33 – 38
140
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about the statement in the
passage
A. an unsettling place.
B. a relaxing place.
C. a boring place.
D. an exciting place.
141
40. Which of the following would be a good title for the passage?
READING 25
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are
based on Reading Passage 1.
TEA TIMES
A. The chances are that you have already drunk a cup or glass of tea
today. Perhaps, you are sipping one as you read this. Tea, now an
everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries
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been an important part of the rituals of hospitality both in the home
and in trader society.
C. As, over the last four hundred years, tea-leaves became available
throughout much of Asia and Europe, the ways in which tea was
drunk changed. The Chinese considered the quality of the leaves and
the ways in which they w-ere cured all important. People in other
cultures added new ingredients besides tea-leaves and hot water.
They drank tea with milk, sugar, spices like cinnamon and
cardamom, and herbs such as mint or sage. The variations are
endless. For example, in Western Sudan on the edge of the Sahara
Desert, sesame oil is added to milky tea on cold mornings. In England
tea, unlike coffee, acquired a reputation as a therapeutic drink that
promoted health. Indeed, in European and Arab countries as well as
in Persia and Russia, tea was praised for its restorative and health
giving properties. One Dutch physician, Cornelius Blankaart, advised
that to maintain health a minimum of eight to ten cups a day should
be drunk, and that up to 50 to 100 daily cups could be consumed with
safely.
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E. Throughout the world today, few religious groups object to tea
drinking In Islamic cultures, where drinking of alcohol is forbidden,
tea and coffee consumption is an important part of social life.
However, Seventh-Day Adventists, recognising the beverage as a
drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown upon the drinking of
tea.
G. For over a thousand years, Arab traders have been bringing Islamic
culture, including tea drinking; to northern and western Africa,
Techniques of tea preparation and the ceremony involved have been
adapted, in West African countries, such as Senegal and The Gambia,
it is fashionable for young men to gather in small groups to brew
Chinese ‘gunpowder’ tea. The tea is boiled with large amounts of
sugar for a long time.
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coffee in the morning and tea in the afternoon. Contemporary’ China,
too, remains true to its long tradition. Delegates at conferences and
seminars are served lea in cups with lids to keep the infusion hot. The
cups are topped up throughout the proceedings. There are as yet no
signs of coffee at such occasions.
Questions 1 – 8
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for
each paragraph.
List of Headings
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viii. Tea on the move
Example Answer
Paragraph F xiii
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph G
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7. Paragraph H
8. Paragraph I
Questions 9-13
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READING PASSAGE 2
Caveat Scriptor!
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After the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers, it is time to
show the text to other people, friends perhaps, for appraisal. At this
stage, it is not wise to send it off to a literary agent or direct to
publishers, as it may need further fine-tuning of which the author is
unaware. Once an agent has been approached and has rejected a
draft publication, it is difficult to go and ask for the re vamped text
to be considered again. It also helps, at this stage, to offer a synopsis
of the book, if it is a novel, or an outline if it is a textbook. This acts
as a guide for the author, and a general reference for friends and
later for agents.
For many writers, the most painful period comes when the text has
been accepted, and the writer is wailing for it to be put together for
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the printer. By this stage, it is not uncommon for the writer to be
thoroughly sick of the text.
Questions 14-21
editing
beware first draft glamour a literary agent
process
Alterations profession publisher challenges writing
Dictating research publishing summary ups and downs
roller-coaster readers
Questions 22 and 23
150
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
B. it is unfortunate.
C. it is a luxury.
D. many writers cannot resist changing the text again and again.
Questions 24-27
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Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
READING PASSAGE 3
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Imagine the scene: you are sitting on the tube and on gets someone
you instinctively feel is American. To make sure you ask them the
time, and arc fight, but how did you know?
153
languages from acquiring ‘good’ pronunciation constitute a
completely different and no less important issue that require
separate investigation.
When one learns another accent, as in the theatre for example, voice
coaches often resort to images to help their students acquire the
distinctive sound of the target pronunciation. With ‘Scouse’, the
mental aid employed is pushing your cheekbones up in a smile as
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high as they will go and you have got a very slack mouth full of
cotton wool. The sound seems to spring off die sides of your face-
outwards and upwards. For a Belfast accent, one has to tighten the
sides of the jaws until there is maximum tension, and speak opening
the lips as little as possible, This gives rise to the well-known ‘Ulster
jaw’ phenomenon. Learning Australian involves imagining the
ordeals of the first westerners transported to the other side of the
world. When exposed to the merciless glare and unremitting heat of
the southern sun, we instinctively screw up our eyes and grimace for
protection.
Questions 28-30
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 28-30 on your answer sheet.
28. Koestler
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29. Fish berg
30. Emerson
Questions 31-36
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NO if the statement contradicts the information in the
passage
31. Further study into the science of voice production will cost
considerable sums of money.
32. The psychological and socio-linguistic factors that make it
difficult for adult learners of foreign languages to gain ‘good’
pronunciation are not as important as other factors.
33. Speech organs are muscles.
34. New phonemes are difficult to learn.
35. People often make fun of standard British RP.
36. Facial features contribute to the incomprehensibility of
Midlands English.
Questions 37- 40
157
B is irrelevant.
C is worth investigating.
READING 26
REFLECTING ON THE MIRROR
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In all likelihood the first mirrors would have simply been pools of
water that reflected the image of the one who looked into it. Nature’s
mirror, while cheap and readily accessible, must have also been quite
frustrating with the slightest disturbance on the surface of the water
making it difficult to see clearly. It is not altogether clear when the
first man-made mirrors were produced but mirrors made of brass are
mentioned in the Bible, and after that mirrors of bronze were in
common use among the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In
addition to bronze, the Greeks and Romans experimented with
polished silver to produce simple mirrors.
Crude forms of glass mirrors were first made in Venice in 1300. Small
sheets of glass were cut from disks made by a spinning process. When
this glass was backed with a covering of tin or lead, a ‘mirror’ resulted.
During the early periods of their development, mirrors were rare and
expensive. France had glass factories but only in Venice, Italy was the
secret of mirror foiling know n. The chemical process of coating a
glass surface with metallic silver was discovered by German chemist
Justus von Liebig in 1835, and this advance inaugurated the modern
techniques of mirror making.
By the end of the 17th century mirrors were made in Britain and the
manufacture of mirrors developed subsequently into an important
industry in many other European countries. People wore them in
their hats, or set them like jewels in their rings. Society glittered and
shone like the firmament. A little later on, America was gripped by
the mirror craze, only this time they wore interested in larger mirrors.
In house after house in residential districts and eastern cities there
could be found one long mirror after another placed between two
front parlour windows.
In the manufacture of mirrors today, plate glass is cut to size, and all
blemishes are removed by polishing with rouge. The glass is scrubbed
and flushed with a reducing solution before silver is applied. The
glass is then placed on a hollow, cast-iron tabletop, covered with felt,
159
and kept warm by steam. A solution of silver nitrate is poured on the
glass and left undisturbed for about 1 hour. The silver nitrate is
reduced to a metallic silver and a lustrous deposit of silver gradually
forms. The deposit is dried, coated with shellac, and painted. Most
present-day mirrors therefore, are made up of these layers. Glass is
used on top because it is smooth, clear, and protects the reflective
surface. A mirror needs to be very smooth in order for the best
reflection to occur.
