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Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles


McGraw-Hill, 2008

Chapter 9
GAS POWER CYCLES
-
GAS TURBINE
Mehmet Kanoglu

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
•  Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for
which the working fluid remains a gas throughout
the entire cycle.
•  Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas
power cycles.
•  Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; the
Brayton cycle with regeneration; and the Brayton
cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration.
•  Analyze jet-propulsion cycles.
•  Identify simplifying assumptions for second-law
analysis of gas power cycles.
•  Perform second-law analysis of gas power cycles.

2
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS
OF POWER CYCLES Thermal efficiency of heat engines
Most power-producing devices operate on cycles.
Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the actual cycle
closely but is made up totally of internally reversible
processes is called an.
Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle have the
highest thermal efficiency of all heat engines
operating between the same temperature levels.
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally reversible, and
unsuitable as a realistic model.

Modeling is a
powerful
engineering tool
that provides great The analysis of many
insight and complex processes can be
simplicity at the reduced to a manageable
expense of some level by utilizing some
loss in accuracy. idealizations.
3
On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the The idealizations and simplifications in the
area enclosed by the cyclic curve to analysis of power cycles:
the area under the heat-addition 1.  The cycle does not involve any friction.
process curve represents the thermal Therefore, the working fluid does not
efficiency of the cycle. Any experience any pressure drop as it flows in
modification that increases the ratio pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
of these two areas will also increase 2.  All expansion and compression processes
the thermal efficiency of the cycle. take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner.
3.  The pipes connecting the various
components of a system are well
insulated, and heat transfer through them
is negligible.

Care should be exercised On both P-v and T-s diagrams, the area enclosed
in the interpretation of the by the process curve represents the net work of the
results from ideal cycles. cycle.
4
THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS
VALUE IN ENGINEERING
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally
reversible processes: isothermal heat addition,
isentropic expansion, isothermal heat rejection, and
isentropic compression.
For both ideal and actual cycles: Thermal
efficiency increases with an increase in the average
temperature at which heat is supplied to the system
or with a decrease in the average temperature at
which heat is rejected from the system.

P-v and T-s diagrams of


A steady-flow Carnot engine. a Carnot cycle.
5
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Customer Success Stories

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upgrade in Turkey delivers more
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AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
Air-standard assumptions:
1.  The working fluid is air, which
continuously circulates in a closed loop
and always behaves as an ideal gas.
2.  All the processes that make up the
cycle are internally reversible.
3.  The combustion process is replaced by
a heat-addition process from an
external source.
4.  The exhaust process is replaced by a
heat-rejection process that restores the
working fluid to its initial state.
The combustion process is replaced by
a heat-addition process in ideal cycles.

Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered to


be air with constant specific heats at room temperature (25°C).
Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are
applicable.

8
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES

The two major application areas of gas-turbine engines are:


1.  aircraft propulsion; and
2.  electric power generation

Gas turbine operation - represents by Brayton Cycle (also


known as Joule Cycle)
Aircraft propulsion
Aircraft
propulsion
Aircraft propulsion
Aircraft propulsion
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES - GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE)
How Gas Turbine Power Plants Work
(https://energy.gov/fe/how-gas-turbine-power-plants-work)

4 6

2 3

1
How Gas Turbine Power Plants Work
(https://energy.gov/fe/how-gas-turbine-power-plants-work)
There are three main sections:

A.  The compressor - which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it,
and feeds it to the combustion chamber (speed = hundreds of mphr)

B.  The combustion system – chamber + a ring of fuel injectors that


inject a steady stream of fuel into combustion chambers where it
mixes with the air. Burned temperature = more than 2000OF;
produces a high temperature, high pressure gas stream (enters and
expands through the turbine section).

C.  The turbine - is an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating


aerofoil-section blades. As hot combustion gas expands through the
turbine, it spins the rotating blades; Dual functions:
•  Driving the compressor to draw more pressurized air into the
combustion section, and
•  They spin a generator to produce electricity.
http://cset.mnsu.edu/engagethermo/components_gasturbine.html
BRAYTON CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES
Combustion process = a constant-pressure heat-addition process (an external source)
Exhaust process = a constant-pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air.

