CHAPTERS 3 Figure 3.

1-1
The circuit being designed provides an
adjustable voltage, v, to the load circuit.

Resistive Circuits

67 1 67 2

Section 3.3

Kirchhoff’s laws KCL

R1=10Ω
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): Node 1 Node 2
_
„ the algebraic sum of the currents into/out + + +
of a node at any instant is zero. I=5A R3= 5Ω

R2= 20Ω
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): _ _
„ the algebraic sum of the voltages around
any closed path in a circuit is zero for all
Node 3
time.
Assume passive sign convention
67 3 67 4

Node 1
R1=10Ω
i1 Node 2 KVL R1=10Ω

+ v1=50v _ + _
+ +
I=5A I +
V= 5v
v2=20v i2 R3= 5Ω
i3 +
R2= 20Ω v3=20v _ LOOP 1
_ _
R2= 20Ω _
Start

Node 1 +I - i1 = 0 Node 3
+V - vR1 - vR2 = 0
Node 2 +i1 - i2 - i3 = 0 i = V/(R1 + R2)
Use KCL and iV = iR1 = iR2 = i
Node 3 +i2 + i3 - I = 0 Ohm’s Law vR1 = iR1 = VR1 /(R1 + R2)
+V = iR1 + iR2
i2 = v2/R2 i3 = v3/R3 vR2 = iR2 = VR2/(R1 + R2)
67 5
V = i(R1 + R2) 67 6
 PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD steps taken
va vb Apply P.S.C. to passive elements.
node1 + _ node2 _ node3
Ra
+
Rb Show current direction at voltages
ia + ib sources.
ivs
+ Show voltage direction at current
vc
vs +
_ ic R
c loop2 is vis sources.
loop1 _ _
Name nodes and loops.
Name elements and sources.
node4 Name currents and voltages.
67 7 67 8

WRITE THE
v
KCL EQUATIONS
v a b
WRITE THE KVL EQUATIONS
node1 + _ node2
+
_ node3 v v a b
Rb node1 + _ node2 _ node3
Ra +
Ra Rb
ia + ib
ivs ia + ib
+ ivs
+ ic R vc vis
+
vs _ loop1 is vc
c loop2 vs +
_ ic R is vis
_ _ loop1 c loop2
_ _

node4
node4
node1: ivs − ia = 0 node3: ib + i s = 0
loop1: loop2:
node2: ia − i b − i c = 0 node4: ic − i s − ivs = 0 + v s − va − vc = 0 + vc − vb − v is = 0
67 9 67 10

WRITE SUPPLEMENTARY
EQUATIONS CIRCUIT REDUCTION (1)
va vb
node1 + _ node2
+ _ node3 10Ω 30Ω 45Ω
Ra Rb
ia + ib
ivs iT
+
+ ic R vc vis
vs _ loop1 is i1
c
_ loop2 _
+
_ 5v 15Ω 90Ω 50Ω

5Ω 100Ω
node4

ia = va / Ra ib = vb / Rb ic = vc / Rc
67 11 67 12
 CIRCUIT REDUCTION (2) CIRCUIT REDUCTION (3)
10Ω 30Ω 45Ω 10Ω 30Ω
iT iT
+ 15Ω 90Ω i1 50Ω + i1
_ 5v _ 5v 15Ω 90Ω 195Ω
5Ω 100Ω 5Ω

Begin with loop on far right. Again using the loop on the far right.
Combine the three resistors that are in The 90 Ω and 195 Ω resistors are in
series. parallel.
Req = 45+50+100 = 195Ω Req= (90)(195)/(90+195) = 61.58 Ω
67 13 67 14

CIRCUIT REDUCTION (4) CIRCUIT REDUCTION (5)

10Ω 30Ω 10Ω

iT iT
+
_ 5v 15Ω 61.58Ω +
_ 5v 15Ω 91.58Ω
5Ω 5Ω

Still working with the loop on the far right. Again, the far right loop.
The 30 Ω and the 61.58 Ω resistors are in The 15 Ω and 91.58 Ω resistors are in
series. parallel.
Req = 30 + 61.58 = 91.58 Ω Req = (15)(91.58)/(15+91.58) = 12.9 Ω
67 15 67 16

CIRCUIT REDUCTION (6) CIRCUIT REDUCTION (7)

10Ω
10Ω a
iT iT 0.179A
+
_ 5v 12.9Ω +
_ 5v 27.9Ω +
_ 5v 12.9Ω
5Ω 5Ω
b

Now there is only one loop. Use Ohm’s Law to determine iT.
All the resistors are in series. iT = 5/27.9 = 0.179A
Req = 10+12.9+5 = 27.9 Ω iT flows in all three resistors, the 12.9 Ω
resistor is the equivalent resistance of
67 17 the entire circuit beyond
67 points a and b18.
 CIRCUIT REDUCTION (8) CIRCUIT REDUCTION (9)
10Ω 30Ω a
10Ω a

