LokLF; uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa

efgykvksa] tsaMj vkSj vf/kdkj lEcU/kh –f’Vdks.k

vol. 23 no. 1 2017

vuqokn 2017
issn 1394-4444

cnyko ds fy,
ijLijPNsn% /keZ dk jktuhfrdj.k rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj

rF; lwph 41—47

oS f”od nf{k.k ls vkokt+ + s a
efgyk&ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fy,
/keZ vkSj jktuhfr dk iqu% la;kstu%
Q+jhnk “kkfgn ds lkFk okrkZyki
/keZ dk ¼nq½#i;ksx%
ckaXykns”k] Hkkjr] eysf”k;k] E;kuej
vkSj fQ+yhihal ls mnkgj.k
19—28
laikndh; o jpuk lewg 48
published by
the asian-pacific resource & research
centre for women (arrow)

ySafxd U;k; dh [kkst esa /keZ ls iwNrkN%

Q+qykVk eks;ks ds lkFk okrkZyki

ns”kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuqJo.k

29—33

,d dne vkxs] 10 dne ihNs%

lqf[k+Z;k 6—18 CEDAW vkSj Vksaxk

fuHkhZd çfrfØ;kvksa dh vko”;drk% ysfVu vesfjdk vkSj dSfjfc;u esa

/kkfeZd vfrokn] :f<+okn] ySafxd /kkfeZd :f<+okfnrk fgUnh vuqokn
vkSj ekuokf/kdkj dk orZeku ifj–”;
/keZ vkSj jktuhfr dh nksrjQ+k vkx dh
,sjks ds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
yisV esa
vf/kdkj Kku lk>k dsaæ ls lalk/ku
33—37
laikndh; 2—6 ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj%
e‚YMhOt++] eksjDdks vkSj ikfdLrku ls
ARROW received institutional support
/keZ vkSj jktuhfr% mnkgj.k p;fur ,sjks lalk/ku 37—39 from the Ford Foundation and
efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ds fy, pqukSfr;Wak Foundation for a Just Society (FJS)
/kkfeZd fu;a=.k vkSj ;qok ih<+h%
ckaXykns”k vkSj Hkkjr esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk ifjHkk’kk,¡ 40—41
 2 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
1 ;s tul¡[;k vkSj fodkl ij varjjk’Vªh;
lEeysu] tks 1994 esa dkW;jks esa gqvk Fkk ¼vr%
dkW;jk uke ls tkuk tkrk gS½] rFkk efgykvksa
ds pkSFks fo”o lEesyu] tks 1995 esa chftax esa
gqvk Fkk ¼vr% chftax uke ls tkuk tkrk gS½ dks
lEcksf/kr djrs gSa-
2 “cgqla[;dokn ,d ikjEifjd jkthuhfrd
n”kZu vFkok ,tsaMk gS tks bl ckr ij cy
nsrk gS fd tula[;k dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx
¼tks dHkh dHkh /keZ] Hkk’kk] lkekftd oxZ ;k
vU; igpkudkjd ds vk/kkj ij oxhZ—r
gksrk gS½ dqN gn rd lekt esa ç/kkurk dk
gdnkj gS] rFkk mls mu fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus dk
vf/kdkj gS tks lekt dks çHkkfor djrs gSa- ”
“Majoritarianism,” accessed
April 27, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Majoritarianism
lEikndh;
/keZ vkSj jktuhfr%
efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ds fy, pqukSfr;kWa
geus ;g vuqeku rd ugha yxk;k Fkk fd nkuo gS ftldks tkfr vkSj /kkfeZd] nksuksa
tc dSjks vkSj chftax ,tsaMk1 lQy gks gh igpkusa HkM+dkrh gSa] vkSj tks bl fopkj
tk,¡xs rc jk’Vªh;] {ks=h;] vkSj fo”o Lrj dks lq–.k djrk gS fd jk’Vª dh jktuhfrd
ij] rFkk lhekvksa ds vkj&ikj ge ,d oS/krk ewy :i ls /kkfeZd fl)karksa ds
/kkfeZd vfrokn dk iqu#RFkku ns[ksaxsA bl vuqikyu ls çkIr dh tkrh gSA tkrh;&
vkØe.k ds dkj.k dbZ lkjs ,sls /kkfeZd jk’Vªokn jk’Vª] HkkSxksfyd {ks=]
vf/kdkj] tks geus lksps Fks fd efgykvksa laL—fr vkSj /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dks ,d nwljs
vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks çkIr gks tk,¡xs vkSj esa feykus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS vkSj mUgsa
et+cwrh ls LFkkfir gks tk;saxs] os lc u, efgykvksa dh “kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkk ds t+fj;s
fljs ls [+krjs esa gSaA vf/kdkjksa ij rhoz ifjHkkf’kr dj mu ij tcnZLrh Fkksirk gSA
geyk fd;k x;k gS] vkSj gkyk¡fd bls
lkekU;r% /kkfeZd dêjokn ds uke ls tkuk ijarq bl nkuo ls yM+us ds fy,] gesa igys
tkrk gS] ;g vU; jktuhfrd ço`fÙk;ksa esa bls le>uk gksxk] vkSj mu fLFkfr;ksa dks
jpk clk gS ftUgsa tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn Hkh le>uk gksxk ftUgksaus bls mRiUu fd;k
ds uke ls of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn jk’Vª] HkkSxksfyd
;s rhu “kCn & jk’Vªokn] tkrh;rk] vkSj {ks=] laL—fr vkSj /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dks ,d&nwljs
/keZ & cgqr gn rd “kfä”kkyh jktuhfrd esa feykus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS vkSj mUgsa
vkSj fi=lÙkkRed /kkj.kk gSaA ;g –fXo’k;
fdl ckr dk çfrfuf/k gS] bldks iwjh rjg efgykvksa dh “kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkk ds t+fj;s
ls le>us ds fy, bu “kCnksa dks ifjHkkf’kr ifjHkkf’kr dj mu ij t+cnZLrh Fkksirk gSA
djuk gekjs fy, mi;ksxh gSA jk’Vªokn
,d vo/kkj.kk gS tks ns”k ds lkFk tkfrxr ;gh lc orZeku jktuhfrd okrkoj.k ge
igpku ij vk/kkfjr gS] vkSj bl igpku ij tSls yksxksa ds fy, & tks efgyk&vf/kdkjksa]
vk/kkfjr gksdj laçHkqrk] vkRe fu.kZ; vkSj
Lo”kklu dk leFkZu djrh gSA tkrh;rk ;kSu ,oa çtuu vf/kdkjksa vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa
ml igpku dh vksj b”kkjk djrh gS tks ds fy, dk;Z dj jgs gSa & cgqr pqukSrhiw.kZ
çk;% fojklr esa feyrh gS rFkk lk>k oa”k]
laL—fr] Hkk’kk vkSj jhfr&fjokt++ksa ij cuk jgk gSA
vk/kkfjr gSA tkrh;&jk’Vªokn] jk’Vªokn dk
tkfr vk/kkfjr Lo:i gS tks vius pje :i gSA vrhr esa jk’Vªksa us /keZfujis{k yksdrU=
esa bl /kkj.kk dks bafxr djrk gS fd fdlh dks gh vkxs c<+kus dk mfpr jkLrk ekuk
jkT; dh ukxfjdrk dsoy ,d gh tkfr FkkA ijarq vkt vius dks bDdhloha lnh esa
;k laL—fr& lewg ds fy, lhfer gksuh vkxs ys tkus ds fy, ns”kksa us jk’Vªh;
pkfg,A /keZ dks viukuk vkjEHk fd;k gS & tSls fd
ckS) Jh yadk] bZlkbZ vesfjdk] fgUnw Hkkjr
/keZ esa lfEefyr gSa vkLFkk] /kkfeZd fØ;k] vkSj eqfLye VdhZA vusd ns”kksa esa jk’Vªh;
ewy xzUFk] vkSj vrhafæ; ds ckjs esa /keZ çk;% fdlh ,d cgqla[;d tkrh;
fo”o–f’V] rFkk budk ç;ksx igpku& vFkok çtkrh; lewg ls lEc) gksrk gSA
foHksnd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA tkrh;rk
çk;% ,d vke@lkoZtfud /keZ dh lwpd bu lewgksa dk rhoz vkokà gS yksdrU= dh
gksrh gS] vkSj /kkfeZd jk’Vªokn dk eryc gS vkM+ esa cgqla[;dokn2 vkSj fi=lÙkkRed
tc /keZ ds lkFk] tkrh;rk] Hkk’kk vkSj jktuhfr dh vksj okilhA efgykvksa]
laL—fr] jk’Vªh; igpku dk |ksrd gks tkrk tkrh;&/kkfeZd vYila[;dksa vkSj ;kSfud
gSA vYila[;dksa dh lekurk rFkk fofo/krk
dh Loh—fr & ;s lc cgqla[;dksa ds fy,
tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn rc ,d ,slk [+krjk ekus tkrs gSaA fnypLi ckr ;g gS
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 3
lEikndh; vol. 23 no.1 2017

Notes & References

fd ;g –fXo’k; egk}hiksa] fofHkUu tkfr;ksa tkrh;&jk’Vªh; /kkfeZd dk;Zç.kkyh] jk’Vªh;
vkSj /keksaZ esa Li’V :i ls fn[kkbZ ns jgk vkSj oSf”od Lrj ij c<+rh gqbZ xjhch]
gSA
vlekurk vkSj vfLFkjrk ds fy, dksbZ 3 Society for Health Education (SHE),
Perceptions of Islam and Sexual and
;|fi /keZ bl –fXo’k; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
fgLlk gS] ijUrq ;g ,dek= fgLlk ugha gSA lek/kku miyC/k ugha djk ikrh gSA uk gh
Reproductive Health and Rights in the Maldives
(Male and Kuala Lumpur: SHE and Asian-Pacific
c<+rh gqbZ xjhch] vFkkg vlekurk,a vkSj ;g vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks pqukSrh nsrh gSa & Resource and Research Centre for Women,
2016), accessed April 27, 2017, http://arrow.
vU;k;] voljksa vkSj lalk/kuksa dh fo”ks’kdj uo&mnkjoknh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ org.my/publication/interlinkages-religion-
vuqiyC/krk] det+ksj “kklu] ,oa f”k{kk dk srhrmaldives/.
fuEu Lrj & ;s lHkh og vk/kkj gSa tks tSls fd futhdj.k] jktdks’kh; ferO;f;rk]
tkrh; jk’Vªokn dks tUe nsrs gSaA bLrseky vfofu;eu] eqä O;kikj vkSj lekt dY;k.k 4 Q+rokfdlh bLykfed /kkfeZd usrk }kjk
fn;k x;k vkns”k vFkok oSf/kd er gS “Fatwa,”
esa yk;s x, rdZ ,di{kh; gSaA igyk rdZ Merriam-Webster, accessed April 27,
gS ^ml nwljs* dh ljy igpku & og tks lsokvksa esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk dks de djuk 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/
lalk/kuksa vkSj voljksa dks ?kVk dj] xjhch & tks xjhch] vlekurk vkSj i{kikr dks dictionary/fatwa.

vkSj vlekurkvksa dks mRiUu djrk gS; 5 gnhFk iSxEcj eqgEen }kjk nh x;h ijEijkvksa
nwljk rdZ gS fd cgqokn vkSj mnkjokn xgjk djrh tkrh gSA ;k dFkuksa dk vfHkys[k gS] tks /kkfeZd dkuwu
fopkj/kkjk,¡ ^ml nwljs* dks leku vf/kdkj vkSj uSfrd ekxZn”kZu ds ,d eq[; L=ksr ds
nsrh gSa vkSj ^ml nwljs* dks cgqla[;dksa ls :i esa iwtuh; vkSj Lohdk;Z gS vkSj bLyke dh
vf/kd leFkZ cukrh gSa; rhljk rdZ gS fd cukrh gS] vkSj foykser%A fu%lUnsg dqN ifo= iqjrd d+qjku ds çHkqRo ds ckn nwljs uacj
ij gSA “Hadith,” Encyclopaedia Britannica,
,d “kfä”kkyh jk’Vª /kkfeZd ewY;ksa ij lg;ksxh laLFkkvksa vkSj vkLFkk&vk/kkfjr https://global.britannica.com/topic/Hadith.
vk/kkfjr cgqla[;d jktuhfr ds }kjk vPNk laxBuksa us bl çdkj dh dwVuhfr;ksa ls
“kklu djsxk vkSj lalk/kuksa vkSj voljksa lQyrk çkIr dh gSA e‚YMhOt+ esa ,sjks
dk cgqla[;dksa esa U;k; laxr forj.k (ARROW) dh lg;ksxh laLFkk Society for
djsxk; vafre rdZ fu%lansg ;g gS fd Health Education (SHE)3 us dqN çxfr”khy
tks O;fä mnkjokn vkSj cgqokn dk nkok /kkfeZd fo}kuksa ds lkFk xHkZikr miyC/k
djrs gSa ¼buesa vf/kdka”kr% ysfLc;u] xs] djkus lEcU/kh ,d Q+rok4 dks ikfjr
ckbZlsDlqvy] VªkaltsaMj] baVjlsDl] dqbZj djus ds fy, dke fd;kA bu fo}kuksa us
(LGBTIQ) lØh; çfrHkkxh gSa½] os bl gnhFk5 dh dqN vk;rksa dk m)j.k fn;k
/kkfeZd] cgqla[;doknh vkSj tkrh;& tks mu ifjfLFk;ksa dk leFkZu djrha Fkha
jk’Vªoknh jk’Vª dh lQyrk ds jkLrs esa ftuds varxZr xHkZikr Loh—r FkkA mUgksaus
vkM+s vkrs gSaA vr% mUgsa jk’Vª dk “k=q ekuk dqN ,slh vk;rksa dks Hkh m)r fd;k tks
tkrk gSA os Hkh ^ml nwljs* dh Js.kh esa vk fofHkUu eqíksa ij çxfroknh Fkha & tSls
tkrs gSaA ^ml nwljs^ dh Js.kh fofHkUu eqíksa varjax lkFkh ds }kjk dh x;h fgalk ;k
ij fofHkUu lewgksa esa Iykfor gks tkrh gSA oSokfgd cykRdkj dk fojks/k] ;k xHkZfujks/k
;s ,drjQk rdZ vkd’kZd gSa] vklkuh ls dk leFkZuA ;s uhfrxr vkSj lQy Fkk]
vo”kks’; gSa] vkSj mxys tk ldrs gSaA ijarq fo”ks’kdj e‚YMhOt++ ds lUnHkZ esa] tgk¡
tkrh;&jk’Vªh; /kkfeZd dk;Zç.kkyh] jk’Vªh; lkekU;r% bLyke dh ,d&:i le> FkhA
vkSj oSf”od Lrj ij c<+rh gqbZ xjhch]
vlekurk vkSj vfLFkjrk ds fy, dksbZ eqfLye ns”kksa] tSls bUMksusf”k;k] ikfdLrku]
lek/kku miyC/k ugha djk ikrh gSA uk gh esa xHkZ fujks/k vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu miyC/k
og vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks pqukSrh nsrh gSa & djkus dk vf/kdrj dke blh çxfr”khy
fo”ks’kdj uo&mnkjoknh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡] fopkj/kkjk okyh j.kuhfr ls fd;k x;k]
tSls fd futhdj.k] jktdks’kh; ferO;f;rk] ftlus cPpksa ds tUe esa varj cukus okys
vfofu;eu] eqä O;kikj vkSj lekt eqís dks Hkh c<+kok fn;kA
dY;k.k lsokvksa esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk dks
de djuk & tks xjhch] vlekurk vkSj ;g j.kuhfr lsusxy tSls ns”kksa esa efgyk
i{kikr dks xgjk djrh tkrh gSA tuukax fo—fr ds ekeys esa Hkh lQy jgh
gSA
/keZ ds vk/kkj ij efgyk vf/kdkjksa] fo”ks’k
:i ls ;kSu vkSj çtuu vf/kdkjksa] ij nwljk –f’Vdks.k ,d ,sls /keZfujis{k <kaps esa
yxkbZ x;h ikcafn;ksa ds fojks/k esa gqbZ cglksa dke djus dk gS tks efgyk lekurk dks
esa nks –f’Vdks.k ns[kus esa vkrs gSaA ,d gS igpkurk gS vkSj c<+kok nsrk gSA eksjDdks esa
/keZ dh :ijs[kk ds varxZr dke djuk] gekjh lg;ksxh laLFkk ,lksfl,”ku ekjksdSu
rFkk U;k;ksfpr vkSj de i{kikrh O;k[;k Mh IykfufQ+ds”ku Qsfefy;y us Hkh lqjf{kr
dks c<+kok nsuk tks vf/kdkj çkfIr dks lqxe
 4 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lEikndh;

Notes & References

6 Fadoua Bakhadda, Religious

Fundamentalism and Access to Safe Abortion
Services in Morocco (Rabat and Kuala Lumpur:
Moroccan Family Planning Association and
ARROW, 2016), accessed April 27, 2017, http://
arrow.org.my/publication/
interlinkagesreligion-
srhr-morocco/.
7 Smriti Daniel, Zainab Ibrahim, Darshi
Thoradeniya, Edna Malkanthi, and Evangeline
de Silva, Ethno-Religious Nationalism and
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
in Sri Lanka: A Social Media, Print Media and
Policy Review (Colombo and Kuala Lumpur:
Women and Media Collective and ARROW,
2016), accessed April 27, 2017, http://
arrow.org.my/publication/ethno-
religiousnationalism-
srhr-sri-lanka/.
8 P. Balasubramanian, Rajalakshmi Ram
Prakash, and N. Srilakshmi, Religious
Fundamentalism and Comprehensive Sexuality
Education in South India (Tamil Nadu and
Kuala Lumpur: Rural Women’s Social Education
Centre and ARROW, 2016), accessed April
27, 2017, http://arrow.org.my/publication/
religious-fundamentalism-
comprehensivesexuality-
education-cse-south-india/.
9 Rachael McGuin and Nang Lao Liang
Won, Myanmar/Burma—Breaking Barriers:
Advocating Sexual and Reproductive Health
and Rights (Kuala Lumpur: ARROW, 2016),
accessed April 27, 2017, http://arrow.org.my/
publication/myanmar-burma-country-study/.
10 “Freedom of Religion in Malaysia,”
accessed April 27, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_
Malaysia#Marriage_and_divorce.
11 Nazme Sabina, Religious Extremism and
Comprehensive Sexual and Reproductive
Health and Rights in Secondary and Higher
Secondary Education in Bangladesh (Dhaka
and Kuala Lumpur: Naripokkho and ARROW,
2016), accessed April 27, 2017, http://arrow.
org.my/publication/religious-
extremismcomprehensive-
sexual-reproductive-healthrights-
secondary-higher-secondary-
educationbangladesh/.
12 Atashendartini Habsjah, The Influence
of Conservative Religious Interpretations on
Child Marriage in West Java and East Java
(forthcoming publication by Yayasan Kesehatan
Perempuan/Women’s Health Foundation and
ARROW).
13 Nazish Brohi and Sarah Zaman, Impact of
Fundamentalist Discourses on Family Planning
Practices in Pakistan (Karachi and Kuala
Lumpur: Shirkat Gah—Women’s Resource
Centre and ARROW, 2016), accessed April 27,
2017, http://arrow.org.my/publication/
impactfundamentalist-
discourses-family-planningpractices-
pakistan/
xHkZikr dh igq¡p ij dke fd;k gS6A ifjokj fu;kstu ij ^cks/kq cksyw lsuk* dk
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd efYydh Ldwy] lEHkk’k.k cgqla[;d jktuhfr ij vk/kkfjr
ftldh O;k[;kvksa dks lcls l[+r vkSj Fkk] vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh fd varjjk’Vªh;
dBksj ekuk tkrk gS vkSj tks xHkZikr dks laLFkkvksa] tSls fd eSjh LVksIl baVjus”kuy
oftZr ekurk gS] og eksjDdks ds bLykfed vkSj ih,lvkbZ] dk ,tsaMk flagyh efgykvksa
n”kZu esa lcls vxz.kh gSA ijarq fQj Hkh dks ck¡> cukdj flagyk ckS)ksa dh tula[;k
lg;ksxh vkSj fgr/kkjd] lekt dY;k.k dks de djus dk FkkA mlh le; Jh yadk
rdksaZ dk bLrseky djds lqjf{kr xHkZikr dks ,d ckS) ns”k ds :i esa lqjf{kr j[kus
rd igq¡p djkus esa lQy jgsA cykRdkj] gsrq eqfLye tula[;k dks fu;af=r djus ds
O;fHkpkj vkSj Hkzw.k fo—fr dh fLFkfr esa fy, çfr naifÙk nks cPps rd lhfer djus
xHkZikr dh vuqefr fnykus ds fy, ekStwnk ds laokn Hkh mHkj dj vk,A cgqla[;d
dkuwu dks la”kksf/kr djokus esa Hkh fgr/kkjd jktuhfr dk ;g vk/kkj vkSj cgqla[;d
lQy jgsA ;g j.kuhfr eksjDdks esa lQy tkfr dks cuk;s j[kuk] çxfr”khy fopkjksa
jgh tks ,d laoS/kkfud jktrU= gS & tgk¡ dks mHkjus vkSj mUgsa lekt esa ekU;rk
ds çxfr”khy jktk dks lkekftd dY;k.k feyus ls jksdrk gSA
ds rdksaZ us vkdf’kZr vkSj vk”oLr fd;k
vkSj ;g ns”k vHkh Hkh cM+s iSekus ij çxfr”khy fopkjksa dks viuh tM+sa [kkstus ds
/keZfujis{k gSA fy, nwljh pqukSrh ;g gS fd cgqr ls ns”kksa
esa /keZ dks igpku&jktuhfr (identity politics)
/keZfujis{k <k¡ps ds varxZr dke djuk ds lzksr ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
lØh; dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj leFkZdksa dks Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k efgyk lekt dsaæ8 }kjk
efgykvksa dh “kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkrk] “kkjhfjd fd;s x, “kks/k esa cgqr lkjh ,slh dgkfu;k¡
v[kaMrk] vf/kdkj vkSj pquko ds vf/kdkj gSa ftuesa ;g ckr mHkj dj vkbZ fd fdl
ds fl)karksa dks c<+kok nsus dh vuqefr çdkj ls fefJr fookg ¼fHkUu
nsrk gSA /kkfeZd <k¡ps ds varxZr dke /keZ okys O;fä;ksa ds chp fookg½ dks
djuk vo”; gh dqN lhekvksa esa cka/krk gSA grksRlkfgr vkSj oftZr fd;k tkrk Fkk &
mnkgj.k ds fy, /kkfeZd usrk tc xHkZfujks/k dHkh dHkh rks cgqr ncko vkSj fgalk ds
vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu rd igq¡p] vfookfgr lkFk] tks fo”ks’k :i ls efgykvksa ij yxk,
vkSj ;qokvksa ds fy, O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk] tkrs FksA E;kuej esa Hkh ljdkj us fefJr
cky&fookg vkSj t+cju “kkfn;ksa ij jksd] fookg dks jksdus ds fy, ,d dkuwu ikl
,oa fHkUu ;kSfud #>ku vkSj tsaMj igpku fd;k9 vkSj eysf”k;k esa ,d eqlyeku ls
vkSj vfHkO;fä ds yksxksa ds çfr HksnHkko “kknh djus okys O;fä dks igys bLyke
u djus dk leFkZu djrs gSa] rc Hkh os /keZ dcwy djuk iM+rk gS10A bu ekeyksa
lkoZHkkSfed :i ls larfr fuxzg dk leFkZu esa viuk lkFkh pquus dh Lok;Ùkrk] O;fä
ugha djrsA vkSj ;g rc gS tc lHkh fo”ks’k] ifjokj] vkSj leqnk; dh ,d leku
/keksaZ esa bu ekeyksa ds leFkZu esa mnkjoknh igpku ds fopkjksa dh f”kdkj gks tkrh gSA
O;k[;k,¡ ekStwn gSaA rc ç”u ;g gS fd tkfr&/keZ vk/kkfjr jk’Vª esa fefJr fookgksa
mnkjoknh O;k[;k,a foLr`r :i ls ekU; dks oftZr] grksRlkfgr ;k nafMr fd;k
D;ksa ugha gksrha vkSj budk vf/kd ç;ksx tkrk gS D;ksafd os ikjaifjd ifjokjksa dks
D;ksa ugha gksrk\ ,slk ewy :i ls blfy, & tks lkekftd mRiknu vkSj çkFkfed
gksrk gS D;ksafd /kkfeZd O;k[;k,¡ fuokZr esa lkekthdj.k ds eq[; LFkku gSa & vkrafdr
ugha gksrha vkSj u gh dsoy fdrkcksa vkSj djrs gSaA
fo}kuksa ds lkFk fopkj&foe”kZ lsA
rhljh pqukSrh ;g gS fd ;kSu vkSj çtuu
çxfroknh /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk dks eq[; /kkjk vf/kdkjksa ls lEcaf/kr dBksj vkSj lhfer
esa ykus ds fy, ik¡p varfuZfgr pqukSfr;k¡ O;k[;k;sa xjhch ds lanHkZ esa lcls
gSaA igyh pqukSrh ;g gS fd vusd ns”kksa esa vf/kd et+cwr gSA ckaXykns”k11] bUMksusf”k;k12
cgqr et+cwr tkrh;&jk’Vªoknh lEHkk’k.k gS vkSj ikfdLrku13 esa gq, “kks/k ;g fn[kkrs
tks /kkfeZd O;k[;k ds fy, çlax miyC/k gSa fd xjhc] xzkeh.k] vkSj de f”kf{kr
djkrk gSA Jh yadk esa ohesu ,aM ehfM;k leqnk;] fodkl ds fcanq iFk ls vf/kd
dysfDVo dk ,d “kks/k7 ;g fn[kkrk gS fd nwj Fks vkSj vkfFkZd] “kSf{kd] LokLF; vkSj
jk’Vªifr jkti{ks ds usr`Ro okyh Jh yadk lkekftd lalk/kuksa rd mudh igq¡p de
dh fiNyh jktuhfrd ljdkj ckS) fHk{kqvksa FkhA bu “kfä vkSj lalk/ku nqyZHk {ks=ksa
}kjk lapkfyr nf{k.k iaFkh ^cks/kq cksyw lsuk* esa leqnk; ds yksx vDlj ml leqnk;
ds mn; ls lEc) FkhA xHkZ fujks/k vkSj ds yhMjksa] /kkfeZd usrkvksa vkSj çHkko”kkyh

lEikndh;
yksxksa ds fu;a=.k esa jgrs FksA leqnk; ds
;s lkekftd usrk tsaMj vkSj /keZ] nksuksa dk
ç;ksx oxhZdj.k dks [+kRe djus ds ctk;
mldks Fkksius ds fy, djrs gSa D;ksafd bu
leqnk;ksa dh igq¡p f”k{kk] ;krk;kr] rduhfd
o çxfr”khy fopkjksa rd de Fkh] rFkk
,d O;kid lkekftd O;oLFkk] tks fofHkUu
çxfr”khy fopkjksa dk leFkZu djs] muds
vfLrRo esa ugha FkhA bu ekeyksa esa /kkfeZd
usrkvksa us tks Hkh dke fd, mlus efgykvksa
dks vius “kjhj vkSj LokLF; ds fy, fu.kZ;
;kSu vkSj çtuu vf/kdkjksa ls lEcaf/kr dBksj
vkSj lhfer O;k[;k;sa lcls vf/kd et+cwr
xjhch ds lanHkZ esa gSA ckaXykns”k] bUMksusf”k;k
vkSj ikfdLrku esa gq, “kks/k ;g fn[kkrs gSa fd
xjhc] xzkeh.k] vkSj de f”kf{kr leqnk; vkSj
fodkl ds fcanq iFk ls vf/kd nwj Fks vkSj
vkfFkZd] “kSf{kd] LokLF; vkSj lkekftd
lalk/kuksa rd mudh igq¡p de Fkh
ysus esa leFkZ cukus ds ctk; tsaMj ¼fyax½
“kfä vlarqyu dks gh c<+kok fn;kA
pkSFkh pqukSrh Fkh dqN fo”ks’k /kkfeZd lewgksa
}kjk HkM+dkbZ x;h vfroknh O;k[;kvksa dk
,d ls nwljs bykds esa rhoz xfr ls fu;kZrA
bLyke esa ogkch/lykQh n”kZu ds vkfHkHkkZo
dks bLyke dh vkn”kZ O;k[;k ekuk x;k
ftlesa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj
vf/kdkjksa ij vR;f/kd ikcUnh FkhA bZlkbZ
/keZ esa vesfjdu bokatsfydy ppZsl ds
fu;kZr us xHkZfujks/k] xHkZikr vkSj leySafxdksa
ds fojks/k ds ,tsaMk dks c<+kok fn;k14A ns”kksa
ds chp /kkfeZd erksa vkSj lekt dY;k.k
miknku ds vfHkK fu;kZr us leqnk;ksa dh
ml LokHkkfod {kerk dks {kh.k dj fn;k
ftlds }kjk os Lora=rk iwoZd vius fu;e
vkSj /kkfeZd O;k[;k,a cuk ldrs ¼tks mudh
viuh laL—fr vkSj muds }kjk th gqbZ
okLrfodrk dks çfrfcafcr djrh½15A tks
yksx bl rjg dh /kkfeZd O;k[;k,a fu;kZr
dj jgs Fks os /keZfujis{k] ekuokf/kdkj vkSj
efgyk vf/kdkj ds <kapksa dks ;g dg dj
csn[+ky dj jgs Fks fd ;s lc lPps
/keZ ds ikyu esa [+krjk gSaA vafre pqukSrh
;g gS fd dbZ ns”kksa esa /keZ dks laLFkkxr
dj fn;k x;k gSA ogk¡ ij u dsoy ppZ]
efLtn] eafnj] iqtkjh] mLrkn vkSj lk/kw
flokuaFkh FkkusafFkjku }kjk
dk;Zdkjh funs”kd] ,sjks (ARROW) | bZesy: siva@arrow.org.my
vkSj ewyxzUFk gSa; oju~~ /kkfeZd lewg] /kkfeZd
Ldwy] /kkfeZd LokLF; lsok,¡] vkSj /kkfeZd
U;k;ky; Hkh gSa tks bu O;k[;kvksa ij
vk/kkfjr fØ;kvksa dks dk;kZfUor djrs gSaA
,d iwjh lkekftd16] vkfFkZd17 vkSj dkuwuh18
ç.kkyh gS tks /keZ ij vk/kkfjr gS; tks
vyxko] ifo=rk] vuq’Bku vkSj dêjokn
dk leFkZu djrh gS; vkSj tks u dsoy
çxfr”khy O;k[;k;ksa dks l{ke cukus]
oju~ laLFkkxr lq/kkjksa ij Hkh dke djus
dh vko”;drk dks tUe nsrh gSA o’kksaZ ls
ywFkju ppksaZ esa vf/kdkj&vk/kkfjr lfØ;
dk;ZdrkZ vkxs c<+ dj ;kSu vkSj çtuu
vf/kdkjksa dks ,d laLFkk ds :i esa ¼u fd
O;fä fo”ks’k /kkfeZd usrk ds :i esa½ leFkZu
nsus esa lQy gq, gSaA /kkfeZd usrkvksa esa
çxfr”khy fopkjksa dks mRiUu djus vkSj
c<+kok nsus ds lkFk lkFk efgykvksa dh
“kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkrk] v[kaMrk vkSj vf/kdkjksa
dks vkSj et+cwr vkSj lq–<+ djus dh çfØ;k
Hkh gksuh pkfg,A
/keZ dh LorU=rk dk leFkZu djus ds lkFk
lkFk gesa /keZ ls LorU=rk dk Hkh leFkZu
djuk pkfg,A fo”ks’k :i ls u, yksdra=ksa
esa ,sls yksdrkfU=d laLFkkuksa dks et+cwr
fd, tkus dh vko”;drk gS tks /kkfeZd
laLFkkuksa dh “kfä vkSj çHkko dks fu;af=r
djus esa leFkZ gksa] vkSj tc vf/kdkjksa dk
guu ;k vfrØe.k gksrk gS rc mldk
fuokj.k Hkh dj ldsa & bu nksuksa ij cjkcj
dk fuos”k gksuk pkfg,A det+ksj “kklu ds
lkFk tqM+h gS naM&eqfä dh laL—fr] vkSj
bu lHkh ns”kksa esa jk’Vª dk /keZ ds lkFk
lac)hdj.k ds ckotwn ljdkj ds lHkh
Lrjksa ij vfu;af=r Hkz’Vkpkj O;kIr gSA vr%
bl ckr ij T+;knk iwNrkN dh vko”;drk
gS fd D;k “kfä”kkyh O;fä viuh /kkfeZd
dêjrk dks fNikus ds fy, mls /kkfeZdrk
dk tkek igukrs gSa vkSj yksxksa dk /;ku
fodkl] “kklu vkSj tokcnsgh tSls cM+s eqíksa
ls gVk nsrs gSaA blds vfrfjä vxj ge
bl mFky iqFky okys le; esa lekurk]
LorU=rk vkSj x+Sj&HksnHkko dh vksj c<+uk
pkgrs gSa rks gesa mu lHkh çxfr”khy
vkanksyuksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djuk gksxk tks
tkfr] /keZ vkSj tsaMj dh lhekvksa ls ijs
dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj ,d ,slk et+cwr la;qä
ekspkZ çnku djrs gSa tks tkrh;&/kkfeZd
jk’Vªokn ds opZLo dks pqukSrh nsus esa l{ke
gSaA
| fV~oVj: @SivananthiT
arrow cnyko ds fy, 5
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
14 Peter Montgomery, “Global Religious Right
Asks ‘How Far Can We Get?’; And More In
The Global LGBT Recap,” Religion Dispatches,
May 2, 2017, accessed May 16, 2017, http://
religiondispatches.org/global-religious-
rightasks-
how-far-can-we-get-and-more-in-theglobal-
lgbt-recap/.
15 Fred R. von der Mehden, “Saudi Religious
Influence in Indonesia,” Middle East Institute,
December 1, 2014, accessed May 16, 2017,
http://www.mei.edu/content/map/
saudireligious-
influence-indonesia.
16 Rose Calnin Kagawa, Andrew Anglemyer,
and Dominic Montagu, “The Scale of
Faithbased
Organisation Participation in Health
Service Delivery in Developing Countries:
Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis,” PLOS
One 7-11 (2012): e48457, accessed May 16,
2017, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048457,
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/
article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048457.
17 Brett Freudenberg and Mahmood
Nathie, “Tax and Religion: Never the Twain
Shall Meet?” (paper presented at the 9th
International Tax Administration Conference,
Sydney, April 8-9, 2010), accessed May
16, 2017, https://www.taxinstitute.
com.au/files/dmfile/FeatureArticle-
TaxandReligion_20100720.pdf.
18 Azahar bin Mohamed, “The Impact of
Parallel Legal Systems on Fundamental Liberties
in Multi-religious Societies,” accessed May
16, 2017, http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6376/1/
Azahar_bin_Mohamed_Impact_of_Parallel_
Legal_Systems_Research%20Paper.pdf.
 6 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
1 ekuokf/kdkj ds fy, mPpk;qä ds la;qä jk’Vª
la?k ds dk;kZy; ¼OHCHR½ dh ;s gky dh
fjiksVsaZ mxzokn vkSj dêjokn] nksuksa dks] vf/kd
foLrkj ls lEcksf/kr djrh gSa: Report of the
Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom
of Peaceful Assembly and of Association (A/
HRC/32/36, on the impact of fundamentalism)
http://undocs.org/A/HRC/32/36; and Report
of the Special Rapporteur in the Field of
Cultural Rights (on religious extremism and
fundamentalism) https://gallery.mailchimp.
com/67191046cd42cbb7c7d4196b0/
files/9e9e7158-d3b9-4b34-89fc-
b9dd26352c35/G1700743.pdf
2 bu lUnHkksaZ ds ySafxd ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa]
fo”ks’kdj efgyk ekuokf/kdkj j{kdksa ds lUnHkZ
esa] vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa: Cynthia
Rothschild, ed., Gendering Documentation: A
Manual for and About Women Human Rights
Defenders (Women Human Rights Defenders
International Coalition, 2016), accessed May
17, 2017, http://www.defendingwomen-
defendingrights.org/2016/09/04/gendering-
documentation-a-manual-for-and-about-
women-human-rights-defenders-2/.
3 United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights, “A/
HRC/29/23 Discrimination and Violence
against Individuals based on Their Sexual
Orientation and Gender Identity: Report
of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights,” accessed
May 17, 2017, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/
Issues/Discrimination/Pages/LGBTUNReports.
aspx.
4 United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights, “A/
HRC/4/34 Report of the Special Rapporteur
on Violence against Women, Its Causes and
Consequences, Yakin Ertürk: Intersections
between Culture and Violence against Women,”
accessed May 17, 2017, http://www.ohchr.
org/EN/Issues/Women/SRWomen/Pages/
AnnualReports.aspx.
lqf [+k Z; k¡
lkgfld vuqfØ;kvksa dh vko’;drk%
/kkfeZd vfrokn] :f<+okn] ySafxd ,oa ekuokf/kdkj
dk orZeku ifj–’;
i`Foh ds dbZ LFkkuksa ij fujk”kktud lkfcr çfrcaf/kr vkSj [+krjukd :i ls fd;k
gq, o’kZ 2016 ds ckn vc ge u;h o iqjkuh tkrk gS½ dh fcØh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk
pqukSfr;ksa ds lkFk 2017 ds e/; esa gSaA gSA fu%lUnsg nqfu;k Hkj esa yksx nSfud
bl o’kZ ij x+kSj djus ls gesa ;g ifj–”; thou esa NksVs gfFk;kjksa dk ç;ksx djrs
fn[kkbZ nsrk gS% ;kSu vkSj çtuu vf/kdkjksa gSaA ?kjsyw vkSj vkilh fgalk] vkRe?kkrh ce
vkSj tsaMj ij dke djus okys lØh; foLQksV] lkewfgd xksyhckjh] vkSj ç.kkyhxr
dk;ZdrkZvksa dks Hkfo’; esa cgqr dke djus iqfyl Øwjrk & tks fdlh fo”ks’k tkfr ;k
gSa] vkSj ekuokf/kdkj lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks lewg dks y{; cukrh gS] tSls vesfjdk ds
Hkh; mudks Hkh tks “kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkrk ;k vÝ+hdu&vesfjdu iq#’k & ds lUnHkZ esa
vR;kpkj ls LorU=rk dk leFkZu djrs gSa] ;g lp gSA blh chp ljdkjsa ik”pkR;
;k os tks i;kZoj.k vkSj t+ehu ls lacfU/kr yksdrU= ;k jk’Vª laçHkqrk ¼;k jktuhfr
vf/kdkjksa ij] ;k Jfedksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij] “kkL= ds vusdksa vU; “kCn½ dh nyhysa
;k [kk| vkSj ty ds vf/kdkj ds fy,] ;k nsdj jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd “kfä çkIr
vfHkO;fä dh LorU=rk] lHkk vkSj lfefr djus esa yxh jgrh gSaA vkf[kjdkj os jk’Vª
ds vk;kstu lEca/kh vf/kdkjksa ij dk;Z gSa vkSj jk’Vª ;gh djrs gSaA
djrs gSa] muds fy, Hkh Hkfo’; esa cgqr dke
gSaA rks ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd gekjs ikl /keZ dh dBksj O;k[;kvksa ds lHkh O;fä;ksa
j{kk djus okys vf/kdkjksa dh vkSj fo?kfVr & fo”ks’kdj efgykvksa vkSj fo”ks’k :i ls
djus ;ksX; neudkjh ra=ksa dh dksbZ deh muds ;kSfudrk vkSj çtuu lEcU/kh
ugha gS & nSfud vk/kkj ijA ¼vf/kd fuand/ vf/kdkjksa & ij fouk”kdkjh çHkkoksa ij dksbZ
nks’kn”khZ {k.kksa esa ge ;g rdZ ns ldrs gSa Hkh ppkZ dqN vkSj vfrfjä fl)karksa ij
fd ;g lkaRouk nk;d gS fd gekjs ikl fVdh gksrh gSA
pquus ds fy, vusd fodYi gSa: dksbZ Hkh
fdlh ,d vf/kdkj {ks= rd lhfer ugha gS dksbZ Hkh ,d O;fä dêjokn dk Lokeh
tc fd ifj–”; [+krjksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA½ ugha gSA fdlh Hkh ,d xqV] ljdkj ;k
{ks= dk ç.kkfy;ksa ij ,dkf/kiR; ugha gS
bl jktuhfrd {k.k esa] oSf”od mÙkj rFkk tks xjhch vkSj L=h tkfr ls }s’k dks c<+kok
nf{k.k] nksuksa esa gh vfrokn dk vfHklj.k/ nsrh gSa] ;k tks ^f}rh; Js.kh* ds ukxfjd
lfEeyu pqukSrhiw.kZ gSA /kkfeZd vfrokn iSnk djrh gSa ;k ukxfjdrk& ;k ekuork &
dh Bksl/ et+cwr] vfojks/kh vkykspukRed dks iw.kZ :i ls udkjrh gSaA u gh dêjiaFkh
leh{kk] lkewfgd :i ls ge lØh; O;oLFkk,a ,d nwljs ls vyx jg dj dke
dk;ZdrkZvksa dh #f/kj /kkj esa çokfgr gksuk djrh gSa% /keZ dk gsjQsj vkSj nq#i;ksx]
vko”;d gSA vkSj /kkfeZd dêjokn ds pqukSrhiw.kZ vkfFkZd fLFkfr;k¡ ¼fo”ks’k :i ls
–fXo’k; dks ,d varjkuqHkkxh; ysal1 oSf”od vlekurk dh fLFkfr;k¡] vkfFkZd
ls ns[kus dh Hkh vko”;drk gSA ,d voljksa dh dfe;k¡] rFkk iwathokn vkSj
jpukRed] dwVuhfrd çfrjks/k dsaæ esa jguk fuxfer yksHk ds vU; çHkko½] ljdkjh vkSj
pkfg,A jktuhfrd “kfä dk nq#i;ksx] vkSj vfMx
lSU;okn rFkk fi=lÙkk & ;s dqN ,sls çlax
/kkfeZd rkuk’kkgh vkSj uo mnkjoknh gSa tks u dsoy vius vki esa vkSj vius
vkfFkZd uhfr ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, vkils tqM+s gq, gSa] oju~ mu lc esa xq¡Fkk
gSa vkSj iwathokn] fyaxokn] fons”kh Hkhfr] gqvk gS ,d egRoiw.kZ /kkxk% mu lHkh ds
vçokfl;ksa dk Hk;] oSf”od “kj.kkFkhZ ladV] fof”k’B tsaMj lEcaf/kr fufgrkFkZ gSa2A buesa
lSU;okn vkSj O;fäxr rFkk lkewfgd :i ls dqN rks dsoy vf/kdkjksa dks lhfer djrs
ls ekuo thou ds fueZe gkl ls budks gSa vkSj dqN mUgsa [+kRe dj nsrs gSaA lHkh
et+cwrh feyrh gSA iwoZ] if”pe] mÙkj] efgyk,a] vkSj os O;fä tks ;kSu vkSj tsaMj
nf{k.k & lHkh txg vkradokn ^ml nwljs* lEca/kh lkekftd ekudksa ds vuq:i ugha gSa]
ds lkFk xqaFk tkrk gSA j{kk m|ksxksa dk lHkh {ks=ksa esa çk;% naMkHkko ds lkFk fu”kkus
iks’k.k ceckjh djus okys Mªksu] gokbZ rFkk ij gksrs gSa3]4A
leqæh tgkt+ksa ¼tks lsukvksa dks mu {ks=ksa esa
Hkstus ds fy, bLrseky fd;s tkrs gSa tgk¡ /kkfeZd dêjokn ml jktuhfrd “fä
/keZ & vkids ifjizs{; esa & dk vuqikyu dh ryk’k ij vk/kkfjr gS tks efgyk