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)


2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

An open-cycle gas-turbine engine. A closed-cycle gas-turbine engine.


18
(observe the working fluid)
Pressure
ratio

Thermal
efficiency of the
ideal Brayton
cycle as a
T-s and P-v diagrams for function of the
the ideal Brayton cycle. pressure ratio.
19
For fixed values of Tmin and Tmax, the net
work of the Brayton cycle first increases
with the pressure ratio, then reaches a
maximum at rp = (Tmax/Tmin)k/[2(k - 1)], and
T-s and P-v diagrams for
the ideal Brayton cycle. finally decreases.
20
BRAYTON CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES

The highest temperature in the cycle is limited by the


maximum temperature that the turbine blades can withstand.

This also limits the pressure ratios that can be used in the
cycle.

The air in gas turbines supplies the necessary oxidant for the
combustion of the fuel, and it serves as a coolant to keep the
temperature of various components within safe limits.

An air–fuel ratio of 50 or above is not uncommon.

21
The fraction of the turbine
work used to drive the
compressor is called the
back work ratio.

22
MS5000, MS6001, MS7001 and MS9001. gas turbines. Table 2 lists the ratings of mechani-
The MS5000 is designed in both single- and cal-drive units, which range from 14,520 hp to
two-shaft configurations for both generator 108,990 hp (10,828 kW to 80,685 kW).
and mechanical-drive applications. The The complete model number designation for
MS5000 and MS6001 are gear-driven units that each heavy-duty product line machine is pro-
GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE) GAS TURBINES
can be applied in 50 Hz and 60 Hz markets. vided in both Tables 1 and 2. An explanation of

GE Generator Drive Product Line


Model Fuel ISO Base Heat Heat Exhaust Exhaust Exhaust Exhaust Pressure
Rating Rate Rate Flow Flow Temp Temp Ratio
(kW) (Btu/kWh) (kJ/kWh) (lb/hr) (kg/hr) (degrees F) (degrees C)
x10-3 x10-3
PG5371 (PA) Gas 26,070. 12,060. 12,721 985. 446 905. 485 10.6
Dist. 25,570. 12,180. 12,847 998. 448 906. 486 10.6
PG6581 (B) Gas 42,100. 10,640. 11,223 1158. 525 1010. 543 12.2
Dist. 41,160. 10,730. 11,318 1161. 526 1011. 544 12.1
PG6101 (FA) Gas 69,430. 10,040. 10,526 1638. 742 1101. 594 14.6
Dist. 74,090. 10,680. 10,527 1704. 772 1079. 582 15.0
PG7121 (EA) Gas 84,360. 10,480. 11,054 2361. 1070 998. 536 12.7
Dist. 87,220. 10,950. 11,550 2413. 1093 993. 537 12.9
PG7241 (FA) Gas 171,700. 9,360. 9,873 3543. 1605 1119. 604 15.7
Dist. 183,800. 9,965. 10,511 3691. 1672 1095. 591 16.2
PG7251 (FB) Gas 184,400. 9,245. 9,752 3561. 1613 1154. 623 18.4
Dist. 177,700. 9,975. 10,522 3703. 1677 1057. 569 18.7
PG9171 (E) Gas 122,500. 10,140. 10,696 3275. 1484 1009. 543 12.6
Dist. 127,300. 10,620. 11,202 3355. 1520 1003. 539 12.9
PG9231 (EC) Gas 169,200. 9,770. 10,305 4131. 1871 1034. 557 14.4
Dist. 179,800. 10,360. 10,928 4291. 1944 1017. 547 14.8
PG9351 (FA) Gas 255,600. 9,250. 9,757 5118. 2318 1127. 608 15.3
Dist. 268,000. 9,920. 10,464 5337. 2418 1106. 597 15.8
GT22043E
Table 1. GE gas turbine performance characteristics - Generator drive gas turbine ratings

All units larger than the Frame 6 are direct- the model number is given in Figure 1.
drive units. The MS7000 series units that are This paper reviews some of the basic thermo-
used for 60 Hz applications have rotational dynamic principles of gas turbine operation
GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE) GAS TURBINES
GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics

Fuel
Combustor Exhaust
2
Compressor 4

Generator

Turbine
Inlet Air
GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics
GT08922A

Figure 2. Simple-cycle, single-shaft gas turbine


combustion system is designed to provide mix- A schematic diagram for a simple-cycle, two-
ing, burning, dilution and cooling. Thus, by the shaft gas turbine is shown in Figure 3. The low-
Fuel
time the combustion mixture leaves the com- pressure or power turbine rotor is mechani-
Combustor Exhaust
bustion system and enters the turbine at point cally separate from the high-pressure turbine
3, it is at a mixed average temperature. and compressor rotor. The low pressure rotor
In the turbine section of the gas turbine, the is said to be aerodynamically coupled. This
Compressor
energy of the hot gases is converted into work. unique feature allows the power turbine to be
This conversion actually takes place in two operated at a range of speeds and makes two-
steps. In the nozzle section of the turbine, the shaft gas turbines ideally suited for variable-
hot gases are expanded and a portion of the speed applications.
HP LP Load
thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy. All of the work developed by the power turbine
In the subsequent bucket section of the turbine, is available to drive the load equipment since
a portion of the kinetic energy is transferred to the work developed by the high-pressure tur-
the rotating buckets and converted to work. bine supplies all the necessary energy to drive
Some of the work developed by the turbine is the compressor. On two-shaft machines the
used to drive the compressor, and the remain- starting requirements for the gas turbine load Turbine GT08923C
der is available for useful work at the output Inlet Air
train are reduced because the load equipment
flange of the gas turbine. Typically, more than is mechanically separate from the high-pressure Figure 3. Simple-cycle, two-shaft gas turbine
50% of the work developed by the turbine sec- turbine.
respond to the numbers also used in Figure 2. air at point 1 on a continuous basis in exchange
tions is used to power the axial flow compressor.
Path 1 to 2 represents the compression occur-
The Brayton Cycle for the hot gases exhausted to the atmosphere
As shown in Figure 2, single-shaft gas turbines
ringcycle
The thermodynamic in the compressor,
upon path 2 to 3 represents
which all gas at point 4. The actual cycle is an “open” rather
are configured in one continuous shaft and,
such an analysis is applied to the Brayton cycle,
Figure 7 illustrates a number of significant
the results can be displayed as a plot of cycle
points. In simple-cycle applications (the top
efficiency vs. specific output of the cycle.
curve), pressure ratio increases translate into
GENERAL
Figure 7 shows ELECTRIC
such a plot of output and(GE) GASgains
efficiency TURBINES
at a given firing temperature.

GT17983A

Figure 7. Gas turbine thermodynamics

GE Power Systems GER-3567H (10/00)


■ ■ 6
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Thermodynamic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Brayton Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
GENERAL
Thermodynamic Analysis. ELECTRIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(GE)
. . . . . . . . GAS
. . . . . . . . .TURBINES
.......................6
Combined Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Factors Affecting Gas Turbine Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Air Temperature and Site Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Humidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Inlet and Exhaust Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fuel Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Diluent Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Air Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Performance Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Inlet Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Steam and Water Injection for Power Augmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Peak Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Performance Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Verifying Gas Turbine Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE) GAS TURBINES
•  All turbomachinery experiences losses in performance with time.
•  Gas turbine performance degradation can be classified as recoverable
or non-recoverable loss.

A.  Recoverable loss:


•  compressor fouling and can be partially rectified by water washing
•  mechanically cleaning the compressor blades and vanes after
opening the unit.

B.  Non-recoverable loss:


•  increased turbine and compressor clearances and changes in
surface finish and airfoil con-tour.
•  Loss caused by reduction in component efficiencies, it cannot be
recovered by operational procedures, external maintenance or
compressor cleaning
•  Only through replacement of affected parts at recommended
inspection intervals.
Development of
Gas Turbines

1.  Increasing the turbine


inlet (or firing)
temperatures

28
Development of Gas Turbines

2.  Increasing the efficiencies of turbomachinery components


(turbines, compressors)

29
Development of Gas Turbines

3.  Adding modifications to the basic cycle


I.  Intercooling;
II.  Regeneration or recuperation; and
III.  Reheating

30
TO BE CONTINUED

31
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from
Idealized Ones
Reasons: Irreversibilities in
turbine and compressors,
pressure drops, heat losses