While the mirror is the focus of the production, the frame plays an
important albeit slightly lesser role as the anchor by which the mirror
is affixed to its proper place. From the late 17th century onward,
mirrors and their frames played an increasingly important part in the
decoration of rooms. Complementing the shiny reflective mirror, the
early frames were usually of ivory, silver, ebony, or tortoiseshell or
were veneered with walnut, olive, and laburnum. Needlework and
bead frames were also to be found. Craftsmen such as Grinling
Gibbons often produced elaborately carved mirror frames to match a
complete decorative ensemble. The tradition soon became
established of incorporating a mirror into the space over the
mantelpiece; many of the early versions of these mirrors, usually
160
known as overmantels, were enclosed in glass frames. The
architectural structure of which these mirrors formed a part became
progressively more elaborate. Focusing heavily on the effect created
by mirrors, 18th century designers such as the English brothers Robert
and James Adam created fireplace units stretching from the hearth
to the ceiling. Oil the whole, mirror frames reflected the general taste
of the time and were often changed to accommodate alterations in
taste – frames usually being cheaper and hence more easily replaced
than the mirror itself.
Questions 1-5
161
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write
Write the correct letter A-J in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
162
A. rouge
B. cast iron
C. felt
D. steam
E. shellac
F. glass
G. metal
I. reducing solution
163
Questions 10-13
A. paraboloidal.
B.spherical.
C. cylindrical.
D. ellipsoidal.
164
B. experimented largely with mirror frames made of ebony and ivory.
165
READING PASSAGE 2
B. “The study of elite athletes is now more scientific than ever” says
doctor Francisco Javier Squares, “after each competition, athletes are
exposed to vigorous medical examinations and follow-up training in
order to help US arrive at a program that is tailor-made. “The modern
athlete has become big business, no longer is there a one-size-fits-all
approach. For example, in the past two people both 1.70 meters tall
and weighing 70 kilograms would have been given the same program
of athletic conditioning – now this idea is obsolete. It may be that the
first individual has 35 kgs of muscle and 15 kgs of fat and the other
person, although the same height and weight may have 30 kgs of
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muscle and 20 kgs of fat. Through detailed scientific evaluation here
at our facility in Deporte,” says Squares, “… we are able to construct
a very specific training programme for each individual.”
E. When pushed to the limit, the true indicator of fitness is not how
hard the heart operates, but how quickly it can recover after an
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extreme workout. Therefore, another focus area of study for the team
in Mexico has been the endurance of the heart. To measure this
recovery rate, an electroencephalograph (EEG) is used. The EEG
enables doctors to monitor the brainwave activity from sensors
placed on the scalp. Athletes exert intense effort for a sustained
period after which they are given time to rest and recover. During
these periods between intense physical exertion and recovery,
doctors are able to monitor any weaknesses in the way the heart
responds. The CCG has had a big impact upon our ability to measure
the muscular endurance of the heart.
Questions 14 -17
168
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
169
C. measures how hard the heart works during exercise.
D. advances in ergonomics.
Questions 21-26
170
24. Lack of money is what stops athletic improvement in some poor
countries.
25. Wealthy countries enjoy greater athletic success.
26. Mexican athletes have the support of their government.
READING PASSAGE 3
The world’s 750 million motor vehicles emit well over 900 million
metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. Traffic-related air
pollution has been responsible for 6% of deaths per year and is
associated with certain forms of leukaemia, inflammatory lung
diseases, increased cardio-vascular disease, low birth-weight babies
and male infertility. It stands to reason that tackling traffic- related
air pollution should be high on any government’s list of priorities.
Thus, in an attempt to minimise this situation many governments
around the world have been looking at ways to implement alternative
fuel sources. The most widely accepted way of doing this is to replace
the crude oil that our vehicles currently run on with renewable,
‘environmentally friendly’ One serious contender put forward as a
solution to the pollution problem is ethanol.
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After fermentation there are three layers remaining. The first is water
and small particles of grain and alcohol. It takes on a syrup
consistency. The second layer is the remaining grain, which is 17 per
cent dry matter. The third layer is the actual ethanol – a colourless,
volatile, flammable liquid. It is the only layer sold and accounts for
exactly one-third of the total dry matter used for its production. There
are three primary ways that it is used as a fuel for transportation: as
a blend of 10 per cent ethanol with 90% unleaded fuel (E10); as a
component of reformulated gasoline and; as a primary fuel with 85
parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded fuel (E-85). In the
1800s in the USA, it was first used as lamp fuel. Later on , due to
skyrocketing oil prices in the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of
‘fuel-extender’ for vehicles with E-85 being produced in the 1990s.
Brazil has also used ethanol-blended fuels. Like America, the high
prices in the 1970s prompted a government mandate to produce
vehicles which could be fuelled by pure ethanol Today there are more
than 4,2 million ethanol- powered vehicles in Brazil (40 per cent
passenger carrying) which consume 4 billion gallons of ethanol
annually. Today, Brazil is the largest transportation ethanol fuel
market in the world.
172
America, The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the National Energy Policy
Act of 1992 have both created new market opportunities for cleaner,
more efficient fuels with many state governments in America’s Mid-
west purchasing fleet vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels.
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government assistance to be competitive. A recent study by the
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economies found
that without assistance, large-scale production of ethanol would not
be commercially viable in Australia.
Questions 27 -31
27. The need to control air pollution is why ethanol came into use.
174
28. Brazil uses more ethanol for transportation than America.
29. Select food crops become more expensive due to ethanol
production
30. The Australian sugar industry will benefit from the production
of ethanol.
31. Primary ethanol (E-85) has been extensively tested in Australia.
Questions 32 – 35
Write the correct letter A-D in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
34. is the reason why trucks have been fitted with larger fuel tanks
A. regular gasoline
B. unleaded gasoline
C. ethanol
175
D. diesel
Question 36 – 40
A. Australia only
B. America only
37. uses more ethanol than any other country in the world
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READING 27
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12 which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
177
Railway) club and as the name suggests, the original team was
comprised of railway workers. Despite turning professional in 1885
and becoming the founding member of the Football Lions in 1889,
Newton Heath – nicknamed the ‘Heathens’ – was constantly troubled
by financial difficulties.
B Salvation came in the form of local brewer, John Henry Davis, who
agreed to invest in the team on condition of being given some interest
in running it. After consideration of the alternatives titles of
Manchester Central and Manchester Celtic, the club was christened
Manchester United in April 1902. United’s first manager, though
officially titled Secretary, was Ernest Mangnall, who was appointed
in September 1903, but it was not until the season of 1905/1906, that
United experienced its first taste of success. His side reached the
quarterfinals of the F.A, Cup and were runners up in the second
division.
C In 1907, United claimed the championship for the first time and
won the first ever Charity Shield trophy in 1908. In the following year,
United claimed the F.A. Cup trophy after beating Bristol City.
Manchester United moved to its new stadium, Old Trafford, in early
1910. The move to the stadium, owned by the John Henry Davis
brewery (a Manchester beer-making company), was proven to be
fortunate as on the 17th of February, 1910, two days before the team’s
first scheduled game, the previous stadium Banks Street was
destroyed in a fire. The new stadium had a capacity for a crowd of
80,000 spectators and despite losing to their first visiting team
Liverpool, Manchester United were once again league champions at
the end of the first full season playing from Old Trafford.
178
E Although Britain has a long and proud history of football adoration,
contemporary football supporters from the UK have gained a
negative reputation for outbursts of violence against rival supporters,
earning the label ‘football hooligan’. The football hooliganism
phenomenon has attracted the attention of a number of researchers
and psychologists who have offered theories relating to its causes. It
is generally agreed that a combination of factors may initiate this type
of anti-social behaviour and that it is unrealistic to contend that all
such behaviour stems from a particular psychological make-up or
belongs to a specific age or class. Experts do however believe that
rampaging hooligan behaviour can instil a sense of belonging and
‘community’ in participants who feel that they can strongly identify
with their group, regardless of the fact that the group’s behaviour is
negative.