 arrow cnyko ds fy, 7
 lq f [+ k Z ; k¡ vol. 23 no.1 2017

Notes & References

vf/kdkjksa dks vLohdkj djrh gS] ;kSu Åij fouk”kdkjh çHkko iM+rk gSA pkgs
vfHkO;fä dks lhfer djrh gS vkSj oks osfVdu] :lh dêjiaFkh ppZ] nS,”k@
’kjhjksa dks fu;af=r djrh gSA tks vfrokn vkbZ,lvkbZ,y] cksdks gje] vksiql nsbZ]
/keZ lEca/kh fopkjksa ds tksM+&rksM+ ij fuHkZj Mksfefu;fuLV~l (Daesh/ ISIL, Boko Haram, 5 See, for instance, Cassandra Balchin,
Towards a Future Without Fundamentalisms:
djrk gS] mlds vius uhfr vkSj okLrfod Opus Dei, the Dominionists) gksa ;k vU; Analysing Religious Fundamentalist
thou ds fufgrkFkZ gSaA ;kSu ,oa çtuu bZlkbZ bZokatsfydy lewg gksa tks ;wukbVsM Strategies and Feminist Responses (Toronto,
vf/kdkjksa ds lanHkZ esa tks ço`fr;ka vkSj LVsV~l ;k ysfVu vesfjdk esa fLFkr gSa & Ontario: Association for Women’s Rights in
Development, 2011), accessed May 11, 2017,
jktuhfrd mís”; /kkfeZd vfrokn dks muds }kjk tks Hkh j.kuhfr;k¡ ç;ksx esa yk;h https://www.awid.org/publications/towards-
HkM+dkrs gSa] os oks rkdrsa gSa tks xHkZfujks/k tkrh gSa oks çk;% efgyk&vf/kdkj guu vkSj future-without-fundamentalisms.
dks jksdrh gSa; ;kSu&f”k{kk vkSj lsokvksa ls ukjh&}s’kh Lo:i dks c<+kok nsrha gSa] ftudks
badkj djrh gSa] xHkZikr djkus okyksa vkSj iwjh rjg ls udkj dj vUrr% /oLr dj 6 See, for instance, Gillian Kane, “Latin
America in the Crosshairs: Alliance Defending
xHkZikr çnkrkvksa dks xS+j dkuwuh ekurh fn;k tkuk pkfg,5A Freedom Takes Aim,” The Public Eye, Summer
gSa; tkfr] oxZ vkSj /keZ dh lhekvksa dks 2015, 10-21, accessed May 11, 2017, http://
rksM+ dj fd, tkus okys fookg dks fuf’k) /kkfeZd vfrokn Hkw&jktuhfrd LFkkuksa www.politicalresearch.org/2015/07/13/latin-
america-in-the-crosshairs-alliance-defending-
vkSj nafMr djrh gSa; leySafxd iq#’kksa vkSj esa iuirk gS rFkk efgyk vf/kdkjksa freedom-takes-aim/.
efgykvksa dks fxj¶++ rkj djrh gSa; lsDl odZj vkSj ;kSu Lok;Ùkrk ij fd, x, çgkjksa
vkSj VªkUltsaMj ds Åij gksus okys vkØe.k dks {ks=h; vkSj oSf’od ekuokf/kdkj
dks U;k;laxr Bgjkrh gSa; tsaMj ds ekeys ç.kkyh ds vanj ?kqlus ds ç;klksa ds
esa x+Sj&vuq:i ;qokvksa dks Bksdj ekjdj lkFk lfEefJr djrk gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa]
?kjksa vkSj Ldwyksa ls ckgj fudky nsrh gSa; mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;kSu vfHkfoU;kl vkSj
x+Sj ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ds dk;kZy;ksa ij Nkis tsaMj igpku ls lEcaf/kr vf/kdkjksa dks
ekjrh gSa; mudh iw¡th ij jksd yxk nsrh gSa lhfer djus ds ç;kl] jk’Vª vkSj ukxfjd
;k fQj mUgsa can djok nsrh gSaA fo”ks’kdj lekt ds }kjk la;qä jk’Vª la?k vkSj mldh
efgykvksa ds fy, ;gh oks rkdrsa gSa tks ekuokf/kdkj ç.kkyh dh çHkko”khyrk dks
fookg esa cykRdkj dks ekU;rk nsrh gSa] lhfer djus ds ç;klksa esa my> dj jg
viuk thou lkFkh pquus ;k cPps gksa ;k u tkrs gSaA vius jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd ykHk
gksa bl ckr dk fu.kZ; ysus dh vuqefr ugha ds fy, /keZ esa gsjQsj djus okyksa dh ,d
nsrha] jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dks nafMr djrh vke vkSj orZeku j.kuhfr gS {ks=h; vkSj
gSa] vkSj fojklr vkSj Hkw&LokfeRo ds oSf”od “kklu ç.kkfy;ksa dks funZUr]
vf/kdkj dks voS/k cukrh gSaA fu/kZu vkSj voS/kkfud cukukA
baVj&vesfjdu deh”ku (Inter-American
tks O;fä fufgr jktuhfrd LokFkksaZ ds fy, Commission), la;qä jk’Vª ekuokf/kdkj
/keZ esa gsjQsj djrs gSa vkSj vfroknh ySafxd ifj’kn (UN Human Rights Council) vkSj
–f’Vdks.k dks c<+kok nsrs gSa] os çk;% budks varjjk’Vªh; vijk/k U;k;ky; (International
vf/kfu;fer djus ds fy, j.kuhfr;ksa dh
,d Ja`[kyk dks rSukr djrs gSa: os >wB /kkfeZd dêjokn ml jktuhfrd “kfä
cksyrs gSa] Hk; dks HkM+dkrs gSa] ijaijk vkSj dh ryk”k ij vk/kkfjr gS tks efgyk
laL—fr ds fl)karksa esa gsjQsj djrs gSa] vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks vLohdkj djrh gS] ;kSu
>wBs bfrgkl jprs gSaA
vfHkO;fä dks lhfer djrh gS vkSj
efgyk,a vkSj gkf”k;s ij fLFkr yksxksa dks “kjhjksa dks fu;af=r djrh gS
bl çdkj dh pkyksa ls fo”ks’k :i ls [+krjk
jgrk gS vkSj igyk vkØe.k mUgha ds Åij Criminal Court)] ;s rhu mnkgj.k gSa mu
gksrk gSA ç.kkfy;ksa ds tks vkØe.k dh pisV esa gSa]
vuqeku ls dqN gn rd rks vo”; gh]
jktuhfrd vkSj lkaL—frd rkdr ds :i D;ksafd bUgsa bl rjg ls vfHkdfYir fd;k
esa /kkfeZd dêjokn oSf’od gS vkSj] ;fn x;k gS fd ;s ljdkjksa dks lHkh
lHkh ugha rks] vf/kdrj /keksaZ ds chp gSA ekuokf/kdkjksa & ftuesa tsaMj vkSj efgykvksa
dbZ lewgksa }kjk /keZ dh vfroknh O;k[;k;ksa ds vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gSa & dh j{kk djus
dks Loh—fr feyrh gS vkSj mudk ç;ksx vkSj mUgsa c<+kok nsus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
jktuhfrd LokFkksaZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA cuk,¡6A
dqN ckS)] bZlkbZ] ;gwnh] fgUnw] eqfLye o
vU; /keZ ds yksx mu ço`fÙk;ksa vkSj uhfr;ksa vkxs ns[krs gq,] dêjoknh dk;ZØeksa dks
dks c<+kok nsrs gSa ftudk efgykvksa vkSj pqukSrh nsuk ,d varjkuqHkkxh; fo’k;&oLrq
tsaMj tfur gkf”k;s ij fLFkr yksxksa ds gS tks lHkh {ks=ksa ds ekukokf/kdkj j{kdksa dks
 8 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
7 Pinjra Tod: Break the Hostel Locks,
accessed May 11, 2017, https://www.facebook.
com/pg/pinjratod/about/?ref=page_internal.
8 Observatory on the Universality of Human
Rights, https://www.oursplatform.org/the-
project/.
lqf [kZ; k¡
fofHkUu eqíksa ij ,d nwljs ls tksM+rh gSA
okLro esa ;g ,d lkewfgd lkgliw.kZ
çfrjks/k vkSj fojks/k dk le; gS] pkgs oks
tsaMj vkSj ;kSfudrk dk ekeyk gks ;k
fdlh vkSj vf/kdkj dk ekeykA vPNh
[+kcj ;g gS fd ftl rjg ls vf/kdkjksa
ds çfr psruk dh deh ugha gS] mlh
çdkj jpukRed ifj;kstukvksa vkSj lfØ;
dk;ZdrkZvksa & tks fojks/k djus dh fgEer
j[krs gSa & dh Hkh dgha dksbZ deh ugha
gSA tuojh 2017 esa oSf”od efgyk ekpZ esa
efgykvksa vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa us 600 ls vf/kd
fojks/k çn”kZuksa dk eapu fd;kA gkyk¡fd
vkjEHk esa bUgsa vejhdh pquko ds çfrfØ;k
Lo:i vk;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk] ;s lHkk,a
lHkh lkr egk}hiksa ds 80 ls vf/kd ns”kksa esa
gqbZa vkSj bUgksusa lkekftd U;k; ds eqíksa dh
,d foLr`r J`a[kyk dks tksM+kA
Hkkjr esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa us fiatjk rksM+%
^Nk=kokl ds rkys rksM+* vfHk;ku dk
vk;kstu fd;k] ftldh ek¡x Fkh fnYyh esa
efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, lqjf{kr] lLrk
vkSj tsaMj&HksnHkko jfgr vkokl miyC/k
djkukA ^fiatjk rksM+* HksnHkkoiw.kZ@;kSfud@
tkrh; çFkkvksa dks pqukSrh nsrk gS tks
efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh uSfrd j{kk ds led{k
gS7A
vçSy 2017 esa fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds efgyk&
vf/kdkj vkSj ukjhoknh laxBuksa us lkewfgd
:i ls ^tyok;q U;k; ds fy, efgykvksa
dh oSf”od iqdkj* (Women’s Global Call for
Climate Justice) uked fo”o Lrjh; vfHk;ku
dk vk;kstu fd;k ftlesa gt+kjksa yksxksa us
,dtqV gksdj tyok;q U;k; dh ekax dhA
py jgs vfHk;kuksa esa fQ+th ohesu fMQsafMax
n d‚eUl çkstsDV Hkh gS tks NksVs }hih;
jkT;ksa }kjk >sys tk jgs [+krjksa ij dsfUær
gSA efgyk laxBu vkSj ekuokf/kdkj laxBu
yxkrkj lkgl ls lÙkkoknh bZftIV vkSj
rqdhZ dh ljdkjksa ij ncko cuk;s j[k jgs
gSa] blds ckotwn fd mudks vkSj muds
deZpkfj;ksa dks yxkrkj ç”kklfud vkSj
O;fäxr mRihM+u dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk
gSA
efgyk dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj ekuokf/kdkj lewgksa
}kjk ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfedrk
ij ,d os/k”kkyk (The Observatory on the
Universality of Human Rights) cuk;h x;h gS]
ftldk mís”; gS mu miØeksa dk vuqJo.k
vkSj fo”ys’k.k djuk tks ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh
lkoZHkkSfedrk dks de djus ds fy, /keZ]
laL—fr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk nq#i;ksx djrs
gSa8A
okLro esa ;g ,d lkewfgd
lkgliw.kZ çfrjks/k vkSj fojks/k dk le;
gS] pkgs oks tsaMj vkSj ;kSfudrk dk
ekeyk gks ;k fdlh vkSj
vf/kdkj dk ekeykA vPNh [+kcj
;g gS fd ftl rjg ls vf/kdkjksa
ds çfr psruk dh deh ugha gS] mlh
çdkj jpukRed ifj;kstukvksa vkSj
lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa & tks fojks/k djus
dh fgEer j[krs gSa & dh Hkh dgha
dksbZ deh ugha gSA tuojh 2017 esa
oSf”od efgyk ekpZ esa efgykvksa vkSj
lg;ksfx;ksa us 600 ls vf/kd fojks/k
çn”kZuksa dk eapu fd;kA gkyk¡fd
vkjEHk esa bUgsa vejhdh pquko ds
çfrfØ;k Lo:i vk;ksftr fd;k x;k
Fkk] ;s lHkk,a lHkh lkr egk}hiksa ds
80 ls vf/kd ns”kksa esa gqbZa vkSj bUgksusa
lkekftd U;k; ds eqíksa dh ,d foLr`r
J`a[kyk dks tksM+kA
Hkkjr esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa us fiatjk rksM+%
^Nk=kokl ds rkys rksM+ks* vfHk;ku dk
vk;kstu fd;k] ftldh ek¡x Fkh fnYyh
esa efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, lqjf{kr]
lLrk vkSj tsaMj&HksnHkko jfgr vkokl
miyC/k djkukA
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 9
lq f [kZ ;k¡ vol. 23 no.1 2017

ukjhoknh çfrjks/k dh vU; fnypLi /keZfujis{k lEesyu; lqjf{kr xHkZikr çkfIr

ifj;kstukvksa esa lfEefyr gSa & fQ+yhihal
dh ^vksD;qikbZ ikaMh* (Occupy Pandi)
ifj;kstuk ftlesa “kgjh x+jhc efgykvksa us
vkokl ifj;kstukvksa ds edkuksa ij dCt++k
fd;k; eSfDldks esa efgykvksa vkSj i=dkjksa
dh gR;kvksa ds fojks/k esa py jgs ç;kl;
vÝ+hdh efgyk leySafxdksa ds xBca/ku dh
Lok;Ùkrk ifj;kstuk (The Coalition of African
Lesbians Autonomy Project) tks “kkjhfjd
Lok;Ùkrk ij ckrphr dks c<+kok nsrh gS;
fu’d’kZ.k m|ksxksa }kjk çk—frd
lalk/kuksa ds nksgu vkSj fofu;kstu ds
fojks/k esa efgykvksa }kjk oSf”od fojks/k;
cs#r&2017 varjjk’Vªh; efgyk fnol vkSj
^es Ms* ds varjkuqHkkxh; tqywl ftUgksaus
çoklh ?kjsyw Jfedksa ds vf/kdkjksa ij Hkh
/;ku dsfUær fd;k; lÅnh vjc vkSj dqoSr
dk vfHk;ku ^vkbZ ,e ekbZ vksu xkftZ;u*]
ftldh tM+sa 2014 ds ^lÅnh ohesu
Mªkbfoax* vfHk;ku esa gSa; fczVsu ds
vkSj çtuu U;k; ds fy, ^,cksVZ n fLVXek*
vfHk;ku; yacs le; ls pyus okyk ^es 28
baVjus”kuy Ms v‚Q ,D”ku Q+‚j ohesu
gSYFk* vkSj efgykvksa ds f[+kykQ+ ^rduhdh
fojks/kh fgalk okil ys yks* baVjusV
vfHk;kuA
cs”kd ;s mu vusdksa mnkgj.kksa esa ls dqN
gh mnkgj.k gSa tks lalkj Hkj esa gksus okys
fofHkUu fopkjiw.kZ] j.kuhfrd vkSj fofo/k
vk;kstuksa dks çR;{k djrs gSaA tSlk fd
n”kdksa ds vf/kdkj lfØ;rkokn ls geus
lh[kk gS] gesa gj laHko rjhds ls viuk
dke djuk pkfg,; dksbZ Hkh ,d rjhdk
lcls vPNk ugha gSA vkSj tc ge bl o’kZ
esa LFkkfir gks tkrs gSa] ge fuf”pr :i ls
egÙoiw.kZ] fuHkhZd vkSj Hkjiwj j.kuhfr;ksa dk
Q+k;nk mBk ldrs gSaA vk”kk gS ge yksx
2017 esa] rFkk vkus okys o’kksaZ esa t+ksjnkj]
gksf”k;kj vkSj çHkko”kkyh cusaxsA

flafFk;k jksFkLpkbYM }kjk

U;w ;‚dZ esa jgus okyh ekuokf/kdkj] ukjhokn vkSj ;kSfud vf/kdkj dk;ZdrkZ vkSj ysf[kdk | bZesy% crothschild@igc.org

/keZ vkSj jktuhfr dh nksrjQ+k vkx dh

yisV esa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj%
e‚YMhOt++] eksjDdks vkSj ikfdLrku ds mnkgj.k

vfrokn dk mn;% fo”o esa yxHkx gj vkokt++ sa iwjs fo”o esa ik;h tkus okyh
/keZ vfroknh vYila[;dksa dh o`f) gksrs gq, ;qfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djds lekt ij gkoh
ns[k jgk gS tks vlfg’.kqrk] mRihM+u vkSj jgrh gSa & Mj QSykdj] jktuhfrd fgr]
fgalk dks U;k;laxr Bgjkus ds fy, vkfFkZd fu;a=.k vkSj /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dh ,d
/keZ dk “kks’k.k djrs gSaA ;g ço`fÙk ,f”k;k fo”ks’k le> dks ykxw djk djA /kkfeZd
esa çpfyr gS vkSj ;g fdlh ,d /keZ fo”ks’k Hkk’kk jktuhfrd Hkk’kk cu tkrh gS] D;ksafd
esa ugha gS] tSls E;kuej vkSj Jh yadk esa /kkfeZd fo’k; oLrq dk ç;ksx jktuhfrd
ckS) /keZ] fQ+yhihal esa dSFkksfyd /keZ] Hkkjr
mís”;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
esa fgUnqRo] rFkk ckaXykns”k] bUMksusf”k;k] gSA os yksx] tks dêjiaFkh vkSj vfroknh
e‚YMhOt++ ] eksjDdks vkSj ikfdLrku esa fLFkfr;ksa dh odkyr djrs gSa & pkgs os
bLyke ds dêjiaFk vkSj vfrokn ds mn; “kklu vFkok “kklu fojks/kh rRo gksa & os
esa ns[kk x;kA çHkko”kkyh vkSj çpfyr cus jgrs gSa] vius
^nSoh;&in* ds dkj.k ugha cfYd ml rjhds
bl ço`fÙk dk ewy fdlh ,d /keZ ;k dh otg ls ftlds rgr mUgksaus jkT;
laLFkku :ih /keZ esa ugha gS] cfYd tkrh;rk “kfä ;k jktuhfrd cgqer dh “kfä dk
vkSj /keZ dh O;kidrk vkSj vkilh tqM+ko /kwrZrk ls ç;ksx djrs gq,] lkekftd
ds igpku fpUg ds :i esa vkSj bu ns”kksa esa O;oLFkk ds vius dfFkr –fXo’k; dks vkxs
/keZ ds çHkqRo ds :i esa gSA vfroknh c<+kus ds fy, /keZ dks viuk eq[; gfFk;kj
 10 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
1 Sanam Naraghi Anderlini and Madeline
Koch, Extremism in the Mainstream:
Implications for and Actions by Women
(International Civil Society Action Network,
2015), accessed May 17, 2017, http://
www.icanpeacework.org/dev/wp-content/
uploads/2013/03/Extremism-in-the-Mainstream-UNW.
pdf.
2 ,sjks us ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj rd
lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p ds vius vkºoku esa /keZ dks ,d
vojks/k ds :i esa fpfUgr fd;k] vkSj /keZ vkSj ;kSfud
,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ds chp ijLij laca/kksa
dh Nkuchu djus gsrq ,d 10&ns”kh; ifj;kstuk dh
vo/kkj.kk fuEu çdkj ls dh & çek.k vkSj fo”ys’k.k
mRiUu djds; vius Hkkxhnkjksa vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa ds chp
lEHkk’k.k vkSj i{k leFkZu ds fy, eap cukdj; rFkk
ekStwnk ekuokf/kdkj ra=ksa ds }kjk tokcnsgh c<kdjA
vU; v/;;uksa us xHkZikr] cky fookg] O;kid ;kSu
f”k{kk] ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa rd igq¡p] ,oa
“kkjhfjd v[kaMrk tSls fo’k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;kA
bl ys[k esa lfEefyr v/;;uksa dks ftu Hkkxhnkjksa
us lapkfyr fd;k os gSa eksjDdks ls eksjDdu QSfeyh
IySfuax ,lksfl,”ku] ekYMhOt+ ls lkslkbVh Q+‚j gsYFk
,tqds”ku ¼SHE½] vkSj ikfdLrku ls f”kjdr xkg fjlkslZ
lsaVj Q+‚j ohesuA
3 Nazish Brohi and Sarah Zaman, National
Report: Pakistan—Impact of Fundamentalist
Discourses on Family Planning Practices in
Pakistan (Karachi and Kuala Lumpur: Shirkat
Gah—Women’s Resource Centre and Asian
Pacific Resource and Research Centre for
Women, 2016), accessed May 5, 2017,
http://arrow.org.my/publication/impact-fundamentalist-
discourses-family-planning-practices-pakistan/.
4 Society for Health Education (SHE)
and ARROW. National Report: Maldives—
Perceptions of Islam and Sexual and
Reproductive Health and Rights in the Maldives
(2016), accessed May 5, 2017, http://arrow.
org.my/publication/interlinkages-religion-srhr-
maldives/.
5 Fadoua Bakhadda, National Report:
Morocco—Religious Fundamentalism and
Access to Safe Abortion Services in Morocco
(Rabat and Kuala Lumpur: Moroccan Family
Planning Association and ARROW, 2016),
accessed May 5, 2017, http://arrow.org.
my/publication/interlinkages-religion-srhr-morocco/.
6 lqUuh eqfLye bLyke dh cM+h “kk[kk dks lfEefyr
djrs gSa ¼yxHkx 80%&90%½ vkSj f”k;k “ks’k
vYila[;d dks cukrs gSa- fo”o ds lHkh 1-6 vjc
eqfLye bl ckr ls lger gSa fd vYykg gh bZ”oj
gSa vkSj eqgEen muds nwr gS] vkSj os bLyke ds ikap
deZdkaMh LrEHkksa dk ikyu djrs gSa- ijUrq] lqUuh
iSxEcj ds vH;kl vkSj mudh f”k{kk ij Hkkjh Hkjkslk
j[krs gSa] tcfd f”k;k vius /kkfeZd usrkvksa dks i`Foh
ij bZ”oj dk çfrfcEc ekurs gSa-
7 “kfj;k ;k bLykeh dkuwu bLykeh etgc ds lnL;ksa
dks “kkflr djus okyk /kkfeZd dkuwu gS- ;g bLyke
ds /kkfeZd mins”kksa ls fy;k x;k gS] [k+klrkSj ij d+qjku
vkSj gnhFk ls- “kfj;k “kCn vjch Hkk’kk ds “kCn “kjh;r
ls fy;k x;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS uSfrd vkSj /kkfeZd
dkuwu dh ,d laLFkk tks] ekuo dkuwu ds foijhr]
/kkfeZd Hkfo’;ok.kh ls yh x;h gS-
lqf [kZ; k¡
cuk;k1A ;g ys[k e‚YMhOt++ ] eksjDdks vkSj
ikfdLrku esa ,f”k;u iflfQ+d fjlkslZ
,aM fjlpZ lsaVj Q+‚j foesu (Asia-Pacific
Resource and Research Centre for Women
- ARROW) ds lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk fd, x,
v/;;u ls çkIr çeq[k fu’d’kksaZ] flQ+kfj”kksa
,oa vkxs ds rjhdksa ij vk/kkfjr gS2A
bldk mís”; gS dêjokn vkSj vfrokn ds
c<+rs gq, çHkkoksa dk] vkSj lkFk gh lkFk
bLyke ds lanHkZ esa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
vkSj vf/kdkj ij & fo”ks’kdj ifjokj
fu;kstu vkSj lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsokvksa dh
igq¡p ds lUnHkZ esa /keZ dh ladh.kZ O;k[;kvksa
& ds çHkkoksa dk Hkh [kqyklk djukA ;kSu
vkSj çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dh iwfrZ
dks lHkh ds fy, çHkkfor ,oa ckf/kr
djus gsrq /keZ }kjk viuk;s x, fofHkUu
rjhdksa dk fo”ys’k.k djrs gq,] geus bu
rhu ns”kksa esa ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj lqjf{kr
xHkZikr lsokvksa rd igq¡p ds lanHkZ esa ,d
çfreku@iSVuZ ns[kkA
ikfdLrku esa gq, ,d ns”kO;kih v/;;u3 us
dêjoknh vkSj vfroknh laHkk’k.kksa ds ifjokj
fu;kstu ij çHkko ds ckjs esa Nku&chu dh;
tcfd] e‚YMhOt++ 4 ds v/;;u dk mís”; Fkk
ns”k esa ifjokj fu;kstu esa O;kIr bLykfed
fl)karksa ds er vkSj /kkj.kkvksa dks fn[kkukA
nwljh vksj eksjDdks5 ds v/;;u us ns”k esa
vlqjf{kr xHkZikr dh ç—fr vkSj ifj.kkeksa
ls lEcaf/kr çek.kksa dks tqVkus ij /;ku
dsafær fd;k] ;g le>us ds fy, fd
/kkfeZd dêjokn fdl rjg ls lqjf{kr
xHkZikr lsokvksa ds fy, ;Fkksfpr uhfr;ksa
vkSj çFkkvksa dks jksdrk gSA
;s rhu ns”k bl ys[k ds fy, blfy,
pqus x, D;ksafd buesa dqN lekurk,¡ gSa
& ;s oks ns”k gSa ftuesa lqUuh6 eqlyeku
cgqla[;d gS; mudh dkuwuh ç.kkyh muds
mifuos”kokn bfrgkl ¼ikfdLrku vkSj
ekWYMhOt+ ds fy, fczfV”k dkuwu O;oLFkk]
vkSj eksjDdks ds fy, Ýsap dkuwu½ vkSj
bLykfed dkuwu ¼“kfj;k7½ dh fofHkUu
O;k[;kvksa ls çHkkfor gSA ikfdLrku esa
bLyke jk’Vª /keZ gS vkSj ns”k ds lkjs dkuwu
bLyke ds vkns”kksa] tSlk fd d+qjku ;k
lqUukg esa fu/kkZfjr gSa] ds vuqlkj gh gksus
vko”;d gSaA lafo/kku esa ,sls laLFkkuksa dh
jpuk dh O;oLFkk Hkh gS] tSls bLyke dh
O;k[;k vkSj mlds ç;ksx dk ek/;e cuus
ds fy, “kjh;r U;k;ky;A e‚YMhOt++ esa
bLyke “kkldh; vkSj ,dek= jk’Vª /keZ
gS] vkSj dkuwuh O;oLFkk bLykfed dkuwu
vkSj lkekU; v¡xzsth dkuwu dk fefJr :i
gSA eksjDdks ,d laoS/kkfud] yksdrkaf=d]
lalnh; vkSj lkekftd jktra= gSA
LorU=rk çkfIr ds ckn eksjDdks dk dkuwu
Ýsap flfoy y‚ vkSj eqfLye vkSj ;gwnh
ijEijkvksa ds la;kstu ls cuk;k x;k
gSA eksjDdks ds lafo/kku us Hkh eksjDdks
dh dkuwu ç.kkyh dks vkdkj nsus esa ,d
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA nwljk leku
dkjd] tks bu ns”kksa ds /kkfeZd&jktuhfrd
ifj–”; dks “kkflr djrk gS] og gS
dêjokn vkSj vfrokn dh c<+rh gqbZ
ço`fÙkA eksjDdks dh fjiksVZ esa ;g ns[kk x;k
gS fd 2011 dk vjc fLçax ¼ljdkj fojks/kh
vkanksyu½ e/; iwoZ vkSj mÙkjh vÝ+hdk {ks=
(MENA) ds ifj–”; dks cnyus esa lgk;d
FkkA yksxksa dh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd ekaxksa ds foLr`r cnyko vkSj
/kkfeZd dêjokn ds c<+rs gq, çHkko ds
pyrs] ;g ckr eksjDdks esa Hkh Li’V FkhA
gkyk¡fd foxr o’kksaZ esa e‚YMhOt++ esa bLyke
/keZ dk la;e ls ikyu fd;k tkrk Fkk]
ysfdu vc ns”k ds vanj ftgknh fopkj/kkjk8
okyh ço`fÙk;ksa ds lkFk dêjoknh vkanksyuksa
dh c<+rh gqbZ mifLFkfr fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA
cgqr ls yksx ;g ekurs gSa fd laL—fr dk
/khjs /khjs vjchdj.k ;k ogkchdj.k9 gks jgk
gS] vkSj lykQ+h&ftgknh fopkj/kkjk ;qokvksa
ds chp yksdfç; gks jgh gS10A ikfdLrku esa]
tgka bLyke ijEijkxr :i esa cgqla[;dksa
dh /kkfeZd igpku ds :i esa ç;ksx gksrk
gS] vc viuk :i cny dj jk’Vª vkSj
lekt ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ fu/kkZjd
ekinaM cu x;k gSA ikfdLrku dk v/;;u
c<+rs gq, jktuhfrd bLyke ij çdk”k
Mkyrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fiNys nks
n”kdksa esa cgqr ls bLykfed vkanksyu gq,
& mxzoknh ¼ftldks ftgknh ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gS½ ls ysdj lekt lq/kkj okys
¼ftudks rcyhx+h tekr ;k nokg ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS½A
/keZ dk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkj ds Åij çHkqRo vkSj blds tsaMj
çHkko% lkoZtfud vkSj jktuhfrd LFkkuksa esa
/keZ ds çHkqRo dk iqu#RFkku fi=klÙkkRed
joS;s dks et+cwr djrk gS] tks efgykvksa
ij iq#’kksa ds çHkqRo vkSj fu;a=.k dh iqf’V
djrk gSA
efgykvksa ds “kjhj] mudh ;kSfudrk] çtuu
ç.kkyh vkSj vf/kdkj] vkSj mudh ikfjokfjd
vkSj lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa dk mi;ksx bu
lewgksa }kjk eafpr /kkfeZd&jktuhfrd
>xM+ksa esa ,d voyac ds :i esa fd;k tkrk
gSA efgyk dk “kjhj oks ekSdk cu tkrk
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 11
lq f [kZ ;k¡ vol. 23 no.1 2017

gS ftuds Åij /keZ “kkL=ksa@ijEijkvksa@ loksZPp njksa esa ls ,d gS] vkSj xHkZ Notes & References
dkuwuksa ds fofHkUu laLdj.kksa dks foLrkfjr fujks/kd ç;ksx dh nj lcls de gS] ftlds
dj mu ij fookn fd;k tkrk gSA ifj.kke Lo#i efgykvksa ds çtuu LokLF;
efgykvksa ds “kjhj dks çk;% lekt vkSj ladsrd cgqr [k+jkc gSa vkSj uotkr f”k”kq 8 Azara Naseem, “From Paradise Now to Paradise
Hereafter: Maldivian Fighters in Syria,” The Clear Banner,
ifjokj dh laifÙk ekuk tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa e`R;q nj cgqr vf/kd14A 1950 ls 1980 rd May, 11, 2015, accessed May 17, 2017, http://jihadology.
laL—fr vkSj ijEijkvksa ds okgd vkSj /kkjd csgn de jgus ds ckn] 1990 ds vkjafHkd net/2015/05/11/the-clear-banner-fromparadise-now-to-

ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA blfy, efgykvksa o’kksaZ esa ikfdLrku dh xHkZfujks/kd çpyu paradise-hereafter-maldivianfighters-in-syria/.

}kjk vius ewy vf/kdkjksa ds nkos dks]
LokFkhZ O;fäRookn dk ew[kZ çn”kZu eku dj
fuafnr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ftldks ifjokj]
leqnk; vkSj ¼çk;%½ /keZ dk ifjR;kx vkSj
fo”okl?kkr ekuk tkrk gS11A
nj (Contraceptive Prevalence Rate - CPR) us
1&6% çfr o’kZ dh vk”kktud ¼gkykafd
foyEc ls½ o`f) fn[kkbZA ijUrq o`f) esa ;g
mNky vYidkfyd Fkk vkSj u;h lglzkfCn
ds igys n”kd esa CPR esa o`f) ?kVdj
vkSlru 0&7% çfr o’kZ gks x;hA ikfdLrku
9 lqUuh bLyke dh ,d “kk[kk] tks vfr :f<+oknh vkSj
dêjiaFkh ds :i esa of.kZr gS- bls lykQ+h vkanksyu Hkh
dgk tkrk gS-
10 American Foreign Policy Council, “Maldives” (2013),
accessed May 17, 2017, http://almanac.afpc.org/sites/
almanac.afpc. org/files/Maldives_3.pdf.

fo”ks’kdj] ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj ds 2006&07 ds tulkaf[;dh; vkSj LokLF;
vf/kdkj dbZ dkj.kksa ls bu –’Vkarksa esa ,d losZ{k.k (Pakistan Demographic and Health 11 Lynn P. Freedman, “The Challenge of
Fundamentalisms,” Reproductive Health Matters 4, no.
izfr;ksfxr fo’k; cuk jgrk gSA blesa Survey - PDHS) esa ik;k x;k fd CPR okLro 8 (1996): 55-69.

---blfy, efgykvksa }kjk vius esa fxj x;k Fkk vkSj xHkZfujks/kd mi;ksx
losZ{k.kksa ds chp c<+k ugha FkkA uohure 12 Jocelyn De Jong, Rana Jawad, Iman Mortagy, and

ewy vf/kdkjksa ds nkos dks] LokFkhZ PDHS ds vk¡dM+s fn[kkrs gSa fd 2006&07 ls
Bonnie Shepard, “The Sexual and Reproductive Health
of Young People in the Arab Countries and Iran,”
O;fäRookn dk ew[kZ çn”kZu eku dj 2012&13 ds chp CPR esa dsoy ekewyh o`f) Reproductive Health Matters, 13, no. 25 (2005): 49-59.

fuafnr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ftldks gqbZ & 2006&07 esa 30% ls 2012&13 esa
35%A ;|fi ikfdLrku esa ifjokj fu;kstu 13 ICPD eksVs rkSj ij çtuu LokLF; dks bl çdkj
ifjokj] leqnk; vkSj ¼çk;%½ /keZ dk ds ijaijkxr rjhdksa dk ç;ksx djus okyksa
ifjHkkf’kr djrk gS% çtuu ç.kkyh rFkk mlds dk;ksaZ
vkSj çfØ;kvksa ls lEcaf/kr lHkh ekeyksa esa lEiw.
ifjR;kx vkSj fo”okl?kkr ekuk tkrk gS dh la[;k mlds iM+kslh ns”kksa ds leku gh kZ “kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj lkekftd [kq”kgkyh dh
gSa ¼7&9%½] ijUrq vk/kqfud xHkZfujks/kd dk voLFkk u fd dsoy jksx ;k nqcZyrk dk vHkko- çtuu
LokLF; dk rkRi;Z gS fd lHkh O;fä;ksa dks fey lds
lkoZtfud vkSj lkekftd uhfr fuekZ.k çpyu vkSj Hkh de gS ¼43&53% dh rqyuk ,d lqjf{kr vkSj larks’ktud ;kSu thou; çtuu djus
esa /keZ dh mfpr Hkwfedk ;k çHkko] vkSj esa dsoy 26%½15A ;|fi ikfdLrku esa gq, dh {kerk; ;g fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj fd dc vkSj
lkekftd uhfr jpuk ij la?k’kZ “kkfey gS] v/;;u ls dêjokn esa o`f) vkSj ifjokj fdruh ckj cPps iSnk djsa; dkuwuh vkSj lqjf{kr xHkZikr
tks ifj.kkeLo:i dêjoknh fopkjksa vkSj /keZ fu;kstu varxZzg.k ds chp lh/kk vkSj dk vf/kdkj; xHkZ fujks/k dk vf/kdkj; çtuu lEcU/kh
f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj; rFkk xq.koÙkk okyh çtuu LokLF;
ds pjeiaFkh O;k[;k;ksa ds çHkko ls vkSj Hkh rRdky laca/k LFkkfir ugha gks ldk] ijUrq lsokvksa dk vf/kdkjA ns[ksa: Programme of Action
c<+ tkrk gS12A ekStwnk lkfgR; bl ckr dk ladsr nsrk gS of the International Conference on Population and

fd /kkfeZd usrkvksa }kjk fojks/k vkSj bl / Development, Cairo, Egypt, Sept. 5-13, 1994, para. 7.2,

n baVjus”kuy dkWaQ+zsal vkWu i‚iqys”ku kkj.kk us] fd ifjokj fu;kstu bLyke ds U.N. Doc. A/ CONF.171/13/Rev.1 (1995), accessed on
May 20, 2017, http://www.unfpa.org/publications/
,aM MsoyiesaV çksxzke v‚Q ,D”ku (The fo#) gS] fuokjd dk dke fd;k gSa16A bl international-conference-population-anddevelopment-
International Conference on Population ckr ds lk{; gSa fd LFkkuh; ,oa jk’Vªh; programme-action.

and Development Programme of Action - Lrj ds /kkfeZd usrkvksa esa oSpkfjd Lrj ij 14 Aga Khan University, International Advocacy Seminar
ICPDPoA)13 bl ckr dks ekurk gS fd vkSj lsok&çko/kkuksa esa n[ky nsdj çfrjks/k on Family Planning and Reproductive Health, February
çtuu LokLF; ds vf/kdkj dks lkdkj mHkjk gSA 12- 13, 2013 (Karachi: Department of Community Health

djuk çtuu vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr djus Sciences, Aga Khan University, 2013).

dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA tSls tSls ge e‚YMhOt++ esa 1980 ls tc ls cPpksa ds tUe 15 National Institue of Population Studies and Measure
lrr fodkl y{;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u gsrq esa varjky dk;Zdze çkjEHk gqvk rc ls DHS, ICF International, Pakistan Demographic and Health
vkxs c<+ jgs gSa] bl ckr dh tk¡p djuk iwjs ns”k esa LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds ek/;e ls Survey 2012-13 (Islamabad and Calverton, Maryland,

çklafxd gS fd e‚YMhOt++] eksjDdks vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj xHkZ fujks/kd lsok,¡ 2013), accessed May 17, 2017, https://dhsprogram.com/

ikfdLrku tSls ns”kksa esa /keZ dh Hkwfedk miyC/k djkbZ xbZaA ijarq fQj Hkh xHkZ pubs/pdf/fr290/fr290.pdf.

vkSj çHkko fdl çdkj ls ;kSu ,oa çtuu fujks/k dh viwfjr vko”;drk,¡ 28% gS 16 Fariyal Fikree, et al, “What Influences Contraceptive

LokLF; lsokvksa dh lkoZHkkSfed vkSj fookfgr tksM+ksa ds chp 16% xHkkZ/kku Use Among Young Women in Urban Squatter

miyC/krk lqfuf”pr djus okys lrr vokafNr vkSj 19-8% xHkkZ/kku vfu;ksftr Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan?” International Family
Planning Perspectives, 27, no. 3, (2001), accessed
fodkl y{; dh çkfIr esa ck/kd gks jgs gSaA fjiksVZ fd;s x,17A May 17, 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/
;g fdl çdkj ls xHkZ fujks/kd lsok ipsrh/2001/09/what-influences-contraceptive-use-

çko/kku vkSj varxZzg.k] jk’Vªh; ifjokj e‚YMhOt++ ds v/;;u ls ;g fu’d’kZ among-young-women-urban-squatter.

fu;kstu uhfr;k¡] lwpuk vkSj f”k{kk] rFkk fudyrk gS fd ns”k esa ifjokj fu;kstu 17 Ministry of Health and Family, and ICF Macro,
2030 rd ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; dk rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj Maldives Demographic and Health Survey 2009,
jk’Vªh; uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa lek;kstu vf/kdkj ds ?kVrs c<+rs Lo:i@joS;s gksus Caverton, Maryland: 2010), accessed May 17, 2017,

dks çHkkfor djsxk\ 18-2 djksM+ dh vkcknh ds dbZ dkj.k gS% /kkfeZd fo}kuksa ds /kkfeZd http://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr237-
dhs-final-reports.cfm.