Isentropic efficiencies of the


compressor and turbine

The deviation of an actual gas-turbine cycle from the ideal


Brayton cycle as a result of irreversibilities.
32
THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION
•  Gas-turbine engines - the temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the turbine
is often higher than the temperature of the air leaving the compressor
(T4>T2).
•  Hence, the high-pressure air leaving the compressor can be heated by the
hot exhaust gases in a counter-flow heat exchanger (a regenerator or a
recuperator).
•  The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases as a result of
regeneration since less fuel is used for the same work output.

A gas-turbine engine with regenerator. 33


THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION

34
THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION

A gas-turbine engine with regenerator. 35


THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION
A gas-turbine engine with regenerator.

T-s diagram of a Brayton


cycle with regeneration.

36
T-s diagram of a Brayton
cycle with regeneration.

Effectiveness
of regenerator
Effectiveness under cold-
air standard assumptions
Under cold-air
standard assumptions 37
The thermal efficiency depends on the ratio of the minimum to
maximum temperatures as well as the pressure ratio.
Regeneration is most effective at lower pressure ratios and low
minimum-to-maximum temperature ratios.

Thermal
efficiency of the
ideal Brayton
cycle with and
without
regeneration.

38
THE BRAYTON
CYCLE:
-INTERCOOLING
-REHEATING
-REGENERATION

For minimizing work input to


compressor and maximizing
work output from turbine:

A gas-turbine engine with


two-stage compression with
intercooling, two-stage
expansion with reheating,
and regeneration and its T-s
39
diagram.
Multistage compression with intercooling:
•  The work required to compress a gas between two
specified pressures can be decreased by carrying out the
compression process in stages and cooling the gas in
between.
•  This keeps the specific volume as low as possible.

Multistage expansion with reheating


•  keeps the specific volume of the working fluid as high as
possible during an expansion process, thus maximizing
work output.

Intercooling and reheating


•  always decreases the thermal efficiency unless they are
accompanied by regeneration.
40
Comparison of work inputs:
•  to a single-stage
compressor (1AC)
•  a two-stage compressor
with intercooling (1ABD).

41
As the number of compression and expansion stages
increases, the gas-turbine cycle with intercooling, reheating,
and regeneration approaches the Ericsson cycle. 42
As with most of the groundbreaking projects we built, this single-shaft power plant Clie
was the first of its kind in South East Asia during the 1970s. Utilising the largest gas
turbine size, it has an extremely high energy efficiency rate of approximately 54% Sco
compared to the national average of 35%. SEARCH WEBSITE
(29579-T)
(29579-T)
The Prai Power Station uses use turbines to produce energy by burning natural gas
CORPORATE INFO CORE BUSINESS OUR PROJECTS
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and the heat producedINVESTORfrom the RELATIONS
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used to heat QSHE
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Home Our Projects Dam, Water Treatment Plants and Power Station Prai Power Station, Malaysia
Water in its liquid state is converted to steam upon heating and is channeled to the
turbine. The pressurised steam flow imparts high volumes of heat energy on the
Prai Power Station
Home Our Projects Dam, Water Treatment Plants bladesandandPower
shaftStation Prai Power
of the turbine Station,
causing Malaysia
it to rotate.
is converted to electrical energy using a generator.
The rotational mechanical energy
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Prai Power Station
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43
In the 1970s, this single-shaft Prai Power Station is the first-of-its-kind in South East Asia that utilizes turbines to produce energy which are converted into electrical energy with the help of the
generator.
44
45
• ENERGY RESOURCES
Installed Capacity as of 31st December 2012 in MW

