METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research design, research setting, research process, which

includes data gathering, data analysis, harvesting analysis, design of structure, conclusion and

recommendation.

3.1 Research Design

In order to satisfy the objectives, a quantitative research design is being employed for this

study. Precipitation data from Lumbia weather station (PAGASA Region X) was examined to

address research questions.

3.2 Research Setting

This study was conducted inside the University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines – CDO Campus at CM Recto Ave, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. Data gathering

was conducted within the university premises and at PAGASA Region X office, El Salvador

City.

3.3 Research Process

This stage includes the data gathering, data analysis, harvesting analysis, design of

structures and conclusion and recommendations. Figure 2 shows the flow of activities

undertaken to fulfill the needs for results and data of this research.

3.3.1 Data Gathering

The researchers secured a letter to PAGASA Region X located at El-Salvador City,

Misamis Oriental and private sector asking for the history of precipitation data of Cagayan de

Oro. Other data such as roof plan of the said building was collected at USTP.

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 DATA GATHERING

PRECIPITATION ROOF PLAN

DATA:

 PAGASA

DATA ANALYSIS

Rainfall Analysis: Catchment Area Analysis: Water Demand Analysis

Calculation of Roof Area 
 Monthly Potential of Demand
Rainwater Harvesting Calculation (Utility
System usage)

HARVESTING ANALYSIS

Reservoir Sizing (Underground)

DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

 Reservoir Structural Design

 Commercial Tank (Overhead)
 Piping Layout
 Required Power
 Cost Estimate
 Economic Analysis

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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3.3.2 Data Analysis

The gathered data was examined and analyzed for the evaluation of rainwater collection

system potentiality in the Proposed Technology Building. This study will undergo the following

set of activities;

 Rainfall Analysis

 Catchment Area Analysis

 Water Demand Analysis

3.3.2.1 Rainfall Analysis

The researchers considered the volume of rainwater that can possibly be harvested from

the proposed project. The rainfall data that was analyzed came from the PAGASA Region X.

Through this data, the researchers determined the behavior of precipitation, the estimated

rainwater storage capacity, and the potential of rainwater collection system.

Monthly Potential of Rainwater Collection System

A simplified formula was used by that provides accurate result for the design of the

rainwater storage. The Monthly Collected Rainwater (𝐸𝑅 ) was calculated using this formula;

𝐸𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴 × ℎ𝑁 × 𝑓𝑠 × 𝑒 (Eq. 3.1)

The product of the values of Catchment Area (𝐴𝐴 ), Monthly Precipitation Data (ℎ𝑁 ),

Safety Factor (𝑓𝑠), and Run-off Coefficient (𝑒) was equal to the value of the Monthly Collected

Rainwater (𝐸𝑅 ) in cubic meter. The Monthly Precipitation Data (ℎ𝑁 ), from 2011 to 2016, will be

analyzed to get the Average Monthly Precipitation Data that will used in determining the

15
Monthly Collected Rainwater ( 𝐸𝑅 ) . After the computations, a graphical presentation and

potential analysis of the rainwater collection system for the whole year will be provided.

3.3.2.2 Catchment Area

The roof footprint of the catchment was considered, instead of the total roof area, which

identifies the area that the rainwater was collected. Figure 3 shows the roof layout of the

proposed Technology Building which was considered in determining its catchment area.

Figure 3. Roof Layout of the Proposed Three-Storey Technology Building at USTP

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Computation of Catchment Area and its Properties

The size of the catchment area is the calculated roof footprint area of the proposed

building regarding to the roof type and shape. As shown in figure 15, the area of the catchment is

equal to the product of the length and the width of the roof footprint of the proposed project.

Figure 4. Shape of the Catchment Area

Rainfall yield varies from the size and texture of the catchment area, as well as its

position, slope, orientation, and composition which was considered in determining the yield

coefficient of the catchment. Table 1 shows the different values of yield coefficient depending on

the composition of the catchment. Based on the roof layout of the proposed project, the

researchers will use a yield coefficient of 0.8.

Table 1. Yield Coefficient (DIN 1989)

Composition Yield Coefficient, %e

Slanted hard roof 0.8
Flat roof, without gravel 0.8
Flat roof, with gravel 0.6
Green roof, intensive 0.3
Green roof, extensive 0.5
Paved surface / Compound paved surface 0.5
Asphalt covering 0.8
Deviations depending on the absorbency and roughness

In the process of determining the catchment area of the proposed building, a safety factor

should be taken into account to underestimate the potential of the rainwater collection system.

When determining the safety factor, the possibility for leakage, spillage and other factors which

17
reduces the efficiency of the rainwater collection system should be identified.Table 2 shows the

high and low factor of safety coefficients for roof catchment surface.

