-2-101 2 (©) fi=2frand (d@) fi=mfrand b=) (e) fi=frand 6 =o)+ w/2 (f) fi=frand d=b.+0 3.2. (a) Show that the three functions illustrated in Figure P3.1 are pairwise orthogonal over the interval (—2, 2) (b) Determine the value of the constant. A, that makes the set of functions in part (a) an orthonormal set. (©) Express the following waveform, x(t), in terms of the orthonormal set of part (b). x(t) {t for0 <1 =2 ° 0 otherwise 3.3. Consider the functions walt) =exp(—|t]) and =1— Aexp(-2 |r|) Determine the constant, A, such that yf,(¢) and y,(t) are orthogonal over the interval (-™, &), Assume that in a binary digital communication system, the signal component out of the correlator receiver is a(7) = +1 or -1 V with equal probability. If the Gaussian noise at the correlator output has unit variance, find the probability of a bit error. GS) A bipolar binary signal, sf), is a +1- or -1-V pulse during the interval (0, 7). Addi- tive white Gaussian noise having two-sided power spectral density af 10° W/Hz is added to the signal. If the received signal is detected with a matched filter, determine the maximum bit rate that can be sent with a bit error probability of Py s 10°. G6 Bipolar pulse signals, (1) (= 1, 2), of amplitude #1 V are received in the presence of AWGN that has a variance of 0.1 V’. Determine the optimum (minimum probability of error) detection threshold, yo, for matched filter detection if the a priori probabili- ties are: (a) P(s,) = 0.5; (b) P(4) = 0.7; (e) P(s,) = 0.2. (d) Explain the effect of the a priori probabilities on the value of yp. Hint: Refer to Equations (B.10) to (B.12).} A binary communication system transmits signals s(t) (i = 1, 2). The receiver test statistic z(7) = a; + mo, where the signal component a; is either a; = +1 or a) ==1 and the noise component 1) is uniformly distributed, yielding the conditional density functions p(z\s)) given by 3 for -0.2 <2 =18 p(zls; {i 0 otherwise and Problems 163(clss) = {' for-18=z=02 Pll) = 10 otherwise Find the probability of a bit error, Pp, for the case of equally likely signaling and the use of an optimum decision threshold. (a) What is the theoretical minimum system bandwidth needed for a 10-Mbitsis signal using 16-level PAM without [SI? (b) How large can the filter roll-off factor be if the allowable system bandwidth is 1.375 MHz? 3.9. A voice signal (300 to 3300 Hz) is digitized such that the quantization distortion < 10.1% of the peak-to-peak signal voltage. Assume a sampling rate of $000 sam- ples/s and a multilevel PAM waveform with M = 32 levels. Find the theoretical mini- ‘tem bandwidth that avoids ISL Binary data at 9600 bits/s are transmitted using 8-ary PAM modulation with a system using a raised cosine roll-off filter characteristic. The system has a frequency re- sponse out to 2.4 kHz, (a) What is the symbol rate? (b) What is the roll-off factor of the filter characteristic? GAD) A voice signal in the range 300 to 3300 Hz is sampled at $000 samples’s. We may transmit these samples directly as PAM pulses or we may first convert each sample toa PCM format and use binary (PCM) waveforms for transmission. (a) What is the minimum system bandwidth required for the detection of PAM with no IS] and with a filter roll-off characteristic of r=1? (b) Using the same filter roll-off characteristic, what is the minimum bandwidth re- quired for the detection of binary (PCM) waveforms if the samples are quantized to eight levels? (©) Repeat part (b) using 128 quantization levels. 3.12. An analog signal is PCM formatted and transmitted using binary waveforms over a channel that is bandlimited to 100 kHz. Assume that 32 quantization levels are used and that the overall equivalent transfer function is of the raised cosine type with roll- off r=0.6, (a) Find the maximum bit rate that can be used by this system without introducing Isl. (b) Find the maximum bandwidth of the original analog signal that can be accommo dated with these parameters, (©) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for transmission with 8-ary PAM waveforms. 3.13. Assume that equally-likely RZ binary pulses are coherently detected over a Gaussian channel with N) = 10% Watt/Hz. Assume that synchronization is perfect, and that the received pulses have an amplitude of 100 mV. If the bit-error probability specification is Py = 10" find the largest data rate that can be transmitted using this system. Consider that NRZ binary pulses are transmitted along a cable that attenuates the signal power by 3 dB (from transmitter to receiver). The pulses are coherently de- tected at the receiver, and the data rate is 56 kbit/s. Assume Gaussian noise with Ny = 10 Watt/Hz. What is the minimum amount of power needed at the transmitter in order to maintain a bit-error probability of P= 10°? 3.15. Show that the Nyquist minimum bandwidth for a random binary sequence sent with ideal-shaped bipolar pulses is the same as the noise equivalent bandwidth. Hint: the power spectral density for a random bipolar sequence is given in Equation (1.38) and the noise equivalent bandwidth is defined in Section 1.7.2. 164 Baseband Demodulation/Detection Chap. 3