okys ikfdLrku dh çtuu nj ,f”k;k dh mins”k dks /kwfey djrh mudh O;fäxr
 12 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
18 Forouzan Alaeinovin, “A Quranic and
Traditional Approach to Contraceptive
Methods,” World Appl. Programming 4, no. 9
(2014): 197-205.
19 gnhFk bLykeh iSxEcj eqgEen ds “kCnksa]
dk;ksaZ vkSj vknrksa dk o.kZu djus okyh fofHkUu
vk[;kvksa esa ls ,d gS- ;g “kCn vjch Hkk’kk ls
fy;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS vk[;k] fooj.k
;k dFku- d+qjku ds ckn gnhFk gh bLykeh
U;k;”kkL= dks fodflr djrs gSa vkSj d+qjku
rFkk mlij fy[kh x;ha fVIif.k;ksa ¼rQ+lhjksa½ dks
le>us dk egRoiw.kZ midj.k ekus tkrs gSa-
20 mEekg dk vkerkSj ij eryc gS bLykeh
yksxksa ds lkewfgd leqnk;A d+qjku esa bls
vkerkSj ij ,d ,dy lewg dks ladsfrr fd;k
tkrk gS tks leku /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa dks lk>k
djrs gSa] fo”ks’kdj os tks eks{k dh ,d fnO;
;kstuk ds fo’k; gSa-
21 laiknd dh fVIi.kh% bl v/;;u ds le;]
eksjDdu n.M lafgrk ds vuqPNsn 453 ds
vf/kns”k ds vuqlkj xHkZikr dh vuqefr rHkh gS
tc ek¡ dk LokLF; [krjs esa gks- ijUrq gky gh
esa eksjDdks ljdkj us eksjDdu n.M lafgrk esa
la”kks/ku djds xHkZikr dks vukpkj] cykRdkj
vkSj Hkzw.k gkfu ds ekeyksa esa vuqefr nh- dkuwu
dk mnkjhdj.k eksjDdks ds jktk eqgEen VI
ds }kjk bl dkuwu ij fopkj foe”kZ vkjEHk
fd;s tkus ds ckn gqvk] tc ,d v/;;u ls
irk pyk fd eksjDdks esa çfrfnu 800 voS/k
xHkZikr gksrs gSa- ;wvkj,y ns[ksa: Bryn Miller,
“Morocco Liberalises Abortion Laws, Amends
Penal Code,” Morocco World News, June 10,
2016, accessed May 17, 2017, https://www.
moroccoworldnews.com/2016/06/188740/
morocco-liberalizes-abortion-laws-amends-
penal-code/.
22 bLykeh U;k;”kkL= dk nwljk n”kZu
eyhfd¸;g gS- eyhdh fl)karksa ds L=ksr gSa
d+qjku] iSxEcj dh ijEijk,a ¼gnhFk½] vke
lgefr ¼bt~ek½ vkSj mieku ¼fd;k½- bt~ek dh
eyhdh vo/kkj.kk gukQh ls bl ekeys esa fHkUu
Fkh fd efyfd;ksa us bls enhuk ds yksxksa dk
çfrfuf/kRo djus okys leqnk; dh vke lgefr
le>kA ijUrq ckn esa eyhfd¸;g n”kZu us bls
dkuwu ds M‚DVjksa ¼tks myek uke ls tkus tkrs
gSa½ dh lgefr ekuk. “4 Sunni Schools of Fiqh:
Sahfii, Hanbali, Maliki, and Hanfi,” Islamic Laws,
accessed May 20, 2017, http://islamic-laws.
com/articles/ sunnischools.htm.
lqf [kZ; k¡
vkLFkk,¡] bLykeh xzUFkksa dh “kCn”k% vkSj e`R;q nj esa fxjkoV vkbZ gS] ijUrq ;g vHkh
v/kwjh O;k[;k,¡] vkSj dqN lewgksa ds }kjk Hkh ,d pqukSrh gS & 2015 esa ;g nj 121
miyC/k djkbZ x;h O;kid xyr lwpuk,¡ çfr 100]000 thfor tUe Fkh; vlqjf{kr
tks dnkfpr bLykfed fl)karksa ds vuqlkj xHkZikr bu ekSrksa dk ,d eq[; dkj.k gSA
ugha gSaA v/;;u esa ;g Hkh ik;k x;k fd ns”k esa
xHkZikr dk eq[; dkj.k vupkgk xHkZ gS
e‚YMhOt++ vkSj ikfdLrku ds v/;;u bl (DHS 2011) tks xHkZ fujks/kdksa dh foQyrk
ckr dk ladsr nsrs gSa fd ifjokj fu;kstu rFkk vfookfgr efgykvksa vkSj ;qokvksa dh
vkSj xHkZikr ds fojks/kh viuh vLoh—fr dk xHkZ fujks/kd lk/kuksa rd igq¡p dh deh
leFkZu d+qjku dh bl vk;r dh ladqfpr dh otg ls gSA ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd
O;k[;kvksa ds }kjk djrs gSa& Þvius cPpksa fd”kksfj;ksa esa xHkZ/kkj.k dh c<+rh gqbZ njsa Hkh
dks u ekjks viuh x+jhch dh nyhy bu xHkZikr njksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
nsdj] ge rqEgkjs fy, vkSj muds fy,
Hkj.k&iks’k.k çnku djrs gSaß ¼Q6:151½A eksjDdks esa efYyfd;kg22 fl)kUr çeq[k gS
vf/kdka”k n”kZu vy*vT+y ;k oh;Zikr ls vkSj efYydh fQ+d ikfjokfjd dkuwu vkSj
igys çR;kgkj dks ,d Lohdk;Z mik; ds LFkkuh; U;k;kf/kdj.k] tks çFkkxr dkuwu
:i esa lgefr nsrs gSa] ysfdu vfuok;Z dks lapkfyr djrs gSa] ij ykxw gksrk gSA
:i ls lHkh leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ugha18A uhfrxr fu.kZ; vkSj fØ;k,a bLyke vkSj
gnhFk19 esa ifjHkkf’kr çR;kgkj fof/k Lohdk;Zrk ds /kkfeZd fopkjksa ls çHkkfor
efgykvksa }kjk fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k dks gSaA xHkZikr ds ekeys esa vf/kdrj bLykeh
vLohdkj djrh gS vkSj blfy, xHkZfujks/k –f’Vdks.k Hkzw.k fodkl dh çfØ;k dh le>
gsrq fdlh Hkh vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr –f’Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA d+qjku dh dBksj O;k[;kvksa
dks vuqefr ugha nsrh gSA lkoZtfud ds vuqlkj xHkZikr oftZr gS D;ksafd d+qjku
LokLF; uhfr fuekZ.k dks bu “kCn”k% vkSj lHkh çdkj dh gR;kvksa dh fuank djrk gS
dBksj /kkfeZd O;k[;kvksa ls funsZf”kr gksus vkSj ekurk gS fd vYykg us gj thou dks
ds [+krjs dks ;gk¡ crkus dh vko”;drk gS] ifo= cuk;k gSA
D;ksafd ;s vk;rsa nq/kkjh ryokj dh rjg
dk;Z dj ldrh gSa & leFkZd bl vk;r bu “kks/kksa ls ,d eq[; çfreku tks mHkj
dks vk/kkj cuk dj dsoy çR;kgkj fof/k dj vk;k gS og ;g gS fd /keZ ds çfr
dks ekU;rk nsdj vU; lHkh fof/k;ksa dks rkuk”kkgh –f’Vdks.k vkSj /keZ dh ladh.kZ
vLohdkj ldrs gSaA ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj O;k[;k tks ge ns[k jgs gSa] tc lkoZtfud
xHkZfujks/k ds fuEu varxZzg.k ds fy, ,d {ks= esa ços”k djrh gS vkSj tu uhfr;ksa
vkSj vke #dkoV ds fy, iSxacj eqgEen dks çHkkfor djrh gS & bl ekeys esa ;kSu
dh ,d nwljh gnhFk dks ft+Eesnkj Bgjk;k ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj lacfU/kr
tkrk gS] tks ,d cgqr cM+h mEekg20 ns[kus uhfr;k¡ & rc og leL;kRed gks tkrh gSA
dh ykylk dk o.kZu djrh gSA os nkok ;g mu fof”k’V vkSj “kfä”kkyh lewgksa dks]
djrs gSa fd ,d cM+h tula[;k /keZ }kjk tks /keZ ds ,dek= laj{kd gksus dk nkok
vknsf”kr gS vkSj blds fy, ç;kl djus esa djrs gSa] bl ckr ds fy, l{ke cukrh gSa
foQy gksus dk vFkZ gS lgh jkg ls fopfyr fd os vkLFkk vkSj ijaijk dh çpfyr
gksukA ;gh vkSfpR; xHkZikr ds fojks/k esa fofo/krk vkSj vH;klksa dh mis{kk ;k fuank
rdZ ds vk/kkj ds :i esa Hkh bLrseky fd;k dj ldsaA ;g muds ,d v[kaM] “kfä”kkyh]
tkrk gS tSlk fd eksjDdks esa ns[kk x;k21A ltkrh; lekt dh jpuk djus vkSj
;s vk;rsa okLro esa bLyke iwoZ vjc dh mls cuk;s j[kus ds ç;klksa dks Hkh lqxe
ml çFkk dks jksdus ds fy, fy[kha xbZa djrh gS & ;g bLyke dk ,d fo”ks’kr%
Fkha ftlesa ekrk&firk dh x+jhch ;k csVh çHkkodkjh uqL[+kk gS tks fo”o Hkj ds mEekg
u iSnk djus dh bPNk ds pyrs uotkr ds laj{k.k vkSj ,drk dk vkxzg djrk gSA
f”k”kq ¼fo”ks’k :i ls yM+dh dks½ ekj Mkyk
tkrk Fkk ;k ft+ank nQuk fn;k tkrk FkkA bu rhu ns”kksa ds tk¡p ifj.kkeksa ls ;g
eksjDdks esa xHkZikr dkQ+h gn rd oftZr gS Li’V gksrk gS fd dêjokn] vfrokn rFkk
vkSj fookfgr dh lgefr ls dsoy ek¡ ds fyax vkSj ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
thou dks cpkus ds fy, gh Lohdk;Z gSA vf/kdkj ij bLyke dh ladh.kZ O;k[;k,¡
fo”ks’kdj tks vfookfgr efgyk,a xHkZorh cgqr gn rd bu ns”kksa dh jktuhfrd
gks tkrh gSa] muds fy, xHkZikr vçkI; ifjfLFk;ksa dk Qyu gSa & tks /keZ ds ckjs esa
gS] D;ksafd naM lafgrk ds varxZr “kknh ls de] vkSj fof”k’V lewgksa }kjk “kfä ds nkos
igys ;kSu lEcU/k LFkkfir djuk x+Sjdkuwuh dh vko”;drk ds ckjs esa T+;knk gSA
gSA blfy,] gkykafd gky ds o’kksaZ esa ekr`
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 13
lq f [kZ ;k¡ vol. 23 no.1 2017

,d çeq[k çfreku tks bu “kks/kksa ls
mHkjk gS og ;g gS fd /keZ dk
rkuk”kkgh –f’Vdks.k vkSj /keZ dh
,d ladh.kZ O;k[;k tks ge ns[k jgs
ge /keZ ds çHkko ls badkj ugha dj ldrs Notes & References
gSa] vkSj ,d ,sls –f’Vdks.k ij t+ksj ugha
ns ldrs gSa tks bu xfr”khyrkvksa dks
/;ku esa u j[ks] D;ksafd ;g bu vf/kdkjksa
dks çkIr djus gsrq ,d vf/kd lw{e&Hksn 23 United Nations, “60/251 Human Rights

gSa] leL;kRed gks tkrh gS tc ;g ;qä –f’Vdks.k dks ckf/kr dj ldrk gSA Council: Resolution adopted by the General
Assembly” (2006), accessed May 6, 2017,
lkoZtfud {ks= esa ços”k djrh gS vkSj ,sls laoknksa vkSj okrkZykiksa dks Hkh fujarj http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/

lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa dks çHkkfor djuk çksRlkfgr djus dh vko”;drk gS tks hrcouncil/docs/A.RES.60.251_En.pdf.

“kq: djrh gS & bl ekeys esa ;kSu ,oa /kkfeZd O;k[;kvksa] f”k{kkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks
lkoZHkkSfed :i ls Lohdk;Z] vf/kdkj ds
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj lacaf/kr –f’Vdks.k ls igpkurs gksa] rkfd bl feFkd
uhfr;k¡ ¼feF;k vo/kkj.kk½ dks nwj fd;k tk lds
fd ekukokf/kdkj tSls fl)kar ik”pkR; gSa
vkSj /keZ ds fy, [+krjk gSaA
vkxs c<+us ds jkLrs% ;fn lrr fodkl
y{; ds ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa tSlk fd bu ns”kksa ds fo’d’kZ ifj.kke crkrs
rd lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p ds mís”; dks çkIr gSa] os vo/kkj.kk,a] tks çk;% uhfr fuekZrkvksa
djuk gS] rks ç;klksa dks ekuokf/kdkj vkSj /kkfeZd usrkvksa dks ekxZnf”kZr djrh
vk/kkfjr i)fr ij dsafær djus dh gSa] vfuok;Zr% mudh /kkfeZd f”k{kk ls ugha]
vko”;drk gS] tks fcuk fdlh /kkfeZd çHkko oju~~ muds O;fäxr fo”oklksa vkSj vfopkj
¼;k U;wure /kkfeZd çHkko½ ds efgykvksa efr ls lwfpr gksrh gSaA bl eqís ij vkSj
ds LokLF;] vf/kdkj vkSj l”kähdj.k dks vf/kd “kks/k vkSj fujarj laokn djus dh
c<+kok nsus ij ldsafær gksA ge lc] tks laHkkO;rk vkSj vko”;drk gS] lkFk gh bu
“kfä] laL—fr] /keZ vkSj tsaMj vlekurk ds vo/kkj.kkvksa ij /keZ ds çHkko dk fujarj
tfVy edM+ tky ds chp jg dj ;kSu ,oa vuqJo.k djus dh Hkh vko”;drk gSA ;kSu
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ds leFkZd ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ls
ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] gesa vf/kdkjksa dh lEcaf/kr bLykfed –f’Vdks.k ij lk{;
lkoZHkkSfedrk ij –<+ jg dj lHkh ds fy, vk/kkfjr rdZ fordZ vkSj laokn gksuk gh
tsaMj U;k; rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; pkfg,] rFkk bl ckr dh Hkh vko”;drk gS
vkSj vf/kdkj dh ekax djuh pkfg,A fd bl cgl dks vkSj foLr`r djds blesa
/kkfeZd cqf)thfo;ksa vkSj fofo/k i`’BHkwfe
gekjh iSjoh bu vf/kdkjksa dks çkIr djus esa] ds fgr/kkjdksa dks “kkfey fd;k tk;sA
la;qä jk’Vª egklHkk ds 60@251 Loh—r gesa leku fopkj/kkjk ds ,sls O;fä;ksa
çLrko (UN General Assembly Resolution vkSj laxBuksa ds lkFk xBca/ku djus dh
60/251) ds vuqlkj] jkT; dh Hkwfedk ij vfr vko”;drk dks Lohdkjuk gksxk] tks
t+ksj nsus dh vko”;drk gS% “;|fi jk’Vªh; dêjoknh vkSj vfroknh O;k[;k;ksa ds fojks/k
vkSj /kkfeZd i`’BHkwfe ds egRo dks /;ku esa esa dk;Z djrs gSa] vkSj lapkj ek/;eksa ds
j[kuk pkfg,] rFkkfi lHkh ekuokf/kdkjksa }kjk fodYih vk[;ku miyC/k djkrs gSa]
vkSj ewy Lora=rkvksa dks çksRlkfgr djus çxfr”khy /kkfeZd cqf)thfo;ksa dk leFkZu
vkSj mudh j{kk djus dk nkf;Ro jk’Vªksa dk djrs gSa] vkSj /kkfeZd Q+Slyksa dks lgk;d
gh gS] pkgs mudh jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj çek.k miyC/k djokrs gSaA
lkaL—frd O;oLFkk,a dqN Hkh gksa”23A
bl ckr dh vko”;drk gS fd ge ml
/kkfeZd xfr”khyrk & tks ;kSu ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj esa lfEefyr cgqr
ls eqíksa dks et+cwr djrh gS & ds ckjs esa
viuh lk{kjrk dks fodflr djrs jgsaA

eaxyk uekflok;e }kjk

,sjks izksxzke eSustj] lwpuk ,oa lapkj | bZesy% mangala@arrow.org.my
 14 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
1 la;qä jk’Vª dh ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj fd”kksj
10&19 o’kZ ds chp dh vk;q ds gksrs gSa vkSj
;qod 15&24 o’kZ ds chp dh vk;q ds- bu oxksaZ
ds vuqlkj ;qokvksa dh vk;q 10&24 o’kZ ds chp
dh gksrh gSa- UNDESA, Factsheet: Definition of
Youth (undated), accessed October 5, 2016,
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/
youth/fact-sheets/youth-definition.pdf
2 Sivananthi Thanenthiran, Sai Jyothir Mai
Racherla, and Suloshini Jahanath, Reclaiming
and Redefining Rights: ICPD + 20: Status of
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
in Asia Pacific (Kuala Lumpur: Asian-Pacific
Resource & Research Centre for Women,
2013), accessed May 5, 2016, http://arrow.org.
my/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/ICPD-20-
Asia-Pacific_Monitoring-Report_2013.pdf.
3 UNFPA, UNESCO, and WHO, Sexual and
Reproductive Health of Young People in Asia
and the Pacific: A Review of Issues, Policies
and Programmes (Bangkok: UNFPA, 2015),
accessed September 10, 2016, http://unesdoc.
unesco.org/images/0024/002435/243566E.
pdf.
4 ,pvkbZoh vkSj ,M~l dh jksdFkke ds fy,
d‚UMkse mi;ksx ds ckjs esa Kku d‚UMkse rd
igq¡p dh tkudkjh ls csgrj gS] gkyk¡fd yM+dksa
ds eqdkcys yM+fd;ksa dks bl ckjs esa de
tkudkjh gksrh gS- ;qokvksa esa vU; ;kSu lapkfjr
laØe.kksa dh tkudkjh de gS-
5 UNICEF, “Early Marriage: Child Spouses,”
Innocenti Digest, 7 (2001), accessed September
13, 2016, https://www.unicef-irc.org/
publications/pdf/digest7e.pdf.
6 bl jpuk esa /keZ dk lUnHkZ /kkfeZd
fopkj/kkjkvksa ds nq#i;ksx] /keZ dh ladh.kZ
O;k[;kvksa] dêjokn vkSj mxzokn ls lEcaf/kr gS-
lqf [kZ; k¡
/kkfeZd fu;a=.k vkSj ;qok oxZ%
ckaXykns”k vkSj Hkkjr esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk
ifjp;& ;qok oxZ1 u dsoy gekjk Hkfo’;
gSa; os gekjk orZeku Hkh gSa] vkSj ;fn mUgsa
bl ckr ds fy, leFkZ ugha cuk;k tk;sxk
fd os vius leLr vf/kdkjksa dk ç;ksx
djrs gq, viuk thou iw.kZ :i ls thus esa
l{ke gksa] rks mudh {kerk [kks tk,xhA bl
lkeFkZ~; dks çkIr djus dk vfHkUu vax gS
muds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkj dks lqfuf”pr djuk2A
,f”k;k ç”kkar {ks= esa ;qok ih<+h & tks 10
ls 24 o’kZ ds chp okyh 1&8 vjc oSf”od
;qok vkcknh dk 60% gS & dh fLFkfr dh
tkap djus ls irk pyrk gS fd ;qok ih<+h
esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk dh vko”;drk gSA
tcfd vf/kdrj fd”kksj vfookfgr jgrs
gSa] 20&24 o’kZ ds chp dh dbZ ;qofr;ksa
dk fookg gks tkrk gSA de mez esa “kknh
djus okyksa esa ls vf/kdrj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls
gSa] de f”kf{kr gSa vkSj x+jhc gSaA ,f”k;k esa
20 o’kZ ls de vk;q okyh ;qofr;ksa esa 25%
çFke xHkZ /kkj.k fookg ls igys gq, FksA ;g
lc ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj
dh de tkudkjh3]4 vkSj] vk/kqfud
xHkZfujks/kd lfgr] lsokvksa rd lhfer igq¡p
ds dkj.k gSA blds vykok xHkZikr ij
çfrca/k lqjf{kr lsokvksa dh çkfIr dks lhfer
djrk gS] rFkk #X.krk vkSj e`R;q nj dks
c<+krk gS3A
lsDl ls lacfU/kr dyad ds QyLo:i
;qok lgh tkudkjh çkIr djus dk ç;kl
u djds vius led{k fe= lewg ls çkIr
xyr lwpukvksa ij fo”okl dj jgs gSaA
vupkgs xHkZ ¼fo”ks’k :i ls vfookfgr
efgykvksa esa½ ds ifj.kkeksa esa dyad]
lkekftd vyxko] Ldwy ls fu’dklu]
t+cju fookg] fgalk vkSj vkRegR;k vkfn
“kkfey gSaA ;qok iq#’kksa esa lkekftd
vuqdwyu] rFkk tsaMj vkSj iq#’kRo ds
çpfyr ekunaMksa ds dkj.k lqjf{kr vkSj
ft+Eesnkj O;ogkj dk vH;kl ugha gks jgk
gS3A
tc fd”kksfj;ksa dk fookg gksrk gS rks foLr`r
ifjokj vkSj ifr }kjk çtuu {kerk lkfcr
djus gsrq ncko cuk;k tkrk gS] ftlds
pyrs muds ikl nsjh ls xHkZ/kkj.k djus dk
fodYi ugha gksrk3A oSf”od Lrj ij] 15 o’kZ
ls de ;k 15&49 o’kZ vk;q dh yM+fd;ksa
esa vlqjf{kr xHkZikr ds [+krjksa ds vykok]
e`R;q dk lcls eq[; dkj.k gS xHkkZoLFkk ds
nkSjku e`R;q] tks fuEu dkj.kksa ls gks
ldrh gS & jälzko] jäfo’ka.krk] çkd
xHkkZ{ksid@xHkkZ{ksi] vo#) vkSj le; ls
igys çlo rFkk çlo lEcU/kh tfVyrk,¡5A
xHkZorh gksus ds ekufld çHkko vkSj
xHkkZoLFkk rFkk cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djus gsrq
iw.kZ :i ls rS;kj u gksuk vU; ifj.kke gSa5A
xHkkZoLFkk vkSj çlo ds nkSjku cgqr de
fd”kksfj;ksa dks dq”ky ns[kHkky çkIr gksrh
gSA
/keZ vkSj ;kSfudrk & O;k[;kvksa vkSj
fo”okl ds }kjk /keZ1 ;qokvksa dh ;kSfudrk
dks] rFkk mudh f”k{kk] lwpuk vkSj lsokvksa
rd igq¡p dks çHkkfor djrk gSA fu%lUnsg]
yksxksa ds thou esa /keZ dh Hkwfedk dks gYds
esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk gSA çk;% /keZ dks
thou i)fr ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] vkSj
blfy, mls thou ds lHkh igyqvksa ij ,d
Kku lzksr ekuk tkrk gSA
,f”k;k ç”kkar {ks= esa ;qok ih<+h &
tks 10 ls 24 o’kZ ds chp okyh 1-8
vjc oSf”od ;qok vkcknh dk 60%
gS & dh fLFkfr dh tkap djus
ls irk pyrk gS fd ;qok ih<+h esa
O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk dh vko”;drk
gSA
;g u dsoy fopkjksa dks vkdkj nsrk gS]
oju~~ fodYiksa] çFkkvksa vkSj yksxksa ds chp
ijLij ckrphr dks Hkh vknsf”kr djrk
gS] vkSj bl çdkj lh/ks muds lq[k vkSj
dY;k.k dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
ijUrq O;ogkj esa /keZ dk jktuhfrd :i esa
ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA “kfälaiUu yksxksa
}kjk viuk çHkqRo cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
/kkfeZd xzUFkksa vkSj fo”oklksa esa gsjQsj fd;k
tkrk gS] vkSj mUgsa t+cnZLrh] dkuwu ds
t+fj;s] vlfg’.kqrk vkSj fgalk ds ç;ksx }
kjk ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA /keZ dk ç;ksx
nSoh; dks oS/k cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS] ftlds pyrs tks /kkfeZd ekuk tkrk gS
mldh ,dy vkSj çk;% çfrcaf/kr O;k[;k ds

lq f [kZ ;k¡
varxZr mls vifjorZuh; cuk fn;k tkrk
gSA laL—fr] /keZ] jk’Vªh;rk] tkrh;rk ;k
laçnk; dh x+Sj&rjy ifjHkk’kkvksa dk
ifj.kke gksrk gSa viotZukRed]
fi=klÙkkRed vkSj vlfg’.kq leqnk;] vkSj
mu neudkjh vkSj HksnHkko iw.kZ çFkkvksa dks
U;k;laxr Bgjkuk tks lsokvksa vkSj
vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[krh gSa] fo”ks’kdj
çk;% lcls det+ksj vkSj gkf”k;s ij fLFkr
O;fä;ksa dks7]8A
/kkfeZd xzUFkksa dh O;k[;kvksa ds ek/;e ls
efgykvksa dh vius ifjokj vkSj leqnk;
esa fLFkfr ifjHkkf’kr dh tkrh gSa & mldks
dfFkr “kkjhfjd uqdlku ls cpkus ds fy,
mldh yxkrkj lqj{kk dh vko”;drk]
mlds Lo;a ds rFkk mlds ifjokj ds
lEeku dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, mlds
dkSek;Z dks cuk, j[kus vkSj j{kk djus
dh vko”;drk] vkSj /kkfeZd vuq;k;h oxZ
c<+kus ;k iq#’k oa”k dk;e j[kus ds fy,
mldh çtuu {kerk dks lkfcr djus dh
vko”;drkA ,d yM+dh dks vius iwjs
thou dky esa ifjokj ds fu;a=.k esa jgrs
gq, ns[kk tkrk gS] tgka mldk LokfeRo
firk ls ifr dks] vkSj dHkh dHkh o;Ld csVs
dks LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA og u rks
iq#’k ds cjkcj gS] vkSj u gh vius “kjhj
vkSj ;kSfudrk9]10 ls lEcaf/kr fu.kZ; ysus esa
l{ke gSA ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa
dks çkIr djus ds fy, ifr dh lgefr
visf{kr gS] ftls fu.kZ; fu/kkZj.k vkSj
efgykvksa ds “kjhjksa ds LokfeRo ls lacfU/kr
/kkfeZd vkSfpÙk;ksa ls çkIr fd;k x;k gS11A
;qokvksa ds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkj ds laca/k esa] /keZ dh ladh.kZ
O;k[;kvksa dk ç;ksx vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr
vuqca/kksa dks jksdus rFkk çtuu] ;kSu vkSj
;kSfudrk ij fu;a=.k ,oa vuqca/ku ykxw
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
,d vpy vkLFkk ç.kkyh & ftldks ,d
nSoh; vpwd O;k[;k ekuk tkrk gS vkSj
tks tokch vk[;kuksa dks fodflr gksus dk tqM+k gS21A fgUnw dêjokn dk mn; fgUnqRo
LFkku ugha nsrh gS & dh j{kk djus esa cgqr ;k fgUnw lÙkk ls gqvk] vkSj lfØ; :i ls
fuos”k fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj bl çdkj dh
vkLFkkvksa dk ç;ksx /kkfeZd vuq;k;h oxZ dks ,drk ds çrhd ds :i esa bldks c<+k;k
c<+kus vkSj ,d fo”ks’k Lohdk;Z lkekftd
O;oLFkk cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk
fd ,sjks (ARROW) vkSj jk’Vªh; lg;ksfx;ksa
}kjk ckaXykns”k vkSj Hkkjr esa fd, x,
jk’Vªh; v/;;u12 fn[kk,¡xs] /keZ x+Sj tkap] dh Hkkoukvksa dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
leh{kk dh deh] xksiuh;rk] fu’ks/k] vkSj
iki ls fufyZIr gS] tc rd og vke :i
ls Lohdk;Z ekudksa ls layXu u gksA ftu
yksxksa dks fMxrs gq, ;k voKk djrs gq,
ik;k tkrk gS mudk R;kx dj fn;k tkrk
gS vkSj mUgsa nafMr fd;k tkrk gSA
O;kid ;kSu f’k{kk ds fy, /keZ vojks/k
gS13A Hkkjr ¼rfeyukMq jkT; ds dqN
p;fur {ks=ksa esa½14 rFkk ckaXykns”k15 esa gq,
jk’Vªh; “kks/k ds fo’d’kZ ifj.kke bl ckr
dks Li’V djrs gSa fd /keZ dk çHkko fdl
çdkj ls ;qokvksa ds fy, O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk
dks lhfer djrk gSA
O;kid ;kSu f’k{kk (Comprehensive Sexuality
Education):
ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj tsaMj&laosnu”khy
–f’Vdks.kksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq,] ;qokvksa
ds fy, vk;q&mfpr] lkaL—frd :i ls
çklafxd] vkSj fpfdRldh;@oSKkfud
:i ls lgh tkudkjh dks lqfuf”pr
djrh gS] tks Ldwyksa esa] vkSj Ldwyksa ds
ckgj ykxw dh tkrh gSA ;g f”k{kk mudks
Kku] dkS”ky] ço`fÙk vkSj mu ewY;ksa ls
ySl djrh gS] tks muds HkkoukRed vkSj
lkekftd fodkl ds lanHkZ esa mudh
;kSfudrk dk ,d ldkjkRed –f’Vdks.k
fodflr djrs gaS16A O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk]
lkaL—frd ewY;ksa vkSj /kkfeZd
fo”oklksa ds }kjk mudh lksp ij Mkys
x, udkjkRed çHkko dk eqdkcyk
djus esa mudh lgk;rk djrh gS] vkSj
ekrk&firk] f”k{kdksa vkSj leqnk; ds
lkFk laca/kksa ds çca/ku esa Hkh enn djrh
gS17]18]19]20
blds ckotwn fd Hkkjr ,d /keZfujis{k
çtkrU= gS vkSj lekurk blds
lafo/kku esa fufgr gS] fganw dêjiaFkh lewgksa
dk çHkko jgk gS] vkSj jk’Vª] dsaæ@la?kh;
Lrj ij eq[; /kkjk dh jktuhfr ls Hkh
nf{k.kiaFkh lewgksa }kjk jk’Vªh; igpku vkSj
x;k & nwljksa ij fgUnqvksa dh uSfrd Js’Brk
dk nkok djrs gq,22A ;g vk/kqfudrk ds
dqN igyqvksa dk fojks/k djrk gS vkSj
Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh j{kk ds fy, jk’Vªh;rk
Hkkjr dh c<+rh gqbZ ;qok vkcknh dh
arrow cnyko ds fy, 15
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
7 Karima Bennoune, Your Fatwa Does Not
Apply Here: Untold Stories from the Fight
Against Muslim Fundamentalism (NY: W.W.
Norton and Co., 2013).
8 ICAN and AWID, Extremism as Mainstream:
Implications for Women, Development &
Security in the MENA/Asia Region, accessed
October 6, 2016, http://www.icanpeacework.
org/dev/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/
Extremism-as-Mainstream.pdf.
9 Centre for Reproductive Rights, Child
Marriage in South Asia: International
and Constitutional Legal Standards and
Jurisprudence for Promoting Accountability
and Change (2013), accessed October 6,
2016, http://www.reproductiverights.org/
sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/
ChildMarriage_BriefingPaper_Web.pdf.
10 Shah Iqbal, “Growing Fundamentalisms:
A Grave Apprehension for Women’s Rights in
Pakistan,” ARROWs for Change, 14, nos. 1 & 2
(2008): 8-9, accessed October 6, 2016, http://
arrow.org.my/publication/keeping-the-faith-
overcoming-religious-fundamentalisms/.
11 UNESCO, Young People and the Law in
Asia and the Pacific: A Review of Laws and
Policies Affecting Young People’s Access
to Sexual and Reproductive Health and HIV
Services (Bangkok: United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2013),
accessed May 5, 2016, http://unesdoc.unesco.
org/images/0022/002247/224782E.pdf.
12 ;g “kks/k ,d igy gS ml {ks=h; lk>snkjh
dh tks çek.k çLrqr djds vkSj jk’Vªh; rFkk
varjjk’Vªh; i{k leFkZu ls lEc) gksdj /keZ
¼dêjokn rFkk mxzokn½ vkSj ;kSfud ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ds chp ijLij laca/kksa dks
LFkkfir djus ij dke djrh gS- ;s nl lgHkkxh
gSa bf[k~r;kj ¼bZftIV½] fy[kku lsaVj Q+‚j foesal
gsYFk fuxfer ¼fQ+yhihal½] eksjDdu Q+Sfeyh
IySfuax ,lksfl,”ku ¼eksjDdks½] ukjhiksD[kks
¼ckaXykns”k½] :jy foesal lks”ky ,tqds”ku
lsaVj ¼bafM;k½] lkslkbVh Q+‚j gsYFk ,tqds”ku
¼ekWYMhOt+½] f”kjdr xkg ¼ikfdLrku½] flLVlZ
bu bLyke ¼eysf”k;k½] ohesu ,aM ehfM;k
dysfDVo ¼Jh yadk½ vkSj ;k;lu dslsgru
isjsEiqvku@foesal gsYFk QkmaMs”ku ¼baMksusf”k;k½
13 ;g vuqHkkx ckaXykns”k vkSj Hkkjr esa gq, “kks/k
ds p;fur fu’d’kZ çLrqr djrk gS
14 P. Balasubramanian, Rajalakshmi Ram
Prakash, and N. Srilakshmi, National
Report: India—Religious Fundamentalism
and Comprehensive Sexuality Education in
South India (Tamil Nadu and Kuala Lumpur:
Rural Women’s Social Education Centre and
Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre
for Women, 2016), accessed December 6,
2016, http://arrow.org.my/wp-content/
uploads/2017/03/5.-India.pdf
 16 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
15 Nazme Sabina, National Report:
Bangladesh—Religious Extremism and
Comprehensive Sexual and Reproductive
Health and Rights in Secondary and Higher
Secondary Education in Bangladesh
(Naripokkho and ARROW: 2016), accessed
December 6, 2016, http://arrow.org.my/
wp-content/uploads/2017/03/National-Report-
Final-with-cover.pdf.
16 lkFk gh lsok çko/kku dk dsaæ fcanq
vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,] tks ;qok O;fä;ksa
dks viuh ySafxdrk le>us esa lgk;d gks vkSj
mUgsa vupkgs xHkZ rFkk ;kSu lapkfjr laØe.kksa ls
cpus ds fy, HksnHkko jfgr] xSj vkykspukRed
lsok,a çnku dj lds-
17 SIECUS, “What the Research Says…
Comprehensive Sex Education,” Sexuality
Information and Education Council of the
United States (2009), accessed December
6, 2016, http://www.siecus.org/index.
cfm?fuseaction=Page.ViewPage&PageID=1193.
18 UNESCO, International Technical
Guidance on Sexuality Education: An
Evidence-informed Approach for Schools,
Teachers and Health Educators, Volume 1:
The Rationale for Sexuality Education(United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, 2009), accessed December
6, 2016, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0018/001832/183281e.pdf.
19 UNFPA, UNFPA Operational Guidance for
Comprehensive Sexuality Education: A Focus
on Human Rights and Gender. United Nations
Population Fund (2014), accessed December
6, 2016, http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/
files/pub-pdf/UNFPA_OperationalGuidance_
WEB3.pdf.
20 UNFPA, Programme of Action adopted at
the International Conference on Population and
Development Cairo, 5–13 September 1994: 20th
Anniversary Edition (United Nations Population
Fund (UNFPA), 2014), accessed December 6,
2016, http://www.unfpa.org/publications/
international-conference-population-and-
development-programme-action.
21 Chayanika Shah, “Hindu Fundamentalisms
in India: Examining Impact and Responses by
the Women’s Movement.” ARROWs for Change
14, nos. 1 & 2 (2008): 1-3, accessed October
13, 2016, http://arrow.org.my/wp-content/
uploads/2015/04/AFC-Vol.14-No.1-2008_
Religious-Fundamentalism.pdf.
22 Marilen Danguilan, “Keeping the Faith:
Overcoming Religious Fundamentalisms,”
ARROWs for Change14, nos. 1 & 2 (2008): 1-3,
accessed May 13, 2016, http://arrow.org.my/
wp-content/uploads/2015/04/AFC-Vol.14-
No.1-2008_Religious-Fundamentalism.pdf
lqf [kZ; k¡
vko”;drkvksa dks lacksf/kr djus esa bu vYila[;d vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr djus
“kfä;ksa ls dksbZ lgk;rk ugha feyrh gSA ds ckotwn] ckaXykns”k dk lafo/kku bLyke
Hkkjr esa ;qokvksa ls ;kSfudrk vkSj çtuu dks jk’Vª /keZ ?kksf’kr djrk gS35]36A /kkfeZd
lEcU/kh ekeyksa ij ckrphr] tul¡[;k vfrokn vkSj lacfU/kr fopkj/kkjkvksa esa o`f)
fu;a=.k vkSj ,p-vkbZ-oh- ds QSyus ls dh tM+sa] lÅnh vjc dh ogkch
lEcaf/kr fparkvksa dks ysdj gh “kq: gqbZ23A fopkj/kkjkvksa vkSj dêjiaFkh lewgksa }kjk
vusdksa ;qok dsfUær uhfr;k¡24 gksus ds l[+r O;k[;kvksa ds vuqlj.k ls bLyke dh
ckotwn Hkh Hkkjr ;qokvksa dh ;kSu ,oa j{kk ds fy, jk’Vªokn dh iqdkj ds çHkko esa
çtuu LokLF; vko”;drkvksa dks i;kZIr gSaA bldk ifj.kke Fkk vYila[;d
:i ls lacksf/kr ugha dj ik;k gS vkSj vf/kdkjksa dk ç.kkyhxr nq#i;ksx]
blds dk;kZUo;u esa O;kid dfe;k¡ gSa25A /keZ&fujis{k eqlyekuksa vkSj efgykvksa ds
v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; ;qok vf/kdkjksa dks lhfer djuk] vkSj gky gh esa
oxZ ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; lEcU/kh gqbZ ukfLrdksa vkSj ;kSu vf/kdkj ds lØh;
mÙkjnk;h fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, vi;kZIr dk;ZdrkZvksa dh gR;k,a37A ;kSu ,oa çtuu
:i ls lwfpr gSa] D;ksafd ;kSu] xHkkZoLFkk] LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij uhfr ra= det+ksj
xHkZfujks/k rFkk ;kSu lapkfjr jksxksa ds gS38A ;qok oxZ udkjkRed ;kSu ,oa çtuu
ckjs esa mudh le> lhfer gS26A ;kSu LokLF; ifj.kkeksa ls ihfM+r gSa39] ek/;fed
vkSj ;kSfudrk ls lacfU/kr fo’k; fuf’k) Ldwyksa ds ikBîØe esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk
gSa] fo”ks’k :i ls ;qokvksa ds fy,] rFkk dks et+cwr djus ds ç;kl lhfer gSa] vkSj
;kSu f”k{kk LoSfPNd gS27A 2006 esa lsaVªy mudh fo’k; oLrq tho&foKku vkSj O;ogkj
cksMZ v‚Q Ldwy ,tqds”ku us ;qokvksa dh fu;a=.k ij vf/kd dsafær gS40A ;qokoxZ ;kSu
{kerk c<+kus gsrq vius lHkh Ldwyksa esa ,oa çtuu LokLF; lacfU/kr ns[kHkky vkSj
fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;ksa ds fy, fd”kksjkoLFkk lwpuk,¡ çkIr djus esa vleFkZ gSa vkSj mUgsa
f”k{kk dk;ZØe (Adolescence Education bu lsokvksa rd igqapus ds fy, ekrk&firk
Programme - AEP) dh “kq#vkr dh Fkh] dh vuqefr ysuh iM+rh gS tks muds fy,
ysfdu dqN jkT; ljdkjksa us bl dk;ZØe vkSj Hkh ck/kk,¡ mRiUu djrh gS41A
dk bl vk/kkj ij Hkkjh fojks/k fd;k fd
;g ;qok efLr’dksa dks nwf’kr djrk gS vkSj ;qokvksa ds fy, fu.kZ; dkSu ysrk gS\
;kSu ç;ksx dks c<+kok nsrk gS28A fgUnw ;|fi ;qokvksa dks fu.kZ; ysus esa leFkZ
:f<+oknh vkSj dêjiaFkh nyksa us Hkh blds cukuk O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk dk vfHkUu vax
fo’k;&oLrq dk fojks/k fd;k] ftlds gS] ysfdu O;ogkj esa lnk ,slk ugha gksrk
ifj.kkeLo:i ml le; bl ij jkT; gSA Ldwyksa esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk ds ?kVdksa
çfrca/k yx x;sA ij fopkj djrs le; fu.kZ;drkZvksa vkSj
leqnk; fgr/kkjdksa ds fo’k;&oLrq vkSj dk;Z
ckaXykns’k esa çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed jpuk ds ckjs esa vyx vyx fopkj gksrs gSa
f”k{kk dh ukekadu njksa esa lhfer ykHk dks tks lk{;&vk/kkfjr gksus ds ctk; /kkfeZd
miyC/k O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk ds Lo#i ls rFkk lkaL—frd vkLFkkvksa vkSj ,dy f”k{k.k
vkSj Hkh pqukSrh feyrh gSA f”k{kk dh [+kjkc }kjk lwfpr gksrs gSaA ;g lc çdV gksrk gS
xq.koÙkk] f”k{kk rd leku igq¡p dh deh] lkekftd :i ls Lohdk;Z O;ogkj dh
vkSj Ldwy NksM+us dh mPp njsa cgqrksa ds /kkj.kkvksa ls] lkaL—frd vkSj /kkfeZd laj{k.k
fy,] fo”ks’k :i ls yM+fd;ksa ds fy,] Ldwy dh vko”;drk ls] O;ogkj fu;a=.k ls] vkSj
rd dh igq¡p dks de dj jgh gSa] ckotwn f”k{kdksa dh çpfyr ladh.kZ eu%fLFkfr ls]
blds fd çkFkfed f”k{kk fu%”kqYd vkSj tks ladqfpr /kkfeZd fo”oklksa vkSj çFkkvksa
vfuok;Z gS30A f”k{kk ç.kkyh dks eksVs rkSj dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds muds ç;klksa ls Li’V
ij çkFkfed ¼d{kk 1&5½31] ek/;fed ¼d{kk gksrh gSA
6&10½32] vkSj r`rh;d f”k{kk esa foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi çkFkfed v/;;u rfeyukMq ds dqN fgLlksa esa ekrk&firkvksa
Lrj ij vf/kdka”k cPps ljdkjh vkSj ds eu esa fookg iwoZ ;kSu lEcU/kksa &
iath—r x+Sj&ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+rs gSa] fo”ks’kdj ;qofr;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa & ds
ijarq x+Sj&ljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk lapkfyr f[+kykQ+ ,d uSfrd vkØks”k cuk jgrk gSA
Ldwy vkSj /kkfeZd Ldwy ¼enjls½] ftuesa ls ,d ^vkn”kZ* vkSj ^Lohdk;Z* lkFkh ls fookg
dqN viath—r gSa] Hkh py jgs gSaA enjls dks mPp ekU;rk nsus ds lkFk lkFk ;g
rdjhcu iwjh rjg ls x+Sj&jkT; {ks= esa gSa] vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr <k¡ps dh deh dks n”kkZrk
çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed Lrj ij33 dke dj gS42A
jgs gSa rFkk vkSipkfjd {ks= ds ckgj gSa34A
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 17
lq f [kZ ;k¡ vol. 23 no.1 2017

Notes & References

fd”kksfj;ksa ls vk”kk dh tkrh gS fd os foijhr tsaMj ds chp ;kSu vkd’kZ.k dks
;kSu lEcU/kksa ds ckjs esa vuqHkoghu gksa vkSj
LokHkkfod ekuk; ijUrq leku&tsaMj
fookgiwoZ ;kSu laca/k ykafNr gksrs gSa] ftlds
lEcU/kksa ds ckjs esa lkspk rd ugha x;kA
23 Ketaki Chowkani, “Sexuality Education:
pyrs lwpuk vkSj lsokvksa rd igq¡p ckf/kr blds vykok] ;qokvksa ds dk;Z&dykiksa dks Why We Need It,” Teacher Plus(2013),
gks tkrh gS3A fu;af=r djus ;ksX; ekuk tkrk gS] tSlk accessed May 13, 2016, http://www.
/kkfeZd O;k[;kvksa }kjk ;FkkfLFkfr dks cuk, teacherplus.org/cover-story/sexuality-

ckaXykns”k esa] ek/;fed f”k{kk ikBîØe esa j[kus ds fy, vknsf”kr gSA ckaXykns”k esa education-why-we-need-it.