Natural Gas

Biomass
Fuel Oil

Others
Diesel
Hydro

Total
Coal
TNB 1,911 5,075 - - - - - 6,986

Peninsular Malaysia
IPPs 20 8,069 7,200 - - - - 15,289

Co-Generation - 834 - 35 7 105 25 1,006

Self-Generation - 31 - - 577 370 1 979

SREP / FiT 9 - - - - 30 11 50

Subtotal 1,940 14,009 7,200 35 584 504 36 24,309

SESB 69 105 - - 244 - - 417

IPPs - 494 - 144 - - - 638

Co-Generation - 42 - - 60 111 - 212


Sabah

Self-Generation - - - - 526 123 11 660

SREP / FiT 7 - - - - 30 - 37

Subtotal 76 640 - 144 829 264 11 1,963

SEB 101 608 480 - 163 - - 1,352

IPPs 1,200 - - - - - - 1,200


Sarawak

Co-Generation - 289 - - - - 1 290

Self-Generation - - - - 13 16 - 29

Subtotal 1,301 897 480 - 176 16 1 2,871

Total 3,317 15,546 7,680 179 1,589 784 49 29,143


46
Source: Power Utilities and IPPs
IDEAL JET-
PROPULSION
CYCLES

•  Gas-turbine engines are widely used to power aircraft because


they are light and compact and have a high power-to-weight
ratio.
•  Aircraft gas turbines operate on an open cycle called a jet-
propulsion cycle.
•  The ideal jet-propulsion cycle differs from the simple ideal
Brayton cycle in that the gases are not expanded to the
ambient pressure in the turbine.
•  Instead, they are expanded to a pressure such that the power
produced by the turbine is just sufficient to drive the compressor
and the auxiliary equipment. 47
IDEAL JET-PROPULSION CYCLES
•  The net work output of a jet-propulsion cycle is zero.
•  The gases that exit the turbine at a relatively high pressure are
subsequently accelerated in a nozzle to provide the thrust to
propel the aircraft.
•  Aircraft are propelled by accelerating a fluid in the opposite
direction to motion.
•  This is accomplished by either slightly accelerating a large
mass of fluid (propeller-driven engine) or greatly accelerating
a small mass of fluid (jet or turbojet engine) or both
(turboprop engine).

In jet engines, the high-


temperature and high-
pressure gases leaving the
turbine are accelerated in a
nozzle to provide thrust. 48
Thrust (propulsive force)
Propulsive efficiency
Propulsive power

Propulsive power is
the thrust acting on the
aircraft through a
distance per unit time.

Basic components of a turbojet engine and the T-s diagram for the ideal turbojet cycle.
49
Modifications to Turbojet Engines
The first airplanes built were all propeller-
driven, with propellers powered by engines
essentially identical to automobile engines.
Both propeller-driven engines and jet-
propulsion-driven engines have their own
strengths and limitations, and several attempts
have been made to combine the desirable
characteristics of both in one engine.
Energy supplied to an aircraft
Two such modifications are the propjet engine
and the turbofan engine. (from the burning of a fuel)
manifests itself in various forms.

A turbofan engine. The most widely used


engine in aircraft
propulsion is the
turbofan (or fanjet)
engine wherein a large
fan driven by the
turbine forces a
considerable amount
of air through a duct
(cowl) surrounding the
engine.
50
A modern jet engine
used to power Boeing
777 aircraft. This is a
Pratt & Whitney
PW4084 turbofan
capable of producing
374 kN of thrust. It is
4.87 m long, has a 2.84
m diameter fan, and it
weighs 6800 kg.

Various engine types:


Turbofan, Ramjet, Propjet, Scramjet, Rocket

A turboprop engine. A ramjet engine.


51
SECOND-LAW ANALYSIS OF GAS POWER CYCLES
Exergy
destruction for a
closed system
For a steady-
flow system

Steady-flow, one-inlet, one-exit

Exergy destruction of a cycle

For a cycle with heat transfer


only with a source and a sink

Closed system exergy

Stream exergy

A second-law analysis of these cycles reveals where the largest


irreversibilities occur and where to start improvements.
52
Simple Ideal Brayton Cycle