179
while it may take some considerable time for the negative reputation
they have earned to subside, it is also true that a large proportion of
supporters have no involvement in violence and simply share a love
of the game.
Questions 1 – 3
180
Questions 4 -7
Write the correct letter A-K in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet.
Questions 8 -12
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet
181
8. details about stipulations made to offer financial assistance to
the club
9. reasons for disruption of national competitions
10. information about why the problem of violence at football
matches may be perceived by the general public to be larger than it
is.
11. deliberations about the Manchester United name
12. a reference to a new competition
READING PASSAGE 2
182
way a contingent perceptual after-effect may be experienced after
staring at a particular colour and the receptors in the brain may
process subsequent colours inaccurately until overload has passed.
183
E. The Necker Cube made contributions to researchers’
understanding of the human visual system, providing evidence that
the brain is a neural network with two distinct and interchangeable
states. It has also been used in epistemology – the study of knowledge
– as evidence to disprove the theory upheld by ‘direct realism’ that
the way the human mind perceives the world is the way the world
actually is. To illustrate, with the՜ Necker cube we are generally able
to see one or both versions of a three dimensional cube, when in fact
only a two dimensional drawing comprised of 12 lines exists.
184
mystique or claimed to arise as a result of the special properties and
magnetic influence of the area’s land.
Questions 13 -15
185
Questions 16 – 20
A. Fictional illusions
B. Paradox illusions
C. Distorting illusions
D. Ambiguous illusions
Write the correct letter A-D in boxes 16-20 on your answer sheet.
186
B. are the only type which are completely subjective.
187
A can persuade the viewer they are seeing something infeasible.
188
READING PASSAGE 3
GRAVITY
189
use, strictly by scientific definition, there are distinct differences
between ‘gravitation’ and ‘gravity’. The first relates to the influence
exerted by different objects which allow them to attract other objects,
whereas ‘gravity’ refers specifically to the force possessed by such
objects which facilitates gravitation. Certain scientific theories hold
that gravitation may be initiated by a combination of factors and not
simply the existence of gravity alone; though doubts have been raised
regarding some of these theories.
190
northern tip of the USA until it melted 10,000 years ago, is thought
to have been 3.2 kms thick in most parts and 3.7 kms thick over two
areas of Hudson Bay. The sheer weight of the ice layer weighed down
the surface of the earth below, leaving a deep indentation once it had
melted, having caused the area around Hudson Bay to become
thinner as the earth’s surface was pushed to the edges of the icesheet.
191
rebound activity in the area is also measurable through observation
of sea levels; unlike the rest of the world, sea levels are not rising in
the area as a result of melting icecaps, but are dropping as the land
recovers its previous form
Questions 26 – 31
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B, C and E-H from the
list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-x in boxes 26-31 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
192
v. The initial explanation
x. Consolidating theories
Example Answer
Paragraph D v
Paragraph I vii
26. Paragraph B
27. Paragraph C
28. Paragraph E
29. Paragraph F
30. Paragraph G
31. Paragraph H
Questions 32 – 36
193
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write
Complete the sentences below with words from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-J in boxes 37- 40 on your answer sheet.
194
40. The largest proportion of the Laurentideicesheet was
_______________ in depth
READING 28
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-11 which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
195
alone, assured by the knowledge that they are likely to meet, with
ease, a number of like-minded individuals throughout their journey
and staying in their backpacker accommodation. Alan Park, who has
travelled extensively through Europe, Australasia and several other
parts of the globe, says most accommodation establishments aimed
at the backpacker market are designed with communal kitchens,
dormitories and entertainment areas which lend themselves to
allowing residents to socialize with ease and quickly breakdown
barriers with strangers that may usually exist in day to day life.
196
Thailand, in particular, has a long tourism history and well-
established service industry. It is often considered one of the more
accessible Asian destinations for the novice European backpacker
due to its reasonable prices, large volume of Western visitors and well
established backpacker trails. Brian Johnson, who is currently
employed by the British Consulate in Bangkok, believes that the
welcoming nature and level of English spoken by Thais involved in
the tourism industry has also impacted positively on the destination’s
overseas image. Thai food is delicious and now fairly familiar to those
outside the country and while precautions such as drinking bottled
water and washing of fruit and vegetables should be practiced,
generally standards of accommodation and restaurants are high.
Thomas Cooper says Thailand’s attractions are wide ranging,
encompassing idyllic beaches, an insight into Buddhist culture and
impressive ancient temples, mountain trekking, a vibrant nightlife
and for bargain hunters bustling night markets and bazaars.
197
worried parents. Brian Johnson says friends, family and
acquaintances who have previously travelled to the destination of
choice are a useful source of first-hand advice and information and
Simon Hartwell of the Backpackers Association adds travellers are
advised to ensure that they are aware of visa requirements for their
destination and are urged to seek medical advice regarding any
necessary vaccinations or medical precautions. It is always wise to be
as well informed as possible prior to embarking on a trip.
Questions 1 – 4
Write the correct answer A-D in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
198
A. Simon Hartwell
B. Brian Johnson
C. Thomas Cooper
D. Rebecca Thompson
Questions 5 – 8
199
Complete the notes below.
READING PASSAGE 2
200
continued until the 1950s. It was said to be one of the most effective
fighter planes available during that period and was produced by
Vickers-Armstrongs, a British engineering corporation which was
formed in 1927 as a result of the merger of Vickers Limited and Sir W
G Armstrong Whitworth & Company.
201
D Reginald Joseph Mitchell was awarded a CBE in 1932 for his
contributions to high speed flight. CBEs being awarded by the British
Monarch and reserved to recognise individuals who have ‘fulfilled a
conspicuous leading role in regional affairs, through achievement or
service to the community, or making a highly distinguished,
innovative contribution in his or her area of activity’. Mitchell’s
achievements with the Supermarine S.B. also prompted the Air
Ministry to contract his company for design of a new fighter aircraft,
despite the organisation’s reputation being built predominantly on
sea-plane and not fighter plane manufacturing.
E The first type, the 224, was to prove unsuccessful and it was
eventually rejected by the Royal Air Force due to unsatisfactory
performance; however, private sponsorship enabled research,
development and modifications which led to the creation of the Type
300 which would eventually become the Spitfire. Soon after the first
flight of the Spitfire prototype (trial version) and prior to completion
of all stages of its official trials, convinced by its potential, the British
Royal Air Force ordered 310 models. With its smooth lines, load-
bearing metal shell, and heavy eight-machine gun armament, the
Spitfire was considered revolutionary. In 1938, the aircraft was first
put into official service; however, Mitchell, who died from cancer in
1937 at the age of 42, was not to witness this or the extensive impact
and longevity of use the aircraft would have. In total 20,351 spitfires
of different versions were produced making it the most produced
British aircraft of the Second World War. .
202
service in 1938 had a top speed of approximately 580 km per hour;
while one of the last models used in the later stages of the Second
World War – the Spitfire XIV – had a top speed capability of 710 km
per hour. Spitfires were used continually by the Royal Air Force, later
purely as surveillance planes (to monitor activity overhead though
carrying no armament), until 1954 when the last model was retired.
Questions 12 – 17
203
204
Questions 18 – 20
A. the Supermarine SB
B. the Spitfire
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.