O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk dk lekos”k] vkSj lkFk gh ekrk&firk vkSj ;qokvksa ds chp ;kSfudrk 24 mnkgj.k ds fy,] jk’Vªh; ;qok uhfr 2014
lkFk bldh fo’k;&lkexzh] uhfr fu/kkZjdksa ij ckrphr de gksrh gSA bls] ekrk&firk rFkk jk’Vªh; fd”kksj çtuu LokLF; dk;ZØe
}kjk /kkfeZd vkSj lkaL—frd Lohdk;Zrk dh nksuksa dh ft+Eesnkjh ds ctk;] dsoy ek¡ dh 2014] ftu nksuksa dk gh y{; gS ;qokvksa dks
viuh {kerk rd igq¡pkus esa lgk;rk djuk]
/kkj.kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fu;af=r dh tkrh ft+Eesnkjh ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk gS14A vkSj lkFk gh lwfpr fodYi pquuk rFkk muds
gSA vfHkHkkodh; vkanksyu ds dkj.k tsaMj lexz fodkl dk egÙo. In Balasubramanian,
vk/kkfjr HksnHkko] r#.k voLFkk ds tSfod O;kid ;kSu f’k{kk esa D;k&D;k 'kkfey et al, 2016.
igyw vkSj çtuu ds fo’k;ksa dks ek/;fed gS\ Hkkjrh; v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd] 25 Palanisamy Balasubramanian, Country
ikBîØe ls gVk fn;k x;k] tcfd ^mfpr* ;|fi ekrk&firk esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk ds Profile on Universal Access to Sexual and
O;ogkj] dkSek;Z] vkSj LoPNrk lEcU/kh ckjs esa tkudkjh de gS] ijUrq muesa ls Reproductive Rights: India (Tamil Nadu and
tkudkjh dks jgus fn;k x;k15A dbZ yksx ml f”k{kk & ftlesa tsaMj] tsaMj Kuala Lumpur: Rural Women’s Social Education

vk/kkfjr fgalk vkSj ;kSu lapkfjr laØe.k
blds vykok] ckaXykns”k esa f”k{kdksa ds ikl “kkfey gSa & ds i{k esa çrhr gksrs gq,
fn[ksA ijarq os ;kSfudrk vkSj ;kSu lEcU/kksa
rfeyukMq ds dqN fgLlksa esa tSls fo’k;ksa & ftudks vfookfgrksa ds fy,
ekrk&firkvksa ds eu esa fookg iwoZ egRoiw.kZ ugha ekuk tkrk gS & ds i{k esa
;kSu lEcU/kksa & fo”ks’kdj ;qofr;ksa ds ugha tku iM+rs gSaA ekrk&firkvksa us ;qokvksa
Centre and ARROW, 2015), accessed June
19, 2016, http://arrow.org.my/publication/
country-profile-on-universal-access-to-sexual-
and-reproductive-rights-india/.
26 National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
2005–2006 and International Institute
of Population Sciences 2006–2007, In

lUnHkZ esa & ds f[kykQ+ ,d uSfrd ds fy, xHkZfujks/kd vkSj xHkZikr lsokvksa ds Balasubramanian, et al, 2016.

vkØks”k cuk jgrk gSA ,d ^vkn”kZ* çfr vius lansg O;ä fd;s14A 27 Gupta, et al, 2012. In Balasubramainan, et

vkSj ^Lohdk;Z* lkFkh ls fookg dks mPp tc er vuqdwy Fks rks mUgsa yxk fd al, 2016.

ekU;rk nsus ds lkFk lkFk ;g vf/kdkj ;g f”k{kk & tks tsaMj vk/kkfjr ekunaMksa] 28 Rajalakshmi, 2007. In Balasubramainan, et
vk/kkfjr <k¡ps dh deh dks n”kkZrk gSA tsaMj&fof”k’V Hkwfedkvksa vkSj ft+Eesnkfj;ksa al, 2016.

O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk dks i<+kus ds fy, dksbZ
fo”ks’k çf”k{k.k ugha gSA mudh /kkj.kk;sa]
tks mudh /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa ls Hkh çHkkfor
gksrh gSa] mudh v/;kiu “kSyh vkSj fo’k;
p;u dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA f”k{kdksa
dks] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds eu esa vU; O;fä;ksa]
tSls ifjokj ds lnL;] }kjk cSBkbZ x;h
vUrfuZfgr le> vkSj ijEijkvksa ls Hkh
tw>uk iM+rk gSA os ,sls okrkj.k dk fuekZ.k
ugha djrs gSa tgka fo|kFkhZ [kqydj viuh
ckr dg ldsa; os okLrfod fo’k;&oLrq dks
fNikrs gSa & fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ;g dgdj fd
os bu fo’k;ksa dks mPp d{kkvksa esa foLrkj
ls lh[ksaxsA ,d /kkj.kk ;g Hkh gS fd
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bu tkudkfj;ksa ls lqjf{kr
j[ks tkus dh vko”;drk gS] tks dnkfpr
f”k{kdksa }kjk viuh ml “kfeaZnxh & tks
muds vius Lo;a ds ladkspksa ds dkj.k gksrh
gS & ls fuiVus dk ,d jkLrk gks ldrk
gSA iq#’k f”k{kdksa dh vis{kk efgyk f”k{kdksa
dks ;g vf/kd pqukSrhiw.kZ yxrk gS15A
rfeyukMq ds ekeys esa ekrk&firkvksa esa
yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds chp fe=rk ds çfr
,d vke Loh—fr fn[kkbZ nh vkSj mUgksaus
dks mtkxj djrh gS & yM+fd;ksa ds fy,
vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA ;kSfud laca/kksa ds
varxZr ^dsoy&la;e&gh* f”k{kk dks
çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS] D;ksafd ;g ç;ksxksa
vkSj fookgsÙkj ;kSu lEcU/kksa dks grksRlkfgr
djrh gS] ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ,d
;kSu ldkjkRed –f’Vdks.k & tks fcuk
fdlh Hk;] “keZ vkSj çfrca/k dh /kkj.kkvksa
dks c<+k, ;kSfudrk dks ekU;rk nsrk gS &
dnkfpr lg’kZ Lohdkj u gks14A
ckaXykns”k esa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
f”k{kk ij mu lEHkk’k.kksa dk opZLo gS tks
LokLF; vkSj uSfrdrk ls tqM+s gSa] rFkk ;kSu
fØ;k ls tqM+s tho&foKku vkSj dyad
dks çeq[krk nsrs gSa ¼tSls fd”kksjkoLFkk esa
xHkZ/kkj.k] laØe.k] nq#i;ksx ;k fgalk½A
ckaXykns”k enjlk f”k{kk cksMZ }kjk forfjr
ikBî iqLrdksa us ;qok iq#’k vkSj efgykvksa
ds fp=ksa dks fgtkc igus gq, yM+fd;ksa43
vkSj çkFkZuk Vksih igus gq, yM+dksa44 dh
rLohjksa ls cny fn;k & tks ;qokvksa ds
vkn”kZ fp=.k dks n”kkZrh gSaA ek/;fed vkSj
enjlk oxZ ¼2014 vkSj 2015½ Ldwyksa dh
ikBî iqLrdksa esa “kkfey gSa fd”kksjkoLFkk
esa gksus okys “kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld
29 Dasgupta, 2008 and TARSHI, 2008. In
Balasubramainan, et al, 2016.
30 UNICEF 2009. In Sabina, 2016.
31 çkFkfed ,oa tu f”k{kk ea=ky; ds nk;js esa
32 f”k{kk ea=ky; ds nk;js esa
33 O;kid Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZ—r% vkfy;k enjls
vkSj dkSeh enjlsA vkfy;k enjls] ljdkjh
fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSa ftls enjlk f”k{kk
cksMZ fu/kkZfjr djrk gS vkSj tks çkFkfed ls
ijkLukrd Lrj rd ds ikBîØe dks eat+wjh nsrk
gS] vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks /kkfeZd vkSj lkekU; nksuksa
gh f”k{kk nh tkrh gS- n[+khyh vkfy;k f”k{kk dk
ek/;fed Lrj gS ¼d{kk 6 ls 10 rd½ ftlds
var esa enjlk f”k{kk cksMZ }kjk lapkfyr ijh{kk
gksrh gS tks ek/;fed Ldwy çek.ki= ¼SSC½ ds
led{k gS- dkSeh enjls jkT; ds {ks= ds ckgj
dke djrs gSa] tks ,d gnhFk çek.ki= ds lkFk
lekIr gksrs gSa-
34ed+rc ¼;k uwjkuh enjlk½ rFkk Q++qjdkfu;k
@gQ+hft;k enjlk
 18 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
35 See “Bangladesh’s Constitution of 1972,
Reinstated in 1986, with Amendments through
2011,” accessed May 17, 2016, https://
www.constituteproject.org/constitution/
Bangladesh_2011.pdf.
36 ;g /keZfuisZ{krk dks jkT; uhfr ds pkj
ekSfyd fl)karksa esa ls ,d ekurk gS ¼Hkkx
2-8½- ;g dgrk gS fd bldks lHkh çdkj dh
lkEçnkf;drk] jktuhfr esa /keZ ds çfr i{kikr]
jktuhfrd mís”;ksa ds fy, /keZ dk nq#i;ksx
,oa /kkfeZd çFkk ds ifj.kke Lo#i mRiUu
HksnHkko dk mUewyu djds lkdkj fd;k tk;sxk
¼çLrkouk vkSj Hkkx 2-12½- vU; /keksaZ dks cjkcjh
dk nt+kZ fn;k x;k gS- lchuk esa] 2016-
37 Lintner. In Sabina, 2016.
38 ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; lEcU/kh ewy rRoksa
dks jk’Vªh; tul¡[;k uhfr ¼2010½] LokLF; uhfr
¼2011½] ekr`Ro LokLF; j.kuhfr 2011&2016]
vkSj ,pvkbZoh@,M~l rFkk ,lVhvkbZ lEcU/kh
fo’k; vkSj fd”kksj çtuu LokLF; uhfr 2006
ij ,dh—r jk’Vªh; uhfr esa vf/k—r fd;k x;k
gS- lchuk esa] 2016-
39 Bangladesh Demographic and Health
Survey 2014. In Sabina, 2016.
40 Bhuiyan, 2014. In Sabina, 2016.
41 Naripokkho, undated. In Sabina, 2016.
42 ml vuqlU/kku uewus ij vk/kkfjr ftlesa
dkaphiqje ftys ds frjiqj Cy‚d esa ekrk firk
ds chp gq, ,d uewuk losZ{k.k lfgr ek=kRed
vkSj xq.kkRed rduhdksa dks ç;qä fd;k x;k
In Balasubramanian, et al, 2016.
43 flj vkSj Nkrh dks <¡drk gqvk ud+kc ftls
eqfLye efgyk,a o;@laf/k ds ckn o;Ld iq#’k
fj”rsnkjksa ,oa vU; ds le{k igurh gSa-
44 ,d NksVh vkSj xksy Vksih ftls /kkfeZd
ç;kstuksa ds fy, iguk tkrk gS-
45 Rachel Vogelstein, Ending Child Marriage:
How Elevating the Status of Girls Advances
U.S. Foreign Policy Objectives(Council on
Foreign Relations, 2013), accessed September
13, 2016, i.cfr.org/content/publications/
attachments/Ending_Child_Marriage_report.
pdf.
46 UNICEF, South Asia Regional Study:
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
(UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, 2014),
accessed September 13, 2016, https://www.
unicef.org/education/files/SouthAsia_OOSCI_
Study__Executive_Summary_26Jan_14Final.pdf
lqf [kZ; k¡
ifjorZu] ;kSu mRihM+u] r#.k voLFkk vkSj
u”khyh nokvksa ds nq#i;ksxA ikBî lkexzh
yM+fd;ksa dks lykg nsrh gS fd mUgsa çFke
ckj ekfld /keZ gksus ij viuh ekrkvksa dks
crkuk pkfg,] O;fäxr LoPNrk dk /;ku
j[kuk pkfg,] lkQ+ diM+s iguus pkfg,]
rFkk eqyk;e vkSj dhVk.kq jfgr diM+s ;k
lSfuVjh uSifdu dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A
yM+dksa dks çFke ckj oh;Zikr gksus ij
LoPNrk dh tkudkjh gsrq vius firk ;k
iq#’k vfHkHkkodksa ls ijke”kZ ysus dh lykg
nh tkrh gSA vr% lUnHkZ gS ;kSu lEcU/kksa
dh eukgh ¼ftls bLyke esa gjke crk;k
x;k gS½] vkSj LoPNrk rFkk “kq)rk dh
/kkj.kk,a] ftu lc ds /kkfeZd ladsrkFkZ gSa
¼tSls çkFkZuk] ozr ;k vU; /kkfeZd dk;ksaZ
esa “kkfey gksus dh vleFkZrk½A ;kSu
mRihM+u ij tkudkjh] yM+fd;ksa dh j{kk
dh vko”;drk] mudh lgu”khyrk dks
lqfuf”pr djus vkSj muds foijhr fyax ds
çfr vkd’kZ.k dks çfrcaf/kr djus ls
lacfU/kr /kkfeZd O;k[;kvksa ij dsfUær gSA
;kSu ij ifjppkZ,a] efgykvksa ds O;ogkj ij
dsfUær jgrh gSa] rFkk la;e] uSfrdrk dh
j{kk] vkSj /kkfeZd nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus
ij tksj nsrh gSaA ,p-vkbZ-oh- vkSj ,M~l ij
tkudkjh iqjkuh] HksnHkkoiw.kZ vkSj
v/kwjh gS] ftles leySafxd xfrfof/k;ksa dks
bl laØe.k dk dkj.k crk;k tkrk gSA
;gk¡ ij Hkh tkudkfj;ksa ds çLrqrhdj.k esa
/keZ dk çHkqRo çcy gS] rFkk muesa vf/kdkj
vk/kkfjr –f’Vdks.kksa dk vHkko gSA ikBî
iqLrdsa vfo”oluh;rk] fu;a=.k djus esa
vleFkZrk çLrqr djrh gSa] vkSj vLohdk;Z
O;ogkj dks jksdus ds fy, eu esa Hk; iSnk
djrh gSa15A
dkSu yksx NwV x, gSa\ ckaXykns”k vkSj
Hkkjr] nksuksa esa gh cky&fookg vkSj de
vk;q esa fookg ds mPp çpyu rFkk Ldwyh
f”k{kk chp esa gh NksM+ nsus dh ço`fÙk ds
pyrs45] buls çHkkfor O;fä;ksa ij O;kid
;kSu f”k{kk dh deh ls iM+us okys çHkko
dks ;gk¡ mBk;k x;k gSA varfje esa] NksVh
d{kkvksa esa O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk dk lekos”k
bu çpyuksa ds mUewyu ds fy, dqN
gn rd bu cPpksa dh vko”;drkvksa dks
iwjk djus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA tc
;kSu f”k{kk ekStwn Hkh gksrh gS] rc Hkh og
ckaXykns”k vkSj Hkkjr ds mu ;qokvksa rd
ugha igq¡p ikrh tks Ldwyh f”k{kk ls ckgj gSa
D;ksafd lkjk /;ku bl çko/kku dks Ldwy ds
vt+jk vCnqy d+kfnj }kjk
izksxzke eSustj] ekWfuVfjax ,aM ,foMsal tsusjs”ku Q+kWj psat] ,sjks | bZesy: azra@arrow.org.my | V~foVj : @azra_tweets
vanj gh j[kus ij dsafær gS46A
;qokvksa ds fy, O;kid ;kSu f’k{kk
lqfuf’pr djukA O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk flQ+Z
;kSu ds ckjs esa ugha gS vkSj u gh ;g ;kSu
lEcU/kksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, gS]
oju~ bl ckr dks le>us ds fy, gS fd
vkpj.k ij lkekftd&lkaL—frd vkSj
/kkfeZd çfrca/kksa ds ckotwn] ;qok oxZ
fodYiksa dk p;u dj jgs gSa vkSj ;kSu
:i ls lØh; gSaA ;qokvksa dks bl ckr ds
fy, leFkZ cukuk gksxk fd fcuk fdlh
Hk;] dyad] HksnHkko vkSj ck/;rk ds] os
mu fodYiksa dks pqu ldsa vkSj fu.kZ;
ys ldsa tks muds “kjhj vkSj thou dks
çHkkfor djrs gSa3A ;kSu vkSj ;kSfudrk ls
tqM+s vijk/kcks/k@dyad dks vf/kdkjksa dh
:ijs[kk] ;qok vuqHkoksa vkSj lekosf”krk ds
fl)karksa dk ç;ksx djds lacksf/kr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
vf/kdkj&vk/kkfjr ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
tkudkjh vkSj lsokvksa dh çkfIr dks jksdus
okyh ck/kkvksa dks lacksf/kr fd, tkus dh
vko”;drk gSA blesa uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj
fu.kZ; ysus ij /keZ ds çHkko dks lacksf/kr
djuk Hkh “kkfey gSA ;qokvksa ds fy, /kkfeZd
okrkoj.k ds vanj vfu.kkZ;d vkSj HksnHkko
jfgr lqjf{kr LFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k djuk]
rkfd os fcuk fdlh fopkjQy vkSj ncko
ds fopkj&foe”kZ] iwNrkN djus vkSj lh[kus
esa l{ke gksa] vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
/kkfeZd xzUFkksa dh fofo/k O;k[;kvksa ds fy,
LFkku cukuk lqfuf”pr djuk gksxk] rkfd
fo”ys’k.k vkSj laokn dks çksRlkgu feys]
ekuokf/kdkj lqfuf”pr gksa] vkSj ;qokvksa dh
okLrfod vko”;drk,a iwjh gksaA
,sls Js’B f”k{kk ikBîØe] ftudh foLr`r
fo’k;&oLrq] lk{; rFkk v/;;u vk/kkfjr
gks] vR;ko”;d gSaA lHkh fgr/kkjdksa dks
lwpuk gLrkarj.k vkSj lsokvksa rd igq¡p
laHko djus esa l{ke cuuk gksxkA blesa
“kkfey gS f”k{kdksa esa dkS”ky fuekZ.k djuk
rFkk muds ut+fj;s dks cnyuk] lkFk gh
lkFk ekrk&firk] ns[kjs[k djus okyksa] vkSj
vU; leqnk; & fgr/kkjdksa] ftuesa /kkfeZd
usrk Hkh “kkfey gSa] dks f”kf{kr djuk rkfd
os viuh /kkj.kk;sa cny ldsa vkSj vf/kdkj
vk/kkfjr varj&ih<+h ckrphr dks çksRlkfgr
dj ldsaA ijLij lEeku] fo”okl] vkSj
lqfoK fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk iSnk djuk Hkh
egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSaA

oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa
efgyk&ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fy, laL—fr
vkSj /keZ dk iqu%leu:iu%
Q+jhnk ’kghn ds lkFk okrkZyki
bl lk{kkRdkj esa ,sjks (ARROW) us yacs
le; rd ukjhoknh vkSj lfØ;rkoknh jg
pqdh Q+jhnk “kghn ls ckr dh gS] tks uoacj
2009 ls vDVwcj 2015 rd] lkaL—frd
vf/kdkj ds {ks= esa çFke Lora= fo”ks’kK
vkSj fo”ks’k çfrosnd (Special Rapporteur
- SR) FkhaA ;g lk{kkRdkj muds fopkjksa
ij dsfUær gS & fdl çdkj ls efgykvksa
ds ekuokf/kdkj] ftlesa muds ;kSu ,oa
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gSa]
lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, laL—fr vkSj /keZ
dks iqu%leuq:i djuk lqfuf”pr gks lds]
vkSj fdl çdkj ls fo”ks’k çfØ;k vkns”kksa
dk ç;ksx bu eqíksa dks mBkus ds fy, fd;k
tk ldsA ,sjks dk;ZØe dh vf/kdkjh vt+jk
vCnqy dkfnj vkSj ekfj;k esfyaMk ,aMks us
lk{kkRdkj dk lapkyu fd;kA
—i;k gesa viuk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft;s
eSa ikfdLrku fLFkr] efgykvksa ds
vf/kdkjksa ij dk;Z djus okyh ,d çeq[k
laLFkk f”kjd+r xkg dh egkfuns”kd gw¡A eSa
,d jk’Vªh; y‚ch & ohesUl ,D”ku Q+ksje
& dh laLFkkid lnL;k Hkh gw¡] ftldks
1981 esa efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ds ç.kkyhxr
fujLrhdj.k ds fojks/k esa cuk;k x;k
Fkk; vkSj ,d varjjk’Vªh; laLFkk ^ohesu
fyfoax vaMj eqfLye y‚l* dh laLFkkid@
dksj xzqi lnL;k Hkh gw¡ ¼ftlds fy, eSaus
f”kjd+r xkg ds varxZr ,f”k;k {ks= leUo;
dk;kZy; dk xBu fd;k vkSj dbZ n”kdksa
rd mls pyk;k Hkh½A
eSaus 25 o’kksaZ ls vf/kd le; rd efgykvksa
dks l”kä cukus vkSj lkekftd U;k;
ds ,tsaMk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, dk;Z
fd;k gS% mu drkZvksa rFkk dkjdksa dk &
tks efgykvksa dks LFkkuh; ls varjjk’Vªh;
Lrj rd “kfäghu cukrs gSa & fo”ys’k.k
djus vkSj mudks lEcksf/kr djus dh {kerk
rFkk muds ckjs esa Kku fodflr djds;
efgykvksa dks mu ij ykxw fd;s x, çFkkxr
fjokt+ksa vkSj muds dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa ds chp
ds varj dks le>us esa lgk;rk djh gS;
arrow cnyko ds fy, 19
vol. 23 no.1 2017
dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa] ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj
uhfr;ksa rd mudh igq¡p dks lqxe cukus
esa enn djh; vkSj O;fäxr vkSj lkewfgd
ifjorZu dk;ZØeksa dh vxqvkbZ ds fy, Notes & References
lgk;rk lzksrksa dk la;kstu djus esa enn
djhA lfØ;rkokn esjs “kSf{kd dk;Z ds fy,
eq>s lwfpr djrk gS; oSpkfjd fo”ys’k.k vkSj 1 Farida Shaheed, “A/67/287 Cultural
le> esjs O;kogkfjd t+ehuh Lrj ds dk;ksaZ] Rights,” accessed May 17, 2017, https://www.
Kku gLrkarj.k vkSj dkS”ky fuekZ.k dk oursplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/UN-SR-
vk/kkj gSaA eSaus efgykvksa] /keZ] igpku rFkk on-cultural-rights-Thematic-Report-Cultural-
Rights-of-Women-2012.pdf
jk’Vª ukxfjdrk ds leUo;] vkSj ;g fdl
çdkj ls efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks çHkkfor
djrk gS] bl ij cgqr dqN çdkf”kr fd;k
gSA eSaus cgqr lkjs iqjLdkj Hkh thrs gSa]
vkSj ikfdLrkuh efgykvksa dh vkokt++ dks
varjjk’Vªh; eap rd ys tkus] rFkk mUgsa
varjjk’Vªh; çfrc)rk ls ifjfpr djkus ds
ç;klksa dk usr`Ro Hkh fd;k gSA
,d fo”ks"k çfrosnd ds rkSj ij
ekuokf/kdkj guu ds eqíksa ij] ftlesa
efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu
vf/kdkj vkSj LokLF; Hkh 'kkfey gSa] vkidk
vf/kns”k D;k Fkk\ —i;k fof”k"V ekeyksa dks
Hkh lk>k dfj;s] ;fn dksbZ gksa rksA
eSaus ,d Økafrdkjh cnyko dh vko”;drk
ij tksj fn;k gS & laL—fr dks efgyk
vf/kdkjksa ds fy, ck/kk ds :i esa ns[kus ds
ctk; efgykvksa ds fy, lkaL—frd
vf/kdkjksa dh ekax iq#’kksa ls lekurk ds
vk/kkj ij djukA CEDAW desVh ds lkFk
ppkZ vkSj ckrphr ds ckn eSaus viuh 2012
dh fjiksVZ ^efgykvksa }kjk lkaL—frd
vf/kdkjksa dk iq#’kksa ds led{k cjkcjh dk
miHkksx* (The Enjoyment of Cultural Rights by
Women on an Equal Basis with Men)1 fy[kuk
fuf”pr fd;k ftls la;qä jk’Vª egklHkk
dks çLrqr fd;k x;kA
;g fjiksVZ fo”ks’k :i ls ;kSu ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ds eqís dks ugha
mBkrh gS] ijUrq ÞlkaL—frd ekunaMksaß ds
vuqekuksa dks pqukSrh nsus vkSj efgykvksa dks
vius thou ds lHkh igyqvksa ij fu.kZ; ysus
ds ekeys esa gkf”k;s ls dsaæ dh vksj vkuk
20 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa

lqfuf”pr djus dh vko”;drk ij vo”; vki ml lewg ls iw.kZ :i ls cfg’—r gks

t+ksj nsrh gSA blds vykok ;g fu/kkZfjr tk,¡xsA okLro esa] laL—fr fooknksa dk LFkku
djuk fd lkaL—frd fojklr D;k gS] gS] tgk¡ vFkksaZ ij fookn gksrk gS] vkSj ;g
mldh O;k[;k vkSj ;g fu.kZ; djuk fd fujarj cnyrh jgrh gS] dHkh vpy ugha
blesa ls D;k j[kuk gS] fdlesa ifjorZu jgrhA gekjs çfrfnu ds fØ;kdykiksa esa
djuk gS ;k iwjh rjg ls [+kkfjt dj nsuk laL—fr dh iqu#RifÙk gksrh gS ;k ifjorZu
gS] ;g lc Hkh blesa “kkfey gSA eSaus ;g gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh leqnk; ;k lekt dh
Hkh dgk gS fd dksbZ Hkh lkaL—frd çFkk,a dsoy ,d laL—fr ugha gS; ges”kk ,d
ekuokf/kdkj ekin.Mksa vkSj ekudksa ds ç/kku laL—fr gksrh gS ¼tks mu O;fä;ksa ds
vuq:i ugha gSa; lHkh laL—fr;ksa dks }kjk Fkksih tkrh gS tks l{ke gSa r;”kqnk
ekuokf/kdkjksa dh vksj vxzlj gksuk gksxkA fu;eksa ds rgr mldk vuqikyu djokus esa½
;g ckr tkurs gq, fd ÞlaL—frß çk;% vkSj v/khuLFk laL—fr;k¡] ftuesa “kkfey gSa
efgykvksa ij t+cju f”kdatk dlrh gS] eSaus & ekuokf/kdkj dh laL—fr] ijUrq efgykvksa
vius igys gh dFku esa dgk Fkk fd vkSj gkf”k;s ij fLFkr yksxksa dh laL—fr
lkaL—frd thou esa fgLlk ysus ds vf/kdkj blesa “kkfey ugha gSA fdlh ,d leqnk;
esa fdlh ,sls vuq’Bku ;k vH;kl esa ls lacfU/kr gksuk lekurk ugha çnku
fgLlk u ysus dk vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gS djrk gSA laL—fr eq[; :i ls “kfä vkSj
tks ekuoh; xfjek dks de djrk gksA “kfäghurk ds eqíksa ls lacfU/kr gSA
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dh
lcls fof”k’V ç—fr ftldks eSaus mBk;k gS naMkRed dk;ZokbZ vkSj@;k lekt ls
og LGBTIQ ¼ysfLc;u] xs] ckbZ&lsDlqvy] cfg’—r fd;s tkus dk Hk;] ,d eq[; ck/kk
VªkaltsaMj] baVjlsDl] dqbZj½ lewgksa ds gSa mu efgykvksa ds fy, tks ;FkkfLFkfr dks
lkaL—frd vf/kdkjksa ls lacfU/kr lapkj vkSj cnyus dk ç;kl dj jgh gSaA /keZ laL—fr
ns”kh; fjiksVksaZ esa gSA dk vfHkUu vax gS] ysfdu mlds led{k
ugha gSA euq’; dk thou lkekftd&
D;k vki lksprh gSa fd /keZ] /kkfeZd lkaL—frd ekun.Mksa vkSj funsZ”kksa ds tfVy
dêjokn vkSj vfrokn] vkSj efgykvksa ds tky }kjk “kkflr gSA mu lektksa esa] tgka
vf/kdkj ¼ftuesa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; /keZ ,d çeq[k “kfä gS] ;s ekun.M
vkSj vf/kdkj 'kkfey gSa½ vkil esa lacfU/kr lkaL—frd /kkfeZd ç—fr ds gksrs gSaA /keZ
gSa\ dSls\ bu igyqvksa ds laca/k esa dkSu ls ds ckjs esa vKkurk ds pyrs] yksx] fo”ks’k
eq[; eqís gSa ftu ij fopkj fd;k tkuk gS\ :i ls efgyk,a] çHkko”kkyh fi=lÙkkRed
rkdrksa }kjk dh x;ha /keZ vkSj laL—fr dh
tSlk fd eSaus efgykvksa ij viuh fjiksVZ esa vkRe&lsokjr O;k[;kvksa dk f”kdkj cu
dgk gS] eq>s yxrk gS fd gesa loky dks tkrs gSaA /kkfeZd drkZvksa dh oS/krk fu/kkZfjr
vyx rjhds ls iwNus dh vko”;drk gSA djus esa jk’Vª dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA
efgykvksa dks vius ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj vius
/keZ ;k lkaL—frd tqM+ko esa ls fdlh ,d dêjoknh vkanksyuksa dh ço`fÙk gS lekt
dk p;u djus ds fy, ck/; ugha gksuk ij viuk fu;a=.k c<+kus ds fy, ifjokj
pkfg,A ç”u ;g gS fd ,slk D;k djuk vkSj ikfjokfjd ekunaMksa ij /;ku dsfUær
gksxk rkfd ;g lqfuf”pr gks lds fd djuk] fo”ks’k :i ls ;kSfudrk vkSj çtuu
efgyk,a laL—fr vkSj /keZ dks bl çdkj ijA iq#’k vkSj efgyk,a tks dêjokn ds
fQj ls leuq:i djus ds fy, l”kä gkas bu ekunaMksa dks ekurs gSa] bu rkdrksa }kjk
ftlls muds leLr ekuokf/kdkj lqfuf”pr
gks ldsa] vkSj ,slk D;k fd;k tk ldrk “efgykvksa dks vius ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj vius
gS rkfd ;g lqfuf”pr gks lds fd jk’Vª /keZ ;k lkaL—frd tqM+ko esa ls fdlh ,d dk
lHkh tsaMj & efgykvksa] iq#’kksa o vU; & p;u djus ds fy, ck/; ugha gksuk pkfg,A
ds fy, leku volj miyC/k djk,a rkfd ç”u ;g gS fd ,slk D;k djuk gksxk rkfd
lHkh dh vkokt++ lquh tk ldsA ;g lqfuf”pr gks lds fd efgyk,a laL—fr
vkSj /keZ dks bl çdkj fQj ls leuq:i
gj çdkj ds dêjokn dk ,d [+krjk gS djus ds fy, l”kä gks ftlls muds leLr
>wB&Q+jsc ls is”k fd;s x, f}pj fodYi% ekuokf/kdkj lqfuf”pr gks ldsa] vkSj ,slk
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vki ;k rks fdlh fo”ks’k D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd ;g lqfuf”pr
/kkfeZd ;k lkaL—frd lewg ds lnL; gks lds fd jk’Vª lHkh tsaMj ds fy, leku
gks ldrs gSa] ml fLFkfr esa vkidks dqN
fo”ks’k fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk gksxk] ojuk volj miyC/k djk,a---ß
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 21
oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa vol. 23 no.1 2017

fofu;ksftr {ks=ksa ds fpUg cu tkrs gSaA vkSj D;ksa\ D;k ;gh gky la;qä jk"Vª fo”ks"k
çfØ;k (UN Special Procedures) ds ekeys esa
eq>s nq%[k gS fd geus ;g ikfdLrku esa Hkh gS\ —i;k foLrkj ls crk,aA D;k vki
ns[kk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd vfr”k; :i esa HkhA /kkfeZd ykWch }kjk ncko Mkyus okyh pkyksa]
bu nyxks"Bksa esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk]
igys ls ekStwn fi=klÙkkRed ekunaMksa vkSj vkSj muds }kjk cuk;s x;s xBca/kuksa ij
rkdrksa ls dêjoknh laHkk’k.kksa dks çfrJqfr dqN çdk”k Mky ldrh gSa\
ÞeSa ;g Hkh eglwl djrh gw¡ fd jk’Vª vkSj eSa ;g ugha ekurh fd /kkfeZd nyxks’Bksa
nwljs drkZvksa dh Hkwfedk dh Nku chu djuk us la;qä jk’Vª ekuokf/kdkj ra= ij dCt+k
Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] nkrk dj fy;k gS] ysfdu fuf”pr :i ls
laLFkk,a n”kdksa ls LoPNrk vkSj thou ds mUgksaus vius ,tsaMk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,
nwljs igyqvksa ij beke dh Hkwfedk dks c<+kok iq[+rk ç;kl tkjh j[ks gSaA tula[;k vkSj
nsrh jgh gSa] tgka bl lewg dk blls igys fodkl çfØ;k ij varjjk’Vªh; lEesyu
dksbZ çHkko ugha FkkAß (International Conference on Population and
Development process) & ftlus fofo/k
vkSj lacy feyrk gSA ;kSu vkpkj&fopkj laçnk;ksa vkSj /keksaZ ls vk, drkZvksa dks
ij bldk çHkko Li’V fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj erSD; cukus dh NwV nh] tks chftax
;g dqN fu;r fu;eksa ¼vkSj mudk mYya?ku lEesyu esa vkSj mlds ckn Hkh cuh jgh &
djus ij naMkRed dk;Zokgh½ ds lkFk vkrk esa ;g Li’V :i ls fn[kkbZ fn;k FkkA
gS] tks efgykvksa dks dqN [k+kl fn”kkvksa esa
eksM+rs gq, vkSj Hkh fu;af=r vkSj lhfer dj ;fn bl rjg ds nyxks’Bksa us la;qä jk’Vª
nsrk gS ¼tSls ukSdjh u djuk] vPNh ra= esa rkdr çkIr dj yh gS rks ;g mu
x`g.kh@ek¡ cuuk] nwljksa dh vko”;drk dks ljdkjksa dh ç—fr dh otg ls gS tks
viuh t+:jrksa ls T+;knk çkFkfedrk nsuk] la;qä jk’Vª dh fuokZfpr lnL; gSaA /kkfeZd
flQ+Z dqN fo”ks’k rjhdksa ls gh diM+s iguuk nyxks’B@drkZ lksfo;r la?k vkSj
vkSj O;ogkj djuk] bR;kfn½A lektoknh ns”kksa ds VwVus ds ckn cgqr
et+cwr cu x, gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, iksySaM
ikfdLrku esa xHkZfujks/kdksa ds ç;ksx vkSj ds ,d ppZ us fiNys loZlÙkkoknh “kkluksa
bl okrkZyki ds chp lh/ks laca/k dk esa erHksn ds fy, LFkku çnku djus okys
dksbZ çR;{k lcwr ugha gS] vkSj u gh esjh eq[; çnkrk ds :i esa oS/krk çkIr dh] vkSj
tkudkjh esa dksbZ ,sls v/;;u gSa tks ,sls ;g x+Sj&/kkfeZd usrkvksa }kjk bLrseky fd;k
çR;{k laca/k ds ladsr nsa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] tkrk jgk gS & tc ;g mUgsa vius mís”;ksa
laHkksx ds lanHkZ esa ifjofrZr ;kSu O;ogkjA dh iwfrZ ds fy, mi;qä yxrk gSA ppZ dh
et+cwr mifLFkfr :l esa Hkh lqLi’V gSA
eSa ;g Hkh eglwl djrh gw¡ fd bl ckjs
esa jk’Vª vkSj nwljs lfØ;dksa ¼tSls nkrk blds vykok%
laLFkk,a] f”k{k.k laLFkk,a vkSj euksjatu 1- rsy lEiUu e/;&iwohZ jk’Vªksa dk
ehfM;k½ dh Hkwfedk dh Nku chu djuk Hkh xjhc eqfLye cgqla[;d ns”kksa ij et+cwr
cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, nkrk çHkko vkSj /keZ] nksuksa ,d lkFk feydj
laLFkk,a n”kdksa ls LoPNrk vkSj thou ds x+Sj&yksdrkaf=d ns”kksa esa fojks/kh “kfä cu
nwljs igyqvksa ij beke ¼efLtn dk çkFkZuk jgs gSaA
vxqvk½ dh Hkwfedk dks c<+kok ns jgh gSa] 2- eq>s yxrk gS fd iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k iwoZ
tgk¡ bl lewg dk blls igys dksbZ çHkko ,f”k;k ds dqN ns”kksa esa orZeku esa ljdkjksa
ugha FkkA blds vykok] vke rkSj ij ds lkFk lkFk ppZ vkSj /kkfeZd&vkJe Hkh
/kkfeZd dêjokn dks le>us ds fy, oSdfYid O;oLFkk vkSj oS/krk ds dsaæ curs
/keZ ls /kkfeZd jLeksa vkSj jhfr&fjokt+ksa rd tk jgs gSa] tcfd igys ljdkj ds ikl gh
dh vfofPNUudrk le>uh t#jh gS] tks iw.kZ fu;a=.k jgrk FkkA
lkekU; ls ys dj vius pje rd] vlac) 3- vÝ+hdk vkSj nf{k.k vesfjdk esa
:i ls tqM+h gSA ,oSUtsfyLV çpkjdksa vkSj fe”kufj;ksa ds
çHkko c<+rs jgs gSa vkSj et+cwr gks jgs gSaA
D;k vki bl ckr ls lger gSa fd /kkfeZd
ykWch ¼ncko Mkyus okys nyxks"B½ us la;qä ukxfjd lekt vkSj çxfr”khy leFkZd
jk"Vª egklHkk ds ekuokf/kdkj ra= ij fdl çdkj ls bl rjg ds ç;klksa dk
viuk dCt++k dj fy;k gS\ fdu rjhdksa ls fojks/k dj ldrs gSa] ftlls fd
22 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa
“fofHkUu ns”kksa esa t+ehuh Lrj ij D;k gks jgk
gS blds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd lanHkZ&fof”k’V
lk{; vk/kkfjr fo”ys’k.k dh vko”;drk gSA
bldks oSf”od Hkw&jktuhfr ds fo”ys’k.k ls
tksM+s tkus dh vko”;drk gSA”
ekuokf/kdkj] ftuesa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj
rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj
'kkfey gSa] dks çkIr fd;k tk lds\
igyk dne rks ;g gS fd gesa bl eqís dh
ckjhfd;ksa dks le>uk gksxk & vf/kdkj {ks=
vkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ,oa fo”o esa vU; blh
çdkj ds eqíksa ls tqM+ko ds lUnHkZ esaA
fofHkUu ns”kksa esa t+ehuh Lrj ij D;k gks jgk
gS blds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd lanHkZ&fof”k’V
lk{; vk/kkfjr fo”ys’k.k dh vko”;drk
gSA bldks oSf”od Hkw&jktuhfr ds fo”ys’k.k
ls tksM+uk gksxkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dbZ
n”kdksa rd] if”pe us rkfycku vxznwrksa
dks vQ+xkfuLrku esa LorU=rk lsukfu;ksa
ds :i esa [kwc c<+kok fn;k ¼la;qä jk’Vª
cuke lksfo;r la?k½] ftlls mudh “kfä
cgqr c<+ x;hA ijarq vQ+xkfuLrku esa
lksfo;r la?k dh gkj ds ckn vesfjdk dh
fnypLih [k+Re gks x;h] ysfdu ikfdLrku
ds dqN fgLlksa us vius LokFkhZ mís”;ksa ds
fy, rkfycku dk mi;ksx vkSj l`tu djus
dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bl çdkj cgqr ls ,sls
fofHkUu dkjd gSa tks bu eqíksa dks vkSj Hkh
tfVy cuk nsrs gSa] vkSj eSa fuf”pr :i
ls ;g ugha dg ldrh fd gj txg ;gh
gky gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, czkt+hy ns”k &
tgk¡ bZlkb;ksa dk cgqer gS & ,oSUtsfyLV
}kjk LFkkuh; ewy fuokfl;ksa ds /keksaZ vkSj
vfHkO;fä;ksa ij fd, tk jgs vkØe.kksa dks
jksdus dh dksf”k”k D;ksa ugha dj jgk gS\
ukxfjd lekt vkSj fo”ks"k çfrosnd
(Special Rapporteur) fdl çdkj ls ,d
nwljs ds lkFk feytqy dj vf/kd vPNs
rjhds ls csgrj çxfr”khy ifj.kkeksa dks
çkIr djus ds fy, dke dj ldrs gSa\
eSa ,sjks (ARROW) dks bl ckr ds fy,
çksRlkfgr d:axh fd og u;h fo”ks’k
çfrosnd (Special Rapporteur) djhek csuksu
ls ckr djs] tks dêjoknh rkdrksa ds eqíksa
ij cgqr et+cwr gSaA
vkerkSj ij eSa ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa
(CSOs) vkSj O;fäxr leFkZdksa ls ;g vkxzg
d:¡xha fd os la;qä jk’Vª ekuokf/kdkj
fo”ks’k çfØ;kvksa (UN Human Rights Special
Procedures) dk vkSj csgrj mi;ksx djsa;
bu rd igq¡p ljy gS vkSj os vf/kdk¡”kr%
vuqfØ;k”khy gSaA ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS
fd fo”ks’k çfØ;k vf/kns”k&/kkjdksa (mandate
holders) dks la;qä jk’Vª ds }kjk ifjHkkf’kr
vf/kns”k ds vanj jguk pkfg,] ysfdu esjs
tSls dbZ yksx bldks foLrkfjr djus ds
rjhds <wa<rs gSa] rkfd buesa u, eqíksa dks
“kkfey fd;k tk ldsA blfy, ukxfjd
lekt laxBuksa dks fdlh Hkh eqís ds lHkh
laHko dks.kksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg, vkSj
vf/kdre vf/kns”k /kkjdksa rd igq¡puk
pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, ;kSu ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj vkSj vfrokn ds eqís
ij vki fo”ks’k çfrosnd ds lkFk LokLF;
ij dke dj ldrs gSa] rFkk laL—fr vkSj
efgykvksa ij dk;Z djus okys dk;Z ny ds
lkFk HkhA ysfdu tc dêjoknh
ekuokf/kdkj&j{kdksa ij vkØe.k djrs gSa rks
cgqr lkjs ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd
vf/kns”k Hkh ml ds fy, vuqdwy cSBrs gSa]
tSls fd vfHkO;fä dh LorU=rk] tkudkjh
rd igq¡p] bR;kfnA
jk"Vªh; ikfVZ;ksa dks fdl çdkj ls vkSj
vf/kd mÙkjnk;h cuk;k tk ldrk gS rkfd
os jk"Vªh; Lrj ij bu vf/kdkjksa dh çkfIr
lqfuf”pr dj ldsa\
jk’Vªksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro dkQ+h gn rd ogk¡
dh LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa vkSj leFkZdksa dh
rkdr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA varjjk’Vªh; ra=]
tSls fd la;qä jk’Vª la?k] lHkh ds fy,
ekin.Mksa] ekunaMksa vkSj ekudksa dks dsoy
LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gS;
ijUrq t+ehuh ifjorZu ds fy, t+ehuh Lrj
ij dke djus okys lewgksa dh vko”;drk
gSA blds fy, ;g vko”;d gS fd ukxfjd
lekt laxBu (CSOs) ,tsaMk r; djus
okyh çfØ;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksa vkSj muesa
Hkkx ysa] rFkk ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd ;kSu
,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj fopkj
foe”kZ esa “kkfey gksa] vkSj /kkfeZd
“---;g vko”;d gS fd ukxfjd lekt
laxBu (CSOs) ,tsaMk r; djus okyh
çfØ;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksa vkSj muesa Hkkx
ysa] rFkk ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd ;kSu ,oa
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj fopkj foe”kZ
esa “kkfey gksa] vkSj /kkfeZd :f<+okfn;ksa vkSj
dêjiaFkh rkdrksa ds lkrR; dk ;kSu ,oa
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij iM+us okys
udkjkRed çHkko dks mtkxj djsa”
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 23
oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++ sa vol. 23 no.1 2017