A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton Cycle has a pressure ration of
8. The gas temperature is 300K at4/26/05
cen84959_ch09.qxd the compressor inlet
5:45 PM Page 512and 1300K at the turbine inlet.
Utilising air-standard assumptions, determine:

a)  The gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine;
b)  The back work ratio; and
c)  The thermal efficiency
512 | Thermodynamics
T, K
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor a
1300 3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb

nst. Solution A power plant operating on the ideal


co
P= The compressor and turbine exit temperatures, b
q in
4 mal efficiency are to be determined.
rp = 8 Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist
q out
2 wcomp tions are applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential en
st. 4 The variation of specific heats with temperatur
on
P =c Analysis The T-s diagram of the ideal Brayton
300
1 Fig. 9–35. We note that the components invol
steady-flow devices.
s (a) The air temperatures at the compressor and
from isentropic relations:
FIGURE 9–35
T-s diagram for the Brayton cycle Process 1-2 (isentropic compression of an ideal
53
discussed in Example 9–5. T1 ! 300 K S h 1 ! 300.19 kJ>kg
Pr1 ! 1.386
co Analysis The T-s diagram of the ideal Brayton cycle described is shown in
300 P=
1 Fig. 9–35. We note that the components involved in the Brayton cycle are
steady-flow devices.
s (a) The air temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits are determined
from isentropic relations:
512 | Thermodynamics
FIGURE 9–35
Process 1-2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas):
T-s diagram for the Brayton cycle
T, K discussed in Example 9–5. T1 ! 300 K S h 1 ! 300.19 kJ>kg
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine, (b) the
Pr1 ! 1.386
1300 3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb P2
Pr2 ! Pr1 ! 18 2 11.386 2 ! 11.09 S T2 ! 540 K 1at compressor exit2
P1
st. Solution A power plant operating on the ideal Brayton cycle is conside
on
P =c The compressor and turbine exit htemperatures, 2 ! 544.35 kJ>kg
back work ratio, and the
q in Process 3-4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):
4 mal efficiency are to be determined.
rp = 8 T3 ! 1300 1
Assumptions KS h 3 ! 1395.97
Steady kJ>kg conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assu
operating
q out
2 wcomp tions are applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are neglig
Pr3 ! 330.9

st. 4 The variation


P4 of aspecific
1
b 1330.9 2 heats
! 41.36 with
S T4 !temperature
770 K is toexit2
1at turbine be considered.
on Pr4 ! Pr3 !
P =c P 8
Analysis The T-s diagram of the ideal Brayton cycle described is show
3
300
1 Fig. 9–35. We note that the components h 4 ! 789.37involved
kJ>kg in the Brayton cycle
steady-flow devices.
(b) To find the back work ratio, we need to find the work input to the com-
pressor and the work output of the turbine:
s (a) The air temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits are determ
5:45 PM Page 512 wcomp,in ! h 2 " h 1 ! 544.35 " 300.19 ! 244.16 kJ>kg
from isentropic relations:
FIGURE 9–35 wturb,out ! h 3 " h 4 ! 1395.97 " 789.37 ! 606.60 kJ>kg

T-s diagram for the Brayton cycle Process


Thus,1-2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas):

dynamics
discussed in Example 9–5. T1 ! 300 K S h 1 r! wcomp,in
300.19 244.16 kJ>kg
!kJ>kg ! 0.403
bw !
wturb,out 606.60 kJ>kg
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine, (b) the back Pr1 ! of1.386
That is, 40.3 percent the turbine work output is used just to drive the
3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb compressor.
st. Solution A power plant operating on the ideal Brayton cycle is considered. (c) P
The
2 thermal efficiency of the cycle is the ratio of the net power output to
on P ! Pr1
The compressor and turbine exit temperatures, back work ratio, and the ther- r2 the total 18 2 11.386 2 ! 11.09 S T2 ! 540 K
!input:
heat 1at compressor e
4 mal efficiency are to be determined. P1
=8 Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assump- q in ! h 3 " h 2 ! 1395.97 " 544.35 ! 851.62 kJ>kg
q out
tions are applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
wnet ! wout " win ! 606.60 " 244.16h ! ! 544.35
2 362.4 kJ>kg kJ>kg
4 The variation of specific heats with temperature is to be considered.
Analysis The T-s diagram of the ideal Brayton cycle described is shown in
Fig. 9–35. We note that the components involved in the Brayton cycle are
Process
Thus,3-4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):
steady-flow devices. wnet 362.4 kJ>kg
s (a) The air temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits are determined 3 T ! 1300 K Sh thh ! q in 1395.97
3 !
! kJ>kg
851.62 kJ>kg
! 0.426 or 42.6% 54
from isentropic relations:

yton cycle Process 1-2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas): Pr3 ! 330.9
–5. T ! 300 K S h ! 300.19 kJ>kg
The thermal efficiency could also be determined from
512 | Thermodynamics q out
hth ! 1 "
T, K q in
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine, (b) the
where
1300 3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb q out ! h4 " h1 ! 789.37 " 300.19 ! 489.2 kJ>kg

st. Solution A power


Discussion Under plant operating
the cold-air-standard on the(constant
assumptions ideal Brayton cycle is conside
specific heat
on
P =c values at room temperature), the thermal efficiency would be, from Eq. 9–17,
The compressor and turbine exit temperatures, back work ratio, and the
q in 1 1
4 mal efficiency are !
hth,Brayton to 1be
" determined.
! 1 " 11.4"12>1.4 ! 0.448
1k"12>k
rp = 8 Assumptions 1 Steady operating rp 8
conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assu
q out
2 wcomp tions
which are applicable.
is sufficiently 3 the
close to Kinetic and potential
value obtained by accountingenergy
for thechanges
varia- are neglig
tion of specific heats with temperature.
st. 4 The variation of specific heats with temperature is to be considered.
on
P =c Analysis The T-s diagram of the ideal Brayton cycle described is show
300
1 Fig. 9–35. We note that the components involved in the Brayton cycle
Deviation
steady-flow of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles
devices.
s from
(a) The Idealized Ones at the compressor and turbine exits are determ
air temperatures
5:45 PM Page 512
The
from actual gas-turbine
isentropic cycle differs from the ideal Brayton cycle on several
relations:
FIGURE 9–35 accounts. For one thing, some pressure drop during the heat-addition and heat-
T
T-s diagram for the Brayton cycle Processprocesses
rejection 1-2 (isentropic
is inevitable.compression
More importantly,of the
anactual
idealwork
gas):
input to the
compressor is more, and the actual work output from the turbine is less
dynamics
discussed in Example 9–5. T1 ! of300
because K S h 1 ! The
irreversibilities. 300.19 kJ>kgof actual compressor and turbine
deviation
behavior from the idealized isentropic behavior can be accurately accounted
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine, (b) the back Pr1 ! 1.386
for by utilizing the isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and compressor as
3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb
st. Solution A power plant operating on the ideal Brayton cycle is considered.
P2 ws h2s " h1
h C ! 2 !!11.09 S T ! 540 K (9–19)
on Pr2 !
The compressor and turbine exit temperatures, back work ratio, and the ther- Pr1 ! 18 2 11.386 wa h2a " h1 2 1at compressor
2s e
2a

4 mal efficiency are to be determined. P1


=8
q out
and
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assump-
tions are applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
wa h3 " h4a
h ! 544.35 kJ>kg
2
4 The variation of specific heats with temperature is to be considered. 1
Analysis The T-s diagram of the ideal Brayton cycle described is shown in
hT ! ! (9–20)
ws
Process 3-4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):
h3 " h4s
Fig. 9–35. We note that the components involved in the Brayton cycle are
steady-flow devices. where states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the compressor and the
s T ! 1300 K S h ! 1395.97 kJ>kg
(a) The air temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits are determined 3 55
turbine, respectively, and3 2s and 4s are the corresponding states for the isen- FIGURE 9–3
from isentropic relations:
Process 1-2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas):
tropic case, as illustrated
Pr3 !in Fig.
330.99–36. The effect of the turbine and com- The deviatio
yton cycle pressor efficiencies on the thermal efficiency of the gas-turbine engines is
–5.
cycle from th
T ! 300 K S h ! 300.19 kJ>kg
Summary
•  Basic considerations in the analysis of power cycles
•  The Carnot cycle and its value in engineering
•  Air-standard sssumptions
•  Brayton cycle: The ideal cycle for gas-turbine engines
•  The Brayton cycle with regeneration
•  The Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating, and
regeneration
•  Ideal jet-propulsion cycles
•  Second-law analysis of gas power cycles

56

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