205
21. where the Royal Air Force showed faith in Mitchell’s
engineering capability without complete evidence
22. where Mitchell’s involvement influenced a business purchase
23. how Mitchell has been honoured since his death
24. details of specific differences between spitfire models
25. details of what differentiated the Spitfire from other alternatives
READING PASSAGE 3
206
northeast, though neither time of year nor direction they will take is
completely predictable.
207
D A tornado itself is not necessarily visible; though the intense low
pressure it causes often results in condensation of water vapour
which forms into a noticeable condensation funnel. Colours of
tornados are also dictated by the environment in which they form.
The force of the swirling air causes them to pick up din as they travel
across the landscape; those with minimal debris remaining grey or
white turning darker blue the more they collect, while others in areas
such the Great Plains in the USA turn red in colour due to the red soil
they collect and carry with them. Background lighting in which a
tornado presents itself also affects the naked eye’s ability to identify
its form as it appears on the horizon. When viewing a tornado with
the sun behind it, it will appear to be dark in colour; however, when
viewed without the sun in the background, the same tornado appears
to be grey or white. On the rare occasions that tornados occur after
dark, they pose an increased level of danger as darkness can make
them invisible and only radar warnings or possibly sound can warn
those in their path that a tornado is on its way.
208
accidents and reach mid-range speeds of between 177 and 330
kilometers per hour with an average duration of around 20 minutes.
Questions 26 – 30
209
D. only occurring in certain oceans with a fiercer effect than a
tornado.
210
C. they occur in the Great Plains of the USA.
Questions 31- 35
211
Questions 36 – 40
212
Classification Weak Strong Violent
make up
make up about make up the smalle
36____________
Incidence 37____________ of minority of tornado
of tornados in the
tornados in the USA USA
USA
less than between 177 and 330
Wind speed more than 830 kms
177kms/hr kms/hr
can last for
Lifespan 1-10 minutes 20 minutes
38____________
cause just over
cause less than 5% The most violent ex
39______________
Impact of tornado related in the USA was the
of tornado related
deaths 40___________
deaths
213
READING 29
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 13, which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
214
C Scientists around the globe are looking at all the evidence
surrounding climate change and using advanced technology have
come up with predictions for our future environment and weather.
The next stage of that work, which is just as important, is looking at
the knock-on effects of potential changes. For example, are we likely
to see an increase in precipitation and sea levels? Does this mean
there will be an increase in flooding and what can we do to protect
ourselves from that? How will our health be affected by climate
change, how will agricultural practices change and how will wildlife
cope? What will the effects on coral be? Professor Max Leonard has
suggested, ‘while it may be controversial some would argue that
climate change could bring with it positive effects as well as negative
ones’.
D There are many institutions around the world whose sole priority
is to take action against these environmental problems. Green Peace
is the organisation that is probably the most well-known. It is an
international organisation that campaigns in favour of researching
and promoting solutions to climate change, exposes the companies
and governments that are blocking action, lobbies to change national
and international policy, and bears witness to the impacts of
unnecessary destruction and detrimental human activity.
215
new materials. Recycling paper also saves trees and lets them
continue to limit climate change naturally as they remain in the
forest, where they remove carbon from the atmosphere. Professor
Mark Halton, who has completed various studies in this field, has
stated: ‘with all this information and the possible action that we can
take, it isn’t too late to save our planet from over-heating and the even
worse side-effects of our own activity
Question 1 – 5
216
A. We have the ability to change the situation
F. While we may not be too late to save our planet, there are bound
to be some extreme side-effects of past human activity one way or
the other
Questions 10-13
217
12. One of the purposes of Green Peace is to find out which
companies and governments are doing things which don’t help the
actions of environmentalists.
13. Most people aren’t willing to start using renewable energy.
218
READING PASSAGE 2
PRIVATE SCHOOLS
Most countries’ education systems have had what you might call
educational disasters, but, sadly, in many areas of certain countries
these ‘disasters’ are still evident today. The English education system
is unique due to the fact that there are still dozens of schools which
are known as private schools and they perpetuate privilege and social
division. Most countries have some private schools for the children of
the wealthy; England is able to more than triple the average number
globally. England has around 3,000 private schools and just under
half a million children are educated at them whilst some nine million
children are educated at state schools. The overwhelming majority of
students at private schools also come from middle-class families.
The result of this system is evident and it has much English history
embedded within it. The facts seem to speak for themselves. In the
private system almost half the students go on to University, whilst in
the state system only about eight per cent make it to further educa-
tion. However, statistics such as these can be deceptive due to the fact
that middle-class children do better at examinations than working
class ones, and most of them stay on at school after 16. Private schools
therefore have the advantage over state schools as they are entirely
‘middle class’, and this creates an environment of success where
students work harder and apply themselves more diligently to their
school work.
219
everywhere else. There are many parents who are not wealthy or even
comfortably off but are willing to sacrifice a great deal in the cause of
their children’s schooling. It baffles many people as to why they need
to spend such vast amounts when there are perfectly acceptable state
schools that don’t cost a penny. One father gave his reasoning for
sending his son to a private school, ‘If my son gets a five-percent-
better chance of going to University then that may be the difference
between success and failure.” It would seem to the average person
that a £50,000 minimum total cost of second level education is a lot
to pay for a five-percent-better chance. Most children, given the
choice, would take the money and spend it on more enjoyable things
rather than shelling it out on a school that is too posh for its own good
However, some say that the real reason that parents fork out the cash
is prejudice: they don’t want their little kids mixing with the
“workers”, or picking up an undesirable accent. In addition to this, it
wouldn’t do if at the next dinner party all the guests were boasting
about sending their kids to the same place where the son of the third
cousin of Prince Charles is going, and you say your kid is going to the
state school down the road, even if you could pocket the money for
yourself instead, and, as a result, be able to serve the best Champagne
with the smoked salmon and duck.
One of the things that your money buys which is difficult to quantify
is the appearance of the school, the way it looks. Most private schools
that you will find are set in beautiful, well-kept country houses, with
extensive grounds and gardens. In comparison with the state schools,
220
they tend to look like castles, with the worst of the state schools
looking like public lavatories, perhaps even tiled or covered in graffiti.
Many may even have an architectural design that is just about on the
level of an industrial shed
Question 14 – 20
14. The English educational system differs from the other ones
because
A. it tries to make state and private equal.
A. the lessons and teachers at the private schools are much better.
221
A.because they are not well-informed.
D. overly protective.
222
A. are very attractive and luxurious.
C. are too big for the amount of students who attend the school.
B. They divide social classes but they offer better facilities and a more
creative environment.
Questions 21 – 26
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
223
private schools is that they seem to provide students with a better,
more positive environment that encourages them to
24__________themselves to their school work with more
enthusiasm. A lot of not very well-off parents make huge sacrifices for
their children’s 25__________ to help them go to respectable
universities. Unfortunately, many state school buildings sometimes
have the appearance of an industrial 26
READING PASSAGE 3
224
and even use separate toilets. Worse, and perhaps even more
humiliating still, in many southern states, if a black man was on a bus
and all the seats were taken, he would have to endure the indignity of
relinquishing his own seat to a white man. King could never
understand the terrible injustice of this.
225
attacks against civil rights protesters increased, and King was
arrested and jailed for his part in the protests.
On his trip to Memphis, King was booked into room 306 at the
Lorraine Motel, owned by Walter Bailey. King was shot at 6:01 p.m.
226
April 4, 1968 while he was standing on the motel’s second-floor
balcony. King was rushed to St. Joseph’s Hospital, where doctors
opened his chest and performed manual heart massage. He was
pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. King’s autopsy revealed that although
he was only 39 years old, he had the heart of a 60-year-old man.