Notes & References

:f<+okfn;ksa vkSj dêjiaFkh rkdrksa ds
lkrR; dk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkj ij iM+us okys udkjkRed çHkko
dks mtkxj djsaA ysfdu blds fy, çHkkoh
fo”oluh; çys[ku dh vko”;drk gS tks
fd çk;% ;k rks ekStwn gh ugha gS vFkok
vi;kZIr gSA
fo”ks’k çysf[kr ekeyksa dks] tgk¡ ij
vf/kdkjksa dks udkjk ;k /kedk;k tk jgk gS]
Þekuokf/kdkj çfØ;kvksa dks ,dh—r
djus dh vko”;drk gS] vkSj lrr
fodkl y{;ksa dks ekuokf/kdkj ds
ifjçs{; esa ns[krs gq, mudk fo”ys’k.k
,oa leh{kk dh tkuh pkfg,A”
ladsr djrh gS vkSj SR dh rqyuk esa
2 2014&15 esa la;qä jk’Vª la?k ds dqy ctV
dk 3% ls dqN gh vf/kd Hkkx ekuokf/kdkj ds
fy, vkoafVr Fkk- tcfd ekuokf/kdkj la;qä
jk’Vª la?k ds rhu LrEHkksa esa ls ,d gS ¼vU; nks
gSa fodkl vkSj “kkafr ,oa lqj{kk½- ;g /kujkf”k
tsujy vlsacyh rFkk ekuokf/kdkj lfefr ds
ekuokf/kdkj vf/kns”k dks dk;kZfUor djus ds
fy, vi;kZIr gS. See OHCHR, “Funding and
Budget,” accessed 9 March 2016, http://

fo”ks’k çfØ;kvksa (Special Procedures - SP) ds
laKku esa ykuk pkfg,; le>kSrksa@laf/k;ksa
ds fy, oSdfYid çfrosnu rS;kj fd;s tkus
pkfg, ftlesa fd ns”k ,d LVsV ikVhZ gks &
la;qä jk’Vª vkSj vU; la;qä jk’Vª laLFkkvksa
ds lanHkZ esa & vkSj çfrosnu] ml ns”k
dh lkoZHkkSfed vkof/kd leh{kk (Universal
Periodic Review - UPR) çfØ;k ds fy, çLrqr
fd;s tkus pkfg,A
ekuokf/kdkj ifj’kn ds l=ksa ds nkSjku dh
tkus okyh UPR] vFkok U;w;‚dZ esa egklHkk
(General Assembly) ds nkSjku rhljh
lfefr ds l=ksa (Third Committee sessions)
ds lkFk lkFk vU; dk;ZØe rFkk e.My
Hkh vk;ksftr fd, tk ldrs gSaA fo”ks’k
çfrosnd (Special Rapporteur) ds vf/kns”k
/kkjd çk;% bl rjg ds eaMyksa dk fgLlk
gksrs gSaA ijarq lkbM iSuyksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa
ds mís”; dks ysdj igys ls gh rS;kjh dj
ysuh pkfg,A vki D;k ikus dh vk”kk djrs
gSa\ D;k ;g Hkk’kk esa ifjorZu ds ckjs esa gS\
;k ,d u, çLrko ds vfHkxzg.k ds ckjs esa\
blds fy, cgqr dke djus dh vko”;drk
gksrh gSA ;k D;k ;g ekStwnk çLrkoksa esa
la”kks/ku ds ckjs esa gS\ ;g ;kSu ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vf/kns”k /kkjdksa ds uohuhdj.k ds
ckjs esa Hkh gks ldrk gS tks okf’kZd gksrk
gSA blfy, u, çLrko esa Hkk’kk@eqís ds
elys dks lqy>kus dh dksf”k”k djsaA varr%
eSa lksprh gw¡ fd ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa
(CSOs) dks ;g le>us dh vko”;drk gS
fd la;qä jk’Vª dh “kCnkoyh cgqr fof”k’V
gS vkSj /kkfeZd dêjokn ij dksbZ Hkh u;h
Hkk’kk Lohdkj fd, tkus dh laHkkouk
cgqr de gS] D;ksafd ;g cgqr gh vLi’V
vkSj@;k fHkUu rjhds ls ifjHkkf’kr fo’k;
gSA
vr% vfrokn dh “kCnkoyh ij çfrikfnr
eqíksa ij vuqfØ;k dh laHkkouk vf/kd gSA
ijarq vki esjh efgykvksa ij fy[kh xbZ
fjiksVZ dks lanfHkZr dj ldrs gSa tks esjs
fopkj ls Hkfo’; ds dk;Zdykiksa dh vksj
/kkfeZd lgu”khyrk ds Åij T+;knk fof”k’V www.ohchr. org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/
FundingBudget.aspx.
gSA
c<+rs gq, /kkfeZd dêjokn vkSj vfrokn ds
ifjis{k esa bu vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr djus
ds fy, la;qä jk"Vª mÙkjnk;h ra= dks fdl
çdkj lq–.k fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k vkidks
yxrk gS fd budks vU; çfØ;kvksa ls feykuk
vko”;d gS] fo”ks"k :i ls U;w ;kWdZ }kjk
lapkfyr çfØ;k,a] tSls fd lrr fodkl dk
2030 dk ,tsaMk\ vkids fopkj ls ;g dSls
fd;k tk ldrk gS\
eSa rqjar rks ;g ugha crk ikšxh fd
mÙkjnk;h ra=ksa dks dSls et+cwr fd;k tk;sA
fo”ks’k çfØ;kvksa (Special Procedures) ds
–f’Vdks.k ls geus ;g ek¡xk Fkk fd lHkh
ns”kksa }kjk çLrqr dh tkus okyh lkoZHkkSfed
vkof/kd leh{kk esa vf/kns”k /kkjdksa dks
fudV :i ls “kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
mlesa leL;k ;g gS fd jk’Vªksa ds ikl
laLrqfr;ksa dks Lohdkj vkSj vLohdkj djus
dk fodYi gSA ijarq Loh—r laLrqfr;ka vkxs
dh dk;Zokgh dks vklku cuk nsrh gSaA
fo”ks’k çfØ;k (Special Procedures) vf/kns”k
/kkjdksa us bl ckr dk Hkh rdZ fn;k gS ¼de
ls de 2010 esa “kq: esjs dk;Zdky ls½ fd
ekuokf/kdkjksa dks lHkh la;qä jk’Vª ,tsafl;ksa
vkSj miØeksa ls ,dh—r fd;s tkus dh
vko”;drk gSA geus dgk Fkk fd ge Hkh
[kq”kh ls bl laca/k esa çf”k{k.k@vuqLFkkiu
nsus esa lgk;rk djus ds bPNqd gSaA ijarq
ge ns[krs gSa fd jk’Vªh;@{ks=h; Lrj ij
ekuokf/kdkjksa dks ,dh—r fd;k tkuk ;k u
fd;k tkuk bl ckr ij cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj
djrk gS fd çHkkjh dkSu gSA blds vykok
ctV dks ysdj Hkh cgqr my>ko gSa] D;ksafd
ekuokf/kdkj dks] tks la;qä jk’Vª dk rhljk
LrEHk gS] cgqr de iw¡th@/ku feyrk gS2A
Q+jhnk 'kghn dk lEidZ lw=%
farida@sgah.org.pk
 24 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
1 iSfVª&fdfjvkdsZy] iSfVªvkdsZy ¼fir`lÙkkRed½
rFkk dk;sjkdsZy dk la;ksx gS- tgk¡ ukjh lEcU/
kh laoknksa esa iSfVªvkdhZ og lkekftd O;oLFkk
gS tks iq#’kksa dks efgykvksa dk fu;af=r djus
vFkok mRihfM+r djus dk fo”ks’kkf/kdkj nsrh gS]
ogha dk;sjkdhZ dh ifjHkk’kk xzhd Hkk’kk esa ^ykMZ*
vFkok ^ekLVj* “kCn ls O;qRiUu gS- bl “kCn
dks x<+k gS ,fyt+kcsFk LdwLysj ¶yksjsat+k us] tks
bl okLrfodrk ds Hkhrj iSfVªvkdhZ ¼fir`lÙkk½
dh lS)kafrd vi;kZIrk dks Lohdkj djrk gS fd
mRihM+u fdl çdkj vUrjkuqHkkxh gS & lHkh
iq#’k lHkh efgykvksa dks fu;af=r ;k mRihfM+r
ugha dj ldrs; tkfr] oxZ] jk’Vªh;rk lfgr ,sls
dbZ dkjd gSa tks ;g fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa fd dkSu
iq#’k fdl efgyk dks fu;af=r@mRihfM+r dj
ldrk gS- mnkgj.k ds fy, dkys iq#’k “osr
efgykvksa dks fu;af=r ugha dj ldrs gSa- vr%
eSa iSfVª&dk;sjkdhZ “kCn dk ç;ksx vius cpiu
ds lUnHkZ esa ml lkekftd ¼lkaL—frd½ O;oLFkk
dks ifjHkkf’kr djus ds fy, djrh gw¡ tgk¡ iq#’k
efgykvksa dks fu;af=r@mRihfM+r djrs Fks] ijUrq
;g vk;q vkSj oxZ ls r; gksrk Fkk fd dkSu
iq#’k fdu efgykvksa dks fu;af=r@mRihfM+r
djrs Fks- vf/kd vk;q dh efgyk,a çk;% dqy
ekrk gksrh Fkha tks ;qok iq#’kksa dks fu;af=r@
mRihfM+r dj ldrh Fkha- iSfVªvkdhZ ¼fir`lÙkk½
ij fopkj foe”kZ ds fy, ns[ksa% Elisabeth
Schussler Fiorenza, Wisdom Ways: Introducing
Feminist Biblical Interpretation(New York:
Orbis Books, 2001), “Glossary, 211.”
oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa
tsaMj U;k; dh [kkst esa /keZ ds
ckjs esa iwNrkN%
Q+qykVk eks;ks ds lkFk ckrphr
,sjks (ARROW) dh ekfj;k fefyaMk ,saMks lalk/kuksa ls tkudkjh çkIr djus ds ckjs esa
us Q+qykVk eks;ks ls ,d ukjhoknh fo}ku dqN vkSj crk ldrh gSa\
lØh; dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa mudh thou
;k=k ds ckjs esa vkSj tsaMj U;k; gsrq /kkfeZdesjk tUe eykoh esa gqvk vkSj tc eSa cgqr
dêjokn dks pqukSrh nsus ds muds dk;Z ds NksVh Fkh rc esjk ;kSu “kks’k.k fd;k x;k
ckjs esa muls ckrphr dhA FkkA ml vuqHko ds dkj.k eSa cpiu esa
cgqr ,dkdh Fkh] vkSj eq>s vLoh—fr dks
d`i;k viuk ifjp; nhft,- ,d “kfä ds :i esa xys yxkuk lh[kuk
iM+k vkSj vius vanj gh “kfä [kkstuh iM+hA
viuk ifjp; nsus ls igys eSa ;g eq>s viuh le> ls gh ;g tkuuk iM+k
?kks’k.kk djuk pkgrh gw¡ fd bl lk{kkRdkj fd esjs fy, Hkxoku dkSu gS] vkSj ;g oks
esa eSa oYMZ dkmafly v‚Q ppsZl (World Hkxoku Fkk tks esjs jksus dks lqu ldrk Fkk]
Council of Churches - WCC) dh vksj ls tks efgykvksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ Fkk vkSj
ckr ugha dj jgh gw¡A eSa Q+qykVk eks;ks gw¡; tks] eSa tSlh Hkh Fkh mlh gkyr esa esjh dæ
Q+qykVk dk eryc gS fd eSa tc iSnk gqbZ djrk FkkA ;g ml fi=klÙkkRed1 lanHkZ
Fkh rks esjs iSj igys ckgj vk, Fks vkSj flj ds ckotwn Fkk tgk¡ eSa iyh c<+h Fkh] tgk¡
ckn esaA eSa ,d vkLFkk ukjhoknh yM+fd;ksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha fn;k tkrk
fo}ku&dk;ZdrkZ gw¡ vkSj tsaMj U;k; dh FkkA blfy, tks dqN Hkh eSaus /keZ”kkL=ksa
ryk”k esa /kkfeZd L=ksrksa dh Nku chu djrh ls lh[kk gS & ijes”oj dks ,d firk] ,d
gw¡A eSa WCC dh dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh gw¡ tgk¡ l[+r iq#’k vk—fr ds :i esa ns[kuk &
eSa tsaMj U;k; ds fy, efgykvksa ds /kkfeZd og eq>s dHkh le> ugha vk;kA ckn esa]
vkanksyu vkSj ifjorZudkjh iq#’kRo LFkkfir eSa lfdZy v‚Q daluZM vÝ+hdu ohesu
djus ds fy, dk;Z djrh gw¡] lkFk gh fFkvksykftvUl ds lkFk tqM+ x;h] tks fd
lkFk la;qä jk’Vª la?k ds lkFk o muds 1989 ls ¼tc ls bldh LFkkiuk gqbZ½] /keZ
t+fj, tkx:drk c<+kus ds dk;ZØeksa dks vkSj laL—fr dks efgykvksa ds –f’Vdks.k ls
uhfr&fuekZ.k dh çfØ;kvksa ls tksM+us dk le>us vkSj blds ckjs esa vuqla/kku djus
dk;Z djrh gw¡A ds dk;Z esa yxk gqvk gS vkSj blls eq>s
dkQ+h enn feyhA
eSa gkoZMZ fMfofuVh Ldwy] dSfEczt]
eslkP;qlsV~l] ;w,l, esa ,d vfrfFk fo}ku blfy,] tc eSa tsaMj U;k; ds fy, /kkfeZd
Fkh; vkSj vxLr 2017 ls twu 2018 rd eSa lalk/kuksa dh tkap&iM+rky ds ckjs esa ckr
blds ‘Women Studies in Religion Programme, djrh gw¡] rks esjk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd
2017-18’ dk fgLlk jgw¡xhA eSa LdkWylZ eSa /keZ dks flQ+Z ,d /kkfeZd O;fä ds :i
bu ,D”ku dkVZj lsUVj@Q+sFk VªLV ds esa vaxhdkj ugha djrh gw¡] cfYd lnSo ml
dk;Zdkjh ny dh lnL; gw¡; QsfefuLV le> dks] tks /keZ ds varxZr efgykvksa ds
LVMh vkWQ+ fjfytu Q+ksje dh laLFkkid çfr HksnHkko djrh gS] pqukSrh nsrh gw¡ vkSj
lnL; gw¡] ykbQ+ ,aM ihl baLVhV~;wV] mlds çfr la”k; O;ä djrh gw¡A
LohMu dh cksMZ esEcj gw¡] vkSj lfdZy v‚Q
daluZM vÝ+hdu ohesu fFkvksykftvUl dh /keZ dh fi=lÙkkRed ç—fr ij loky
lnL;k gw¡A esjh vuqla/kku vkSj mBkus okys vkids er dh D;k dHkh dksbZ
lfØ;rkoknh vfHk#fp;k¡ bl ckr ij çfrdwy çfrfØ;k gqbZ gS\
dsfUær gSa fd fdl çdkj vÝ+hdh efgykvksa
dh dFkkdkfjrk vkSj /keZ”kkL= /kkfeZd gk¡] cgqr lh çfrdwy çfrfØ;k,a gqbZ gSaA
dêjokn & fo”ks’kdj tsaMj vk/kkfjr fgalk mnkgj.k ds fy,] eq>s ;kn gS fd dHkh
esa bldk çdVhdj.k & dks pqukSrh nsus dh eSaus fof/kor iknjh cuus ds fy, vkosnu
bPNk dks vuqçkf.kr djrs gSaA fn;k Fkk] vkSj eq>s vukSipkfjd rjhds ls
;g crk;k x;k Fkk fd gkyk¡fd ftl ppZ
D;k vki tsaMj U;k; dh ryk”k esa /kkfeZd esa eSaus vkosnu fn;k Fkk mlesa efgykvksa
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 25
oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa vol. 23 no.1 2017

dks iknjh fu;qä fd;k tkrk Fkk ijarq esjs ijUrq vius O;fäxr thou esa eSa tkurh gw¡
tSlh efgyk dks ughaA rks esjs fy, ;g ,d fd tsaMj igpku efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa ds
et+kd cu x;k gS & vkf[+kj eSa fdl rjg vykok Hkh gSaA
dh efgyk gw¡ fd ;s yksx efgykvksa dks rks
iknjh fu;qä djrs gSa ysfdu esjs tSlh dks Þ---D;ksafd ekuo tkfr dh jpuk blds
ugha\ tsaMj ds fofo/k :iksa esa gqbZ Fkh] ftlesa
gks ldrk gS fd tks yksx nwljksa ds vuq:i efgyk,a vkSj iq#’k nksuksa gh “kkfey gSa]
gSa vkSj tks loky ugha mBkrs gSa mudks rks bldk vFkZ gS fd dq”ky&eaxy vkSj
iknjh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA D;k vkids
vuqlkj] /keZ] /kkfeZd dêjokn vkSj vfrokn] xfjek&o/kZu Hkh lc tsaMj ij leku
vkSj efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj ¼ftuesa muds :i ls ykxw gksuk pkfg,A ;kSu ,oa
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj Hkh çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj] efgykvksa
'kkfey gSa½] ds eqís vkil esa lacfU/kr gSa\ vkSj iq#’kksa ds xfjek&o/kZu dk ewyHkwr
gk¡ Hkh vkSj ugha HkhA gk¡ blfy, fd] vk/kkj gSaA blfy,] esjs vuqlkj /keZ dks]
bl rjg ds vf/kdkjksa ds guu] /keZ viuh ewy ç—fr ds dkj.k] bldh j{kk
ds dêjoknh@vfroknh O;k[;kuksa }kjk djuh gksxhAß
U;k;laxr Bgjk, tkrs gSaA ugha blfy,
fd] ;fn /keZ ,d dkj.k] fl)kar] ;k
er&ç.kkyh gS & thou ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa] LGBTIQ vf/kdkjksa ij WCC dk vHkh rd
l`f’VdrkZ vkSj euq’; ¼tks mldh jpuk gS½ dksbZ vkf/kdkfjd –f"Vdks.k ugha gS\
ds chp thou nk;d vkSj xfjeke; laca/k
ds ckjs esa & rc dêjokn vkSj vfrokn vHkh rd rks ugha gSA WCC esa ,d ekuo
mldk fgLlk ugha gks ldrsA okLrfodrk ;kSfudrk lanHkZ lewg (human sexuality
rks ;g gS fd efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ¼ftlesa reference group) gS tks bl fo’k; ij dke
muds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj djrk gS vkSj ,d uSfrd foosd çfØ;k
vf/kdkj “kkfey gSa½ dh j{kk] LoHkkor% /keZ Hkh gS tks bl ckr ij fopkj djrh gS fd
ds uSfrd fufgrkFkZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax ppZ fdl çdkj mu eqíksa ij laokn cuk,
gSA j[k ldrs gSa tks vHkh Hkh laosnu”khy gSaA
gkykafd] pwafd WCC esa 348 lnL; ppZ gSa]
/keZ thou nsus vkSj thou dh xfjek c<+kus blfy, uhfr fu/kkZj.k ij vHkh rd dksbZ
ds ckjs esa gS] D;ksafd okLro esa ;g bZ”oj loZlEefr ugha cu ldh gSA tc ppZ
vkSj mldh l`f’V ds chp lEcU/k dh ç—fr dh ,drk dh ckr vkrh gS rks LGBTIQ
dks le>us ds ckjs esa gSA tc vki bl vf/kdkj] lcls foHkktudkjh eqíksa esa ls
–f’Vdks.k ls ns[krs gSa rc le> vkrk gS ,d cu pqdsa gS] vr% fdlh Hkh foLr`r
fd blh vFkZ dh ryk”k yksxksa dks /kkfeZd leqnk;@ny ds mÙkjnk;h lnL;ksa dh
cukrh gSA vr%] D;ksafd ekuo tkfr dh rjg] os le>nkjh] laosnu”khyrk vkSj
jpuk blds tsaMj ds fofo/k :iksa esa gqbZ lko/kkuh ls dne j[k jgs gSaA ijUrq ,d
Fkh] ftlesa efgyk,a vkSj iq#’k nksuksa “kkfey lefFkZr cqfu;knh uSfrd fl)kar ;g gS
gSa] rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd dq”ky&eaxy fd% çR;sd O;fä vkSj l`f’V dh xfjek dh
vkSj xfjek&o/kZu Hkh lc tsaMj ij leku lqj{kk djuk çR;sd /keZ dk ewy fl)kar
:i ls ykxw gksuk pkfg,A ;kSu ,oa çtuu gSA ysfdu bl eqdke rd igq¡pus ds fy,]
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj] efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa tgk¡ LGBTIQ vf/kdkjksa ij fdlh uhfr
ds xfjek&o/kZu dk ewyHkwr vk/kkj gSaA dks fodflr djus vFkok mldk leFkZu
blfy,] esjs vuqlkj /keZ dks] viuh ewy djus ds fy,] vHkh Hkh cgqr ckr&phr
ç—fr ds dkj.k] bldh j{kk djuh gksxhA dh vko”;drk gSA dqN lnL; ppksaZ dh
uhfr;k¡ Li’V gSa vkSj dqN dh ughaA
vkius lHkh tsaMjksa dks 'kkfey djus dk
mYys[k fd;k gS & D;k vkids fopkj esa vkids fopkj esa çxfroknh fo”okl&
efgyk vkSj iq#"k ds vykok vU; tsaMjksa dks vk/kkfjr laxBu fdl çdkj LGBTIQ tSls
Hkh 'kkfey fd;k gS\ eqíksa dks lfEefyr djds mUgsa vkxs c<+k
ldrs gSa\ fdu j.kuhfr;ksa dk bLrseky
gk¡] WCC esa] gekjs leqnk;ksa dh laosnu”khy fd;k tk ldrk gS\
okLrfodrk ds dkj.k] ge vHkh Hkh efgyk
,oa iq#’k ds nksgjs lUnHkZ esa dke djrs gSa] dbZ ckrksa dh vko”;drk gSA çFke gS bl
26 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa

eqís dks ,d ekuoh; igpku nsus dh & /keZ rFkk /kkfeZd vfrokn o /kkfeZd
dsoy vkadM+ksa ij gh ugha oju~ O;fä ij dêjokn ds nq#i;ksx dk efgykvksa vkSj
Hkh /;ku nsukA ,d vk/kkjHkwr dne gS ,d ;qokvksa ds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
,slk eap vFkok LFkku cukuk tgka mudh vf/kdkj ij D;k çHkko iM+k gS\ —i;k
vkokt++sa lquh tk ldsaA ftusok esa la;qä jk"Vª esa vius dk;Z] vkSj
leqnk;ksa ds lkFk gq, vius futh vuqHkoksa
Þge tkurs gSa fd buesa ls dqN çfrjks/k ds vk/kkj ij crk,a\
dsoy Kku vkSj le> dh deh ij buesa fuEufyf[kr lfEefyr gSa%
vk/kkfjr gSa; ,d ,slk LFkku gksuk • efgykvksa ds f[+kykQ+ fgalk dh /kkfeZd
vko”;d gS tgk¡ ,d de [+krjukd rdZlaxrrk; vkKkdkfjrk vkSj v/khurk
ekgkSy esa Kku lk>k fd;k tk lds] Lohdkjus ds uSfrd fl)karksa dks ifo=
djkj dj nsus dh fi=lÙkkRed pkyckt+h
ftlesa yksxksa dks ç”u djus] Lohdkj ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, ihfM+r efgykvksa dks
djus] le>us vkSj ifjorZu ykus dh lykg nsuk fd oks vius vR;kpkjh ifr ds
Lo;a dh çfØ;k ls xqt+jus dh vuqefr ikl gh jgsa½;
• /keZ dks gkfudkjd /kkfeZd&lkaL—frd
gksAß vH;klksa] tSls fd L=h tuukax fo—fr] dk
feF;k vk/kkj cukuk;
nwljh vko”;drk gS ,sls fujarj laokn • /kkfeZd dkuwuksa vkSj fl)karksa ds vk/kkj
dh ftlesa ,sls O;fä;ksa dks lkFk yk;k ij LGBTIQ leqnk; dk vijk/khdj.k;
tk lds ftUgsa] csgrj “kCnkoyh ds vHkko • /kkfeZd dkuwuksa dh “dêjoknh O;k[;kvksa”
esa] Þçxfr”khyß vkSj Þ:f<+oknhß dgk tk dk ç;ksx djds la;qä jk’Vª egklHkk
ldrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS laokn ds fy, vkSj deh”ku vkWu n LVSV~l vkWQ+ ohesu
,d lqjf{kr LFkku dh jpuk djuk] tgk¡ (Commission on the Status of Women - CSW)
ewY;kafdr gq, cx+Sj os yksx Hkh vius fopkj }kjk loZlEefr ls fy, x, fu’d’kksaZ vkSj
vkSj Hk; lk>k dj ldrs gksa] tks bu eqíksa ladYiksa dk çfrjks/k vkSj muds fy, pqukSrh;
ij ckr djus esa Mjrs gSa] ;k ftudk blds • ;kSfud rFkk tsaMj&vk/kkfjr fgalk dks
i{k ;k foi{k esa ,d fuf”pr –f’Vdks.k cky&fookg ds t+fj, /kekZuqlkj ^ifo=*
gSA ge tkurs gSa fd buesa ls dqN çfrjks/k cukuk;
dsoy Kku vkSj le> dh deh ij vk/kkfjr • /keZ&lEcaf/kr efgykokfn;ksa vkSj tsaMj
gSa; ,d ,slk LFkku gksuk vko”;d gS tgk¡ dk;ZdrkZvksa dk fujarj HksnHkko@cfg’dkj
,d de [+krjukd ekgkSy esa Kku lk>k vkSj mUgsa jk{klh ço`fr dk ekuuk] rkfd
fd;k tk lds] ftlesa yksxksa dks Lo;a ç”u /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa esa erHksn u gks vkSj
djus] Lohdkj djus] le>us vkSj ifjorZu fir`lÙkkRed lÙkk ls ykHkkfUor /kkfeZd usrk
ykus dh Lo;a dh çfØ;k ls xqt+jus dh #’V u gksaA
vuqefr gksA
D;k vki vius vuqHko&vk/kkfjr dqN
esjs fy, rhljk fcUnq bl eqís ds uke dks fo”ks"k mnkgj.k ns ldrh gSa fd fdl çdkj
ysdj gSA LGBTIQ vf/kdkjksa ds ukedj.k esa ls /kkfeZd dêjoknh /kkfeZd dkuwu dh
,d vtuch vkSj fons”kh Hkk’kk lfUufgr gS] dêjoknh O;k[;kvksa dk ç;ksx djds la;qä
tks dHkh dHkh mu O;fä;ksa ds fy, Lohdkj jk"Vª la?k ds Loh—r fu"d"kksaZ vkSj ladYiksa
djuk cgqr vklku ugha gS] tks fo”ks’k dks pqukSrh nsrs gSa\
lUnHkksaZ ls lEcaf/kr gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vQ+zhdk esa vDlj yksx ;g dgrs gq, lqus eSa U;w ;‚dZ esa la;qä jk’Vª ds deh”ku vkWu
tkrs gSa fd ;g ¼/kkj.kk½ rks if”pe ls vk;k n LVSV~l vkWQ+ ohesu (Commission on the
gSA ijUrq lkaL—frd le> vkSj vuqHko ls Status of Women - CSW) dh cSBdksa vkSj ;gk¡
ns[kus ij vki ik,axs fd ;s rtqcsZ vQ+zhdk ftusok esa dqN ekuokf/kdkj l=ksa esa Hkkx
esa cgqr yacs le; ls Fks] gkyk¡fd mudk ysrh vk jgh gw¡A ,d lky la;qä jk’Vª ds
uke LGBTIQ ugha fn;k x;k FkkA blfy, }kjk ifjokj lEcU/kh ladYi dks fodflr
ukedj.k ds ckjs esa tkap&iM+rky djuh djus dk ç”u FkkA ogk¡ ij] ppZ lewgksa ds
pkfg,; gesa ges”kk fdlh ,d fo”ks’k uke lesr] ,sls vusd lewg Fks tks ifjokj dks
nsus ij t+ksj ugha nsuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;g ml rjhds ls ifjHkkf’kr dj jgs Fks tSls
ft+n bl çdkj ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus lfn;ksa igys ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tkrk FkkA
ls foeq[k dj nsrh gSA
eq>s ;g ik[kaMiw.kZ yxrk gS] D;ksafd
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 27
oS f ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa vol. 23 no.1 2017

okLrfodrk esa ;s ogh ppZ gSa tgka “kknh (Christian AIDS Bureau for South Africa -
djus okys vf/kdrj tksM+s “kknh ls igys CABSA)] ;ax ohesal fØf”p;u ,lksfl,”kUl
gh lgokl djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, (Young Women’s Christian Association -
vius ih,pMh “kks/k ds nkSjku eSaus dSFkksfyd YWCA)] vkfn }kjk lapkfyr FklZMs bu
,axst ,UdkmaVj tSlh çFkkvksa ds ckjs esa i<+k CySd (Thursdays in Black - TiB) vfHk;kuA
tks vleySafxd tksM+ksa dh “kknh gsrq ,d ;g vfHk;ku ewy :i ls ^oyZ~M dkmafly
vko”;drk gSA eSa ,d ,sls gh lekxe esa v‚Q ppsZl* ds ^fMdsM~l v‚Q ppsZl bu
“kkfey gqbZ ftlesa dqy 16 tksM+s Fks ftuesa l‚fyMSfjVh foFk foesu 1988&1998* ls
ls 12 rks igys ls gh lgokl dj jgs Fks; c) gS tks la;qä jk’Vª ds efgykvksa ds
ijarq fQj Hkh iknjh vkSj nks fookfgr tksM+s n”kd (1975-1985) (UN Decade of Women
tks bl lekxe dk usr`Ro dj jgs Fks] 1975-1985) ij ppksaZ dh vuqfØ;k FkhA bl
mUgksaus ,slk fn[kkok fd;k fd tSls mUgsa n”kd ds nkSjku WCC us fxjtk?kjksa ds
bl ckjs esa dqN irk gh ugha Fkk] vkSj os lkoZHkkSe laxBuksa] tSls LWF, YWCA, ds lkFk
fookg iwoZ lgokl u djus dk ikB i<+krs feydj efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa ds ,dtqV
jgsA eq>s ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ :i ls Hkzked nyksa dks laxfBr fd;k & WCC ds çR;sd
yxk] vkSj ,d ,sls lqvolj dh cckZnh lnL; ls feyus ds fy, vkSj ;g tkuus ds
fy, fd ppZ ds ckjs esa efgykvksa ds D;k
Hkh tgk¡ mu tksM+ksa ds vuqHkoksa ls tqM+s gq,
okLrfod eqíksa dks lacksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk vuqHko gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ls ;g Li’V gks
FkkA dêjokn mu vkn”kksaZ dk vkºoku djus x;k fd okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd ppksaZ
dk <ksax djrk gS tks vc çklafxd gh ugha ds vanj Hkh efgyk fgalk gksrh gS] vkSj
gSaA blls bl ckr dh Hkh vfHkLoh—fr gqbZ fd
fgalk dk fojks/k djus vkSj ml ij dkcw
geesa ls tks orZeku lkekftd ikus ds fy, efgykvksa dh Lo;a dh ,tsalh]
okLrfodrkvksa dks le>rs gq, dk;Z dj jgs j.kuhfr;ka vkSj yphykrk gSA bl çdkj
gSa] mudks ifo= xzUFkksa vkSj /keZ dh ,slh TiB efgykvksa ds vusdksa fojks/k vkanksyuksa
O;k[;k djus ds rjhds [kkstus gksaxs tks ls çsfjr Fkk ftlesa “kkfey Fkk enlZ v‚Q
vkt+knh vkSj laiw.kZrk yk ldsA mnkgj.k n fMl,fIi;MZ (Mothers of the Disappeared)
ds fy,] eSaus çklafxd ckbfcy v/;;u vkanksyu ftlesa efgyk,a gj c`gLifrokj dks
dk;Zç.kkyh dks ,d /kkfeZd lalk/ku ds Iyktk Mh es;ks] cq,uksl ,;lZ] vtsZUVhuk esa
:i esa i{k leFkZu ¼iSjoh½ ds fy, cgqr gh ,d fgald rkuk”kkgh ds rgr vius cPpksa
ennxkj ik;k gSA gesa CEDAW tSls ekStwnk ds ykirk gks tkus ds fojks/k esa çn”kZu
vfHkle;ksa@laf/k;ksa ¼lHkkvksa½ dks /kkfeZd djrh Fkha; btjkby dk foesu bu CySd
leqnk;ksa ls lk>k djus dh j.kuhfr cukuh ftlesa efgykvksa us dkys diM+s igudj
gksxh & ,slh “kCnkoyh vkSj Hkk’kk esa tks ;q) vkSj fgalk dk fojks/k fd;k; nf{k.k
mudh le> esa vk;sA dHkh dHkh fdlh vQ+zhdk dk CySd lS”k vkanksyu tks jaxHksn
fo”ks’k Hkk’kk ij t+ksj nsuk ck/kd gksrk gS ds f[kykQ+ çn”kZu djrk Fkk; vkSj cksfLu;k
D;ksafd og yksxksa dks v#fpdj yx ldrh rFkk jokaMk ds efgyk&vkanksyu tks
gSA blfy, ge yksx bl ij Hkh dke dj cykRdkj dks ;q) ds ,d gfFk;kj ds :i
jgs gSaA esa ç;ksx ij fojks/k&çn”kZu dj jgs FksA TiB]
dkys jax dks fojks/k ds jax dh rjg ç;ksx
ekuokf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr djus gsrq] djrk gSA
ftuesa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj rFkk ;kSu ,oa • mu tsaMj U;k; uhfr;ksa dk fodkl] tks
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj Hkh “kkfey gSa] tsaMj tkx:drk vkSj çf”k{k.k dh çfØ;kvksa
/kkfeZd dêjokn dk çfrdkj djus ds fy, ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA Åij mfYyf[kr n”kd esa
çxfroknh fo”okl&vk/kkfjr laxBu D;k bl ckr dh Hkh vfHkLoh—fr feyrh gS &
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa\ bldk çfrdkj djus ds fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;kvksa esa efgykvksa dh
fy, D;k j.kuhfr;k¡ viukbZ tk ldrh gSa\ vkokt++ ksa vkSj –f’Vdks.kksa ds HksnHkko dh
okLrfodrkA vr% ;g vko”;d gks x;k fd
oSf”od Lrj ij j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa tgk¡ ,d vksj vfHk;kuksa vkSj çf”k{k.kksa
ds dbZ vPNs mnkgj.k gSaA buesa }kjk yksxksa esa tkx:drk c<+kdj mudh
fuEufyf[kr “kkfey gSa% ekufldrk cnyus dh vko”;drk Fkh] ogha
• cykRdkj vkSj fgalk eqä lalkj gsrq] nwljh vksj mu uhfr;ksa ls Hkh tqM+us dh
oyZ~M dkmafly v‚Q+ ppsZl (World Council vko”;drk gS tks laLFkkvksa vkSj leqnk;ksa
of Churches - WCC)] n ywFkju oyZ~M dks tsaMj U;k; çfrc)rkvksa ds çfr
QsMjs”ku (Lutheran World Federation - LWF)] mÙkjnk;h cuk ldsaA bl lcds }kjk gh
fØf”p;u ,M~l C;wjks Q+‚j lkmFk vQ+zhdk WCC ds tsaMj lykgdkj lewg dh dk;Zfof/k
 28 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
2 ukjhokn ds leku vkSjrokn fyaxHksn dks
var djus okys mik;ksa vkSj ;qfä;ksa esa /;kueXu
gS- ukjhokn ds foijhr] vkSjrokn vQz+hdh oa”k
dh efgykvksa esa pyk;k x;k kyriarchy ds fo#)
,d eqfä vkanksyu gS] tks fyaxHksn ds vykok
viuh tkfr ds vk/kkj ij Hkh mRihfM+r gSa- vr%
vkSjrokn bl ckr dks Lohdkjrk gS fd mRihM+u
dh varjkuqHkkfxrk esa “kkfey gSa tkfr] o.kZ]
ySafxdrk vkfn- vkSjrokn “kCn dks x<+us dk
Js; ,sfyl o‚dj dks tkrk gS. See Alice Walker,
In Search of Our Mothers’ Garden: Womanist
Prose, (New York: Harcourt Inc., 1983).
oSf ’od nf{k.k ls vkokt++sa
dks fyax U;k; uhfr dh fn”kk esa ys tkuk
laHko gks ik;k gS] lkFk gh varjjk’Vªh; ra=ksa]
tSls la;qä jk’Vª la?k] CEDAW, UPR rFkk
UNSCR1325, dk ç;ksx djrs gq, okf’kZd
tsaMj iSjoh çf”k{k.k esa lgHkkfxrkA blesa
“kkfey gS lrr fodkl y{; 5] tks bl
ckr dks rdZ nsrk gS fd dsoy lekurk
ds eqdkcys tsaMj lekurk vkSj U;k;
dgha vf/kd iw.kZrkoknh y{; gSa] ds lkFk]
,d egRoiw.kZ lEc)rk cukuk tks uSfrd
ifjizs{;ksa dks /;ku esa j[ksaA
• WCC, LWF, bLykfed fjyhQ++] ,DV
,yk;al] ,afXydu dE;wfu;u vkSj ppZ v‚Q+
LohMu }kjk 16 fnuksa dk lØh;rkokn (16
Days of Activism) vfHk;ku ds fy, /kkfeZd
lalk/ku tqVkukA ;g /kkfeZd lalk/kuksa dks
fodflr djus dh ,d çfØ;k jgh gS] fuEu
lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djds & çklafxd
“kS{kf.kd rjhdksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq,
vkt+knh çkfIr gsrq ifo= xzUFkksa dks i<+kuk;
vkSj tsaMj vU;k; rFkk ;kSu vkSj tsaMj
vk/kkfjr fgalk dk çfrokn djus gsrq]
vk[;kuksa vkSj if)fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls
/kkfeZd leqnk;ksa dks laxfBr djukA
vkids fopkj ls] /keZ ds nq#i;ksx ds
udkjkRed çHkkoksa dks gVkus vkSj ljdkjksa
dks vius ok;nksa ds çfr tokcnsg cukus
ds fy,] ^2030 ,tsaMk* tSls varjjk"Vªh;
le>kSrksa] rFkk ekuokf/kdkj ra=ksa dk fdl
çdkj ls ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS\
WCC, LWF, bLykfed fjyhQ++] YWCA]
n ,afXydu dE;wfu;u rFkk vU;] tsaMj
U;k; leFkZdksa vkSj efgyk&lewgksa dks]
CEDAW la;qä jk’Vª lqj{kk ifj’kn 1325
(UN Security Council 1325)] ;wfuolZy
ihfjvksfMd fjO;q (Universal Periodic Review)
rFkk lrr fodkl y{;&5 ds ckjs esa
,d /kkfeZd uSfrd ifjizs{; dh {kerk dk
fuekZ.k dj jgs gSaA bldk mís”; gS tsaMj
U;k; ds lØh; çfrHkkfx;ksa dh {kerk dk
fueZk.k djuk rkfd os “kks/k djds oSdfYid
vk[;k;sa fy[kus esa l{ke gks ldsa] ftudk
ç;ksx CEDAW lfefr }kjk ml le; fy[kh
x;h ljdkjh vk[;kvksa dh tkap djus
esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj tks ljdkjksa vkSj
laLFkkuksa dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjkus esa lgk;rk
djrh gSaA ge rhu o’kksaZ ls ;g dk;Z çR;sd
o’kZ ds tqykbZ ekg esa djrs vk jgs gSa]
D;ksafd tqykbZ esa gh CEDAW dk l= Hkh
pyrk gS] vkSj bl cgkus çfrHkkfx;ksa dks
,d okLrfod CEDAW l= dh fjiksfVaZx
dk vuqHko çkIr gksrk gS] rFkk os CEDAW
lfefr ds lnL;ksa ls Hkh ckrphr dj ldrs
gSa ftlls fd os vius ns”k ls vk;s lnL;ksa
ls usVodZ dj ldsaA ge bldks fodflr
djus dh vk”kk djrs gSaA ge bl çf”k{k.k
dks CSW ds nkSjku U;w ;‚dZ esa Hkh djus dh
dksf”k”k dj jgs gSa rkfd vf/kd ls vf/kd
yksxksa rd igqapk tk ldsA
ukjhoknh vkSj fo”okl vk/kkfjr lewg]
çxfr”khy ifj.kkeksa dh çkfIr ds fy,] fdl
çdkj csgrj rjhds ls feytqy dj ,d
nwljs dh lgk;rk dj ldrs gSa\
eq>s ugha yxrk gS fd ukjhokfn;ksa@
L=hokfn;ksa vkSj fo”okl&vk/kkfjr lewgksa
ds chp f}Hkktu gksuk pkfg,A eSa ,d
ukjhoknh@L=hoknh vkSj /kkfeZd O;fä gw¡
vkSj nksuksa i{k vuU; ugha gSa] oju~ ijLij
lekos”kh gSaA eSa tkurh gw¡ fd ukjhokn@
L=hokn2 ds dqN lcls le`) fodkl turk
vkSj vdkneh ds /kkfeZd gydksa ds Hkhrj
gq, gSa & tkfr] oxZ] ;kSfudrk] jktuhfr]
laL—fr] vFkZO;oLFkk vkfn ds ca/kuksa dks
dkVrs gq,A fir`lÙkk esa tsaMj&vk/kkfjr
nksgjh O;oLFkk ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds O;fäxr yksHk
dks l”kä djrh gS vkSj muds vkf/kiR;
dks cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA ijUrq
geesa ls tks bl “kks’k.k O;oLFkk ls yM+
jgs gSa mudks vkSj vf/kd ,dh—r mikxe
viukus gksaxsa tks ikjLifjd :i ls lekos”kh
gksa ¼ftuesa lcdh Hkkxhnkjh gks½A gekjh
,dtqVrk vkSj fyax U;k; dh ,d gh unh
esa cgrh gqbZ fofo/krkvksa ls le`) gekjh
cgukis dh rhFkZ;k=k ls gesa bl mRihM+u
ij fot; ikus ds fy, “kfä feyrh gSA
Q+qykVk eks;ks dk lEidZ lw=%
fulatamoyoO@gmail.com.
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 29
ns ’kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuqJo.k vol. 23 no.1 2017