Table 2. Factor of Safety Coefficients (Haan et. al., 1994) & (Waterfall, 1998)

Factor of Safety Coefficients

CHARACTER OF SURFACE High Low
Roof
Metal, Gravel, Asphalt Shingle 0.95 0.75

3.3.2.3 Water Demand Analysis

Estimated Water Demand Calculation

The researchers estimated the water consumption demand using the following

requirements shown on the Table 3.

Table 3. Determination of the Monthly Demand Water Requirements (DIN 1989)

The following requirement values are provided for the individual calculations:
Consumers Daily Per-Person Specific Annual
Requirements Requirements
Toilets in the school 6 L/person x day ….
Toilets in office areas 12 L/person x day ….
Garden watering per 1 sq.m. useful garden area of …. 60 L/sq.m.
green spaces
Watering or sprinkling amounts during the
vegetation period April to September
For sports facilities Total amount for 6 months …. 200 L/sq.m.
In case of the toilets, only water-saving facilities should be connected as a general rule, for
instance 6 L with double-quantity flushing systems. 4.5L toilets can be used with the
appropriate hydraulic conditions to increase the degree of coverage.

The monthly water demand requirements (𝐵𝑊𝑚 ) in the proposed building is composed of

personal data (e.g toilet) which can be determined using this formula;

𝐵𝑊𝑚 = 𝑃𝑑 × 𝑛 × 𝑑𝑚

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 (Eq. 3.2)

The monthly water demand requirements is equal to the product of the values of daily

per-person requirements (𝑃𝑑 ), total number of person (𝑛), and number of days per month (𝑑𝑚 ).

3.3.3 Harvesting Analysis

In this phase, the researchers considered the supply and demand of rainwater to best

determine the total surplus, which will be used in identifying the maximum capacity of the

storage. It will also be the basis for the optimize size of the storage tank.

3.3.3.1 Harvested Rainwater and Demand

In this stage, the size and dimensions of the storage tank will be determine using this

following procedures.

1. Compare the graphical presentation of the Monthly Collected Rainwater and the

Monthly Water Demand.

2. Determine the Surplus and Deficit of the collected rainwater using the following

formula:
Surplus = Harvested rainwater – Demand (Eq. 3.3)

Deficit = Demand - Harvested rainwater

(Eq. 3.4)

3. The summation of all the values of the Surplus of the collected rainwater will be the

Maximum Capacity of the Storage.

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 Maximum Capacity = σ 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
(Eq.3.5)

4. Determine the height ( ℎ) of the storage tank.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (Eq. 3.6)

h= 𝐴𝑏

Where:

𝐴𝑏 = Desired Area of the Base

3.3.4 Design of Structure

In this phase, the detailed design of reservoir, location, estimates, number of commercial

tanks and economic analysis of the project were shown.

3.3.4.1 Underground Reservoir Design

The following are the design criteria in designing the cistern tank:

A. Tank Specification

 Volume of the Tank

 Dimensions of the Tank

 Area of the Tank (Assume its depth)

B. Classification Based on Shape

 Rectangular Tank

C. Design Loads

Loads were applied to the structural design of a tank according to its intended use, size,

structure type, materials, design lifetime, location and environment, in order to assure life safety

and to maintain its essential functions (NSCP 2015 Section 203). The applied loads should be as

follows:

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  Dead Loads, the sum of the weights of the tank, its associated piping and equipment

and other fixed appurtenances.

 Live Loads, should be considered to be the contents of the tank, the temporary

weight of personnel, and the weight of other temporary equipment not normally fixed

to the tank.

 Fluid Loads, the weight of the fluid (rainwater) was being stored in the reservoir.

Table 4. (NSCP 2015 Section 203.3.1)

Basic Factored Load Combinations

1.4 (D + F) (Eq. 3.7)

1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lᵣ or R) (Eq. 3.8)

1.2D + 1.0E + f₁L (Eq. 3.11)

0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (Eq. 3.12)

Where, D = Dead Load

f₁ = 1.0 for floors in places of public F = Fluid Load

assembly, for live loads in excess of L = Live Load

4.8 kPa,or0.5 for other live loads H = Retaining Wall Pressure

D. Material Requirements

The provisions for the material requirements were based on NSCP 2015 and ACI Codes.