Questions 27 – 31
227
29. What influenced Martin Luther King regarding non-violence?
A India’s independence in 1947
B Christianity
31. How did Martin Luther King feel about the civil rights movement?
228
Questions 32 – 34
32. The black boycott of the Montgomery bus system was a success.
34. Martin Luther King achieved a lot in his protest against the
Vietnam War.
Questions 35 – 40
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph A – F, from the list of
headings. Write the correct number, i – viii, in spaces 35 – 40 below.
35. Paragraph A
36. Paragraph
229
37. Paragraph C
38. Paragraph D
39.Paragraph E
40. Paragraph F
230
READING 30
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are
based on reading passage 1
IN OR OUT.
231
only 10% left for reasons that could in any way be attributed to the
college.
232
Recently, therefore, there has been considerable effort to improve
retention but, as Martinez (1995) pointed out, there was no body of
research on which to base strategies. An additional complexity was
that colleges had been slow to computerise their student data and
most colleges were in the position of not knowing what their retention
rates were or any patterns involved. Where data did exist it was held
separately by either administrative or academic staff with poor
communication between these groups. Colleges, however, jumped
into a number of strategies based largely on experience, instinct and
common sense and publication of these began (Martinez 1996;
Martinez 1997; Kenwright 1996; Kenwright 1997).
Questions 1 – 3
Look at the follow-12mg dates (Questions 1-3) and key events in the
development of further education below.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1 1991
2 1993
233
3 1994
Key Event
A Severe penalties for drop-out are developed as part of college
funding mechanisms.
Questions 4 – 8
234
4 Further education colleges in Britain were originally not
worried about student drop-out, because students did not leave
college for fear of………………….
Questions 9 – 14
235
D turned the spotlight.
B was quasi-independent
236
C computer glitches and strikes, which occurred at most colleges.
B varied enormously.
C jumped.
D a summary by Martinez.
READING PASSAGE 2
237
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-28 which are
based on Reading Passage 2.
In the Pebmarsh area there seem to have been five or six of these tyes,
all, except one, at the margins of the parish. These marginal clearings
are all away from the richer farming land close to the river, and, in
the case of Cooks Green, Hayles Tye, and Dorking Tye, close to the
edge of still existing fragments of ancient woodland. It seems likely
then that, here, as elsewhere in East Anglia, medieval freemen were
allowed to clear a small part of the forest and create a smallholding.
Such unproductive forest land would, in any case, have been
unattractive to the wealthy baronial or monastic landowners. Most of
the land around Pebmarsh village belonged to Earls Colne Priory, a
wealthy monastery about 10 kilometres to the south, and it may be
that by the 13th and 14th centuries the tyes were maintained by
tenant farmers paying rent to the Priory.
Hayles Tye seems to have got its name from a certain John Hayle who
is documented in the 13803, although there are records pointing to
occupation of the site at a much earlier date. The name was still in use
in 1500, and crops up again throughout the 16th and 17th centuries,
usually in relation to the payment of taxes or tithes. At some point
during the 18th century the name is changed to File’s Green, though
238
no trace of an owner called File has been found. Also in the 18th
century the original dwellings on the site disappeared. Much of this
region was economically depressed during this period and the land
and its dwellings may simply have been abandoned. Several farms
were abandoned in the neighbouring village of Alphamstone, and the
population dwindled so much that there was no money to support the
fabric of the village church, which became very dilapidated. However,
another possibility is that the buildings at File’s Green burnt down,
fires being not infrequent at this time.
Both cottages are clearly marked on maps of 1874, but by the end of
the century one of them had gone. Again, the last years of the 19th
century were a period of agricultural depression, and a number of
smaller farms in the area were abandoned. Traces of one, Mosse’s
Farm, still partly encircled by a very overgrown moat, may be seen
less than a kilometre from File’s Green. It seems likely that, as the
need for agricultural labour declined, one of the cottages fell into
disuse, decayed and was eventually pulled down. Occasional
239
fragments of rubble and brick still surface in the garden of the
remaining cottage.
Questions 15 – 18
15 A tye was
A a green.
240
C appears to have had five or six tyes.
Questions 19 – 28
241
Write your answers in boxes 19-28 on your answer sheet.
242
READING PASSAGE 3
Questions 29 – 35
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for
each paragraph.
List of Headings
i Social solutions
ii The law backs noise
vi Neighbour noise
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viii Noise to entertain you
ix Noisy restaurants
Example Answer
Paragraph A xiii
29 Paragraph B
30 Paragraph C
31 Paragraph D
32 Paragraph E
33 Paragraph F
34 Paragraph G
35 Paragraph H
244
A According to the Royal National Institute for Deaf People, there has
been a threefold increase in hearing loss and, in the future, deafness
will become an epidemic. It is hardly surprising that new research
shows complaints about noise, in particular loud music and barking
dogs, are on the increase. So dire has the 4; situation become that the
National Society for Clean Air and the Environment was even moved
to designate 7 June 2000 as Noise Action Day.
C And the answer? Should people simply stay at home? No, not really.
The neighbours do DIY: if you are lucky between 9 am and 7pm, and
if you are not, 24 hours a day. They play loud music, sing, play the
piano, rip up their carpets; they jump up and down on bare
floorboards to annoy you further. They have loud parties to irritate
you and cats, dogs and children that jump onto bare wooden floors
245
and make your heart stop. And, because they want to hear the music
in other parts of their flat they pump up the volume, so that you can
feel the noise as well as hear it. And if you are very fortunate, they
attach the stereo to the walls above your settee, so that you can vibrate
as well. Even if you live in a semi-detached or detached property, they
will still get you.
F Recently the law in the United Kingdom has been changed Vis-a-
vis noise, with stiffer penalties: fines, confiscation of stereo
equipment and eviction for serious offences. Noise curfews could also
be imposed in residential areas by enforcing restrictions on noise
levels after certain times in the evenings, tighter legislation is a step
in the right direction but there is no one solution to the problem, least
246
of all recourse to the law. In some well-publicised cases, the legal and
bureaucratic process has been unbearable enough to drive people to
suicide.
Questions 36 – 39
Write the correct letter A-K in boxes 3 6-39 on your answer sheet.
36 Trains
247
37 Restaurants
38 Homes
List of Solutions
People should be sent to prison.
A More sophisticated sound systems are needed.
B
Sofi fiirnishings are needed.
C
People should stay at home.
D
Sound-proofing materials should be used.
E
Music should be turned down.
F
The noise laws should be relaxed.
G
Shops should have restricted opening hours.
H
Trains should be sound-proofed.
I
More noise-free carriages should be
J introduced on trains.
248
Question 40
249
Reading 31
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are
based on Reading Passage 1
250
Locale plays a big part in the effectiveness of the sun tan. Mountain
tops and beaches are nonpareil sun spas because they receive far
purer sunlight than the rest of the land. Urban areas with their
smoke and smog act as a filter removing all the healthful properties
of the sun. Perhaps the seashore is best of all, with its air estimated
to have at least a fifth of a percent more oxygen than inland ether –
free of city and inland dust, tars, pollen and allergens.