,d dne vkxs] 10 dne ihNs%

CEDAW vkSj Vksaxk
2015 esa ,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k çkIr
gksus ds dxkj ij FkhA dfe”ku v‚u n
LVsVl v‚Q+ ohesu (Commission on the
Status of Women - CSW) ds U;w ;‚dZ esa py
jgs mulBosa l= esa] Vksaxk dh ljdkj us
dgk fd og efgykvksa ds çfr gj çdkj ds
HksnHkko dks nwj djus dh la;qä jk’Vª la?k
fy, vfrfjä vf/kdkj nsuk; ¼2½ ihfM+rk@
mÙkjthoh dks muds vf/kdkjksa vkSj lEc)
dkuwuh dk;Zokgh ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus
dh dkuwuh vko”;drk; vkSj ¼3½ bl
fo/ks;d ds mÙke vuqJo.k vkSj ewY;kadu
gsrq fopkj fofue; djus ds fy, eq[;
leqnk;&fgr/kkjdksa dh lfefr dk xBu
Notes & References
1 Ministry of Information and Communications,
“Tonga Announces the Ratification of
CEDAW at CSW 59th Sessions,” March 12,
2015, accessed May 19, 2017, http:// mic.
gov.to/index.php?option=com_content&vi

dh laf/k (UN Convention on the Elimination djukA ew=article&id=5260&lang=en.

of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 2 igys] dsoy Vksaxu iq#’k ukxfjd gh vius
– CEDAW)1 dks ikfjr djus dh çfØ;k dks
vkjEHk djus ds fy, çLrqr gSA ijarq ;g efgyk usf=;ksa vkSj x+Sj ljdkjh laxBuksa cPpksa dk iathdj.k djk ldrs Fks] pkgs ek¡ dh
ukxfjdrk dqN Hkh gks
çfØ;k fQ+ygky jksd nh x;h gSA ds 20 o’kksaZ ls vf/kd dh i{k tqVko
vkSj iSjoh ds ckn Vksaxk dh ljdkj
efgyk usf=;ksa vkSj x+Sj ljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk CEDAW dks ikfjr djus dk
ds 20 o’kksaZ ls vf/kd dh i{k&tqVko vkSj
iSjoh ds ckn Vksaxk dh ljdkj }kjk iwokZuqeku] Vksaxk esa efgyk&vf/kdkj
CEDAW dks ikfjr djus dk iwokZuqeku] Vksaxk vkanksyu dk vkxs c<+us dh fn”kk esa
esa efgyk&vf/kdkj vkanksyu dk vkxs c<+us lcls cM+k dne ekuk tk jgk FkkA
dh fn”kk esa lcls cM+k dne ekuk tk
jgk FkkA okLro esa ;g ç”kkar {ks= ds o`gr okLro esa ;g ç”kkar {ks= ds o`gr
efgyk&vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa ds fy, vkxs efgyk&vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa ds fy, vkxs
c<+us dk dne gSA ç”kkar }hi jk’Vªksa esa c<+us dk dne gSA
Vksaxk vkSj iykÅ & dsoy nks ,sls ns”k
cps gSa ftUgksusa la;qä jk’Vª laf/k dks vHkh
rd ikfjr ugha fd;k gSA 2015 esa chftax ijarq vHkh Hkh dbZ ,sls {ks= gSa tgk¡ efgyk,a
IySVQkeZ Q+‚j ,D”ku (Beijing Platform vHkh Hkh viuh ckr dgus ds fy, la?k’kZ
for Action) & ftldks oSf”od Lrj ij dj jgh gSaA muesa ls ,d gS ns”k dk
efgyk&vf/kdkjksa dk ,tsaMk r; djus ,d Hkwfe&dkuwu tgk¡ efgyk,a vHkh Hkh u rks
,sfrgkfld fn”kk&funsZ”k ekuk tkrk gS & t+ehu dks vius uke ls iath—r djk
dh chloha o’kZxkaB FkhA chftax IySVQkeZ ldrh gSa vkSj u gh mldh ekyfdu gks
Q+‚j ,D”ku ij] Vksaxk lesr 189 ns”kksa us ldrh gSaA Hkwfe ij efgykvksa dh igq¡p
gLrk{kj fd, FksA vkSj vf/kdkj dks c<+kus ds fy, dkuwu esa
la”kks/ku djus dh flQ+kfj”k ds ç;klksa ds
Vksaxk esa efgyk&vf/kdkjksa dks ysdj fiNys ckotwn ;g ,d ,slk {ks= gS tgk¡ efgyk,a
nks n”kdksa esa dqN egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;ka vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr vkSj vf/kdkjghu gSaA
çkIr gqbZ gSaA buesa ls ,d gS uS”kusfyVh LokLF; ds {ks= esa iRuh dks vHkh Hkh LFkk;h
,DV ¼2007½ dk la”kks/ku] ftlds rgr xHkZ fujks/k gsrq ulcanh djkus ds fy,
Vksaxk dh efgyk ukxfjdksa ds cPpksa dks vfuok;Z :i ls vius ifr dh Loh—fr] ,d
Vksaxk dh jk’Vªh;rk feyrh gS] Hkys gh cPps Q+‚eZ ij gLrk{kj ds ek/;e ls] ysuh gksrh
dk firk fons”kh2 D;ksa u gksA ,d vkSj gSA nwljh vksj tc ifr ulcanh djokuk
miyfC/k Fkh QS+feyh çksVsD”ku ,DV 2013 pkgrk gSa rks iRuh dh vkKk ugha yh tkrh
dk ykxw fd;k tkuk] ftldk mís”; ?kjsyw gSA
fgalk ls vkSj vf/kd lqj{kk çnku djuk
FkkA vf/kfu;e esa] efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa vius ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj
dks l{ke vkSj lajf{kr djus gsrq rhu eq[; laca/kh fu.kZ; Lora= :i ls ysus ds
mik; “kkfey fd, x, Fks% ¼1½ iqfyl dks efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj dks x+Sj&bZlkbZ vkSj
?kVukLFky ij gh rqjar vf/kdre lkr x+Sj&Vksaxu dg dj fuafnr fd;k x;kA ,d
fnuksa ds fy, lqj{kk vkns”k tkjh djus ds Vksaxu iknjh us dgk] Þefgykvksa dks ckbfcy
 30 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
3 United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner of Human Rights, Universal
Periodic Review—Tonga, accessed May 19,
2017, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/
UPR/Pages/TOSession2.aspx
ns’ kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuq J o.k
esa viuk ntkZ tkuus dh vko”;drk gS]
vkSj tc os bldks tku ysaxh rks mUgsa le>
vk tk,xk fd mUgsa Lora= :i ls fu.kZ;
ugha ysus gSa] cfYd vius ifr dh vuqefr
ls fu.kZ; ysus gSa---ßA Vksaxk eq[;r% bZlkbZ
ns”k gS] bldh 95% vkcknh bZlkbZ gSA
dqN ppksaZ dk /kkfeZd usr`Ro] efgykvksa
dks dsoy eq[; ,D;qesfudy ¼fxjtk?kj
ds lnL;ksa dk lEeysu½ inksa vkSj usr`Ro
Hkwfedkvksa ij inksUur gksus dh vuqefr nsrk
gS] vkSj buesa Vksaxk ds ppZ rFkk ik”pkR;
/keksaZ ds ppZ] nksuksa gh “kkfey gSaA
bu varjksa ds ckotwn Vksaxk dh ljdkj
us lkoZHkkSfed vkof/kd leh{kk (Universal
Periodic Review) çfØ;k esa çfrosnu djuk
“kq: dj fn;k gS vkSj vius fiNys nks
çfrosnuksa ds ckn ls ;g lqfuf”pr djus
ds fy, cgqr lkjs ok;ns fd, gSa fd og
CEDAW rFkk vU; varjjk’Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj
vuqca/kksa vkSj laf/k;ksa3 dks ikfjr djus ds
fy, dne mBk,xkA vius vki esa] blds
}kjk mulBosa CSW esa fn, x, oäO; dk
cgqr Lokxr fd;k x;k & chftax dk;ZØe
ds ckn] efgyk&vf/kdkjksa dks lkdkj djus
vkSj çkFkfedrk nsus dh mldh çfrc)rk
ds ifjizs{; esaA blus t+ehuh Lrj ij py
jgs efgyk&vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa dks ,d
t+ksjnkj vkSj Li’V lans”k fn;k fd ljdkj
mu ck/kkvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dks xaHkhjrk
iwoZd ysus ds fy, rS;kj gS ftudh otg ls
efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vkSj lkaL—frd çxfr esa foyEc gksrk gSA
f{kfrt ij cgqr lh çR;k”kk,a FkhaA
ijUrq tks vçR;kf”kr Fkk og Fkk /kkfeZd
dêjokfn;ksa vkSj vfrokfn;ksa dk çfr?kkr]
ftUgksaus lks”ky ehfM;k ¼lekt }kjk
vdsfUær <ax ls lapkfyr ek/;e½] ekl
ehfM;k ¼tulapkj ek/;e½ vkSj LFkkuh;
t+ehuh Lrj ij dke djus okys laxBuksa
ds ek/;e ls rhozrk ls leFkZu lewg cuk
fy,] ftudk ,dek= mís”; Fkk vuqleFkZu
dh çfØ;k dks vkxs c<+kus ds ljdkjh
ç;Ruksa dk “kh?kzrk ls var dj nsukA mUgksaus
nks lcls fooknkLin eqíksa & xHkZikr vkSj
leySafxd fookg dks dkuwuh ekU;rk dk
ç;ksx djds vke turk esa vkrad QSyk dj
ns”k esa fo’ke fLFkfr iSnk dj nhA Vksaxu
ljdkj }kjk CSW esa fn;s x, oäO; ds
,d fnu ls Hkh de le; ds ckn lewps
Vksaxu {ks= & v‚LVªsfy;k] U;w t+hySaM vkSj
vejhdk esa jgus okys çoklh Vksaxuksa esa
CEDAW fojks/kh ç{kksHk dh ygj lh nkSM+
x;h] vkSj Vksaxu ehfM;k Hkh mudh ek¡xksa
ls vkIykfor gks x;k & ekax ;g Fkh fd
ppZ ds yhMj vfoyEc bl fojks/k ij viuh
çfrfØ;k nsa rFkk Vksaxu ljdkj dks bl
laf/k dks ikfjr u djus dh lykg nsaA
gkyk¡fd CEDAW esa vuqleFkZu çfØ;k ds
varxZr dqN çfrcU/k gSa ftlls fd LFkkuh;
laosnuk,a ¼ns”k dh Lok;Ùkk vkSj vkfFkZd@
lkekftd@lkaL—frd j{kk ifjizs{; esa½
lqjf{kr jg ldsa] /kkfeZd dêjokfn;ksa us
vke turk ds eu esa ;g HkzkfUr iSnk dj
nh fd os ¼dêjoknh½ laL—fr vkSj /keZ ds
uke ij ns”k dh j{kk dj jgs FksA ,d
iknjh] tks CEDAW fojks/kh çn”kZu ds eq[;
vk;kstdksa esa ls ,d Fks] us dgk fd vxj
Vksaxk us ;w,u dUosU”ku dks eat+wjh ns nh
rks Vksaxk okil bZlkbZ&iwoZ ;qx esa igq¡p
tk;sxkA bl dêjoknh lewg }kjk lM+d
ij vk;ksftr fojks/k&tqywl esa çn”kZudkjh
tks lwpuk i=d vius gkFkksa esa idM+s gq,
Fks mu ij fy[kk Fkk & “CEDAW “kSrku dk
xqIr ,tsaV gS”; “CEDAW=666! foink” vkSj
“CEDAW udZ esa tkvks”A bl CEDAW fojks/kh
tqywl esa ftu ppksaZ ds çfrfuf/k “kkfey
Fks os Fks dSFkksfyd] Q+zh osLys;u (Free
Wesleyan)] vkSj rksdkbdksyks (Tokaikolo)
ppZ rFkk vU; dbZ NksVs uo&LFkkfir
bok¥~tsfydy ppZA ,d çeq[k ppZ usrk
us dgk fd ns”k dk vkn”kZ okD; (motto)
& “bZ”oj vkSj Vksaxk esjh fojklr gSa” &
;g n”kkZrk gS fd bZ”oj lcls çeq[k gS
vkSj blfy, lc dqN bZ”oj dh ;kstuk ds
vuqlkj gh gksuk pkfg,] u fd ml rjg
tSls la;qä jk’Vª pkgrk gSA
fojks/k ekpZ us 15]000 ;kfpdk&drkZvksa }kjk
gLrk{kfjr ,d ;kfpdk] vkSipkfjd vuqjks/k
ds :i esa] jktk dks lkSaih] fd os vius
gLr{ksi ds ek/;e ls ljdkj dh CEDAW
dks ikfjr djus dh ;kstuk dks jksdsaA nks
ppZ usrkvksa us jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh ds fu;fer
dk;ZØeksa ds t+fj;s ljdkj ds CEDAW
ikfjr fd;s tkus ds dne dh fuank djh]
vkSj viuh ckr dks lgh Bgjkus ds fy,
ckbfcy xzaFkksa dk ç;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus bu
çlkj.kksa ds nkSjku CEDAW i{kh leFkZdksa
ds fojks/k esa nqLlkgliw.kZ oäO; Hkh fn;s]
rFkk tks efgyk,a CEDAW vfHk;kuksa dk
usr`Ro dj jgh Fkha muds] vkSj muds cPpksa
dks Jkfir fd;k] vkSj CEDAW leFkZdksa
ds fy, ?kz.kkLin vkSj xqLls ls Hkjs Hkk’k.k
fn;sA efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds fy, yM+us
okys l”kä dk;ZdrkZvksa dks bZlk&fojks/kh
izfrfuf/k Bgjk;kA
ns’kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk

ns ’kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuqJo.k vol. 23 no.1 2017
vuqJo.k
bl lcdk efgyk&vkanksyu ij tks çHkko
iM+k mldks “kCnksa esa of.kZr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ij dk;Z djus
okys dk;ZdrkZvksa ij iM+s blds euksoSKkfud
çHkko ds pyrs djhch ikfjokfjd fj”rs
vkSj eS=h ca/ku VwV x,A bu lkekftd
dk;ZdrkZvksa ds cPpksa us Hkh vius Ldwyh
lgikfB;ksa vkSj v/;kidksa dk udkjkRed
joS¸;k >syk vkSj mUgsa bu çfr?kkrksa dk
lkeuk djus ds fy, ekufld :i ls rS;kj
djuk iM+kA yxHkx ,d yk[k dh vkcknh
okys bl NksVs ls ns”k esa vyxko dh çcy
Hkkouk Fkh ftldk cgqr cM+k ewY; lkekftd
dk;ZdrkZvksa dks pqdkuk iM+kA
fQj Hkh] lkekftd dk;Z dks tkjh j[kuk
vksQ+k xqVsucsy fyfdfyfd }kjk
funs”kd] ohesu ,aM fpYMªsu dzkbfll lsUVj (Women and Children Crisis Centre - WCCC), Vksaxk
ysfVu vesfjdk vkSj dWjhch;u esa
/kkfeZd dêjokn
fiNys dqN lkyksa esa dêjoknh lewgksa }kjk
ekuokf/kdkjksa ij geyk djus vkSj vkrafdr
djus ds ekeyksa esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA i”rwu
ewy dh ,d ;qok ikfdLrkuh ukjhoknh vkSj
efgyk&vf/kdkjksa ds fy, dk;Z djus okyh
dk;ZdrkZ] Q+jhnk vQ+jhnh dks xksyh ls ekj
fn;k x;k tc og tqykbZ 2012 esa dke ij
x;h Fkh1A blh chp tSfuQ+j ekjdksOLdh]
x+SjsV Loklh] vkSj ds vjs LVhokVZ dks ,d
bZlkbZ vfroknh us dksyksjSMks fLçaXl ;w,l,
fLFkr ,d fu;ksftr&ekr`Ro Dyhfud
(Planned Parenthood clinic) ij ekj Mkyk2A
ysfVu vesfjdk vkSj dWjhch;u {ks= Hkh
dksbZ viokn ugha gSaA ,y lsYokMksj3 vkSj
esfDldks4 esa xHkZikr djkus ij efgykvksa
dks 30 lky rd dh tsy dh ltk nh
tkrh gS; dqN Lor% xHkZikr ds ekeyksa esa Hkh O;fä;ksa ds vf/kdkj lqfuf”pr djus pkfg,]
mudks ltk gqbZA ,eusLVh baVjus”kuy }kjk pkgs os fdlh Hkh /keZ ds gksaA
fd, x, ,d v/;;u ds vuqlkj çkf/kdkjh
oxZ rFkk vU; O;fä viuh O;kid :i
ls çpkfjr c;kuckt+h ds t+fj;s ;kSu vkSj
çtuu vf/kdkjksa ds leFkZdksa dks dyafdr dk;Zokgh cu pqdh gSß7A esfDldks ;k
arrow cnyko ds fy, 31
Fkk] vkSj bl eqís ds çfr leFkZu tkjh j[kus
ds fy, vc /;ku vf/kd ls vf/kd lØh;
dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj leFkZdksa dh la[;k c<+kus ij
dsfUær gSA
bl rjg ds çfr?kkrksa vkSj /kkfeZd xzUFkksa
dh lhfer O;k[;kvksa ls ,slk çrhr gksrk gS
fd dnkfpr Vksaxk viuh vHkh rd gkfly
dh x;h lHkh miyfC/k;ksa ls nl dne ihNs
dh vksj tk jgk gSA efgykvksa dks iq#’kksa ds
cjkcj ntkZ fnykus ds fy, vHkh cgqr yEcs
le; rd la?k’kZ djuk gksxkA o’kZ 2015 ls
ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd Vksaxk dh vkcknh ij
/kkfeZd dêjokfn;ksa] ckbfcy xzUFkksa dh lhfer
O;k[;kvksa vkSj vknsf”kr çfrQyksa dh vHkh Hkh
dkQ+h vf/kd idM+ gSA vHkh Hkh cgqr dke
djuk ckdh gSA
| bZesy: ofa.guttenbeil@gmail.com
djrs gSa rFkk mudh rqyuk vijkf/k;ksa ls Notes & References
djrs gaS5A
bu efgykvksa }kjk lgu dh tk jgh fgalk 1 Editorial, “Farida Afridi,” The Express
ds vykok ,d vkSj leL;k gS ekuokf/kdkj Tribune, July 7, 2012, accessed May 11, 2017,
j{kk ds {ks= esa dêjoknh vkanksyuksa dh https://tribune.com.pk/story/404673/
farida-afridi/.
rsth ls c<+rh gqbZ mifLFkfr] rFkk muds
c<+rs gq, vkfFkZd] ehfM;k vkSj jktuhfrd 2 Julie Turkewitz and Ashley Southall,
lalk/ku] tks dh ukjhoknh rFkk ;kSu ,oa “Colorado Victims Identified as Iraq Veteran
and Woman from Hawaii,” The New York
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj vkanksyu tSls Times, November 29, 2015, accessed May 11,
lkekftd vkanksyuksa ds lalk/kuksa ls dgha 2017, https://www.nytimes.
vf/kd gSa6A bldk ,d mnkgj.k gS la;qä com/2015/11/30/
jk’Vª tSlh txgksa ij ;k /keZ fujis{k jk’Vªksa us/victims-in-colorado-clinic-shooting-
include-iraq-war-veteran.html.
dh lÙkk vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k ds
{ks= esa bu lewgksa dh c<+rh gqbZ mifLFkfr] 3 Las 17, accessed January 20, 2017, http://
tcfd ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj bUgsa fdlh Hkh las17.org/.
/keZ ds vk/khu ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj lHkh 4 Grupo de Información en Reproducción
Elegida (GIRE), Omisión e Indiferencia
Derechos Reproductivos en México(Mexico:
GIRE, 2013), accessed May 11, 2017, http://
www.sitioswwweb.com/miguel/Gire-Aborto.
tSlk fd ys[kd vkSj /keZ”kkL=h tksa ih,;j pdf and http://informe.gire.org.mx/
cfLr;u us dgk] Þ/kkfeZd ek¡x jktuhfrd
 32 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
5 Amnistía Internacional, ¡Defensoras Bajo
Ataque! Promoviendo los Derechos Sexuales
y Reproductivos en las Américas(London:
Amnesty International Publications, 2015),
accessed May 11, 2017, https://www.amnesty.
org/es/documents/amr01/2775/2015/es/.
6 eSa ukjhoknh vkanksyu dks ,d ,slk vkanksyu
ekurh gw¡ ftlesa fofHkUu ukjh vkanksyu
vfHklfjr gksrs gSaA
7 Jean-Pierre Bastian, “Los Nuevos
Partidos Políticos Confesionales Evangélicos
y su Relación al Estado en América Latina,”
Estudios Sociológicos, 17-49 (1999): 153-173,
accessed May 11, 2017, https://www.jstor.
org/stable/40420556?seq=1#page_scan_tab_
contents.
8 Some examples include the Partido
Encuentro Social in Mexico (http://encuentro.
social/) and the Bancada Evangélica in Brazil.
See more: Andrea Dip, “Bancada Evangélica
Cresce e Mistura Política e Religião no
Congresso,” UOL Noticias, October 19, 2015,
accessed May 11, 2017, https://noticias.uol.
com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2015/10/19/
bancada-evangelica-cresce-e-mistura-politica-e-
religiao-no-congresso.htm.
9 ljdkjh uke gS ÝsaV ikyZesaVj bosatsfydk]
ijUrq ;g cudM+k bosatsfydk ds uke ls Hkh
tkuk tkrk gS- ÝsaV ikyZesaVj oS/kkfud lÙkk &
jk’Vªh;] {ks=h; vFkok uxj laln & ds lnL;ksa
dk ,d lewg gS ftlus vius vkilh fgrksa
¼bl ekeys esa /keZ½ ls lEcaf/kr dk;Zdykiksa dks
,dh—r fd;k gS] dHkh dHkh viuh jktuSfrd
ikVhZ ds ijs HkhA
10 Congreso Nacional de Honduras,
“Confraternidad Evangélica Agradece al
CN por no Despenalizar el Aborto,” May 4,
2017, accessed May 11, 2017, http://www.
congresonacional.hn/index.php/2014-02-
10-22-24-42/item/1887-confraternidad-
evang%C3%A9lica-agradece-al-cn-por-no-
despenalizar-el-aborto.html.
11 CNN Español, “Iglesia Colombiana Convoca
a Marcha Contra Ideología de Género que
‘Destruye a la Sociedad,’” CNN Español,
August 10, 2016, accessed January 24, 2017,
http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2016/08/10/
iglesia-colombiana-convoca-a-marcha-contra-
ideologia-de-genero-pues-asegura-que-
destruye-a-la-sociedad/.
12 Carlos Bedoya, “¿Quiénes son
#ConMisHijosNoTeMetas?,” América Latina
en Movimiento, January 1, 2017, accessed
January 24, 2017, http://www.alainet.org/es/
articulo/182778.
ns’ kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuq J o.k
czkt+hy8 tSls ns”kksa esa bathyoknh ¼bZlkbZ
er çpkjd½ lewg ,slh jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa
ds :i esa laxfBr gks x, gSa ftUgksaus
yksdrkfU=d çfØ;kvksa esa mYys[kuh; :i
ls n[+ky fn;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, czkt+hy
esa ;g dgk tk jgk gS fd fnyek jkSlsQ+
ds f[+kykQ+ jktuhfrd eqdnek pykus esa
bathyoknh fo/kk;dksa9 dk cgqr cM+k gkFk
FkkA ,d vkSj jk’Vª tks [kqys vke
/keZfujis{krk dk fojks/k djrk gS] og gS
gks.Mqjkl] tgk¡ ij dSFkksfyd egar”kkgh us
[kqys vke 2009 ds r[rkiyV dk leFkZu
fd;k10] vkSj vHkh gky gh esa “kkldh;
dkaxzs”kuy osclkbV ij çdkf”kr vius ,d
oäO; esa] bathyokfn;ksa us gj çdkj ds
xHkZikr ds naMkns”k dk t”u euk;kA
blh dêjiaFkh –f’V esa ;qokvksa dks
,d ,slk {ks=d ekuk tkrk gS tks
x+Sj&yksdrkfU=d jktuhfrd ra=ksa
dks vfLFkj djus dh “kfä j[krk
gS---A bl –f’Vdks.k ds pyrs---
dêjiaFkh lewgksa dks ;g yxrk gS
fd mUgsa mu ewY;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk
t+:jh gS tks ;qokvksa ij fu;a=.k
vkSj ncko cuk ldsa] lkFk gh
;qokvksa dh ;kSfudrk dks dqafBr
dj ldsaA
bl ckr dk mYys[k djuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd
ppZ & ;k fQj Lo;a /keZ & dksbZ leL;k
ugha gSaA leL;k gS og dêjokn ftlds
varxZr muds lcls çHkko”kkyh usrk dk;Z
djrs gSa% os efgykvksa dk fojks/k djrs gSa; os
fi=klÙkkRed gSa; os ekuokf/kdkj&fojks/kh
gSa; os fgald gSa; vkSj os vke rkSj ij ,d
lerkoknh lekt ds f[kykQ+ gSaA
;g –f’Vdks.k] tks lekurk ds f[+kykQ+
gS] lkekftd vkanksyuksa ds dbZ n”kdksa
ds ç;klksa }kjk vftZr çxfr dks {kh.k
djrk gS] tSls fd efgykvksa] fd”kksjksa vkSj
;qokvksa dh ,d vf/kdkj laiUu euq’; ds
:i esa vfHkLoh—frA bl loZlÙkkoknh]
fi=klÙkkRed vkSj :f<+oknh –f’Vdks.k esa
efgykvksa dk vfLrRo dsoy çtuu ds fy,
gS] vkSj mUgsa vius Lo;a ds “kjhj ds fy,
fu.kZ; ysus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gS] tks
fd ^oS/k vkSj lqjf{kr xHkZikr rd igq¡p*
tSls eqíksa ij xEHkhj #dkoVksa ds :i esa
lkeus vkrk gSA
blh dêjiaFkh n`f’V esa ;qokvksa dks ,d ,slk
{ks=d ekuk tkrk gS tks x+Sj&yksdrkfU=d
jktuhfrd ra=ksa dks vfLFkj djus dh “kfä
j[krk gS] tSlk fd vjc fLçax vkanksyu
esa gqvkA bl –f’Vdks.k & ftlesa ;qok
oxZ leL;kRed gSa & ds pyrs dêjiaFkh
lewgksa dks ;g yxrk gS fd mUgsa mu ewY;ksa
dks c<+kok nsuk t+:jh gS tks ;qokvksa ij
fu;a=.k vkSj ncko cuk ldsa] lkFk gh
;qokvksa dh ;kSfudrk dks dqafBr dj ldsaA
ifj.kkeLo:i] ;qokvksa vkSj fd”kksj@
fd”kksfj;ksa ds fy, ,d Lora= vkSj
lq[kn ;kSu thou thus ds fy, okafNr
ifjfLFkfr;ka l`ftr djus ds fy, fd;k tk
jgk la?k’kZ vkSj vf/kd tfVy gksrk tk jgk
gSA
bl ?keaMh ço`fr vkSj /keZfujis{k jk’Vª ds
vfrØe.k dk çek.k gS dêjiafFk;ksa }kjk
fd;k tk jgk vfojr la?k’kZ tks os ;kSfudrk
ij fof”k’V ikBîØe lkexzh] ftlls os
lger ugha gSa] dks lk/kkj.kr% f”k{kk ls
gVkus ds fy, dj jgs gSaA ;g ml {ks= dh
f”k{kk O;oLFkkvksa }kjk O;kid ;kSu f”k{kk
çnku djus dh vko”;drk ds ckjs esa ugha
gS & tks fd njvly mu dk;ksaZ esa ls
,d gS ftldks vHkh Hkh iwjk fd;k tkuk
ckdh gSA eqík ;g gS fd mudk :f<+oknh
–f’Vdks.k ;g LFkkfir djrk gS fd ;kSu
f”k{kk] orZeku esa ekStwn ifjokjksa dh
fofo/krk dh vuns[kh djrs gq,] ifjokj ds
ijaijkxr uewus ij gh dsfUær jguh pkfg,A
gky esa gqbZ tsaMj fopkj/kkjk11]12 ds f[+kykQ+
gqbZ iwNrkN vkSj fo”kky ykecanh bl ckr
dk çek.k gS fd vc rd gqbZ çxfr [+krjs
esa gSaA ,d ckj fQj ls dêjoknh lewg mu
tsaMj Hkwfedkvksa dks lq–.k djuk pkg jgs
gSa ftuesa efgykvksa dks ,d futh ifjos”k
esa ifjokj dh ns[kHkky djuh gksxh] vkSj
leySafxdrk dks ,d ,slh chekjh le>uk
gksxk ftldk ;k rks bykt fd;k tk;s ;k
mls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sA
/keZ fujis{k jk’Vªksa dks lcds fy, /kkfeZd
LorU=rk lqfuf”pr djkuk vko”;d gSA
blh vk/kkj dks viuk /ot cukdj ge &
tks ukjhoknh vkanksyu ds fy, vkSj tks ;kSu
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, dk;Z djrs gSa &
dêjokfn;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA ,d
/keZfujis{k] ,sfgd ¼/keZ ls lEcU/k u j[kus
okyk½] vkSj fofo/k lekt] lkFk gh
ekuokf/kdkjksa ij vkSj vf/kd çxfr] ekuo
fodkl ds fy, vR;ko”;d gSA
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 33
ns ’kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vuqJo.k vol. 23 no.1 2017

---/keZ fujis{k jk’Vªksa dks lcds fy, Bibliography

ns’kh; vkSj {ks=h; xfrfof/k;ksa dk

vuqJo.k /kkfeZd LorU=rk lqfuf”pr djkuk
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vf/kdkjksa dks ekU;rk fnykus ds fy,] vius
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u;syh ;ksoy lsxqjk }kjk

tsusjy Mk;jsDVj] ,fyt jsM Mh tksosul iksj yksl Msjspksl lsDlq,fyl jsijksMfDVoksl] ,-lh-] jsMykWd] esfDldks | bZesy:nayeli@eligered.org

| V~foVj : @nayito59

lalk/ku

^,sjks* ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;

vkSj vf/kdkj Kku çlkj dsaæ ls lalk/ku
,sjks dk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj lEcaf/kr tkudkjh dk çlkj dsaæ
efgykvksa vkSj muds vf/kdkj] o ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj lacfU/kr dbZ
çdk”kuksa dk fo”ks’k laxzg miyC/k djkrk gSA bldk mís”; gS] bu fo’k;ksa ij lHkh ds
fy, egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh miyC/k djkukA lalk/ku dsaæ ls laidZ djus dk bZesy irk gS%
km@arrow.org.my

,lksfl,’ku Q+kWj ohesu bu MsosyiesaV Mkyrh gS ftudh otg ls /kkfeZd dêjoknh

(Association for Women in Development – AWID)
vaMjLVSafMax fjyhft;l QaMkesaVfyLe
Q+‚j ,fDVfoLV & ,-MCyw-vkbZ-Mh- 2014
(Understanding Religious Fundamentalisms
for Activists - AWID 2014): http://www.awid.
org/publications/understanding-religious-
fundamentalisms-activists
;g fu;e iqfLrdk] efgyk vf/kdkjksa ij
fo”o ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dk;Z djus okys
dk;ZdrkZvksa ds vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij
/kkfeZd dêjokn ij var–Zf’V miyC/k
djkrh gSA ;g mu dkjdksa ij Hkh çdk”k
lewgksa dk fodkl gqvk] vkSj ekuokf/kdkj
vkSj efgyk vf/kdkjksa ij bu lewgksa ds
çHkko dks Hkh n”kkZrh gSA /kkfeZd dêjokn
efgyk & vf/kdkj ij dke djus okys
dk;ZdrkZvksa dks fdl çdkj çHkkfor
djrk gS] vkSj dk;ZdrkZ rFkk ekuokf/kdkj
çfrj{kd fdl çdkj /kkfeZd dêjokn ds
çfr viuh vuqfØ;kvksa dks et+cwr dj
ldrs gSa] bu fo’k;ksa ij ppkZ dks çksRlkfgr
djus okys lgHkkxh lk/ku Hkh bl iqfLrdk
esa “kkfey gSaA
AWID vxz iafä esa ukjhoknh% dêjokn dk
çfrjks/k vkSj mls pqukSrh nsus lEcaf/kr
34 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lalk/ku
fo’k;&v/;;u- AWID, ekpZ 14, 2010- http://
www.awid.org/publications/feminists-frontline-case-
studies-resisting-and-challenging-fundamentalisms.
;g çdkf”kr iqLrd fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd vkSj
lkekftd&jktuhfrd lUnHkZ esa /kkfeZd
dêjokfn;ksa dk fojks/k dj jgs dk;ZdrkZvksa
vkSj ukjhokfn;ksa ds ekeyksa ds v/;;u ¼dsl
LVMht++½ ds nLrkost+ hdj.k dk ç;kl djrh
gSA muds fojks/k dk nLrkost+ hdj.k djds
;g çdk”ku fo”o ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds mu
O;fä;ksa dh Hkh ljkguk djrh gS tks /keZ ds
uke ij vf/kjksfir dêjoknh vkSj çfrxkeh
ekunaMksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds fojks/k esa [kM+s gq,
gSa vkSj mUgksaus “yksd uhfr;ksa esa /keZ dh
fo”ks’kkf/kdkj fLFkfr dks Hkh pqukSrh nh gSA”
cfYpu dSlkaæk- ,d dêjokn jfgr Hkfo’;
dh vksj% /kkfeZd j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj ukjhoknh
vuqfØ;kvksa dk fo”ys’k.k- nhik “kadju
}kjk lEikfnr- AWID, Qjojh 17] 2011%
https://www.awid.org/publications/towards-future-
without-fundamentalisms
;g fjiksVZ efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds lØh;
dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk O;ä dh xbZ fuEu
vko”;drksa dks iwjk djus dk ç;kl djrh
gS & /kkfeZd dêjokn ds :i ij vkSj
vf/kd tkudkjh] rFkk /keZ ds ckjs esa mudh
le> dks vkSj xgjk djukA ;g fjiksVZ
/kkfeZd dêjokn dks c<+kok nsus okys
vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] ,sfrgkfld
dkjdksa dh; /kkfeZd dêjokfn;ksa }kjk vius
vkanksyu dks cukus vkSj c<+kus ds fy,
bLrseky dh xbZ j.kuhfr;ksa dh; muds
,tsaMk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, bLrseky
fd;s x, lEHkk’k.kksa vkSj rjhdksa dh leh{kk
çnku djrh gS; rFkk /kkfeZd dêjokn dks
jksdus ds fy, ç;qä ukjhoknh j.kuhfr;ksa
dk fo”ys’k.k djrh gSA
dSFkksfyDl Q+kWj pkWbl- var%dj.k
http://consciencemag.org
;g if=dk ledkyhu varjkuqHkkxh; eqíksa &
tSls çtuu vf/kdkj] ;kSfudrk vkSj tsaMj]
ukjhokn] ppZ] /kkfeZd vf/kdkj vkSj jk’Vªh;
eqís] rFkk jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd eqís &
ij foLr`r vkSj iw.kZ lwpuk ,oa fo”ys’k.k
çnku djrh gSA ;g if=dk fopkjksÙkstd
leh{kk] fopkjkRed ys[k vkSj uhfr
fo”ys’k.k Hkh nsrh gSA
tsaMj ,aM lsDlqvfyVh fjlkslZ lsaVj-
dksg~y% “kjhj vkSj ySafxdrk ds “kks/k ij
,d if=dk: http://gsrc-mena.org/gsrc/kohl/.
;g e/;&iwoZ {ks=] nf{k.k&if”pe ,f”k;k
vkSj mÙkj vQ+zhdk esa fyax vkSj ;kSfudrk
ij ,d v/kZokf’kZd] cgqHkk’kh; if=dk gSA
bldk mís”; gS Lora= Kku vkSj ;qok
rFkk Lukrd Lrj ds f”k{kkfonksa ds Kku
dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ,d lkekU;
¼x+Sj&vkd’kZd½] x+Sj vYila[;d eap çnku
djrs gq, dk;ZdrkZ&eaMyh vkSj “kSf{kd
leqnk; ds chp Q+klys dks de djukA
gsyh] vfuLlk- nLrkost+ 32&33% eqfLye
lUnHkksaZ esa ;kSfudrk laL—fr vkSj lekt%
eqfLye dkuwuksa ds rgr jgus okyh
efgykvksa dh if=dk] tqykbZ 17] 2014
http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/
WLUML%20Dossier%2032-33%20Sexualities%20
Muslim%20Contexts%202014_0.pdf
eqfLye dkuwu ds rgr jgus okyh efgyk,a
(Women Living Under Muslim Law - WLUML)
}kjk çdkf”kr bl nLrkost+ esa “kkfey gSa
fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa ls ys[k] fjiksVZ] vkSj
rF;kRed i=dA ;g bl ckr dh iM+rky
djrk gS fd dSls efgyk,a rFkk iq#’k]
fofHkUu eqfLye lUnHkksaZ esa] ;kSfudrk rFkk
;kSu ,oa çtuu vf/kdkjksa ij yxs çfrca/kksa
vkSj lhekvksa ds vanj viuk ekxZ funsZf”kr
djrs gSaA ;g nLrkost+ ml le; çdkf”kr
gqvk gS tc fo”o Hkj esa ekStwnk dk;ZdrkZ
çxfr”khy uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwuksa dks ihNs
/kdsyus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd ncko >sy
jgs gSa vkSj ;g eqfLye lUnHkZ esa c<+rs gq,
çfrca/kksa ls fuiVus ds fy, dkuwuh vkSj
uhfrxr –f’Vdks.kksa ds ckjs esa cgqewY;
var–Zf’V çnku djrk gSA
beke] vk;s’kk- xgjh foospuk ls lgh eqís
mtkxj gksrs gSa% fodkl] efgyk&vf/kdkj]
vkSj /kkfeZd dêjokn] ds varjlaca/k- “kkjhu
xdqy vkSj blkcsy ekyZj }kjk lEikfnr-
AWID] ekpZ 22] 2016 . http://www.awid.org/
publications/devil-details
;g ys[; fodkl {ks= ds vanj O;kIr
/kkfeZd dêjokn ds çfr le> dh deh
dks lEcksf/kr djrk gSA ;g bl eqís dks Hkh
lEcksf/kr djus vkSj mldh le> ds ckjs esa
lq/kkj ykus dh ps’Vk djrk gS fdl çdkj
ls /kkfeZd dêjokn fodkl] vkSj fo”ks’kdj
efgyk vf/kdkjksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 35
la l k/ku vol. 23 no.1 2017

