Vocational Volume 8, Number 2, June 2012 ISSN 1693-9085 it 121-132

Study Effect of Soil Type and Depth on Resistance

Grounding Rod Driven Soil type

MANAGAM Rajagu kguk

Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Tanjongpura Jl.

Ahmad Yani Pontianak 78124

Abstract:The value of resistanceof soilsaffectedby severalfactorssuch as soiltypes

(clay,sandy
and
rocky), a layer of soil,soilmoisture, temperature. Resistance
measurement
on
the state of soilsin many
constrained and
requires time and
equipment tocomplete. Fieldmeasurements usingfour-pointWenner
arraywitha depth
of 10 cm - 150 cm
and the distancebetween
the electrodesis3m. With CJ method
Blattnerlimitedmeans of resistancemeasurements
on thestateofsoilsdeeper,can be
substitutedforthismethod onlyuses 2 measurement
resultsata depth of100 cm -150

cm as a reference point in estimatingthe value of resistanceof soilson the state deeper. The
resultsof calculationof value - average resistanceof soilsabove 2m for agriculturalland is
53.64 Ω-m and tends to decrease constantlywitha value ranging between (54,98- 52,38) Ω-m,
the soilis wet sand 124.775 Ω-m and also tend to decrease constantlywitha value
rangingbetween (132.1to120.41)Ω-m, whilethesoil is mixed with sand stones 1275.748 Ω-m
and an increasein value between (511.04 -1716.8)Ω-m.Berdasarkan calculationresultsto get
the value of grounding resistance below 5 Ω optimalplantingsinglerod electrodeson
agriculturalland is14 m witha value of 4.85 Ω grounding resistance,wet sandy soilis28.5 m
withgrades grounding resistanceof 4.98 Ω, and rock soilmixed withsand is49m grounding
resistancevalue of 4.02 Ω.

Keywords: resistance, soil, electrodes, grounding

__________________________________

earthing system is one of the key factors in the security

(protection) electric power systems during disturbances caused by overcurrent and

overvoltage. In the event of disruption in the electric power system, the grounding system

causes interference currents can quickly streamed into the ground and spread in all directions.

This fault currents cause a voltage gradient between the equipment and tools,equipment,
with ground as well as on the surface of the soil itself. The magnitude of the voltage gradient on

the ground surface depends on the type of soil resistance. One attempt to minimize surface tension
gradient of soil with a grounding electrode embedded

intothe ground

at first resistance measurement methods many soil types have

limitations in terms of resistance measurements on the state of soils deeper. Thus

Volume 8, 2012 122

causing the designers must consider both the earthing system to

be used because these conditions topsoil has a value type ofresistance. relatively high

The value of ground resistance is strongly influenced by the resistance value type. So i necessary for

isan accurate measurement of the characteristics of the existing soil and usually in a

deeper state measurements will be many obstacles in the resistance measurement types,

ofsoil because it will take time and equipment more compact so it is not efficient and economical.

With the help of the methods / techniques estimate of the value of resistance of soil types, limitation
of the

gaugesresistance types in investigating the specific conditions of the soil on the state deeper can be

replaced, because the method of estimation of resistance of these soils only be measured

at a depth of several meters as a reference point or a reference in the estimate the value of
resistance of soils on the state deeper.

Research carried out aimed to calculate the value of the resistance of soils on the state deeper by
using the method of estimation CJ Blattner, calculate

the optimal depth of planting electrodes single rod system driven rod in order to get value of

theresistance grounding is low, as well as analyze the impact resistance of the type of soil to

a depth of planting the grounding electrode ,

To make a grounding system required an earthing rod electrodes

implanted in the soil so that it will make direct contact with the ground and conducting liaison
uninsulated who participate planted in the soil is considered aselectrode

the groundingrod.
The materials used for the electrode earthing rod is a metal that has a high enough conductivity,
namely copper, in addition to get morevalue economiccan be used in galvanized steel or copper-
plated steel.