The sun has long been called nature’s greatest health giver and
healer and has played a chief role at health resorts ever since August
Rollicr, the Swiss father of heliotherapy, opened his first high-Alps
sanatorium in 1903. Dr. W. W. Coblentz suggests that the sun cure
is a major factor in the treatment of at least 23 skin diseases,
ranging from acne and eczema to ulcers and wounds. Another
specialist, Dr. Richard Kovacs writes, “Sun treatment is often
helpful to persons suffering from general debility – repeated colds,
respiratory diseases, influenza and the like”. After a long winter, the
return to the sun writes Dr. Leonard Dodds, the British sunlight
scholar, “is a general stimulus to the body, more potent if applied
after a period when it has been lacking which gradually loses its
effect if exposure is over prolonged, even when not excessive”.
251
first began to apply the fat of the so-called sacred temple cats to
their faces, women have been tireless in waging this battle against
damage to the skin from the sun. Both sexes now contribute
annually to a multi-million dollar global sun screen business.
Other pans of the human body which tend to suffer from exposure
to the sun are the eyes and hair. Many years ago, optometrists
undertook studies in America to examine the influence of the sun
upon the eyes by studying Atlantic City lifeguards and found that
even a few hours in the bright sun without sunglasses could cause a
significant loss of vision – a loss that might take several weeks from
which to recover. So gradual was the change that the lifeguards were
unaware that their sight had been affected. The solution to this
problem was to introduce sunglasses as a standard part of the
lifeguard uniform. These were dark enough to absorb the sun’s
harmful UV rays and most of its infrared and ultraviolet rays.
Of a lesser impact is the effect of the sun upon hair. The penalty of the
sun’s parching is a brittle dryness. Hair care professionals
recommend a nutritional cream treatment with a substance
containing lanolin to bring your hair back its natural softness, these
usually come in the form of leave-in conditioners, and should be
applied frequently, just as you would a sunscreen for the skin. Or,
easier still, wear a hat. Wearing a hat has a dual effect: it protects the
hair and helps to prevent the most dangerous of outdoor afflictions:
sunstroke.
Question 1-4
252
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 Richard Kovacs
2 August Rollier
3 W. Coblentz
4 Leonard Dodds
A believes that the benefits of the sun are not scientifically provable
253
Question 5-9
6 Beaches are best for a sun tan because the air has far less
pollution.
7 Women applied fat to their skin for protection from the sun.
9 The human eye cannot heal itself when it is damaged by the sun.
Question 10-14
Complete the summary using the words from the box. Write your
answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.
254
HANDLING THE SUN
255
Section 2
A “A map may lie, but it never jokes” wrote poet Howard McCordin.
When it comes to getting to our destinations on time, there are
few things more important than an uncluttered and accurate map. By
definition, maps show the features of the earth graphically, to scale,
on a two-dimensional surface. They may be thematic – showing
vegetation, wildlife, geology; navigational – showing hydrographic,
aeronautical or automotive routes; topographic – showing the
natural and man-made features of the land or any other of a number
of variations. Their creation is a work of art and science involving a
merger between creativity and precision.
256
C Using a novel combination of optics and the overlapping of air
photos to create three-dimensional pictures of terrain, the
stereoscope was the next refinement in map making which was of
limited value. Shortly thereafter, the photogrammetric stereoplotter
improved upon the technology used by the stereoscope allowing
cartographers to precisely measure the elevation of features in air
photos and then transfer them to paper. After World War II had
ended, this new technology led to an increased interest in
cartography. Mappers began to use newly invented devices such as
tellurometers, air profile recorders, magnetometers and scintillation
counters. From these precision instruments came maps packed with
information.
257
information and working with a Geographic Information System
(GIS), the system uses geographic position as a common thread.
Although it became popular in the 1990s, GISs were developed in the
early 1960s. Programmed with topographic information – lakes,
roads, rivers and place names – taken from existing sheets and
updated from new’ surveys, a GIS was the next gigantic leap forward
for cartographers. Maps, air photos, municipal plans and a host of
other things can be scanned and entered and later on, updated and
revised in an infinite number of ways on a computer terminal to
create a virtually custom-made map every time. The distinction
between map producer and map user becomes blurred with a GIS. A
map of an urban neighbourhood may be brought up on the screen
and by zooming in or out, streets, buildings, fields, lakes, street
lamps, bus stops, even sewers can be displayed. But it goes even
further: an associated database enables the operator to ascertain the
number of people who live in the household, even property values can
be listed. There is basically an unlimited amount of information
which can be superimposed on a map using this system.
258
Topographer: The physical appearance of the natural features of an
area of land
Question 15-19
Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings
below. Write the appropriate numbers i-x in boxes 15-19 on your
answer sheet.
List of Headings
259
vii new process enables calculation of distance
Example
Section A x
15 Section B
16 Section C
17 Section D
18 Section E
19 Section F
Question 20-23
260
22 A satellite is launched in search of forests, lakes and rivers.
Question 24-26
A magnetometers
B Sputnik I
C World War II
D stereoplotters
F stereoscopes
261
READING PASSAGE 3
262
recently, there was no obvious way for them to demonstrate anything
to the contrary to researchers.
A major move away from the earlier tabula rasa view of the infant
mind w-as taken by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Beginning in
the 1920s, Piaget argued that the young human mind could best be
described in terms of complex cognitive or ‘thinking’ structures.
From close observations of infants and careful questioning of
children, he concluded that the development of the mind proceeds
through certain stages, each involving radically different thinking
processes. Piaget observed that infants actually seek stimulation from
their surroundings thus promoting their intellectual development.
He showed that their initial representations of such things as space
and time as well as awareness of objects and self are constructed only
gradually during the first 2 years. He concluded that understanding
in young infants is built up through the gradual coordination of sight,
sound and touch.
263
how the brain processes information. It was around this time that the
metaphor of the mind as computer came into wide usage.
In order to study what babies know and can learn about readily,
researchers needed to develop techniques of ‘asking’ infants what
they know. Because infants are so limited physically and verbally,
experimenters interested in finding out how babies think had to find
methods suitable to an infant’s motor capabilities. New ways were
developed for measuring what infants prefer to look at and detecting
changes in events to which they are sensitive. Three such methods
that were used were sucking, habituation, and visual expectation.
264
Question 27-30
Question 31-35
265
31 In many ways, children learn the same way adults learn.
34 Piaget showed that each new stage of learning builds upon the
previous one.
Question 36-40
266
39 An indicator of cognitive development is that knowledge must
be__________________
267
Reading 32
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are
based on Reading Passage 1
Running Dry
B Much of the water that Mexico depends upon is the same water that
is badly needed in California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. One
forecast is that Corpus Christi, Texas (population: 277,454), will run
out of water around 2018. In the meantime the problem is getting
worse. Deputy director of the Mexican National Water Commission
Cantu Suarez reports, “In Oaxaca, south of Mexico City, women line
268
up at dawn to fill a few plastic containers from a passing water truck.
In Alamos, far to the north, ancient aquifers are pumped at five times
the sustainable rate.”
E Humans can live about a month without food but only a few days
without water. Because 70 percent of the human body is water, weight
loss in some quick diets is dramatic due to water loss. Of all the water
in the world, only about 2.5 percent is fresh and two thirds of this is
locked up in glaciers and ice caps. Nobody knows how much water is
underground or in permafrost2. All life on earth is sustained by a
fraction of one percent of the world’s water. If a five- litre jug (about
269
1.3 gallon) represented the world’s water, the available fresh water
would not quite fill a teaspoon.
H At the start of the 20th century, there were 1.65 billion people; 100
years later there are more than 6 billion, and the United Nations
estimates there will be nearly 9 billion by 2050. But the annual supply
of renewable fresh water will remain the same, so the amount of water
available to each person decreases and the population grows, raising
the possibility of water shortages. The supply of water to the future is
a major issue that will confront tomorrow’s leaders.