;g mu j.kuhfr;ksa dks Hkh lq>krk gS tks lsfT+xu] ;qDlsy- Þjk’Vª&dkuwu vkSj /keZ ds
fodkl ds fy, çfrc) O;fä dêjiaFkh vkSj f=dks.k esa efgyk vf/kdkj% bZftIV vkSj
:f<+oknh fopkj/kkjk dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, Hkkjr dh rqyukß ,eksjh baVjus”kuy y‚
mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA fjO;w 25:2 (2011): 1007-1028. http://ssrn.com/
abstract=1982266
ehj&gksfLluh] ft+ck vkSj oatk gfEt+d-
fu;a=.k ,oa ;kSfudrk% eqfLye lanHkksaZ ;g fuca/k bZftIV vkSj Hkkjr ds
esa ft+uk dkuwuksa dk iqu% çpyu- yanu% efgyk&usr`Ro okyh /keZ”kkL= lewgksa ds
eqfLye dkuwuksa ds rgr jg jgh efgyk,] fo’k;&v/;;u ¼dsl LVMh½ çLrqr djrk
2010 http://www.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/ gS] ;g tkuus ds fy, fd ;s leqnk; vkSj
files/CaS%20e-book.pdf lewg fdl çdkj ls vius mu vf/kdkjksa dks
çkIr djus ds ç;Ru dj jgs gSa ftuls os
;g iqLrd mu ,sfrgkfld vkSj orZeku /kkfeZd vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa vkSj iq#’kksa }kjk
lkaL—frd] lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj jfpr O;fäxr&fof/k ds pyrs oafpr
dkuwuh bjknksa vkSj lUnHkksaZ dh Nkuchu gSaA ;g fuca/k nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
djrh gS ftuds pyrs ft+uk dkuwuksa dk gSA çFke Hkkx esa bZftIV vkSj Hkkjr ds
iqu%çpyu gqvk] vkSj ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd O;fäxr&fof/k] rFkk os fdl çdkj ls bu
fdl çdkj ;s dkuwu & tks dHkh vçpfyr nks ns”kksa dh eqfLye efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj
Fks rFkk eqfLye lUnHkZ esa “kk;n gh dHkh vkSj mudh O;fäxr Lora=rk dks çHkkfor
ykxw fd;s gksa & vc fQj ls okil yk, djrs gSa] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh x;h gSA
x, gSa rkfd iq#’kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh fuca/k dk nwljk Hkkx efgyk&usr`Ro okys
;kSfudrk ij mudk fu;a=.k –<+rkiwoZd /keZ”kkL= lewgksa ds ckjs esa irk yxkrk gS
cuk jgsA ;g iqLrd bu dkuwuksa ds fd fdl çdkj ls mUgksaus iquOZ;k[;k djus
iqu%çpyu ij ukxfjd lekt ds çfrjks/k okys vkanksyuksa dh enn ls vius vf/kdkjksa
dk nLrkost+hdj.k djrh gS] D;ksafd ;s dks çkIr fd;k gSA
j.kuhfr;ka vkSj fØ;k,¡ mu lHkh lektksa
ds fy,] tks blh çdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dk vkscsjkW;] fn;k vkSj csvf=t+ xYyh-
lkeuk dj jgs gSa] ,d vewY; fojklr gSaA ÞySfVu vesfjdk esa var%dj.k ds vk/kkj
ij çtuu LokLF; lsokvksa ls badkjß lqj%
vksFkeku] uksjSuh- ÞeqfLye efgyk,a rFkk ekuokf/kdkjksa ij vUrjjk’Vªh; if=dk]
bLykfed dêjokn@vfrokn dh pqukSrh% 24(2016): 105-115. http://sur.conectas.org/en/
nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f”k;k dh eqfLye efgykvksa refusing-reproductive-health-services-on-grounds-of-
ds ekuokf/kdkj vkSj tsaMj lekurk gsrq conscience-in-latin-america/.
la?k’kZ dk flagkoyksdu-ß ohesal LVMht+
baVjus”kuy Q+ksje] 2006, 29(4): 339-353 bl ys[k esa ySfVu vesfjdk dh mu uhfr;ksa
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ dk laf{kIr o.kZu gS tks var%dj.k vk/kkfjr
S0277539506000355. vkifÙk;ksa dks fu;af=r djrh gSa & efgykvksa
dks muds ;kSu ,oa çtuu vf/kdkjksa ls
bl ys[k ds çFke Hkkx esa nf{k.k&iwoZ oafpr j[kus ds fy, LokLF; lsok çnkrkvksa
,f”k;k ds bLykeh vkanksyuksa esa c<+rs gq, }kjk c<+rs gq, var%dj.k vk/kkfjr vkifÙk
/kkfeZd vfrokn ls mRiUu mu eqíksa vkSj ds mi;ksx dks fopkj esa j[k djA ;g
pqukSfr;ksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k gS ftudk varjjk’Vªh; rFkk ml {ks= ds jk’Vªh;
lkeuk bl {ks= dh eqfLye efgykvksa dks ekuokf/kdkj dkuwuksa] nksuksa ij fopkj djrk
djuk iM+ jgk gSA ys[k ds nwljs Hkkx esa gSA ;g bl ckr dk çLrko j[krk gS fd
mu j.kuhfr;ksa dk o.kZu gS tks nf{k.k&iwoZ jk’Vªh;] varjjk’Vªh; rFkk {ks=h;
,f”k;k ds efgyk lewgksa }kjk ç;qä dh tk ekuokf/kdkj lfefr;ka var%dj.k vk/kkfjr
jgha gSa & bu vkanksyuksa ds lkFk lEc) vkifÙk lEcU/kh <Wakps dks fujarj Li’V djrs
gksdj mu pqukSfr;ksa ij fot; ikus dh & jgsa] rkfd var%dj.k ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa
tks bu vkanksyuksa ds pyrs efgyk ds ekSfyd ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu u gksA
vf/kdkjksa vkSj efgykvksa dh dkuwuh U;k;
rd igq¡p dks ckf/kr djrh gSa] fo”ks’kdj
eqfLye ifjokj&dkuwu rFkk jk’Vª dh /keZ ls
lEcaf/kr ç”kklfud uhfr;ka vkSj dk;ZØeA
36 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lalk/ku
vU; lalk/ku
v‚fLVª;k] dSjksfyuk ,l #bt- “fQ+yhihal
esa /kkfeZd dêjokn ds lUnHkZ esa ppZ] jk’Vª]
vkSj efgyk&vf/kdkjA” çttu LokLF;
t+:jh gS] 12 (2004): 96-103.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0968808004241520.
csUuksmus] djhek- rqEgkjk Q+rok ;gk¡ ugha
pyrk gS% eqfLye dêjokn ds f[+kykQ+
yM+kbZ dh vudgh dgkfu;kaA ,uokbZ% MCyw
MCyw uksVZu ,aM daiuh] 2013.
https://www.karimabennoune.com/books/your-
fatwa-does-not-apply-here/.
dSFkksfyDl Q+‚j p‚bl- la;qä jk’Vª esa
dSFkksfyd ppZ% ppZ ;k jk’Vª\ okf”kaxVu]
Mhlh% dSFkksfyDl Q+‚j p‚bl] 2013.
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pSiy] yqbl- efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds fy,
la?k’kZ% la;qä jk’Vª esa /kkfeZd rkdrksa dk
çHkkoA vk/kkj i=A lEçkIr vçSy 22, 2016.
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MsfjDl] DykSfM;k vkSj ,afMª;k
¶yslpsucsxZ- /kkfeZd dêjokfnrk,a vkSj
,f”k;k esa muds tsaMj çHkkoA cfyZu%
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gkse] tsfldk- “vÝ+hdk ds lUnHkZ esa
bZlkbZ dêjokn vkSj efgyk vf/kdkj% {ks=
dk çfrfp=.kA” vxz iafä esa ukjhoknh%
dêjokn dk fojks/k vkSj mldks pqukSrh ds
fo’k;&v/;;uA AWID] ekpZ 14, 2010- lEçkIr
vçSy 20, 2017-
http://bit.ly/2DVlx6A
ICAN vkSj AWID. vfrokn eq[; /kkjk ds :i
esa% ehuk@,f”k;k {ks= esa efgykvksa] fodkl
vkSj lqj{kk ds fy, vfHkçk;. 2014.
http://www.icanpeacework.org/dev/wp-content/
uploads/2014/04/Extremism-as-Mainstream.pdf
eSaVsy] tks,u bZ] tSdqfyu dksjh;y] tsfldk
,M~El&fLduj vkSj t+suk , LVhu- Þlc
lgkju vQ+zhdk esa :f<+oknh bZlkbZ laLFkkvksa
vkSj /keZfujis{k lewgksa esa la?k’kZ% ;kSfudrkvksa]
çtuu vkSj ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ij oSpkfjd
laoknAß Xykscy ifCyd gsYFk] 2001: 6 (Liy-2½
192-209:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC3178341/
esgjk] e/kq- ,f”k;k iSflfQ+d esa dêjokn%
efgyk vf/kdkjksa ij –<+rk ls MVs jgus ds
#>ku] çHkko] pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj j.kuhfr;k¡-
,f”k;k iSflfQ+d Q+ksje v‚u ohesu y‚ ,aM
MsoyiesaV (APWLD), 2008.
http://bit.ly/2DvR0iX
vks*czk;u] t‚u ÞD;k fo”okl vkSj
Lora=rk ,d lkFk jg ldrs gSa\ tc
vkLFkk&vk/kkfjr LokLF; çnkrk vkSj
efgyk&vko”;drk ds chp Vdjko gksrk
gSAß tsaMj ,aM MsoyiesaV] 2017% 25] no- 1
(2017)% 37&51] DOI: 10-1080@13552074-
2017-1286808- lEçkIr ebZ 4, 2017-
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2074.2017.1286808
jke—’.k] dqekj- Þ/kkfeZd dêjokn vkSj
lkekftd vyxko% fpark dk dkj.k\ß
jktjRue Ldwy v‚Q baVjus”kuy LVMht+
(RSIS) fVIi.kh] 2016% 023-
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uploads/2016/02/CO16023.pdf
lSE;qy] jsth- efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ij
/kkfeZd dêjokn dk çHkkoA lEçkIr] vçSy
28, 2017-
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LohVeSu] dSjksykbu- ÞçLrkouk% ;kSfudrk]
fodkl rFkk dêjoknAß ;kSfudrk vkSj
fodkl] 2017: 25, no- 1: 1-14, DOI: 10-
1080@13552074-2017-1304063-
lEçkIr ebZ 4, 2017.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1355
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 37
la l k/ku vol. 23 no.1 2017

2074.2017.1304063

Vksekfyu] ,ek] ,M- tsaMj] fo”okl vkSj

VSMªksl] ekjht+- Þ/keZ] vf/kdkj] vkSj ;kSfudrk fodkl] v‚DlQ+Se thch (Oxfam GB), 2011:
& nksjkgs ijAß IDS cqysfVu] 2011: 42, no- 1 http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/
(2011)- lEçkIr ebZ 4 2017-
gender-faith-and-development-144042
http://bit.ly/2G23H2t

rekys] flfYo;k- Þ;wxkaMk esa efgykvksa dh

çtuu {kerk dks fu;af=r djuk% /keZ]
dkuwu] vkSj vkS’kf/k ds ifjizs{;Aß lqj%
baVjus”kuy tjuy v‚u áweu jkbV~l]
24¼2016½% 117&128]
http://sur.conectas.org/wp-content/
uploads/2017/02/11-sur-24-ing-sylvia-tamale.pdf

ekfj;k esfyaMk ,sUMks] lejhu 'kgckt+] vkSj lhÅ fdu VkWUx }kjk ladfyr
,sjks (ARROW) | bZesy: malyn.ando@arrow.org.my | bZesy: samreen@arrow.org.my | bZesy: kin@arrow.org.my

p;fur ^,sjks* lalk/ku

ARROW for Change ¼cnyko ds fy, ^,sjks*½] tks vaxzst+ h esa çdkf”kr gksrk gS vkSj
vusdksa ,f”k;k&iSflfQ+d rFkk oSf”od Hkk’kkvksa esa ;qfäiwoZd vuwfnr gksrk gS] ds vykok]
,sjks vU; vk/kqfud çdk”ku Hkh djrk gSA fiNys ikap o’kksaZ ds eq[; çdk”ku fuEufyf[kr
gSaA 1993 ls vHkh rd ds lHkh lalk/ku http://arrow.org.my/publications-overview/.

/kkfeZd dêjokn ij ,sjks vkSj ,sjks

lgHkkxh laLFkkvksa ds lalk/ku
vCnqy dknj] vt+jk- lfEefyr ifjokj%
tsaMj lekurk] ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
vkSj vf/kdkj] rFkk ekuo&vf/kdkj çkIr
djukA 2017. http://bit.ly/InclusiveFamilies.
,sjks (ARROW). ljQ+sflax% /kkfeZd dêjokn
vkSj efgykvksa ds ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
vkSj vf/kdkj ij mlds çHkko ij dqN
p;fur “kks/k i=A 2008. http://bit.ly/
SurfacingImpactofRF.
(ARROW). cnyko ds fy, ,sjks] Vol.
14, nos: 1&2: fo”okl cuk;s j[kuk% /kkfeZd
dêjokn ij fot; ikuk. 2008. http://bit.ly/
AFCvol14nos1and2.
c[k+kík] Q+nkSvk- eksjksDdks esa /kkfeZd
dêjokn vkSj lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsokvksa
rd igq¡pA eksjDdu QWfeyh Iykfuax
,lksfl,”ku ,oa ,sjks (ARROW): 2016. http://
bit.ly/RF-Morocco-Abortion.
ckyklqczefu;u] ih-] jkty{eh jke çdk”k]
vkSj ,u Jhy{eh- nf{k.k Hkkjr esa /kkfeZd
dêjokn vkSj O;kid ;kSu f”k{kkA xzkeh.k
efgykvksa dk lkekftd f”k{kk dsaæ vkSj ,sjks
2016. http://bit.ly/RF-India-CSE.
38 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017 lalk/ku
Cjksgh] ukft+”k] vkSj lkjk t+eku- ikfdLrku
esa dêjiaFkh O;k[;kuksa dk ifjokj fu;kstu
vH;klksa ij çHkkoA f”kjd+r x+kg &
efgykvksa dk lalk/ku dsaæ ,oa ,sjks 2016.
http://bit.ly/RF-Pakistan-FP.
Msfu;y] Le`fr] t+Suc bczkfge] n”khZ
Fkksjknsfu;k] ,M~uk eYdaFkh] vkSj boSatsfyu
Mh flYok- Jh yadk esa tkrh; /kkfeZd
jk’Vªokn rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkj% lks”ky ehfM;k] fçaV ehfM;k vkSj
uhfr dh leh{kkA efgyk,a ,oa ehfM;k lewg vusd ys[kd- ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
vkSj ,sjks- 2016. http://bit.ly/RF-SriLanka-SRHR. dh lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p ij ns”k&ifjPNsfndk
esyxj] tqful] vkSj tkslfyu djSjk&ilsrs- baMksusf”k;k] ykvks ihMhvkj ¼ykvks Hkk’kk esa
fQ+yhihal esa dSFkksfyd dêjokn dks
le>uk% çtuu LokLF; dkuwu rFkk vU;
çtuu LokLF; uhfr;ksa dks ckf/kr djus ds vkSj fo;sruke ds fy, miyC/kA
fy, efgykvksa] ifjokj vkSj xHkZfujks/k ij
:f<+oknh /kkfeZd f”k{kk dk mi;ksx fdl
çdkj fd;k tkrk gSA fy[kku vkSj ,sjks.
2016. http://bit.ly/RF-Philippines-RH.
vksLeku] jRuk- Þfo’k; vk/kkfjr ys[; 5%
/kkfeZd vfrokn vkSj bldk ,f”k;k&ç”kkar
{ks= dh efgykvksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds ;kSu ,oa
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij çHkkoßA
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ds
fy, dk;Zokgh esa% ICPD vkSj MDG ds vfrfjä
,f”k;k&iSflfQ+d ds fy, j.kuhfr;k¡A
oSpkfjd isij ICPD vkSj MDG ds vfrfjä]
,sjksA 107-120. 2012. http://bit.ly/Action4SRHR-
ThematicPapers.
lchuk] uT+es- ckaXykns”k dh ek/;fed vkSj
mPprj ek/;fed f”k{kk esa /kkfeZd vfrokn
rFkk O;kid ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkjA ukjhiksD[kks vkSj ,sjks. 2016. http://
bit.ly/RF-Bangladesh-CSE.
lkslkbVh Q+‚j gsYFk ,tqds”ku (Society for
Health Education-SHE). e‚YMhOt+ esa bLyke
rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkjksa dh vo/kkj.kk;saA “kh vkSj ,sjks
(SHE vkSj ARROW). 2016. http://bit.ly/RF-
Maldives-SRHR.
vU; ,sjks lalk/ku
2014-2017
vusd ys[kd- ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF;
vkSj vf/kdkj dks iksLV&2015 ,tsaMk esa
lekfgr djus gsrq dk;Zokgh djus dk
vkºokuA vQ+zhdk] ckaXykns”k] dEcksfM;k]
Hkkjr] baMksusf”k;k] ykvks ihMhvkj ¼vaxzst+ h
vkSj ykvks Hkk’kk esa½] ikfdLrku] rFkk
ySfVu vesfjdk vkSj dSfjfc;u ¼vaxzst+ h vkSj
LiSfu”k Hkk’kk½ esa miyC/kA
J`a[kykA ckaXykns”k] dEcksfM;k] pkbuk]
Hkh miyC/k½] eysf”k;k] e‚YMhOt+] usiky]
ikfdLrku] fQ+yhihal] Jh yadk] FkkbZySaM
2017
nkl] vfiZrk- ;kSfudrk vf/kdkj% f”k{kk]
jkst+xkj] dkuwu vkSj ukxfjdrk ds
ijLijPNsnA
2016
,sjks (ARROW). E;kuej@cekZ ns”kh; v/;;u%
vojks/kksa dks rksM+uk% ;kSu ,oa çtuu
LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dh iSjoh djuk ¼cehZ
Hkk’kk esa Hkh miyC/k½
,sjks (ARROW) cnyko dh dgkfu;k¡%
efgyk&LokLF; ,oa vf/kdkj dh iSjoh
Hkkxhnkjh dh lQy xkFkkvksa dk lgHkktu
& nf{k.k ,f”k;k
nkl] vfiZrk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
vf/kdkj dh lkoZHkkSfed laçkfIr & {ks=h;
[kkdk% ,f”k;k
ufnEiYyh] ljksftuh] Lusgk cuthZ] vkSj
nhik osadVpye- O;olkf;d ljksxslh%
vf/kdkj vkSj U;k; ds {ks= esa çfrLi/kkZ ds
bykds
jfoUæu] Vh ds lqanjh- leFkZdksa ds fy,
,d xkbM% xHkZfujks/kd ds fy, loZHkkSfed
laçkfIr esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dks ,dh—r
djuk
js;l] ,fefy;k- 2030 ,tsaMk esa ;kSu ,oa
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj% ihNs ns[kuk]
 arrow cnyko ds fy, 39
la l k/ku vol. 23 no.1 2017

vkxs c<+uk
jpsykZ] lkbZa T;ksfreZbZ vkSj uq#xqy n~T+gusok-
vusd ys[kd- DykbesV psat vkSj ;kSu ,oa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dh
çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij ,Moksdslh fLFkfr ij ns”k –”;% fdjfxt+ fjifCyd
lkjka”k- laçkfIr& ckaXykns”k] baMksusf”k;k ¼jfl;u Hkk’kk esa Hkh miyC/k½
¼v¡xzst+h vkSj cgklk baMksusf”k;k Hkk’kk esa½]
ykvks ihMhvkj] eysf”k;k] ekWYMhOt+] usiky] jfoUæu] Vh ds lqanjh- blds fy, D;k
ikfdLrku vkSj fQ+yhihal djuk iM+rk gS% xjhch dks lacksf/kr djuk
vkSj [kk| laçHkqrk] [kk| lqj{kk] vkSj ;kSu
vusd ys[kd- tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; rd lkoZHkkSfed laçkfIr
,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij O;kid
v/;;u- laçkfIr% ckaXykns”k] baMksusf”k;k] oqM~l] t+ksfucsy- ckaXykns”k] baMksusf”k;k vkSj
ykvks ihMhvkj] eysf”k;k] usiky] ikfdLrku fQ+yhihal esa DykbesV psat vkSj ;kSu ,oa
vkSj fQ+yhihal çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij çfØ;k ds
fy, lqvolj igpkuuk
2015
2013
oekZ] vfEcdk vkSj dqekj nkl- ;kSfudrk%
xjhch vkSj [kk| vlqj{kk dks lacksf/kr djus ,sjks (ARROW). ¼nwljk laLdj.k½- tsaMj vkSj
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ vf/kdkj% nf{k.k iwoZ ,f”k;k esa ;qokvksa ds
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dh
2014 fLFkfr

,sjks (ARROW). 2015 ds ckn ds ,tsaMs esa jfoUæu] Vh ds lqanjh- ,u ,MoksdsV~l

;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj% xkbM% ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
mudk mfpr LFkku ysuk ¼caxkyh] fganh vkSj vf/kdkj ds fy, lkoZHkkSfed laçkfIr gsrq
rfey Hkk’kk esa miyC/k½ lkefjd ladsr

,sjks (ARROW). ;kSu vkSj çtuu LokLF; vkSj FkkusafFkjku f”kokuaFkh] lkbZa T;ksfreZy jpsykZ]
vf/kdkj 2014 ls ijs% volj vkSj pqukSfr;ka vkSj lqyksf”kuh tgkukFk- iqu?kksZf’kr vkSj
iquiZfjHkkf’kr vf/kdkj% ,f”k;k isflfQ+d esa
,sjks (ARROW). fd”kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds fy, ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj dk
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; ,tsaMk dh LFkkiuk ICPD+20 LVsVl
ICPD+20 ls vkxs-
vusd ys[kd- iqu?kksZf’kr vkSj iquiZfjHkkf’kr
,sjks (ARROW). ICPD+20 ,f”k;k ;qok rF; vf/kdkj & fd”kksjksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds ;kSu ,oa
i=d çtuu LokLF; ,tsaMk dh ICPD+20 ls ijs
LFkkiuk
,sjks (ARROW). xq.koÙkk ns[kHkky tkjh j[kus
ds fy, efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj dks iwjk
djuk
,sjks (ARROW). usr`Ro vkSj çca/ku ij ,sjks
lalk/ku fdV
,vkjMCywlh vkSj ,sjks. gekjh dgkfu;k¡] ,d
;k=k% ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj
ij VªSofyax tjuy
vfou] ufjekg- ,d foLr`r –”;% [kk| vkSj
iks’k.k lqj{kk vkSj xjhch ds lanHkZ esa ekr`
LokLF; dks lacksf/kr djuk
 40 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
1 bl cqysfVu esa f”kokuaFkh FkkusafFkjku ds
lEikndh; dks ns[ksa
2 Ayesha Imam and Nira Yuval-Davis,
“Introduction,” ix-xviii, in Warning Signs of
Fundamentalisms (Nottingham, UK: Women
Living Under Muslim Laws, 2004), cited in
ARROW, “An Advocacy Brief: Post 2015
Development Agenda—Influences of Religious
Fundamentalism on Sexual and Reproductive
Health and Rights of Women,” accessed May
20, 2017, http://arrow.org.my/wp-content/
uploads/2015/04/Religious-Fundamentalism-
and-Post-2015_Policy-Brief_2014.pdf.
3 Gita Sanghal, “Two Cheers for
Multiculturalism,” in Warning Signs of
Fundamentalisms (Nottingham, UK: Women
Living Under Muslim Laws, 2004), accessed
May 20, 2017, http://www.wluml.org/sites/
wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/pdf/
wsf/06.pdf.
4 ICAN and AWID, Extremism as Mainstream:
Implications for Women, Development &
Security in the MENA/Asia Region, 2, accessed
May 20, 2017, http://www.icanpeacework.org/
dev/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Extremism-
as-Mainstream.pdf.
5 Ayesha Imam, The Devil is in the Details: At
the Nexus of Development, Women’s Rights,
and Religious Fundamentalisms (Toronto and
Mexico City: Association for Women’s Rights
in Development, 2016), 5-6, accessed May 20,
2017, https://www.awid.org/publications/
devil-details.
ifjHkk"kk,a
ifjHkk’kk,a
tkrh;&/kkfeZd jk"Vªokn% og fopkj/kkjk tks
tkrh; vkSj /kkfeZd nksuksa gh igpkuksa ls
lwfpr gS vkSj tks bl ckr dh iqf’V djrh
gS fd jkT; dh jktuhfrd oS/krk eq[;r%
/kkfeZd fl)kUrksa ds ikyu ls O;qRiUu gSA
tkfr;&/kkfeZd jk’Vªokn jkT;] HkkSxksfyd
{ks=] laL—fr vkSj /kkfeZd xzaFkksa dks
,d&nwljs esa feykus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS
vkSj mUgsa efgykvksa dh “kkjhfjd Lok;Ùkk
ds t+fj;s ifjHkkf’kr dj mu ij t+cnZLrh
Fkksirk gS1
dêjiaFkh vkanksyu2% /kkfeZd] tkrh;]
vkSj@;k jk’Vªh; vfuok;Zrk ls ;qä
jktuhfrd vkanksyuA ;s lkewfgd igpku
dk ,dy laLdj.k cukrs gSa vkSj dsoy
mlh dks lp] çkekf.kd vkSj oS/k ekurs gSa]
rFkk mldk ç;ksx viuh “kfä vkSj çHkqRo
dks vius fuokZpu {ks=@ernkrk oxZ ¼tks
,d fo”ks’k leqnk; ls] lHkh] ugha rks
vf/kdka”k] ekuork rd cnyrk jgrk gS½ ij
Fkksius ds fy, djrs gSaA os Lo;a dks
çkekf.kd ijaijk dk çfrfuf/k gksus dk nkok
djrs gSa] vkSj os vk/kqfudrk rFkk if”pe
¼ftls x+Sj if”peh ns”k ds yksx ,d tSlk
gh ekurs gSa½ ds nwf’kr çHkko ds fo#)
cksyrs gSaA ijUrq dêjiaFkh iwoZ&vk/kqfud
ugha gSaA viuh ;kstuk dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, os ehfM;k ls ysdj gfFk;kjksa rd] lHkh
vk/kqfud çkS|ksfxd lk/kuksa dk bLrseky
djrs gSaA blds vykok] tks ifjdYiuk
os çdV djrs gSa og ,d fufeZr vkSj
p;ukRed ifjdYiuk gS] u fd Hkwrdky dh
fdlh oLrq dk iqu%çorZuA
bl leku vk/kkj ds ijs] tks mUgsa oLrqr%
lnSo jktuhfrd foLrkj ds pje nf{k.k
ij fLFkr ikrk gS] dêjoknh ;kstuk,a ,d esa efgykvksa us çR;{k “kkjhfjd vlqj{kk]
nwljs ls dkQ+h fHkUu gks ldrh gSaA os
ifo= xzaFkksa dk bLrseky dj ldrh gSa vkSj >syk gSA
fof”k’V dfj”ekbZ usr`Ro ls tqM+ ldrh gSa;
os ikjEifjd :f<+okfnrk ds :i esa çLrqr
gks ldrh gSa] vFkok ikjEifjd Hkz’V usr`Ro fookfnr gS] fQj Hkh bldk ç;ksx çk;%
ds f[+kykQ+ yM+us okys ,d iquq#RFkkuoknh fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g vHkh Hkh
vfroknh –fXo’k; ds :i esaA
cgqlaL—frokn3% cgq/kk nks ;k rhu fHkUu
rjhdksa ls bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS tks
lfEefJr gksrs gSaA bls bLrseky djus ds
,d rjhds esa bldk ç;ksx ml lekt dks
of.kZr djuk gS tgk¡ vusd fofHkUu ewyksa
ds O;fä jgrs gSa & bldks rF;kRed ;k
ekud] nksuksa gh çdkj ds fooj.kksa ds :i esa
bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS tks ,d fo”ks’k
çdkj ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj
lkaL—frd vkn”kZ dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
cgqlaL—frokn dk ç;ksx ml lkekftd
uhfr dks of.kZr djus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gS
tks lkaL—frd fHkUurk dk vknj djrh gS---
/kkfeZd vfrokn4% /keZ dh dBksj O;k[;k,a]
tks lkekftd vFkok vkfFkZd ncko] dkuwu]
vlfg’.kqrk ;k fgalk dk ç;ksx djds
nwljksa ij Fkksih tkrh gSaA bldk lkFk
nsrh gSa laL—fr] /keZ] jk’Vªokn] tkrh;rk
;k lEçnk; dh x+Sj rjy ifjHkk’kk,a] tks
ukxfjdksa dks viotZukRed] fir`lÙkkRed
vkSj vlfg’.kq leqnk;ksa esa ys tkrh gSaA
/kkfeZd vuqnkjiafFk;ksa dk dsoy ,d NksVk
lk çfr”kr bl vFkZ esa vfroknh gS----
/kkfeZd vfrokn fo”o ds vusd fofHkUu
{ks=ksa esa çdV gqvk gS vkSj dbZ /keksaZ ls
lEc) jgk gSA /kkfeZd vfHkçk; ds fy,
fgalk ds ç;ksx dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkuk] lHkh
ugha] exj dqN vfroknh vkanksyuksa dh
fo”ks’krk gSA
vfroknh vkanksyu lw{e vkSj çdV & nksuksa
gh rjhdksa ls & efgykvksa dks çR;{k :i
ls vkSj tku&cw>dj fu”kkuk cukrs gSaA
vfroknh rkdrsa efgykvksa ds dkuwuh
vf/kdkjksa dks çfrcaf/kr djus ds fy, vkSj
efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj ukxfjd {ks=
esa lgHkkfxrk dks lhfer djus ds fy,
et+cwr ncko Mkyrh gSaA lkoZtfud LFkyksa
;kSu mRihM+u vkSj vkØe.k dks Hkh vf/kd
/kkfeZd dêjokfnrk5% gkyk¡fd ;g ifjHkk’kk
dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk lk/kkj.kr% le> esa vkrk
gS rFkk “kSf{kd lkfgR; esa bLrseky fd;k
tkrk gS] vkSj fofo/k çlaxksa esa vklkuh ls
ç;qä fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g mu

ifjHkk"kk,a
fopkj/kkjkvksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks
fuEufyf[kr fo”ks’krk,a çnf”kZr djrh gSaA
• jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
vkf/kiR; çkIr djus ds fy, /keZ dk ç;ksx]
çk;% vU; igpku fpàdksa ds lkFk
• iwoZdfFkr dk ç;ksx djds HksnHkko]
vlfg’.kqrk vkSj guu dks U;k;laxr
Bgjkuk
• efgykvksa ds “kjhj vkSj ;kSfudrk
ij fu;a=.k dks lkekftd fu;a=.k dk
lcls egÙoiw.kZ ekxZ ekuuk
• iq#’kksa ds çHkqRo vkSj dBksj]
vleySafxd ,oa fir`lÙkkRed tsaMj laca/kksa
dk lq–.khdj.k
• /keZ dh ,d fof”k’V O;k[;k vkSj
vuq”khyu dks lanfHkZr djrs gq, dsoy mlh
dks ,dek= lR; rFkk vius vfLrRo dk
,dek= oS/k rjhdk ekuuk
• bl fopkj/kkjk dks Fkksius ds fy,
t+ksj&t+cjnLrh vkSj fgalk dk ç;ksx
• ^gekjh* cuke ^ckdh lc* dh
ladyu% ekfj;k esfyUMk ,aMks
lhfu;j izksxzke vkWfQ+lj] ,sjks | bZesy: malyn.ando@arrow.org.my | V~foVj: @MalynAndo
rF; lw p h
/keZ dk ¼nq½#i;ksx%
ckaXykns”k] Hkkjr] eysf”k;k] E;kuej rFkk
fQ+yhihal ds ekeys
oSf”od nf{k.k ds ns”kksa esa /keZ] dêjokn]
,oa vfrokn dh pje O;k[;k;ksa dh c<+rh
çeq[krk vkSj O;kidrk efgykvksa ds ;kSu
,oa çtuu vf/kdkjksa dks çHkkfor dj jgh
gSaA ;|fi ;s efgykvksa ds thou esa vusd
çdkj ls O;ä gksrh gSa] ijUrq çfrxkeh
dkuwu vkSj uhfr;ka rFkk ikjEifjd çFkk,a &
tks /keZ dh ladh.kZ O;k[;k;ksa dks
ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj HksnHkko ds neu dk
vkSfpR; ekurh gSa & bUgsa lqxe cukus vkSj
ykxw djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA
dbZ ekeyksa esa jk’Vª vf/kdkj /kkjdksa ds çfr ifj.kkeLo:i HksnHkko eq[; /kkjk ls tqM+
vius mÙkjnkf;Ro ls cpus ds fy, /keZ dk x;k gS rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj
bLrseky djrk gSA lkFk gh] ns”k
ekuokf/kdkj mÙkjnkf;Ro ra=ksa ls ca/ks gSa]
tSls efgykvksa ds çfr gj çdkj ds HksnHkko
arrow cnyko ds fy, 41
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
lkaçnkf;d igpku
/kkfeZd dêjoknh bZlkbZ /keZ ¼dSFkksfyd]
,afXydu] v‚FkksZM‚Dl] boSatsfydy] vkfn½] 6 National Secular Society, “What is
Secularism?,” accessed May 20, 2017, http://
bLyke ¼f”k;k ,oa lqUuh nksuksa½] fgUnw /keZ] www.secularism.org.uk/what-is-secularism.
fl[k /keZ] ckS) /keZ vkSj ;gwnh /keZ lfgr html.
gj /keZ esa fo|eku gSaA
/keZfujis{kokn% blesa nks fl)kar fufgr
gSa% jk’Vª dk /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa ls fo”kq)
i`FkDdj.k ,oa fdlh Hkh jk’Vª ds vanj]
fofHkUu /keksaZ vkSj erksa ds O;fä] dkuwu ds
le{k leku gSaA /keZ dk jk’Vª ls i`FkDdj.k
/keZfujis{kokn dk vk/kkj gSA ;g bl ckr
dh ft+Eesnkjh ysrk gS fd /kkfeZd xqV@
lewg jk’Vª ds dk;ksaZ esa gLr{ksi ugha djsaxs
vkSj jk’Vª Hkh /keZ ds dke esa n[k+y ugha
nsaxsa--- /keZfujis{kokn fdlh fo”ks’k /keZ ;k
er ds fl)karksa dks pqukSrh nsus dh dksf”k”k
ugha djrk gS] u gh og ukfLrdrk dks
fdlh ij Fkksius dk ç;Ru djrk gS6A
dks nwj djus dh laf/k (Convention on the Notes & References
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women - CEDAW), tks ewy lekurk
& vFkkZr volj vkSj ifj.kkeksa dh lekurk 1 IWRAW Asia Pacific, Building Capacity for
rFkk dbZ ekspksaZ ij HksnHkko dk var & dh Change: Training Manual on the Convention on
ft+Eesnkjh ysrk gS1A the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination
against Women, 2001, accessed May 20, 2017,
;g ys[k ;g Li’V djrk gS fd fdl çdkj http://www.law.hku.hk/hrportal/wp-content/
uploads/file/Session5.pdf.
ls ,f”k;k ds mu pqfuank ns”kksa ds ikl] tks
CEDAW ls ca/ks gSa] frl ij Hkh muds ikl
,sls dkuwu] uhfr;ka vkSj çFkk,a gSa tks
/kkfeZd O;k[;k ls çHkkfor gSa] ftlds
vf/kdkj çfrcaf/kr gks x, gaSA
 42 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
2 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 80%
fgUnw] 14% eqfLye 2% bZlkbZ vkSj 2% fl[k
gSa] tcfd ckS) vkSj tSu vU; esa lfEefyr gSa. S.
Rukmini and Vijaita Singh, “Muslim Population
Growth Slows,” The Hindu, August 25, 2015,
updated February 13, 2017, accessed May
20, 2017, http://www. thehindu.com/news/
national/census-2011- data-on-population-by-
religious-communities/ article7579161.ece.
3 Sivananthi Thanenthiran, Sai Jyothir Mai
Racherla, and Suloshini Jahanath, Reclaiming
and Redefining Rights: ICPD + 20: Status of
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
in Asia Pacific, ARROW, 2013, accessed May
20, 2017, http://arrow.org.my/wp-content/
uploads/2015/04/ICPD-20-Asia-Pacific_
Monitoring-Report_2013.pdf.
4 UN Databases, https://treaties.un.org/
Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_
no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en.
5 Chayanika Shah, “Hindu Fundamentalism
in India: Examining Impact and Responses by
Women’s Movements,” ARROWs for Change
14, nos. 1 & 2 (2008): 4-5, http://arrow.org.
my/publication/keeping-the-faith-overcoming-
religious-fundamentalisms/.
6 Vir Sanghvi, “Why the World Needs to Sit up
and Take notice of India’s War on Meat,” South
China Morning Post, April 23, 2017, accessed
May 20, 2017, http://www.scmp. com/week-
asia/politics/article/2088866/ why-world-
needs-sit-and-take-notice-indias- war-meat.
7 Matt Payton, “Indian Government to
Criminalise Marital Rape with ‘Comprehensive
Law,’” Independent, December 6, 2015,
accessed May 20, 2017, http://www.
independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indian-
government-to-criminalise-marital-rape-with-
comprehensive-law-a6762331.html.
8 KumKum Dasgupta, “Why is India Dragging
Its Heels Over the Criminalisation of Marital
Rape? The Guardian, August 17, 2015, accessed
May 20, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/
global-development/2015/aug/17/india-
martial-rape-law-criminalisation-dragging-heels
9 BBC, “India Court Recognises Transgender
People as Third Gender,” BBC News, April 15,
2014, accessed May 20, 2017, http://www.bbc.
com/news/world-asia-india-27031180
rF; lwph
rkfydk 1% CEDAW ij gLrk{kj djus okys ikap ,f”k;kbZ ns”kksa esa ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij vfrokn dk çHkko
CEDAW
1980 esa ?kks’k.kk i= vkSj
erHksnksa ds lkFk gLrk{kfjr
¼A.16 fookg vkSj ifjokj]
A.5&a HksnHkko [kRe djus
fy, gkfudkjd lkaL—frd
çFkkvksa dks lEcksf/kr djuk]
vkSj leqnk; ds O;fäxr
ekeyksa esa jk’Vª dk gLr{ksi
u gksuk3½A 1993 esa ikfjr4
Hkkjr@fgUnqRo2
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij pjeiaFk dk çHkko
Hkkjr ,d /keZfujis{k yksdra= gS] vkSj bldk lafo/kku lHkh
dks lekurk çnku djrk gSA fQj Hkh tulkaf[;dh vkSj
/keZ cgqla[;d vkcknh dh igpku ,d ,slh jk’Vªoknh igpku
ds :i esa djrs gSa3 tks fganqRo & fgUnqvksa dk vkf/kiR; vkSj
fgUnw thou “kSyh & dks LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
blus eq[;/kkjk dh jktuhfr esa “kkfey jktuhfrd nyksa
lesr fganw dêjiaFkh lewgksa ds c<+rs çHkko dk ekxZ ç”kLr
djus esa lg;ksx çnku fd;k gS] tks lÙkk:<+ Hkkjrh; turk
ikVhZ vkSj jk’Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k dh c<+rh gqbZ yksdfç;rk
ls Li’V gksrk gS5A fganw dêjiafFk;ksa }kjk viuh rkd+r vkSj
tuk/kkj dks c<+kus ds ç;kl leuq:i jgs gSa & vkSifuosf”kd
dky esa vkSj mifuos”kokn ds fo#) la?k’kZ ds nkSjku Hkh6
& gkykafd gky ds o’kksaZ esa bu ç;klksa us vkSj Hkh rst+ xfr
idM+h gSA o’kksaZ ls bu dêjiafFk;ksa us fganqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa
ds chp lqfu;ksftr :i ls ruko cuk;s j[kus ds fy,] vkSj
lkaçnkf;d fgalk dks HkM+dkus vkSj mfpr Bgjkus ds fy,] /keZ
vkSj tkfr&vk/kkfjr erHksnksa dk Q+k;nk mBk;k gSA eqlyeku]
vkSj dqN gn rd bZlkbZ Hkh] fgUnw çHkqRo ds fy, [+krjk ekus
tkrs gSa] vr% mudks yxkrkj fu;a=.k esa j[kus ds ç;kl fd;s
tkrs gSa5A
blds dkj.k c<+rh gqbZ :f<+okfnrk ds pyrs ;kSfudrk ij
fu;a=.k c<+k gS] tks vf/kdka”kr% efgykvksa dks] fo”ks’kdj mu
efgykvksa dks tks gkf”k;s ij gSa] dks çHkkfor djrk gSA bu
fu;a=.kksa ds dbZ :i gSa ftuesa jkT;&çk;ksftr uSfrd fu;a=.k
vkSj tkudkjh vkSj lsokvksa rd ;qokvksa dh igq¡p ij fu;a=.kA
efgykvksa dk “kjhj vkSj mldk lEeku ges”kk ls dêjiafFk;ksa
ds fu”kkus ij jgk gS] D;ksafd ;g laxfBr fgalk vkSj fu;a=.k
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUæ&fcanq gS5A
dêjiaFkh fopkj/kkjk ds pyrs oSokfgd cykRdkj ij Li’V
dkuwu ugha gSa ftUgsa iq#’kksa dh vlqj{kk c<+kus okyk ekuk
tkrk gSA ngst çFkk vkSj iSr`d fojklr dkuwuksa ds f[kykQ+
Hkh blh çdkj ds rdksaZ dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gS7A efgykvksa
ds ikl fookg ds vykok fodYiksa dh deh] vkSj oSokfgd
laifÙk ij muds fu;a=.k ij lhfer dkuwu mu dkjdksa dks
vkSj Hkh çksRlkfgr djrs gSa tks HksnHkko dks cuk;s j[kus esa
lg;ksx çnku djrs gSa8A
leySafxdrk dk vijk/khdj.k] ftldk ç;ksx bu lewgksa ds
fo#) fgalk QSykus rFkk mUgsa lsokvksa ls oafpr j[kus ds fy,
gksrk jgk gS] vkSifuosf”kd “kklu dky ls gS gh ¼Hkkjrh;
naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 377½A dkuwu dks cnyus ds fy, dqN
ç;kl rks fd, x, gSa] ij os vlQy jgs3A 2014 esa] Hkkjr ds
lqçhe dksVZ us fgtM+ksa ¼VªkaltsUMj½ dks rhljs tsaMj ds :i esa
ekU;rk nh gS] ysfdu bu yksxksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf”pr
djus ds fy,] ldkjkRed dk;Zokgh vkSj lsokvksa lesr]
vHkh cgqr dqN djuk ckdh gS D;ksafd ;g rcdk vkt Hkh
lkekftd&vkfFkZd rkSj ij ykafNr vkSj fiNM+k gqvk gS9A

