A

REPORT

ON

ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS BY UNIT COMMITMENT AND

ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH

PREPARED BY:

Bibhav Poudel

Ismam Ansari

Sagar Chapagain

Sushant Poudel

Submitted to :

Er.Dinesh Ghimire

Kathmandu Engineering College

Kalimati,Kathmandu

Date : 21st March,2016

1.ABSTRACT

In power generation, our main aim is to generate required amout of power within minimum costs.
To achieve the generated power within the minimum costs we have two broad approaches,Unit
commitment (UC)scheme and economic dispatch of thermal units. UC scheme helps us to realise the
generating units that should be used to satisfy the expected demand within the minimum operating
cost among the subsets of many generating units which would meet the expected demand.Economic
dispatch of thermal units on the other hand is the operation of generation facilities to produce
energy at the lowest cost reliably serve consumers, recognizing any operational limits of generation
and transmission facilities.

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Table of Content

1.Abstract 1

2.Introduction i

2.1.How Unit Commitment Scheme Functions ii

2.2.How Economic Dispatch Of Thermal Units Functions iii

2.3.Economic Dispatch Neglecting Transmission losses v

2.4.Economic Dispatch Considering Transmission Losses vii

2.5.Difference between Economic Load Dispatch & Unit Commitment vii

3.Conclusion 2

4.References 3
2.INTRODUCTION:

The purpose of this report is to study about the methods of generation of required amount of
power as per the demand within the minimum costs and to briefly discuss about their merits.

This report describes about the two methods unit commitment scheme and economic dispatch of
thermal units to meet the power demand within reasonable costs. It is prepared by examining the
course content as well as various research articles . For understanding further advancements in
recent years regarding the methods of demand suppy within minimum costs,internet sites are
analysed as well.

The first method is the unit commitment scheme which primarily describes about the use of units to
meet the power demand among the various units within minimum costs.

2.1. How Unit Commitment Scheme Functions.

Unit commitment plans for best set of units to be available to supply the predicted or forecast load
of the system over a future time period. “Unit Commitment” is therefore, one way to suggest, just
sufficient number of generating units with sufficient amount of generating capacity to meet a given
load economically with sufficient reserve capacity to meet any abnormal, operating condition. Here
we consider the problem of scheduling fossil fired thermal units in which the aggregate costs( such
as start up cost, operating fuel costs & shut down costs ) are to be minimized over a daily load cycle.

Assumptions:

The transmission line loss in the system is disregarded.

PgT=PD

PgT = Total plant output

PD = Total system load

(i)
If we have “K” generating units(no two identical), then there are (2k – 1) number of combinations.

For example if K=4, then there are 15 theoretically possible combinations.

Xi(k) = combination Xi of interval k

Pi(k) = minimum production cost of combination Xi(k)

Tij(k) = cost of transition from combination Xi(k) to combination Xj(k+1) between intervals k and k+1

Fij(k) = The cost associated with any stage k,

Fij(k) = Pi(k) + Tij(k)

(ii)
2.2.How Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units Functions

The definition of economic dispatch is:

“The operation of generation facilities to produce energy at the lowest cost reliably serve
consumers, recognizing any operational limits of generation and transmission facilities”.

Most electric power systems dispatch their own generating units and their own purchased power in
a way that may be said to meet this definition.The factors influencing power generation at minimum
cost are :

a)Operating efficiencies of generators

b) fuel cost and transmission losses.

There are various inequality constriants associated with the economic dispatch of units :

a)Voltage constraint

Vmin ≤ V ≤ Vmax

Where, Vmin=Minimum Voltage

Vmax=Maximum voltage

b)Power angle constraint

δmin ≤ δ ≤ δmax

Where, δmin=minimum power angle

δmax = maximum power angle

c) Generator constraints

KVA loading of generator should not exceed prescribed value

Pmin ≤ P ≤ Pmax

Qmin ≤ Q ≤ Qmax

d)Running spare capacity constraints:This constraints are needed to meet forced outage of one or
more alternators in the system and also unexpected load on the system)

e)Transmission line constraints

Flow of power through transmission line should less than its thermal capacity

(iii)
f)Transformer tap set

For autotransformer tap t should between 0 & 1

For two winding transformer – between 0& k

g)Equality constraints

Real power

Pp= Vp Σ Ypq Vq cos(θpq-(δp+δq))

Reactive power

Qp= Vp Σ Ypq Vq sin(θpq-(δp+δq))

Along with the above mentioned constraints we must also acknowledge the operating costs of the
respective thermal units .The factors influencing power generation at minimum cost are operating
efficiencies of generators, fuel cost, and transmission losses.The most efficient generator in the
system does not guarantee minimum cost as it may be located in an area where fuel cost is high. If
the plant is located far from the load center, transmission losses may be considerably higher and
hence the plant may be overly uneconomical.

After examining the constraints and the costs of the thermal units we can know define our scheme .
Firstly, we analyse the scheme without considering the transmission line losses and secondly by
considering the transmission line losses .While considering the transmission loss we take into
account the transmission coefficients and then account the value of the power to be generated
within the minimum costs.

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2.3.ECONOMIC DISPATCH NEGLECTING TRANSMISSION LOSSES

It is the simplest economic dispatch problem .Assume that the system is only one bus with all
generation and loads connected to it.A cost function Ci is assumed to be known for each plant.

The problem is to find the real power generation for each plant such that
the objective function (i.e., total production cost) as defined by the equation

Is minimum ,subjected to the constraints

(v)
when losses are neglected with no generator limits, for most economic operation. all plants must
operate at equal incremental production cost

(vi)
Production from each plant can be found by :

This equation is known as the coordination equation

For analytic solution we can find λ by

In an iterative technique, starting with a value of λ and the process is continued until ∆Pi is within a
specified accuracy

Corresponding to this λ ,

is calculated, and the power mismatch is calculated by

Update value of λ by
 2.4.ECONOMIC DISPATCH INCLUDING TRANSMISSION LOSSES

When power is transmitted over long distances transmission losses are a major factor that
affect the optimum dispatch of generation.One common practice for including the effect of
transmission losses is to express the total transmission loss as a quadratic function of the generator
power outputs. The simplest quadratic form is :

2.5. Difference between Economic Load Dispatch & Unit Commitment

Economic Load Dispatch

It’s a short term determination.

Dispatch at lowest possible cost

Unit Commitment

Unit commitment aims to make power system reliable.

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3.CONCLUSION :

This report specifies both the unit commitment scheme and economic dispatch of thermal
units and examine their merits and differences as well.By using these two methods the power
demand can be met by generation of power within the limited minimum cost.

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4.References :

1) Course Manual on Electrical Energy System Management

2)www.electricalengineerworld.com

3)Sony ,Gupta,Bhatnagar ,A course in electrical power system

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