Earthing Electrode

Based on the general regulation on the earth electrode and the conductive earth (SNI 04. 0225-

2000) there are 3 types of ribbon grounding electrode is an electrode, the electrode rod plate
electrodes.

Rod electrode (rod driven)

electrode rods made of round metal rods or steel profiles

anchored/ plugged into the ground and one end taper with kelancipan (45 +.5)

and must be equipped with a clamp and bolt clamps are able to clamp a conductor such as are
shown in figure 1 below

(6)123 Managam Rajagukguk V okasi

equation to find the value of resistance grounding rod driven grounding system

is as follows:
ré
æ8 ö ù
R=

lnç
÷-1 ….………...........

d
ú

2p

ë
èøû
where: ρ = resistance of soils (ohm-m), π = 3:14 or (22/7), i = length of electrode rod (m), d =
diameter of electrode rod (m), R = resistance Grounding (ohms)

Figure 1 electrode rod and hammer glide

for more details electrode rod dimensions and the size of the clamp can be seen in table

1below.

Table 1 Dimensions electrode rod and clamp size

Panjang Nominal
Diameter Nominal
Tebal Lapisan Tembaga
Ukuran Klem
(m)
(mm)
(mikron)
2
(mm )
1.5
12.7
250
6-16
2.4
12.7
250
6-16
2.4
16.0
250
6-16

Nominal Length (m)

Nominal Diameter (mm)

Copper Layer Thickness (microns)

clamp size

(mm2) 1.5 2.4 2.4 12.7 12.7 16.0 250

Tolerance:
* -5 mm length + 20 mm * -0.5 mm + 1 mm Diameter Source: SPLN 102; 1993

In use, the number and size of the electrode rod selected and adjusted

to the required earthing resistance. If mengiginkan grounding resistance value is lower then do a
parallel connection of multiple electrode rods.

In this case to note that the distance between the electrode rod, at least twice the effective
length of an electrode rod and should not be in the funnel voltage of

the electrode rod side.

Soil structure

Soil is the medium that is as a grounding conductor. For

high-frequencyand wave-faced steep as lightning could mean that the land is perfect conductors.
Volume 8, 2012 124

Soil structure is one factor that should be known for having connection

aclosewith the planning and the grounding system to be used. The study of soil structure

and soil type resistance measurement is an important factor that greatly affects the depth of planting
electrodes earthing rod. Due to the installation ofthesystem groundingin a certain location often
encountered some kind of landforms that

have different types of resistance.

To calculate the resistance of soils, it can be assumed that the soil has two types of soil uniform
(uniform) and the ground is not uniform (non-uniform).

Differences resistance types at the respective boundary layer of soil is described as a factor of
reflection, where the reflection factor can be expressed in the equation:
r-r
K= ..........…..........................

2 1

r+r

1 2

with ρ1 and ρ2 is the resistance value of the type of upper and lower layers of soilequation

aboveenables valuable reflection factor K positive or negative.

The resistance value ofSoil type

resistance of soilsis a factor of balance betweensoil resistance and the surroundingcapacitance

represented by ρ (rho) in aequation. mathematical

Grounding resistance calculation basis is the calculation of the capacitance ofarrangement

the grounding electrode rodwith the assumption that the current distribution or uniform charge

along the rod electrodes. Relations resistance and capacitance can be explained with
an

analogy. Where this analogy is the basis for the calculation of the flow of current into

ground from the grounding electrode rods have in common with the emission electric flux of

the same configuration of conductors that have isolated the charge.

Suppose two conductor plate with an area of each A meeting m2 withcharge

each plateq / m

Q =q A columb
Figure 2 Conductor Plate Number lines of flux through the dielectric between plates is 4 π .q. A
strong and the terrain is 4π. q then the voltage between the two plates V π qd = 4 volts, the
amount of charge q is QA Columb. (3)

125 Managam Rajagukguk V ocationalE ducation

From the relationship: C = Q / V ............... ............. (3)

Provided

C ... 41 = π Aq.

dq

1 4.p.q.d

Provided

=
..............................