0.179A ix 0.179A 0.0252A

+_ 5v 15Ω 91.58Ω +
_ 5v 15Ω 61.58Ω
5Ω 5Ω
b
No calculations are required at this step because
iT divides at a to flow through the 15 Ω and the
the 0.0252A is flowing through both resistors in the
91.58 Ω resistors (the 91.58 Ω is an equivalent
right loop.
resistance for the rest of the circuit).
This circuit must be drawn however, because the
Use current divider: ix = (0.179)(15)/(15+91.58) =
61.58 Ω resistor is an equivalent for the circuit to
0.0252A.
the right of a and b.
67 19 67 20

CIRCUIT REDUCTION (10)

10Ω 30Ω
Equivalent Subcircuits
a
0.179A
0.0252A Circuit Analysis ->
+ i1
_ 5v 15Ω 90Ω 195Ω „ Simplify wherever possible
5Ω b „ Replace with simpler subcircuits
Subcircuit: Any part of a circuit
Use the current divider equation again to determine i
„ Two-terminal subcircuit
i1.
„ Terminal current +
i1 = (0.0252)(195)/(90+195) = 0.01724A = 17.24mA.
„ Terminal voltage
The current through the 195 Ω resistor is 0.0252 - v

0.01724 = 7.96mA _

67 21 67 22

Terminal Law Examples of Terminal Law

Terminal law describes the behavior of Resistors -> Ohm’s law v = f (i) = i R
a two-terminal subcircuit Independent voltage sources
It is a function described by v = f (i) or i -> by KVL v = vs
= g (v), where i, v are terminal variables Independent current sources
i i
Element law for two-terminal element -> by KCL i = is
such as resistors + +
+
_ vs
v v is

_ _

67 23 67 24
 Example:
More Terminal Law Equivalent Subcircuits
Two two-terminal subcircuits are said to Find the terminal laws
be equivalent if they have the same
terminal law i i 1Ω

Equivalent subcircuits may be freely + +

interchanged without altering any 2Ω 1Ω
v v
external current or voltage
_ _

67 25 67 26

Example:
Single-Loop Circuit Single-Loop Circuit
A single loop circuit is one which has only a i R1
single loop i

The same current flows through each + v1

_

element of the circuit – the elements are in +

series +
v v2 R2 +
Two adjacent elements are in series if they -
_
v
-
Rs

share a common node that has no other

currents entering it +
v3 _

Nonadjacent elements are in series if they are

each in series with the same elements R3

67 27 67 28

Example (cont’d) General Statement

Left figure For N resistors: N
„ By KVL on the loop: v = v1 + v2 + v3 Rs = ∑ ri
„ By Ohm’s law: v = (R + R + R ) i
i =1
1 2 3
Right figure A chain of series resistors is equivalent
„ v = R i to a single resistor whose resistance is
s
Same terminal law. Thus the sum of the series resistances
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 Series resistance adds

67 29 67 30
 Section 3.4

Example (cont’d) Voltage Divider

i1=i2=i3=is
From the example: v1+v2+v3+(-vs)=0
v R
v1 = R1 i = R1 = 1v
Rs Rs
Similarly: i1 =
vs
v n = iiR n =
v s Rn
R1 + R 2 + R 3 R1 + R 2 + R 3
R2 R
v2 = and v3 = 3
Rs Rs v s Rn
vn =
R 1 + R 2 + ... + R n
67 31 67 32

Voltage Divider & Power Voltage Division

p1=(v1 1 )2/R
p2=(v2)2/R2 The voltage across series resistors
divides up in direct proportion to their
pt=p1+p2 resistances
R 1 ×V s 2 R 2 ×V s 2 V 2 Voltage Divider: Larger resistances have
Pt = + =V s i = s larger voltage drops in a voltage divider
(R 1 + R 2 ) (R1 + R 2 )
2 2
Rs

R2
P2 = Pt ×
R1 + R2
67 33 67 34

Example Christmas Lights Solve for i

i
The same current i flows through the
250Ω
source and each light bulb. (Why?)
250Ω In terms of i, what is the voltage across
each resistor?
+ 50 Bulbs
120V
- Total To solve for i, apply KVL around the
loop 250i + 250i + L + 250i = 120
250Ω
120
i= = 9.6 ( mA)
50 ⋅ 250
67 35 67 36
 Some Comments Single-Node-Pair Circuit
We can solve for the voltage across Two elements are connected in parallel
each light bulb: if together they form a loop containing
v = R i = 9.6 mA ⋅ 250 Ω = 2.4V no other elements
This circuit has one source and several By KVL, elements in parallel all have the
resistors. The current is: same voltage across them
(source voltage)/(sum of resistances),
or
series resistances sum