270
(1) aquifers: underground bed yielding ground water for wells and
springs
Question 1-4
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
Question 5-8
271
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the
writer
Question 9-13
Chose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
The main issue that confronts cities with poor water supplies is their
growing 9____________ . Canada, which contains
10_______________ of the world’s fresh water, has dealt with
water pollution in some cities through a process of
11_________________ . Although treated for dangerous
pollution, some health experts believe city water to be a cause of
272
12_____________ . Not all people are content to drink town water
and this has added to a demand for 13_____________
Section 2
273
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are
based on Reading passage 2
A The chief executive of a large hotel became aware that his company
was experiencing annual employee turnover of about 60 percent, at
an annual cost estimated between $10 to $15 million. This large
amount of money was calculated based on three factors: the money
spent hiring and training replacements; the cost to the business in
lower productivity due to employees becoming familiar with the
requirements of their new job; and reduced occupancy rates, due to
poor guest satisfaction levels.
B The Chief Executive knew that in order to save his company, he had
to reduce the high turnover costs. Making up for the lost income due
to turnover is not an easy task and many companies have not declared
war on unwanted employee turnover because they have not taken the
time to work out the costs of lost revenues and productivity. But the
hotel boss decided to tackle the issue head-on by implementing a 4
point plan, the hotel first took the time to calculate their turnover
costs; secondly to evaluate the main causes for the staff turnover and;
thirdly to discuss some of the solutions to the problems and lastly to
prioritise actions and evaluate future returns following implemented
changes.
274
company’s individual, specific causes. The following is an
examination of what the Chief Executive did to turn the hotel around.
275
shown where the hotel was heading and how they would have a
guaranteed, stable employment situation with a major force in the
hotel industry’ – it was even suggested that after a period of
employment, new staff might be given the opportunity to contribute
to organisational goal setting. They had been losing many of their
employees during the first month or two of employment, so they
made new staff aware that bonuses would be offered to newly-hired
employees at the end of their first three months which greatly assisted
in goal setting. Staff luncheons and the in-house volleyball and
basketball competitions remained an effective part of staff unity and
development and a support program was also introduced to help all
staff with any job-related issues which gave employees a heightened
sense of being cared for by the establishment.
I Once the ship had been righted and the relative returns on human
resource investments had been calculated, setting priorities became
a formality. Although at first a daunting task, the enormous cost of
employee turnover offered an excellent opportunity for the hotel to
improve profitability.
Question 14-18
276
Complete the summary below of paragraphs A-D of Reading Passage
2. Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
Question 19-21
277
20 There was a clear connection between high costs and length of
training.
Question 22-26
CHANGES
278
G involved new staff in goal setting H offered bonuses to proven,
committed new staff I began meeting regularly with new staff
J implemented a support program
Section 3
279
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are
based on Reading Passage 3.
A Political and family values within society have impacted upon the
modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the man’s role to
be the breadwinner for the family – providing the funds to pay for
food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique
responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men
and women – fathers and mothers – have had to enter the workforce.
Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce
revolve around the need to add to the family’s current financial base.
To a lesser extent, the need to interact with ‘adults’ in a stimulating
work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their
reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go
out of the home and join the labour force has led to a number of side
effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their
performance as employees.
280
other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically
fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing
worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will
usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family.
Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on
family time is significantly related to work-family conflict with an
escalation in conflict as the number of family members increase.
281
upon work or family. While this theory is certainly applicable for
some, apparently not all men and women are able to neatly divide the
two experiences. Winthrope points out that, “Even though a woman
may enter the workforce, research has shown that within the context
of the family, the care of her husband and children as well as the
living quarters is still heavily the woman’s domain.” This kind of idea
is tied up in the old adage; a woman’s place is in the home. She is seen
as the one who takes care of all domestic duties whereas,
stereorypically, it is the man who brings home the food for the family.
The degree to which this is felt is certainly based upon societal
expectations and behavioural norms. Despite this, there has been no
positive link shown that one sex experiences greater difficulty in
managing work-family conflicts over another.
Question 27-30
282
B they want to be able to retire comfortably.
28 ‘Spillover’ is
283
B more empirically-based theories are yet to be offered by
researchers.
D work and family are best kept separate from each other.
Question 31-34
Look at the following list of theories (Questions 31-34) and the list of
definitions below.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.
31 Segmentation
Self-
32
determination
33 Compensation
34 Developmental
A family and career remain essentially changeless
284
F family duties tend to dominate work duties
Question 35-39
37 High income earners balance work and family life better than
low income earners.
285
39 Work-family conflict is due largely to constant changes in work
hours.
Question 40
286
Reading 33
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are
based on Reading Passage 1.
A Ice wine, or Eiswein as the Germans call it, is the product of frozen
grapes. A small portion of the vineyard is left unpicked during the fall
harvest those grapes arc left on the vine until the mercury drops to at
least -7°C. At this temperature, the sugar-rich juice begins to freeze.
If the grapes are picked in their frozen state and pressed while they
are as hard as marbles, the small amount of juice recovered is
intensely sweet and high in acidity. The amber dessert wine made
from this juice is an ambrosia fit for Dionysus1 himself – very sweet,
it combines savours of peach and apricot.
287
C It was not until the mid-19th century in the Rheingau region of
northwestern Germany that winegrowers made conscious efforts to
produce ice wine on a regular basis. But they found they could not
make it every year since the subzero cold spell must last several days
to ensure that the berries remain frozen solid during picking and the
pressing process, which alone can take up to three days or longer.
Grapes are 80 percent water; when this water is frozen and driven off
under pressure and shards of ice, the resulting juice is wonderfully
sweet. If the ice melts during a sudden thaw, the sugar in each berry
is diluted.
D Not all grapes are suitable for ice wine. Only the thick-skinned, late-
maturing varieties such as Riesling and Vidal can resist such
predators as grey rot, powdery mildew, unseasonable warmth, wind,
rain and the variety of fauna craving a sweet meal. Leaving grapes on
the vine once they have ripened is an enormous gamble. If birds and
animals do not get them, mildew and rot or a sudden storm might. So
growers reserve only a small portion of their Vidal or Riesling grapes
for ice wine, a couple of hectares of views at most.
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F Once the tractor delivers the precious boxes of grapes to the winery,
the really hard work begins. Since the berries must remain frozen, the
pressing is done either outdoors or inside the winery with the doors
left open. The presses have to be worked slowly otherwise the
bunches will turn to a solid block of ice yielding nothing. Some
producers throw rice husks into the press to pierce the skins of the
grapes and create channels for the juice to flow- through the mass of
ice. Sometimes it takes two or three hours before the first drop of juice
appears.
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the-Lake. “The juice comes out like honey here” says Reif, “but in
Germany it has the consistency of ordinary wine”.
Question 1-7
From the list of headings below, choose the most suitable heading for
each paragraph.
Write the appropriate numbers i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet
List of Headings
i International comparisons
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ix Infection bring benefits
x Obstacles to picking
Example Answer
Paragraph
V
A
Paragraph
1
B
Paragraph
2
C
Paragraph
3
D
Paragraph
4
E
Paragraph
5
F
Paragraph
6
G
Paragraph
7
H
Question 8 -10
8 Growers set aside only a small area for ice wine grapes because
291
A not all grapes are suitable.
D the area set aside makes the vineyard look extremely untidy.
Question 11-14
292
Complete each of the following statements (questions 11-14) with the
best ending A-G from the box below.