(4)

q.A

.... ....................... (5)

if between two plates placed on the ground with a resistance of type ρ ohm-m then the resistance

between the plates is

R= r
d
.............................................

d
=

1
.........................................

4.p.C
. (7) and obtained custody price equation

R=

4.p.C
........................... .......... (8)

Where: R = ground resistance (ohms), C = Capacitance (farad), ρ = resistance of soils (Ω-m:

Hutaruk, 1991)

resistance average soil type in an area or region has a difference

No
Jenis Tanah
Resistansi jenis tanah (ohm.meter)

1
Tanah rawa
10 - 40

2
Tanah pertanian
20 –100

3
Pasir basah
50 - 200

4
Kerikil basah
200 –3000

5
Kerikil kering
<1000

6
Tanah Berbatu
2000 - 3000

Sumber: Peraturan umum tentang elektroda

batang bumi dan penghantar (SNI 04. 0225-

2000)

Tabel 3
Resistansi Jenis Tanah 2
No
Jenis Tanah
Resistansi jenis Tanah

(ohm-m)

1
Tanah Organik
10

2
Tanah Basah
100
3
Tanah Kering
1000

4
Tanah Berbatu
10000

considerablefor example in table 2 and 3 the resistance value of this type of soil below

Table 2 Table resistance of the soil type 1

No. Type of Soil Resistance soil types (ohm.meter)

1 Soil swamp 10-40 2 farm 20-100 3 wet sand 50-200 4 Gravel wet 200-3000 5 Gravel dry <1000
6 Soil Rocky 2000 - 3000 Source: The general rule on earth and conductive electrode rod (SNI 04.
0225- 2000)

Table 3 resistance Soil type 2

No Soil type

Soil type resistance (ohm-m) 1 10Soil Organic

2 SoilWet Dry Land 100 3 1000 4 soil Rocky 10000 Source: IEEE Std 81-1983, IEEE

guide for measuring Earth Resistivity ground impedance and earth surface potentials of a
grounding system

Volume 8, 2012 126

METHODS

Materials and quality Electrodes Trunk grounding

to obtain soil resistance is low with the result of good quality , then thematerials and
qualityelectrode rod grounding used for grounding system must

meet several requirements, among others rod grounding electrode is made of high carbon steel
with a tensile strength of minimum 51 kg / mm2 and has the minimum force 74

HRB (hardness Brinell), the copper layer had higher levels minimum 99.9% copper, which

clamps and bolts are made of copper alloys with a minimum copper content of 60%, no therecan
bedefects that could interfere with its function, the electrode rod has a smooth surface, flat, clean
non-porous and have to look straight, should not be chipped, except in the affected jaw steel plate,
has a conductivity type (conductivity)

large enough so it will not enlarge the potential difference across the earth's surface, resistant

to corrosion / rusting caused by environmental factors, of which the maximum rate of corrosion that
occurs is 50 mg / dm 2 / day and resistant to melting even ifmaterial is

theexposed to a large fault currents and for a long time.

Collecting data at three locations / places of studies in which each of these locations a

representvariety of different soil so it can better know the difference between the resistance value

species on the land. The research location is located in some places, namelylandthe
agriculturalinvillage of rice fields, sandy coastal soil and rock soil mixed with sand. Mechanical
resistance measurement type of soil used in this study is themethod measurement4 point
arrangement Wenner uses four electrodes with a depth of

between 10 cm - 150 cm, one fruit ampermeter, one fruit volt meter, two batteries 9 volts dc

and a few meters connecting cable with a distance along the same straight line and

connected to the measuring instrument. At the outer ends of the rod electrodes 1 and 4 currents
flowed,
while on the inside of rod electrodes 2 and 3 were measured shrinkage stress in

the soil.If it has been installed correctly then the volt meter and ampere meter will appoint

or assign a value corresponding to the depth of the planting of the electrodes withdistance

the sameand depth interval specified the importance of the value of the resistance of soils

through the following equation.