67 37 67 38

Example Example (cont’d)

i = i1 + i2 + i3
Left figure
„ By KCL at the upper node:
i1 i2 i3 + + „ By Ohm’s law: i = (G1 + G2 + G3 )v
Right figure
i R1 R2 R3 v i Rp v „ i = G pv
Same terminal law. Thus
_ _
G p = G1 + G2 + G3
or 1 1 1 1
= + +
R p R1 R2 R3

67 39 67 40

General Statement Special Case

For N resistors: When N = 2:
N
1 N
1 R1 R2
G p = ∑ Gi or R = ∑ R Rp =
i =1 p i =1 i
R1 + R2

A set of parallel resistors is equivalent Product-by-sum rule

to a single resistor whose conductance The equivalent resistance of two
is the sum of the parallel conductances resistors in parallel is the product of
Parallel conductance adds their resistance divided by the sum

67 41 67 42
Some Comments Example (cont’d)10/6
Adding parallel resistors can only From the example:
increase the equivalent conductance, or i G
decrease the equivalent resistance i1 = G1v = G1 = 1i
Gp Gp
Putting resistors in parallel reduces the
overall resistance below that of any of Similarly:
them individually G2 G3
i2 = i and i3 = i
For N equal R Ω resistors in parallel, Gp Gp
Rp = R / N

67 43 67 44

Section 3.5

Current Division
is=i1+i2
i1=v/R1 i2=v/R2
Let G=1/R
is=G1v+G2v
G1i s G2i s R 1i s
VS=V1=V2=…=Vn i1 = i2 = =
G1 + G 2 G1 + G 2 R 1 + R 2
I1=? I2=?
is與i1 i2 ..之關係為何?

67 45 67 46

Example

Gn is Gn is
in = = N R1=1/2 Ω, R2=1/4 Ω, R3=1/8 Ω

∑G n
Gp Gp=G1+G2+G3
n =1 =2+4+8=14
i1=(G1*is)/GP=(2*28)/14=4A
i2=(G2*is)/GP=(4*28)/14=8A
i2=(G3*is)/GP=(8*28)/14=16A
67 47 67 48
 兩電阻並聯 三電阻並聯
(1)兩電阻並聯(如圖4-8) (2)三電阻並聯(如圖4-9)

67 49 67 50

Current Division
Figure E 3.5-1 The current through parallel resistors
(a) A parallel divides up in direct proportion to their
resistor network. conductance
Courtesy of Dale Current Divider: Smaller resistances
Electronics. (larger conductances) have larger
(b) The connected current flows in a current divider
circuit uses four
resistors where R =
1kΩ.
67 51 67 52

Special Case Some Comments

For two resistors in parallel, current divides Current divider is only for two resistors
inversely with their resistances It tells us how to divide the current
R2 through parallel resistors
i1 = i
R1 + R2 We cannot make a simple current
Current Divider: divider equation for three or more
R1
i2 = i parallel resistors
R1 + R2
We have to solve for the voltage and
How? the solve for the currents of interest

67 53 67 54
 Section 3.6

Example Sources Connection

Find the current and power dissipated
on each resistor

i1 i2 i3 i4 +

18 mA 250 Ω 500 Ω 500 Ω 1000 Ω v

_
i
(a) A circuit containing voltage sources
connected in series and (b) an equivalent
67 55
circuit. 67 56

Section 3.6

Series Voltage Sources More Series Voltage Sources

i i

+ + A chain of series voltage sources is

+
_ vs1
equivalent to a single voltage source
+
_ vs2 whose source function is the algebraic
v +
sum of the series source functions
v _ vs

+
_ vsN Series voltage sources add
_ _

v = vs1 + vs 2 + L + vsN v = vs
67 57 67 58

Series Current Sources

i i

+ +
(a) A circuit containing is1

parallel current sources is2

v is
and (b) an equivalent v

circuit. isN
_ _

is1 = is 2 = L = isN i = is
67 59 67 60
Parallel Current Sources More Parallel Current Sources
i i A set of parallel current sources is
equivalent to a single current source
+ +
whose source function is the sum of the
v v is
parallel source functions
is1 is2 isN
_ _ Parallel current sources add

i = is1 + is 2 + L + isN i = is

67 61 67 62

Example Parallel Voltage Sources

Find v and i Since KVL cannot be violated….
13 Ω A set of voltage sources in parallel must have
+
equal source functions
In this case, any one of them is equivalent to
the entire set
v 24 A 6Ω 4A 5Ω
If the given source functions are not all equal,
there is a mathematical inconsistency and the
circuit cannot be analyzed
i
_

67 63 67 64

Comparison Example
Single-loop circuit:
„ series interconnection,
„ voltage division,
„ KCL
Single-node-pair circuit:
„ parallel interconnection,
„ current division,
„ KVL

67 65 67 66