Universidad

Universidad del Valle.

del Valle

Lectura de textos Académicos II ENGLISH II Session 8. Tecnología de alimentos HOMEWORK

NAME: ________________________________________ CODE: ___________________________________

Cause and Effect Paragraphs

Cause/effect paragraphs generally follow basic paragraph format. That is, they begin with a topic sentence and this
sentence is followed by specific supporting details. For example, if the topic sentence introduces an effect, the
supporting sentences all describe causes. Here is an example:

In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives
in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of
the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in
cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas.
Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The
promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the
cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such
as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear
more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.

Notice how each supporting sentence is a cause that explains the effect mentioned in the topic sentence. In the chart
below are the main ideas of the above paragraph, to help you understand the relationships better:

EFFECT CAUSES
(Topic Sentence) (Supporting Sentences)

Cities have grown very large.

Factory jobs attracted people.
[There are several reasons for this.]

Better schools attracted families to move

(Cities have grown very large.)
to the city.

Places of leisure, entertainment, and culture

(Cities have grown very large.)
made city life appear more interesting.

Notice also how the topic sentence is followed by the "focusing" or "prediction" sentence, There are several
reasons for this. Such sentences help the reader anticipate the organization of the paragraph or essay.

Cause and Effect Conjunctions

Here are some common conjunctions that can be used to express cause and effect:

since as a result because of + noun phrase

because therefore due to + noun phrase
consequently for this reason so
Universidad
Universidad del Valle.
del Valle

Lectura de textos Académicos II ENGLISH II Session 8. Tecnología de alimentos

NAME: ________________________________________ CODE: ___________________________

Text
By JOHN R. DIGGS, JR., M.D.B. Physical Health

Unhealthy sexual behaviors occur among both heterosexuals and homosexuals. Yet the medical and social science evidence
indicate that homosexual behavior is uniformly unhealthy. Although both male and female homosexual practices lead to
increases in Sexually Transmitted Diseases, the practices and diseases are sufficiently different that they merit separate
discussion.
Men having sex with other men leads to greater health risks than men having sex with women not only because of promiscuity
but also because of the nature of sex among men. A British researcher summarizes the danger as follows:
"Male homosexual behaviour is not simply either 'active' or 'passive,' since penile-anal, mouth-penile, and hand-anal sexual
contact is usual for both partners, and mouth-anal contact is not infrequent. . . . Mouth-anal contact is the reason for the
relatively high incidence of diseases caused by bowel pathogens in male homosexuals. Trauma may encourage the entry of
micro-organisms and thus lead to primary syphilitic lesions occurring in the anogenital area. . . . In addition to sodomy, trauma
may be caused by foreign bodies, including stimulators of various kinds, penile adornments, and prostheses."
Although the specific activities addressed below may be practiced by heterosexuals at times, homosexual men engage in these
activities to a far greater extent.
Anal intercourse is the sine qua non of sex for many gay men. Yet human physiology makes it clear that the body was not
designed to accommodate this activity. The rectum is significantly different from the vagina with regard to suitability for
penetration by a penis. The vagina has natural lubricants and is supported by a network of muscles. It is composed of a mucus
membrane with a multi-layer stratified squamous epithelium that allows it to endure friction without damage and to resist the
immunological actions caused by semen and sperm. In comparison, the anus is a delicate mechanism of small muscles that
comprise an "exit-only" passage. With repeated trauma, friction and stretching, the sphincter loses its tone and its ability to
maintain a tight seal. Consequently, anal intercourse leads to leakage of fecal material that can easily become chronic.
The potential for injury is exacerbated by the fact that the intestine has only a single layer of cells separating it from highly
vascular tissue, that is, blood. Therefore, any organisms that are introduced into the rectum have a much easier time
establishing a foothold for infection than they would in a vagina. The single layer tissue cannot withstand the friction
associated with penile penetration, resulting in traumas that expose both participants to blood, organisms in feces, and a mixing
of bodily fluids.
Furthermore, ejaculate has components that are immunosuppressive. In the course of ordinary reproductive physiology, this
allows the sperm to evade the immune defenses of the female. Rectal insemination of rabbits has shown that sperm impaired
the immune defenses of the recipient. Semen may have a similar impact on humans.
The end result is that the fragility of the anus and rectum, along with the immunosuppressive effect of ejaculate, make anal-
genital intercourse a most efficient manner of transmitting HIV and other infections. The list of diseases found with
extraordinary frequency among male homosexual practitioners as a result of anal intercourse is alarming: Anal Cancer ,
chlamydia trachomatis, cryptosporidium, giardia lamblia, herpes simplex virus , Human immunodeficiency virus , human
papilloma virus , isospora belli , Microsporidia , Gonorrhea , Viral, hepatitis types B & C , Syphilis

Sexual transmission of some of these diseases is so rare in the exclusively heterosexual population as to be virtually unknown.
Others, while found among heterosexual and homosexual practitioners, are clearly predominated by those involved in
homosexual activity. Syphilis, for example is found among heterosexual and homosexual practitioners. But in 1999, King
 County, Washington (Seattle), reported that 85 percent of syphilis cases were among self-identified homosexual practitioners.26
And as noted above, syphilis among homosexual men is now at epidemic levels in San Francisco.

A 1988 CDC survey identified 21 percent of all Hepatitis B cases as being homosexually transmitted while 18 percent were
heterosexually transmitted. Since homosexuals comprise such a small percent of the population (only 1-3 percent), they have a
significantly higher rate of infection than heterosexuals.

Anal intercourse also puts men at significant risk for anal cancer. Anal cancer is the result of infection with some subtypes of
human papilloma virus (HPV), which are known viral carcinogens. Data as of 1989 showed the rates of anal cancer in male
homosexual practitioners to be 10 times that of heterosexual males, and growing. Thus, the prevalence of anal cancer among
gay men is of great concern. For those with AIDS, the rates are double.

http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/homosexuality/ho0075.html#07

Skimming (6 points)
1. What is the most suitable title for the text?
___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the reading about?

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3. What is the author main purpose?

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Vocabulary (8 points)
Identify vocabulary in context. Write the closest meaning to the following words:
Word Part of speech Meaning in Spanish Synonym (English)
1. engage (l 12)
2. stretching (19)
3. leakage (20)
4. comprise (19)
5. exacerbated (21)
6. withstand (l 23)
7. foothold (23)
8. impaired (27)

REFERENCES. (5 points)
Identify what they are talking about.
1. It (line 14): ______________________________________________________________________

2. This activity (line 15): ____________________________________________________________

3. This (line 26): ___________________________________________________________________

4. It (line 21) : ____________________________________________________________________

5. They (line 23): __________________________________________________________________

Scanning (9 points)
4. What is the author’s main thesis?
___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the author’s main concern?

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6. How can rectal traumas be originated?

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7. Why does the author state that the anus is relatively fragile to sexual intercourse?
___________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. Why does the author say that rectal insemination in rabbits can be dangerous?
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9. What does San Francisco report state?

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Rhetorical Patterns. (12 points)

How does the author support his thesis?

Rethorical Pattern Example (line)

1.

2.

3.

4.

CONNECTORS. (10 points)

1. What is the function of the connector “YET” (line 1)? What does the author want to express? Explain.

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2. What does the connector “although” (line 2 ) imply? What does the author want to express?

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3. What is the function of the connector “but also” (line 6)?

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4. What does the author want to express when he/she uses the connector Thus (line 10)? Explain?

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5. What does the connector “therefore” (line 22 ) imply? What does the author want to express?

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6. What is the function of the connector since (line 40)?

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What does the author want to add with the connector on line 29?