r=

n Sxy -(Sx)(Sy)

…… (13)
[nSx
2
2

-(Sy)
2

]
-(Sx)][nSy

wherein; a: distance or intervalbetween the grounding electrode(m), i:grounding

electrodeplantingdepth (m), r: resistanceis apparent, the ratiobetween V and I (ohms). ρ: soil type
resistance (ohms / m).

127 Managam Rajagukguk V ocational

Blattner method uses the assumption that the soil is homogeneous or uniform this is
because two field measurement results are used as a reference point in estimating the value of
resistance of soils at a deeper state has avalue relatively constantchanges.

The equation to calculate the value of resistance of soils on the state deeperwith CJ Blattner
method is as follows:

= o - Xlnbk

(+)

................... ..... (10)

with ρ x = resistance of soils is sought at a depth Lx, ρ = resistance of soils that are known at the
depth Lo, ρ

= resistance of soils that are known at the depth L

2,

kρ = resistance value types soil, x = the distance comparison between Lo and Lx (x = Lx - Lo), b
= value comparison of data is known, to take 2 points of reference on the results of

the resistance measurement type of soil at a certain depth, the values for b can be searched

by the following equation : b =

this method is quite accurate and effective in projecting the value of resistance types soil

at a depth that is not covered by the existing measuring devices. Where the value of the

resistance of

soils in the approximate results are not so different from the actual value of the land. This data
analysis technique that is used to view and answer the hypothetical results of the proposed
research is Pearson Product Analysis Techniques. Where this technique

to determine the level of the relationship between the resistance value of soil types wi depth.

In a trend analysis there is no provision amount of data (n) being analyzed, but thethe
morenumber of data (n), the better the calculation of the amount of analysis. The formula for
thecoefficient

Pearson correlationProduct (r) are as follows:

......

(13)where r is the correlation coefficient, n is the amount of data, ΣX is the number of observations
of a variable X, ΣY is the number of observations of a variable Y, (ΣX2) is the sum of the squares of
observation

variable X, ( ΣX)

is the sum kuadarat observation variable X, (ΣY

2)

is the sum of

squares of observations of a variable Y, (ΣY)

is the sum kuadarat observations of variable Y, (ΣXY)

is the product of the number of variables X and Y.

Denote by (r), and often referred to Pearson's r orcorrelation coefficient

product-momentwith the provisions Pearson r value of not more than the price (-1 <r <+ 1), if theof

valuer = -1 means the correlation (correlation) perfect negative, r = 0 there is no correlation, and r
=1

means the correlation is very strong. the closeness of a correlation coefficient does no depend on
the direction (-

or +) because they have the closeness of the same.

rESULTS

the authors took samples resistance data type of soil measurement results agricultural

land in

rice fields at a depth 0.5 m and 1.5 m using equation (9) obtained at a

depth of 0.5 m resistance types of agricultural land amounting = 59.93 ohm-m at awhile the
depth of 1.5 mresistance of the type of agricultural land amounting = 55.45 ohm-m. while to

find the value of ground resistance rod driven systems on agricultural land using equation

(1), obtained at a depth of 0.5 m agricultural grounding resistance of = 91.74 ohms. At a depth of
1.5 m grounding resistance of = 34.75 ohms.

Using a sample of the results of measurements in the field at a depth of 0.5 m and a depth of 1.5
m, then the value of the variable b can be sought.