Section 2
293
of the world (Burns et al 1985). Longevity studies in lakes have been
carried out by I lesser, and in rivers and the open sea by Boughey
(Smithsonian Institute 1970). They can form in two common ways:
landslides of (usually vegetated) peaty soils into lakes or seawater
or as a flotation of peat soils (usually hound by roots of woody
vegetation) after storm surges, river floods or lake level risings.
294
surface brown layer. No roots were visible”. By the 14th of July the
island had apparently broken up and the parts had partially
submerged so that only the upper tree trunks were above the water.
By July 19th, no trace of the island was found after an intensive six
hour search.
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retain water. The road surface also provided an additional source of
runoff to the depression.
Question 15-19
296
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
17 The details of the floating island at sea near Cuba and Haiti
were one of many sea-going islands in that area.
Question 20-23
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
20 Burns
21 Peterson
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22 McWhirter
23 Hesser
Question 24-27
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.
298
A 5 meters
B 30 meters
C basalt
D 200 meters
E 250 meters
299
F causeway
G highway
H drainage channel
300
Section 3
301
C The significant decline in plankton productivity has a direct effect
on the world s carbon cycle. Normally, the ocean plants take up about
half of all the carbon dioxide in the world’s environment because they
use the carbon, along with sunlight, for growth, and release oxygen
into the atmosphere in a process known as photosynthesis. Primary
production of plankton in the North Pacific has decreased by more
than 9 percent during the past 20 years, and by nearly 7 percent in
the North Atlantic, Gregg and his colleagues determined from their
satellite observations and shipboard surveys. Studies combining all
the major ocean basins of the world has revealed the decline in
plankton productivity to be more than 6 percent.
D The plankton of the seas are a major way in which the extra carbon
dioxide emitted in the combustion of fossil fuels is eliminated.
Whether caused by currently rising global temperatures or not, the
loss of natural plankton productivity in the oceans also means the loss
of an important factor in removing much of the principal greenhouse
gas that has caused the world’s climate to warm for the past century
or more. “Our combined research shows that ocean primary
productivity is declining, and it may be the result of climate changes
such as increased temperatures and decreased iron deposits into
parts of the oceans. This has major implications for the global carbon
cycle” said Gregg.
302
F Although sea surface temperatures around Western Antarctica are
remaining stable, the loss of plankton is proving catastrophic to all
the higher life forms that depend on the plant masses, say Stanford
biological oceanographers Arrigo and van Dijken. Icebergs in
Antarctica are designated by letters and numbers for aerial surveys
across millions of square miles of the southern ocean, and this berg
is known as C-19. “We estimate from satellite observations that C-19
in the Ross Sea has covered 90 percent of all the phytoplankton there”
said Arrigo.
Question 28-32
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.
303
29 the effect on land and marine creatures when icebergs break off
Question 33-36
Question 37-40
304
A decline in the plant life located in the world’s oceans has been
validated by 37_________________ . The most obvious decline
in plant life has been in the North Pacific. A rise in ocean
temperatures in the early 1980s and late 1990s led to a decline in
38____________________________ . In addition to higher
ocean temperatures, deficiencies in 39______________ can also
lead to a decline in plankton numbers. This, in turn, impacts upon
the world’s 40____________________ .
305
Reading 34
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are
based on Reading Passage 1 below.
It may have taken Michelangelo four long years to paint his fresco on
the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, but his earliest predecessors spent
considerably longer perfecting their own masterpieces. Scientists
have discovered that prehistoric cave paintings took up to 20,000
years to complete. Rather than being created in one session, as
archaeologists previously thought, many of the works discovered
across Europe were produced over hundreds of generations, who
added to, refreshed and painted over the original pieces of art.
306
Hundreds of caves have been discovered across Europe with
elaborate prehistoric paintings and carvings on their walls. It is
thought the designs, which often depict scenes of animals, were
created up to 40,000 years ago – some time after humans began
moving from southern Europe into northern Europe during the last
ice age.
‘If this was the case, then the date for the painting would be very
wrong. Taking samples for carbon dating also means destroying a bit
of these precious paintings because you need to take away a bit of the
pigment For carvings, it is virtually impossible to date them as there
is no organic pigment containing carbon at all.’
307
Dr Pike and his team were able to date the paintings using a technique
known as uranium series dating, which was originally developed by
geologists to date rock formations such as stalactites and stalagmites
in caves. As water seeps through a cave, it carries extremely low levels
of dissolved radioactive uranium along with the mineral calcium
carbonate. Overtime small amounts of calcium carbonate are
deposited to form a hard layer over the paintings and this layer also
traps the uranium. Due to its radioactive properties, the uranium
slowly decays to become another element known as thorium. By
comparing the ratio of uranium to thorium in the thin layers on top
of the cave art, the researchers were able to calculate the age of the
paintings.
Questions 1-5
308
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
2 It now seems that cave paintings were painted in one go and then
left untouched.
5 The Allamira cave contains more cave paintings than any other
cave in Europe.
Question 6-8
309
7 Uranium series dating
Questions 9-14
Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-H next to
Questions 9-14.
310
C Over time, this turns into a different element.
D We could determine when it was made, but not when it was used.
9 charcoal
10 pigment
11 carving
12 uranium
13 calcium carbonate
14 thorium
Section 2
311
Children Tested to Destruction?
312
Teachers’leaders said the testing regime was ‘past its sell-by date’and
called for a fundamental review of assessment
313
primary schools have become too exam focused.’ However, the
Government rejected the criticism. The idea that children are over-
tested is not a view that the Government accepts/a spokesman said.
The reality is that children spend a very small percentage of their time
in school being tested. Seeing that children leave school up to the
right standard in the basics is the highest priority of the Government.’
Questions 15-19
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
314
18 Kathy Hall and Kamil Ozerk believe testing in England is also
used to evaluate ______________ in schools.
Question 20-23
Questions 24-27
315
24 What does the government argue?
316
A Children use too many electrical devices.
Section 3
317
It sounds like a science fiction joke, but it isn’t. What do you get when
you turn an invisibility cloak on its side? A mini flying carpet- So say
physicists who believe the same exotic materials used to make
cloaking devices could also be used to levitate tiny objects. In a
further breakthrough, two other research groups have come a step
closer to cracking the mysteries of levitation.
318
becomes filled with quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic
field. As two plates are brought closer together, fewer fluctuations can
occur within the gap between them, but on the outer sides of the
plates, the fluctuations are unconstrained. This causes a pressure
difference on either side of the plates, forcing the plates to stick
together, in a phenomenon called the Casimir effect.
But there are good signs that quantum levitation could be achieved
much sooner, by other methods. Umar Mohideen at the University of
California Riverside and his colleagues have successfully
manipulated the strength of the Casimir force by increasing the
reflectivity of one of the plates, so that it reflects virtual particles more
efficiently. Modifying the strength of the Casimir force is the first step
towards reversing it, says team member Galina Klimchitskaya at
North-West Technical University in St Petersburg, Russia.
319
micrometre-wide gold-coated polystyrene sphere and a silicon
dioxide plate, if the two are immersed in ethanol. ‘Although the
Casimir force between any two substances – the ethanol and gold, the
gold and the silicon dioxide, or the silicon dioxide and the ethanol –
is positive, the relative strengths of attraction are different, and when
you combine the materials, you should see the gold sphere levitate’
he says.
Questions 28-32
320
29 Cloaking devices can be used for levitation.
32 The most recent research into levitation has made use of large
magnets.
Question 33-37
34 Metamaterials are
321
C able to change where electromagnetic waves go.
322
D to enable other scientists to progress
Questions 38-40
323
324