rF; lw p h
ckaXykns”k@bLyke10
CEDAW vfrokn dk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij çHkko
vfHkxeu vkSj erHksnksa ds ckaXykns”k vius lafo/kku ds vuqlkj /keZfujis{k jk’Vª gS]
lkFk 1984 esa ikfjr ysfdu bLyke bldk jk’Vª /keZ gSA bLykeh “kfj;k dkuwu dk
Hkh ikyu gksrk gS3A
[/kkfeZd vk/kkj ij &
“kfj;k dkuwu] uhfr mik; /kkfeZd dkj.kksa ls cky&fookg dks ekU;rk gSA ftu yM+fd;ksa
ij A-2] vkSj fookg vkSj dk fookg de vk;q esa gks tkrk gS os fgalk] ;kSu lapkfjr
ifjokj ij A-16-1¼c½ ds laØe.kksa vkSj xHkkZoLFkk laca/kh tfVyrkvksa dk lkeuk djrh
gSa11A bl rjg ds çfrcaf/kr lanHkZ esa] tgk¡ tsaMj :f<+okfnrk
lkFk4]11] çcy gS] cky&fookg fu’ks/k vf/kfu;e 1929 dk ykxw fd;k
tkuk leL;kRed gS12A bl vf/kfu;e ds varxZr yM+dksa ds
fy, U;wure fookg ;ksX; vk;q 21 o’kZ vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds fy,
18 o’kZ gS] tcfd cky&fookg djkus esa enn djus okyksa dks
tsy vkSj tqekZus dh ekewyh lh ltk dk fu;e gS13A 2017
esa ,d u;k vf/kfu;e ikfjr gqvk] tks Þfo”ks’k ifjfLFkfr;ksaß
esa] ekrk&firk ;k vfHkokod dh vuqefr vkSj vnkyr ds
vuqeksnu ls vo;Ld yM+fd;ksa ds cky&fookg dh vuqefr
nsrk gSA jk’Vª dh ;g fopkj i)fr bl xyr /kkj.kk ij Hkh
vk/kkfjr Fkh fd yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk cykRdkj ;k ;kSu mRihM+u
dh fLFkfr esa ;fn os nks’kh O;fä ls “kknh dj ysrh gSa rks
mudk dyad de gks tk;sxkA12]14
Q+ros] tks LFkkuh; cqt+qxksaZ & tSls eqfLye ekSyoh & ds }kjk
“kkfy”k ¼,d xzkeh.k fookn lek/kku ra=½ ds ek/;e ls ikfjr
fd;s tkrs gSa] efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds f[+kykQ+ fgalk
dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] fo”ks’kdj xzkeh.k bykdksa esaA ;s Q+ros
vkerkSj ij efgykvksa dks muds dfFkr lekt fojks/kh ;k
vuSfrd dk;Zdykiksa & tSls O;fHkpkj] fookgiwoZ xHkkZoLFkk]
vuSfrd pfj=] fookg iwoZ laca/k] vkfn & dks nafMr ¼iRFkj
ekjdj ;k dksM+s yxkdj½ djus ds fy, tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA
bu ^vijk/kksa* dks ckaXykns”kh dkuwu ds varxZr vijk/k ugha
ekuk tkrk gSA Q+ros lafo/kku }kjk fn;s x, vf/kdkjksa dk
guu djrs gSa15A ;s U;k; ç.kkyh dh mis{kk djrs gSa vkSj
1990 ds n”kd ls budh la[;k esa dkQ+h c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA
…CEDAW }kjk ck/; gksus ds ckotwn] ,f”k;k ds dqN pqfuank ns”kksa
esa ,sls dkuwu] uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;Zç.kkyh gSa tks /kkfeZd O;k[;kvksa }kjk
çHkkfor gSa] ftldk ifj.kke gS HksnHkko dk eq[;/kkjk esa lfEefyr gksuk
rFkk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkjksa dk lhfer gksukA
arrow cnyko ds fy, 43
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
10 ckaXykns”k dh 2011 dh tux.kuk fn[kkrh gS
fd vkcknh dk 90% lqUuh eqfLye gSa rFkk 9-5%
fgUnw gSa] rFkk vU; eq[;r% bZlkbZ ¼vf/kdrj
jkseu dSFkksfyd½ vkSj FksjokMk&fguk;ku ckS) gSa.
United States Department of State Bureau
of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor,
Bangladesh 2012 International Religious
Freedom Report, accessed May 20, 2017,
https://www.state.gov/documents/
organization/208636.pdf.
11 Naripokkho, Country Profile: Bangladesh,
2016, accessed May 20, 2017, http://arrow.
org.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/
Country-Profile-SRH-Bangladesh.pdf.
12 Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Bangladesh:
Don’t Lower Marriage Age: Ending Child
Marriage Should Include Support for Victims,
At-Risk Girls,” October 12, 2014, accessed
May 20, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/
news/2014/10/12/bangladesh-dont-lower-
marriage-age.
13 The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929
(Act No. XIX of 1929), accessed May 20, 2017,
http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/print_sections_
all.php?id=149.
14 Rohini Alamgir and Afrose Jahan Chaity,
“Child Marriage Restraint Act 2017 to Practice
No Restrain,” February 28, 2017, accessed
May 20, 2017, http://www.dhakatribune.com/
bangladesh/law-rights/2017/02/28/child-
marriage-restraint-act/.
15 Meher Nigar, “Fatwa Violence Against
Women: A Bangladeshi Perspective,” 2012
(unpublished), accessed May 20, 2017, http://
works.bepress.com/meher_nigar/1/
 44 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
16 89% tul¡[;k ckS) gS- ckdh esa “kkfey gSa
bZlkbZ 4% ¼cSfIVLV 3% vkSj jkseu dSFkksfyd
1%½] eqfLye 4%] vkReoknh 1%] ,oa vU;
2%. Burma People, Factrover, accessed May
20, 2017, http://www.factrover.com/people/
Burma_people.html.
17 Phyae Thet Phyo, “Census Figures on
Religion to be Released by Year End,” Myanmar
Times, October 26, 2015, accessed May 20,
2017, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.
php/national-news/17191-census-figures-on-
religion-to-be-released-by-year-s-end.html.
18 Michael Caster, “The Truth About
Myanmar’s New Discriminatory Laws,” The
Diplomat, August 26, 2015, May 20, 2017,
http://thediplomat.com/2015/08/the-truth-
about-myanmars-new-discriminatory-laws/.
19 eysf”k;k dh tul¡[;k 61% eqfLye] 20%
ckS)] 10% bZlkbZ] 6% fgUnw gS rFkk 4% vU;
/keksaZ ls gSa. Department of Statistics
Official Portal, “Population Distribution and
Basic Demographic Characteristic Report
2010 (Updated),” July 29, 2011, updated May
7, 2015, accessed May 20, 2017, https://
www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/
ctheme&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWd
zQ4TlhUUT09&bul_id=MDMxdHZjWTk1SjFzTzN
kRXYzcVZjdz09.
20 Rosli Dahlan and Fawza Sabila Faudzi. “The
Position of the Shariah Court in the Malaysian
Legal System,” Malay Mail Online, May 15,
2015, accessed May 17, 2017, http://www.
themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/
article/the-position-of-the-shariah-court-in-the-
malaysian-legal-system-rosli-dahla.
rF; lwph
E;kuej ¼cekZ½@ckS) /keZ16]17
CEDAW
vfHkxeu vkSj erHksnksa ds
lkFk 1997 esa ikfjr ¼A.29
fookn lqy>kus ds fy,½4
eysf”k;k@bLyke19
CEDAW
1995 esa erHksnksa ds lkFk
ikfjr [A9 ¼2½ cPpksa dh
jk’Vªh;rk lEcU/kh; 16¼1½ ¼a½
fookg vkSj ifjokj lEcU/kh
lHkh ekeyksa esa HksnHkko dks
nwj djuk; 116¼1½ ¼b½ fookg
foPNsn lEcU/kh; 116¼1½
¼c½ vfHkHkkodrk] laj{;rk]
U;kflrk] vkSj cPpksa dks xksn
ysus lEcU/kh; vkSj 16¼1½ ¼e½
O;fäxr vf/kdkj lEcU/kh4]
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij pjeiaFk dk çHkko
E;kuej esa tulkaf[;dh vkSj /keZ dk ç;ksx jk’Vªh; /kkfeZd
igpku ds lkFk rknkRE; LFkkfir djus esa fd;k tkrk gS3A
gky ds o’kksaZ esa ljdkj us if”peh E;kuej ds jkf[ku jkT; ds
vYila[;d oxZ jksfgafx;k eqlyekuksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lhfer
djus ds fy, dbZ dkuwu vkSj uhfr;k¡ ykxw djh gSaA 1982 ds
ukxfjdrk dkuwu ds rgr jksfgafx;ksa dks E;kuej dh ukxfjdrk
ls oafpr j[kk tkrk gS vkSj muds vkokxeu ij Hkh fu;a=.k
yxk;k tkrk gSA jksfgafx;k iq#’kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks fookg
djus ds fy, ljdkj ls vuqefr ysuh iM+rh gS vkSj ,slk u
djus ij mUgsa tsy gks ldrh gSA os nks ls vf/kd cPps iSnk
ugha dj ldrs vkSj blds fy, mUgsa ,d vuqca/k ij gLrk{kj
djuk iM+rk gS] tqekZuk nsuk iM+ ldrk gS ;k tsy Hkh tkuk iM+
ldrk gSA dbZ jksfgafx;k efgyk,a ;k rks foLFkkiu dk lkeuk
djrh gSa ;k vlqjf{kr xHkZikr >syrh gSaA bl nks cPpksa okyh
lhek ls vf/kd iSnk gq, cPps iath—r ugha gksrs gSaA
2015 esa ikfjr ckS) efgykvksa ds fo”ks’k fookg fo/ks;d (Buddhist
Women’s Special Marriage Bill) ds vuqlkj tks ckS) efgyk;sa ¼ckS)
iq#’k ugha½ vkSj nwljs /keZ ds iq#’k fookg djus ds bPNqd gksrs
gSa] mUgsa vius mís”; dks lkoZtfud :i ls iath—r djuk gksrk
gSA ekStwnk ;wfu;uksa dks Hkh iath—r gksuk gksxkA /keZ ifjorZu
fo/ks;d (Religious Conversion Bill) ds varxZr tks O;fä /keZ
ifjorZu djuk pkgrk gS mls vkosnu nsuk gksxk vkSj vuqefr
ysuh gksxhA ,d&iRuhd fo/ks;d (Monogamy Bill) vYila[;dksa
dks fu”kkuk cukrk gS tks ;kSfud –f’V ls folkekU; ekus tkrs
gSa18A
;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij pjeiaFk dk çHkko
gkyk¡fd lafo/kku gh loksZPp dkuwu gS] ijUrq eysf”k;k esa
dkuwu dh ,d “nksgjh” ç.kkyh gSA eqlyeku] ukxfjd
vnkyr (civil court) vkSj bLykfed vnkyr (Islamic court)
;kfu “kfj;k dkuwu20] nksuksa gh ds }kjk “kkflr gksrs gSaA
bLykeh dkuwu dk nk;jk O;fäxr fof/k & ilZuy y‚ &
¼tSls fookg] rykd+] xksn ysuk] rFkk vU;½ vkSj cgqla[;dksa
ls lEcaf/kr bLyke ds ekeyksa ¼tSls bLyke ds fojks/k esa
eqlyekuksa }kjk vijk/kksa dks mRiUu djuk vkSj mudh
lt+k Hkh fu/kkZfjr djuk½] rd gh lhfer gSA ijarq gky esa
eqlyekuksa ds vkpj.k dks fu;af=r djus vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa
¼fo”ks’kdj çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj½ dks lhfer djus esa
“kfj;k dkuwu dh Hkwfedk c<+ jgh gSA
fookn dk ,d vU; {ks= gS Q+rokA naM lafgrk ¼tks eqfLye
vkSj x+Sj&eqfLye nksuksa ij ykxw gksrh gS½ ;kSu lEcU/kksa esa
cykRdkj vkSj fgalk dks rks lacksf/kr djrh gS ysfdu
cykRdkj dks ughaA vr% ;g varjax thoulkFkh }kjk fgalk
dks çHkkoh :i ls Loh—fr nsrh gSA

rF; lw p h
gky esa gqbZ ?kVukvksa ds pyrs ;g vuqeksfnr fgalk eqfLye
efgykvksa ds fy, vkSj Hkh vf/kd cnrj gks x;h gS] tc ,d
ukjhoknh laxBu ds cykRdkj&fojks/kh tkx:drk vfHk;ku
¼ÞcykRdkj cykRdkj gS] dksbZ cgkuk ughaß½ dks dêjiaFkh bLykeh
xqVksa }kjk] bLyke esa oSokfgd cykRdkj dh ekStwnxh dks udkjrs
gq,] xaHkhj çfr?kkr dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA rc ;g ?kksf’kr djrs
gq, ,d Q+rok21 tkjh fd;k x;k] fd fdlh efgyk dk fookg gks
tkus vkSj ngst fn, tkus ds ckn mls vius ifr ds lkFk lgokl
euk djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gS] flok; ml fLFkfr esa tc
mls ekgokjh gks jgh gks] ;k og chekj gks ;k mlus gky gh esa
cPps dks tUe fn;k gksA
flfoy dksVZ ç.kkyh leySafxdrk dks vijk/k ekurh gSA bLykfed
“kfj;k dkuwu Hkh leySafxd xfrfof/k;ksa dks ¼pkgs efgyk gks ;k
iq#’k½ xS+jdkuwuh ekurk gS ftlds fy, rhu lky rd dh tsy
vkSj dksM+s ekjus dh ltk fu;r gSA 2008 esa yM+fd;ksa vkSj
efgykvksa }kjk ÞV‚ec‚;ß ¼yM+dksa tSlk O;ogkj djus okyh½
O;ogkj dks çfrcaf/kr djus ds fy, ,d Q+rok22 tkjh fd;k x;k
FkkA efgykvksa ds igukos vkSj O;ogkj dks fu;af=r djus okys vU;
ç;klksa esa “kkfey gSa jkf= LFkyksa ij Nkis vkSj eqfLye efgykvksa ij
vHkæ diM+s iguus ;k ^vuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa* okys LFkkuksa ij tkus
dk vkjksi yxkukA
dkuwu lq/kkj ¼fookg vkSj rykd+½ vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 vkSj
12 ds varxZr] x+Sj eqfLye O;fä dkuwuh rkSj ij fookg rHkh dj
ldrs gSa tc mudh vk;q 18 o’kZ ls de u gks] vkSj ;fn os 21
o’kZ ls de vk;q ds gSa rks ekrk&firk dh vuqefr ysuk Hkh vfuok;Z
gksrk gSA ijUrq ^bLykeh ikfjokfjd dkuwu* ds rgr eqlyekuksa ds
fy, fookg gsrq U;wure dkuwuh vk;q iq#’k ds fy, 18 o’kZ vkSj
efgyk ds fy, 16 o’kZ gSA blds vykok] blls de mez ds O;fä
Hkh] “kfj;k U;k;k/kh”k ls vuqefr ysdj] fookg dj ldrs gSaA
LFkkuh; bLykeh ikfjokfjd dkuwu mu dkjdksa dks fpfUgr ugha
djrs gSa ftu ij “kfj;k vnkyrksa dks vo;Ld fookgksa dks Loh—fr
nsus] ;k viokn ds :i esa fookg gsrq ;qok eqlyekuksa ds fy, dksbZ
U;wure vk;q lhek fu/kkZfjr djus ls igys fopkj djuk pkfg,23A
bl ckr ds çek.k gSa fd ns”k esa cky fookg dh ?kVuk,a c<+rh tk
jgh gSaA 2005 ls “kfj;k U;k;ikfydk eysf”k;k foHkkx }kjk
2005&2010 ds chp eqfLye cky fookg ds fy, ntZ fd;s x,
vkosnu&i=ksa dk okf’kZd vkSlr 849 Fkk] tks 2011&2015 esa c<+dj
1]029 gks x;k24A gky gh esa eysf”k;k dh laln us vçSy 2017
esa cPpksa ds f[kykQ+ ;kSu vijk/k fo/ks;d (Sexual Offence against
Children Bill ) ikfjr fd;k tks 18 o’kZ ls dke vk;q ds lHkh
25
O;fä;ksa dh ;kSu “kks’k.k ls j{kk rks djrk gS ysfdu cky&fookg
ij çfrcU/k yxkus esa vlQy gSA dk;ZdrkZ bl ckr ls vlarq’V
gSa fd tks dkuwu cPpksa dh j{kk ds fy, cuk gS og ,d ukckfyx+
cPps ds lkFk ;kSu laca/k cukus dks] Hkys gh og fookg }kjk
vuqeksfnr gks] vijk/k ekuus esa vlQy jgk gS26A
arrow cnyko ds fy, 45
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
21 Michael Stone, “Islamic Cleric Rules
Marital Rape Is No Crime,” Progressive
Secular Humanist, May 5, 201, accessed May
20, 2017, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/
progressivesecularhumanist/2015/05/islamic-
cleric-rules-marital-rape-is-no-crime/#sthash.
JCz2D2UU.dpuf.
22 Claudia Derichs and Andrea Fleschenberg,
Religious Fundamentalisms and Their Gendered
Impacts in Asia(Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung,
2010), accessed May 20, 2017, http://library.
fes.de/pdf-files/iez/07061.pdf.
23 Ida Lim, “Three Things About Child
Marriages in Malaysia,” April 14, 2017,
accessed May 20, 2017, http://www.
themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/
three-things-about-child-marriages-in-malaysia.
24 JKSM and NRD figures from Deputy
Women Minister Datuk Azizah Mohn Dun’s
parliamentary reply, 19 May 2016 (Hansard).
25 “Dewan Rakyat Passes Sexual Offences
Against Children Bill 2017,” The Star
Online, April 4, 2017, accessed May 20,
2017, http://www.thestar.com.my/news/
nation/2017/04/04/dewan-rakyat-passes-
sexual-offences-against-children-bill-2017/.
26 Mariam Mokhtar, “Expert: ‘The Sexual
Offences Against Children Bill 2017; What
Next?,’” Rebuilding Malaysia, April 18, 2017,
accessed May 20, 2017, https://www.
mariammokhtar.com/expert-the-sexual-
offences-against-children-bill-2017-what-next/.
 46 arrow cnyko ds fy,
vol. 23 no.1 2017
Notes & References
27 fQ+yhihal dh 83% tul¡[;k dSFkksfyd gS
¼jkseu dSFkksfyd 81%] vxyhi;u 2%½] 5%
eqfLye] bathyoknh 3%] bXysflvk fu fØLrks
2%] vU; bZlkbZ 4%] vU; /keZ 2%] vfufnZ’V
0-6%] ,oa dqN Hkh ugha 0-1% ¼2000 tux.
kuk½. Indexmundi, “Philippines Demographic
Profile 2014,” 2015, accessed May 20, 2017,
http://www.indexmundi.com/philippines/
demographics_profile.html
28 Junice L.D. Melgar and Joy Carrera-Pacete,
Understanding Catholic Fundamentalism
in the Philippines: How Conservative
Religious Teachings on Women, Family
and Contraception Are Wielded to Impede
the Reproductive Health Laws and Policies
(Quezon City and Kuala Lumpur: Likhaan
and ARROW, 2017), accessed May 20,
2017, http://arrow.org.my/publication/
understanding-catholic-fundamentalism-
philippines-conservative-religious-teachings-
women-family-contraception-wielded-impede-
reproductive-health-law-reproducti/.
29 Center for Reproductive Rights, “Manila
City’s Contraception Ban,” October 29,
2009, accessed May 20, 2017, http://www.
reproductiverights.org/press-room/manila-
citys-contraception-ban/.
30 “Rappler Talk: PH Liable for Manila’s
Contraception Ban—UN,” Rappler, June 26,
2016, updated July 3, 2015, accessed May
20, 2017, http://www.rappler.com/video/
shows/97537-rappler-talk-reproductive-health-
payal-shah.
31 Vivean Pallera, “17 Years of Debates on
the Anti-Discrimination Bill,” April 4, 2017,
accessed May 20, 2017, https://thelasallian.
com/2017/04/04/17-years-of-debates-on-the-
anti-discrimination-bill/
rF; lwph
fQ+yhihal@bZlkbZ /keZ ¼jkseu dSFkksfyfdLe½27
CEDAW vfrokn dk ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ij çHkko
dSFkksfyd ppZ vkSj mlls lEcaf/kr laLFkkvksa ds fQ+yhihal esa
1980 esa gLrk{kfjr vkSj egRoiw.kZ lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd çHkko gSaA lafo/kku }kjk
1981 esa fcuk fdlh vkifÙk
fQ+yhihal dks /keZfujis{k jk’Vª crk;s tkus ds ckotwn O;ogkj
esa ;g ,d bZlkbZ jk’Vª tSlk çrhr gksrk gSA
ds ikfjr4A
mÙkjnk;h vfHkHkkod vkSj çtuu LokLF; vf/kfu;e 2012
(Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012
and Republic Act No.10354, also known as RH Law)28 bldk ,d
rkt+k mnkgj.k gSA 13 o’kksaZ ls Hkh vf/kd le; dh dfBu
yM+kbZ ds ckn ;g fo/ks;d ,d dkuwu cuk ftlus çtuu
LokLF; lwpukvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh miyC/krk dks vfuok;Z cuk
fn;kA xjhc vkSj gkf”k;s ij fLFkr efgykvksa ds fy, bldks
lcls vf/kd vko”;d ekuk x;kA ijarq yM+kbZ vHkh lekIr
ugha gqbZ gSA bl dkuwu dh laoS/kkfudrk ij xHkZikr&fojks/kh
lewgksa }kjk ftjg fd;s tkus ds çfrfØ;kLo:i loksZPp
U;k;ky; us bl vf/kfu;e esa tks la”kks/ku fd, mUgksaus
xHkZfujks/kdksa dh vkiwfrZ vkSj lsokvksa rd igq¡p dks çHkkfor
fd;kA blds vykok] dkuwuh vkSj lqjf{kr xHkZikr rFkk
rykd++ ds f[+kykQ+ yxkrkj tkjh fu’ks/k] /keZ ds çHkko }kjk
HkM+dk, x, fookfnr eqís cu x, gSaA fiNys dqN o’kksaZ esa]
“kklukRed vkns”k ds rgr euhyk29]30 esa] vkSj vHkh gky gh
esa lkslksZxksu (Sorsogon) “kgj esa] xHkZfujks/kdksa dh miyC/krk
vkSj foÙkiwfrZ dks çfrcaf/kr djus ds dbZ fooj.k lkeus vk;s
gSaA
fQ+yhihal esa ,slk dksbZ dkuwu ugha gS tks leySafxdrk dks
vijk/k ekus; ijUrq lkFk gh ogka ij LGBTIQ vf/kdkjksa dh
lqj{kk gsrq Hkh dksbZ dkuwu ugha gSA jkT;lHkk fo/ks;d 1271
(The Senate Bill 1271) ;k HksnHkko fojks/kh fo/ks;d (Anti-
Discrimination Bill) ij 17 lky ls fopkj&foe”kZ py jgk gS
vkSj mUgsa vHkh rd ikfjr ugha fd;k x;k gSA ;fn ;g
fo/ks;d ,d dkuwu ds :i esa ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks blls
;g lqfuf”pr gks tk;sxk fd dyad vkSj ?k`.kk LGBTIQ
O;fä;ksa dks f”k{kk] LokLF;] jkst+xkj vkSj vU; ewy vf/kdkjksa
dks çkIr djus ls jksd ugha ik,¡xsaA ijUrq dSFkksfyd ppZ] vkSj
lkFk gh lkFk vusd fof/kdrkZ] bl fo/ks;d ds f[+kykQ+ gSa]
eq[;r% blfy, D;ksafd mudk ekuuk gS fd blesa “leySafxd
fookg ?kVd”31 fNik gqvk gSA

rF; lw p h
;g leh{kk] bu ns”kh; voyksduksa ds ek/;e
ls ;g mtkxj djrh gS fd /keZ dk çHkko
& viuh ladh.kZ O;k[;k;ksa vkSj vfrokn
lfgr & cgqr O;kid gS vkSj futh ,oa
lkoZtfud thou esa O;kIr gSA blds çHkko
efgykvksa vkSj vf/kdkjghuksa ds iwjs thou
pØ ij iM+rs gSa] ;g ç.kkyhxr gS vkSj
xgu :i ls laLFkkxr gSA jk’Vª vkSj /keZ
esa dksbZ okLrfod foHkktu ugha gS & mu
ns”kksa esa Hkh ugha tks /keZ&fujis{k gksus dk
nkok djrs gSaA blds vfrfjä] /keZ ds
dkj.k dqN lewgksa dk nwljksa ds Åij çHkqRo
vkSj vf/kd Bksl gks tkrk gS] tks leqnk;
ds ikjLifjd O;ogkj vkSj tu /kkj.kkvksa
dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gS] leqnk; ds Hkhrj
vkSj ckgj ds vyxko dks ifjHkkf’kr djrk
gS] rFkk dqN yksxksa ds çfr HksnHkko iw.kZ
O;ogkj ds fy, vkSfpR; çnku djrk gSA
/keZ] jk’Vªh; ikfVZ;ksa dks ,d vfrfjä lk/ku
miyC/k djkrk gS & dfri; ukxfjdksa
ds çfr flyflysokj HksnHkko dks vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Ro ds vHkko dks U;k;iw.kZ Bgjkus
ds fy,A vf/kdkj /kkjdksa dh rqyuk esa /keZ
dks vf/kd Å¡pk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gS]
/keZ dks thou ds ,sls :i esa ns[kk tkrk
gS tks vHkzkar vkSj vifjorZuh; gSA /keZ
jk’Vªksa dks bl ckr dh vuqefr nsrk gS fd
os ekuokf/kdkj lqfuf”pr djus ds vius
nkf;Roksa dks yxkrkj lhfer dj ldsa vkSj
lHkh O;fä;ksa dks lsok nsus ds çko/kku dks
udkj ldsaA
vuq’kalk
• jk’Vªksa dks /keZ ds vk/kkj ij fdlh
Hkh çdkj ds vkj{k.k dks gVk nsuk pkfg,]
vkSj /kkfeZd xqVksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ¼;k
fQj dqN /kkfeZd xqVksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh
vkSjksa ds eqdkcys vf/kd j{kk½ lEcU/kh
vkj{k.kksa dks ekuokf/kdkj laf/k;ksa] ftlesa
CEDAW Hkh “kkfey gS] ls ckgj fudky nsuk
pkfg,A
• jk’Vªksa dks ekuokf/kdkj ra= dh
“krksaZ dks iw.kZ :i ls ykxw djuk pkfg,
vkSj vf/kdkj /kkjdksa ds çfr vius nkf;Roksa
dks le>uk pkfg,] vkSj lkFk gh ,slh
çfØ;k,a lqfuf”pr djuh pkfg, tks bu
vko”;drkvksa dks ifjpkfyr dj ldsa
vt+jk vCnqy d+kfnj vkSj eaxyk ueklhok;e }kjk ladfyr
izksxzSe eSustlZ] ,sjks | bZesy: azra@arrow.org.my | bZesy: mangala@arrow.org.my
arrow cnyko ds fy, 47
vol. 23 no.1 2017
---/keZ dk çHkko & viuh ladh.kZ
O;k[;k;ksa vkSj vfrokn lfgr &
cgqr O;kid gS vkSj futh ,oa
lkoZtfud thou esa O;kIr gSA
blds çHkko efgykvksa vkSj
vf/kdkjghuksa ds iwjs thou pØ
ij iM+rs gSa] ;g ç.kkyhxr gS
vkSj xgu :i ls laLFkkxr gSA
jk’Vª vkSj /keZ esa dksbZ okLrfod
foHkktu ugha gS & mu ns”kksa esa
Hkh ugha tks /keZ&fujis{k gksus dk
nkok djrs gSaA
• jk’Vªksa dks dkuwu] uhfr;ksa] vkSj
laLFkkuksa ij iM+us okys /keZ ds çHkko dks
iw.kZ :i ls lekIr u lgh ij U;wure rks
djuk gh gksxkA lkFk gh lekukarj dkuwuh
O;oLFkkvksa] HksnHkko iw.kZ dkuwu vkSj uhfr;ka
& os Hkh ftudks /keZ U;k;ksfpr Bgjkrk gS
& tks dqN yksxksa dks vkSjksa ds eqdkcys
vf/kd fu”kkuk cukrh gSa] vkSj os Hkh tks /keZ
vkSj /kkfeZd Hkkouk ds vk/kkj ij oS/k ekuh
tkrh gSa] dks Hkh lekIr djuk gksxkA
• jk’Vª vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj jktuhfrKksa
dks /keZ ds jktuhrhdj.k] vkSj vius
fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa vf/kd leFkZu vkSj lÙkk
gkfly djus ds fy, /keZ ds ç;ksx ls
cpuk pkfg,A blesa /kkfeZd drkZvksa dks
ekU;rk u nsuk vkSj mUgsa jk’Vªh; uhfr;ksa
vkSj çfØ;kvksa dks çHkkfor u djus nsuk Hkh
“kkfey gSA
• jk’Vªksa dks /keZ dh çxfr”khy
O;k[;kvksa dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk pkfg,
vkSj cgqlaL—frokn] cgqyokn] fofo/krk vkSj
x+Sj&HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;ogkj dks çksRlkfgr djuk
pkfg, & u dsoy fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds chp
cfYd leqnk;ksa ds Hkhrj Hkh vkSj gkf”k;s ij
fLFkr yksxksa ds fy, HkhA
 ,sjks laikndh; lewg
flokuaFkh FkkusafFkjku] dk;Zdkjh funs”kd
ekfj;k fefyaMk ,aMks] ,sjks Q+‚j psat çca/k
laiknd; çdk”kuksa] lapkj vkSj iSjoh ds fy,
ofj’B dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh
vt+jk vCnqy d+knj] dk;ZØe çcU/kd; fuxjkuh
vkSj ifjorZu ds fy, lk{; mRifÙk
eaxyk uekflok;e] lwpuk vkSj lapkj ds fy,
dk;ZØe çcU/kd
fgUnh vuqokn
vuqokn ,oa laiknu% 'kksHkk 'kqDyk] izaca/k
lEiknd] flfVt+u U;wt+ lfoZl (lh,u,l)
fgUnh vuqokn leh{kd% ijksek lk/kuk
fgUnh [kkdk l`tu% eSftd chu fMt+kbu
ckgjh leh{kk fo’ks"kK
p;fudk 'kkg] dqbj ukjhoknh dk;ZdrkZ] lnL;
& Q+ksje vxsULV vksçs”ku v‚Q ohesu (Forum Against
Oppression of Women) and LABIA - ,d dqbj ukjhoknh
LBT lewg] bafM;k
tsQ+jh vdkck] f”k{kk vkSj iSjoh vxz.kh] ,f”k;k
isflfQ+d usVodZ v‚Q ;ax dh iksiqys”kUl (Asia Pacific
Network of Young Key Populations) ¼;qok usr`Ro½
tsfuQ+j foukl Q+ksdsZM] ;qok lewg (Alianza
Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Juventudes) (LAC Youth Alliance)
vkSj ?ksaV ;wfuoflZVh esa “kks/k Nk=
eSjh jslfyl, çksQs”kuy ysDpjj] lekt”kkL=
vkSj u`foKku foHkkx] vuqla/kku oSKkfud]
fQ+fyihu laL—fr laLFkku
ubZek [+kku] ukjhoknh] tsaMj vkSj ekuoh;
fo”ys’kd] ;w,u ohesu fQ+th cgqjk’Vªh; dk;kZy;
(UN Women Fiji Multi-Country Office)
j’khnk 'kqbc] “kS{kf.kd&dk;ZdrkZ] vkSj çksQ+slj] FJS) }kjk çnku dh x;h ewy fuf/k ds dkj.k laHko gks ldk gSA ;ksxnku ds ckjs esa çfriqf’V vkSj
Ldwy v‚Q+ gsYFk lkbalst ¼ihih,lds½] ;wfuoflZVh iwNrkN dk Lokxr gSA —i;k mUgsa Hkstsa%
lsUl eysf”k;k
jhek vrgj] dksv‚fMZusVj] dks,fy”ku Q+‚j
lsDlq;y ,aM ckSfMyh jkbV~l bu eqfLye
lkslkbVhl (Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim
Societies - CSBR)
#ikadu
fudksysV eykjh] [kkdk l`tu
fpesjk ,lMhbu-] ch,pMh-] uewuk
doj Q+ksVksxzkQ+h FksLdkeku 306@“kVjLV‚d
ge fuEufyf[kr orZeku vkSj iwoZ ,sjks (ARROW) LVkQ vkSj dk;ZØe lykgdkj lfefr ds lnL;ksa
dks Hkh /kU;okn nsuk pkgrs gSa ftUgksaus bl cqysfVu dh ladYiuk ds nkSjku vius fopkjksa dk
;ksxnku fd;k% fcIych Js"Bk] fcztsV oqM~l] ,fjdk lsYl] ufyuh flag] vksVxksuckVkj
lsMs.MsEcsjsy] jspsy ,sfjuh] lfpuh isjsjk] lqanjh johUæu vkSj rkfcank ljks’kA
;g dk;Z Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License ds varxZr
vf/kdkj çkIr gSA bl ykblsUl dh ,d d‚ih dks ns[kus ds fy, ns[ksa% http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ çdkf”kr lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx dh Q+ksVksdksih dh tk ldrh gS]
iquiZzkIr] iquiZzkfIr ç.kkyh esa laxzfgr] ;k fdlh Hkh rjhds ls fdlh Hkh :i esa lapkfjr] LFkkuh;
vko”;drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, x+Sj&okf.kfT;d vkSj x+Sj&ykHk ds ç;kstuksa ds fy,
vuqdwfyr ;k vuqokfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA eSdsfudy] bysfDVªdy] ;k bysDVª‚fud ek/;eksa
ls lHkh çdkj dh çfr;k¡] çfr—fr;k¡] :ikarjksa vkSj vuqoknksa dks ,sjks dks ,d lzksr ds :i esa
Lohdkj djuk pkfg,A çdk”ku] vuqdwyu vkSj@;k vuqokn dh ,d çfrfyfi ARROW dks Hksth
tkuh pkfg,A okf.kfT;d mi;ksx ds ekeyksa esa ARROW dh vuqefr ds fy, ;gk¡ ij laidZ djsa%
arrow@arrow.org.myA
ARROW Q+kWj psat (AFC) lgdfeZ;ksa }kjk lehf{kr fo’k; vk/kkfjr cqysfVu gS ftldk mís”;
nf{k.kh@,f”k;k&iSflfQ+d esa vf/kdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr] vkSj efgykvksa ij dsfUær fo”ys’k.kksa rFkk
LokLF;] ;kSfudrk vkSj vf/kdkjksa ls lacfU/kr mHkjrs gq, vkSj lrr eqíksa ij oSf”od laokn ds
ifjçs{; esa ;ksxnku djuk gSA AFC o’kZ esa nks ckj vaxzst+ h esa çdkf”kr gksrk gS vkSj o’kZ esa dbZ
ckj p;fur ,f”k;k@iSflfQ+d Hkk’kkvksa esa vuqokfnr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ewy :i ls efgykvksa
ds vf/kdkjksa] LokLF;] tula[;k vkSj ;kSu ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkjksa ij dk;Z djus okys
,f”k;k&iSflfQ+d {ks= ds laxBuksa vkSj oSf”od fu.kZ;drkZvksa ds fy, gSA ;g cqysfVu ,f”k;k
iSflfQ+d {ks= ds egRoiw.kZ O;fä;ksa vkSj laxBuksa o ARROW SRHR Knowledge Sharing Center (ASK-
us!) ds lg;ksx ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
“kqYd lEca/kh ekeyksa ds fy, —i;k afc@arrow.org.my ij fy[ksaA çdk”ku ds vknku&çnku dk
ges”kk Lokxr gSA AFC ds lHkh çdk”ku www.arrow.org.my ij eq¶+r esa MkmuyksM fd, tk ldrs
gSaA cqysfVu dks EBSCO }kjk oSf”od Lrj ij Hkh forfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl fgUnh vuqokn ds fy, Q+ksMZ Q+kmaMs”ku }kjk lg;ksx iznku fd;k x;k gSA
,
bl çdk”ku ds vaxzst+ h laLdj.k dh jpuk “;kSfud ,oa çtuu LokLF; vkSj vf/kdkj ds fy,
,d ,f”k;k isflfQ+d ra= dh usVofdaZx] Kku] çca/ku rFkk i{kleFkZu@odkyr dh {kerkvksa
dk lq–.khdj.k” (Strengthening the Networking, Knowledge, Management and Advocacy Capacities
of an Asia-Pacific Network for SRHR) djus gsrq igy djus ds varxZr dh x;h gS] ftls ,sjks
us ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u (European Union) dh lgk;rk ls dk;kZfUor fd;k gS- bl çdk”ku esa
vfHkO;ä fopkj ;ksxnkrkvksa ds gSa rFkk os fdlh Hkh çdkj ls nkudrkZ@Mksuj ds –f’Vdks.k dks
çfrfcfEcr ugha djrs gSa-
,sjks dk dk;Z Hkh Q+kmuMs”ku Q+kWj v tLV lqlkbVh & ,Q+-ts-,l- (Foundation for a Just Society -
The Managing Editor, ARROW for Change
Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)
No. 1 & 2 Jalan Scott, Brickfields
50470 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel.: +603 2273 9913 | Fax.: +603 2273 9916
Email: afc@arrow.org.my, arrow@arrow.org.my | Website: www.arrow.org.my
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