Where: ρ
Managam Rajagukguk Vok asi

DISCUSSION

From the calculation of the average resistance of soils Table 4 shows that

the agricultural land average value of resistance of the soil type calculation results obtained value of
53.64

ohm-m, while the average value of SNI 04.0225-2000 in Table 2 are (20-100) ohm-m showsthat the
resistance value of soils results of these calculations are still in

the value of the Indonesian National Standard. Wet sand average value of resistance of the soil
typeresults

calculationobtained value 124 775 ohm-m, while the average value of SNI 04.0225-2000 in

Table 2 are (50-200) ohm-m shows that the value of the resistance of soils results of

these calculations are still are in the value of the Indonesian National Standard. Rock soil

mixed with sand average value of resistance of soils value calculation results obtained 1275.748

ohm-m, while the average value of SNI 04.0225-2000 in Table 2 is (200-3000) ohm-m.
This indicates that the value of the resistance of soils results of these calculations a still in

the value of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 04.0225-2000). Table 4 The average value of the
resistance of soils

No. Soil Type Resistance Type Land (ohm-m)

1 farm / farm 53.6417 2 Land wet sand 124 775 3 Soil rock mixed with sand 1275,748 Source: Data
calculation results are processed

At depth range of 0.5 m to with 1.5 m of any divergence resistance value

of soils. On agricultural land amounting to 59.93 Ωm - 55.475 Ωm, wet sand at148.38

Ωm- 133.63 Ωm and rock soil of 317.72 Ωm - 392.527 Ωm This shows that

with the structure of the different soil at the same depth will produce a resistance of soil different, so
to get a little resistance value of land is

influenced by the soil structure.

In appendix 1 are shown the results of a complete calculation of the value of resistance
of soil types,

soil resistance at all three locations, namely: Local village rice fields, hills shaving

whitebeaches.All stages in calculating the optimization of planting electrode rods fromsystem

a single rod groundingwith CJ Blattner method using visualprogram basictools.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

Based on the analysis and calculations have been done, it can be taken

a conclusion in which the resistance value of the type of soil at a depth deeper can be calculated

Volume 8, 2012 132

based method CJ Blattner is the result of farmland under 2 m decrease in

the resistance of soils tend to be constant with values ranging between 54.98 -52.38 Ωm Ωm,

for the wet sandy soil below 2 m decrease in resistance of wet sand soil types tend to be
constant with a value ranging between 132.1 Ωm - 120.41 Ωm, as well as to ground the rock below 2
m increased resistance of soils with values ranging between 511.04 Ωm -

1716.8 Ωm, While based on the calculation of a single rod electrodes with a diameter

of 0.012 m (12mm) obtained optimum results with the limits soil resistance below 5 ohms is

to farmlands paddy village optimal depth is 14 m, to the land of

rocks in the hills optimal depth is 49 m and to land the wet sand on the

coast is the optimal depth of 28.5 m. From these results it appears that the greater the resistance
value to have this kind of land, then a low resistance value required planting electrode rod deeper.

Suggestions

To see the effect of the depth of the sample point of reference in estimating

the value of ground resistance at greater depth would be better if this method of insteadthe three
points by the influence of water content, chemical and temperature

to see the difference in the resistance value of the type of soil at the same depth so c see the
performance of the effect of soil type resistance against planting depthrod. electrode
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on Power Delivery Vol 11, No.3.

Hutauruk, TS. (1991). Neutral Pengetanahan Pengetanahan power systems and

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Jakarta: Erland.

_________, SPLN 102. (1993). Earth electrode copper-coated round rod type, PT PLN

(Persero)

_________, SPLN 04-0225. (2000). General Regulations umtuk earth electrode andconductor,

the earth PT PLN (Persero)

_________. (1986). IEEE Guide for safety in AC substation grounding, ANSI / IEEE std 80.
_________. (1983). IEEE Guide for measuring earth resistivity, ground impedance and earth

surface potential of the grounding system, IEEEstd 81. Khalifa, M. (1990). High voltage
engineering theory and practice. Marcel Dekker. Inc.USA.