The following provisions are:

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  Concrete: Design and Durability Requirements (NSCP 2015 Section 419)

 Steel Reinforcement Properties , Durability and Embedment (NSCP 2015 Section

420)

 Tanks and Reservoirs (ACI 350, ACI 334 IR, and ACI 374 R)

E. Design Conditions

The underground water tank has three basic components; i.e., top slab, sidewalls and base

slab. The top slab will be designed as normal simply supported slab based on the self-weight and

superimposed loads. The design of sidewalls and the base slab will be based on assuming: (i)

Tank full of water but no soil outside. (ii) No water inside tank but soil pressure from outside.

The condition of soil must also be considered in the design of underground storage tank

because it carries the total weight of the structure. One important factor to be considered about

soil is its type because its capacity varies according to its type. In USTP it is vital to know the

soil type because the water table is near the ground surface. To determine the characteristics and

properties of the soil in USTP, the researchers will obtain the data of soil profile from the

university.

Soil Profile Type Soil Profile Name/ Generic Description

Hard Rock
Rock
Very Dense Soil and Soft Rock
Stiff Soil Profile
Soft Soil Profile

Soil Requiring Soil-specification Evaluation

Table 5. Soil Profile Types

F. Location

The location of the reservoir was based on the contour map for the conveyance of

collected rainwater and the excavation of the reservoir was based on the NSCP Code 302.3

which stated that in excavating near the existing building it should have at least minimum

distance of 0.6m to a maximum distance of 6.0 m from the existing building.

THIS SITE!
3.3.4.2 Commercial Tanks

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 = (Eq. 3.13)
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

3.3.4.3 Piping Layout

Rainwater Gutter Down-

spouts
Catchment Drain

Cistern Filtration First Flush

Device
Tank Tank

Commercial
Pump
Tanks

Utilities

COWD Commercial
Pump
Tanks
METER

Figure 18. Schematic Diagram of the Pipe Distribution

A. Gutters and Downpipes

Gutters and down pipes of different materials like PVC pipes, G.I pipes,

ferrocement pipes, wooden pipes can be used for gutters. Depending on the intensity of

the rainfall (inch/hr), the sizes of the pipes are determined. Table 6 illustrates the

dimensions depending on rainfall intensity.

Table 6. (Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation, 2017)

3.3.4.4 Pump Requirement

The power requirement of the pump can be calculated by:

(Eq.3.14)

𝑣₁2 𝑃₁ 𝑣₂2 𝑃₂
+ + 𝑍₁ + 𝐸 = + + 𝑍₂ + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝛶 2𝑔 𝛶 (Eq.3.15)

The head added (E) can be calculated by the Bernoulli’s Equation for Pumps:

Where:

v = Velocity of water (m/sec)

P = Pressure of water (Kpa)

Z = Elevation of reservoirs (m)

HL = Head loss (m)

3.3.4.5 Cost Estimate

The cost estimate of the materials was based on the designed structure and the availability

and pricing of materials in the market.

Table 7. Material Estimate of Tank

Materials Estimate of Tank
Description Equation Unit
Concrete Works Circular Rectangular
 Total Volume 𝜋
× 𝑑2 × 𝐻 𝐿×𝑊×𝐻
4 𝑚3
 Sand 0.5 × 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3
 Gravel 1 × 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3
 Cement 9.1 × 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Bags

Reinforcing Steel Bars 1000

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝐶 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 × 𝑠 Pcs.
𝐿𝑑

PVC Pipe Estimates 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐿𝑑
Pcs.

Soil Excavation 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 Units
/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘ℎ𝑜𝑒
Note: The total cost of the material was obtained by multiplying the unit cost with
respect to its total unit.

3.3.4.6 Economic Analysis

A. Benefit to Cost Ratio

Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR) is the method of selecting alternatives for analyzing the

desirability of a project. BCR is one means to arrive at an informed decision on which project to

invest. It is based on the ratio of the Total Present Worth of Savings (TP) saved by the project to

the Cost associated with a particular project (CP).

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 (Eq. 3.17)

𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡 / 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
 B
NOTE: If the C ≥ 1, accept the project as economically justified for the estimates and discount

rate applied.

B
If the C < 1, the project is not economically acceptable.

B. Return of Investment (ROI)

Return of investment is a profitability measure that evaluates the performance of a business by

dividing net profit by net worth. It is also the benefit to an investor resulting from an investment

of some resource. A high ROI means the investment gains compare favorably to investment cost.

As a performance measure, ROI was used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or to

compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. In purely economic terms, it was

one way of considering profits in relation to capital invested.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 (Eq. 3.18)

ROI = x100%
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

D. Pay-out Period

The pay-out period is the length of time required to recover the cost of an investment.

The payback period of a given investment or project is an important determinant of whether to

undertake the project, as longer pay-out periods are typically not desirable for investment

positions. The pay-out period ignores the time value of money.

𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Payout Period =
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 + 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (Eq. 3.19)