&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

5HVROXFLyQGH&XHVWLRQHV


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

6DELHQGRTXHODPDVDPROHFXODUGHKLGUyJHQRHV\ODGHOR[tJHQRFRQWHVWH
UD]RQDGDPHQWHDODVVLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHV
D¢4XpRFXSDUiPiVYROXPHQXQPROGHKLGUyJHQRR XQPROGHR[tJHQRHQODV
PLVPDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUD"
E¢4XpWHQGUiPiVPDVDXQPROGHKLGUyJHQRRXQPROGHR[tJHQR"
F¢'yQGHKDEUiPiVPROpFXODVHQXQPROGHKLGUyJHQRRHQXQPROGHR[tJHQR"

Solución

D'HVSHMDQGRHOYROXPHQGHODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV
QĊ5Ċ7
9
S
(OYROXPHQGHKLGUyJHQR\GHR[tJHQRDOVHUQXQPROHQDPERVFDVRV\VHUS
\7LJXDOHVVHUiHOPLVPR

E$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO

PRO+≡ĊPROpFXODV+≡J
PRO2≡ĊPROpFXODV2≡J

3RUWDQWRODPDVDGHXQPROGHR[tJHQRHVVXSHULRUDODPDVDGHXQPROGH
KLGUyJHQR

F&RPRVHKDYLVWRHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUHQDPERVKD\HOPLVPRQ~PHURGH
PROpFXODV


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

(Q  P GH PHWDQR &+ PHGLGR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV QRUPDOHV GH SUHVLyQ \
WHPSHUDWXUDFDOFXOH
D(OQ~PHURGHPROHVGHPHWDQR
E(OQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGHPHWDQR
F(OQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQR

 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

Solución

D$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHYROXPHQPRODU\FRPRP /FDOFXODPRVHO
Q~PHURGHPROHVGHPHWDQRGHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ


/PHWDQR /
= [ 
PROHVGHPHWDQR
PROPHWDQR [

E $SOLFDQGR HO FRQFHSWR GH PRO HO Q~PHUR GH PROpFXODV GH PHWDQR SXHGH
FDOFXODUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ

PRO&+ 
PROHV

= 

Ċ PROpFXODV&+ [

[ ·ĊPROpFXODVGHPHWDQR

F(QFDGDPROpFXODGHPHWDQRKD\FXDWURiWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQRSRUWDQWR

QžGHiWRPRVGH+ [·ĊiW ·ĊiWGHKLGUyJHQR


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

(Q·PROHVGH&2FDOFXOH
D(OQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGH&2
E/DPDVDGH&2
F(OQ~PHURWRWDOGHiWRPRV
Datos.Masas atómicas: C = 12; O = 16.

Solución

D &RPR HQ XQ PRO GH GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR KD\ HO Q~PHUR GH $YRJDGUR GH
PROpFXODVGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQ·PROHVKDEUi

PRO&2 
PROHV

=

Ċ PROpFXODV&2 [

[ ·ĊPROpFXODVGH&2

E/DPDVDGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRVHUi

0P&2 J
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

PRO&2 
PROHV
= [ JGH&2 
J&2 [

F&RPRHQFDGDPROpFXODKD\WUHViWRPRVXQRGHFDUERQR\GRVGHR[tJHQRHO

Q~PHURWRWDOGHiWRPRVVHUi

PRO&2 
PROHV

=
[
Ċ iWRPRV [

[ ·ĊiWRPRV


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

5D]RQHTXpFDQWLGDGGHODVVLJXLHQWHVVXVWDQFLDVWLHQHPD\RUQ~PHURGHiWRPRV
D·PROHVGH62
EJUDPRVGHQLWUyJHQRPROHFXODU
F·OLWURVGHJDVKHOLRHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVGHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUD
Datos.Masas atómicas: N = 14; O = 16; S = 32.

Solución

&DOFXODPRVHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVHQFDGDDSDUWDGR

D$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO\FRPRHQFDGDPROpFXODGHGLy[LGRGHD]XIUH
KD\WUHViWRPRVXQRGHD]XIUH\GRVGHR[tJHQR

0P62 J

PRO62 
PROHV
= [ 
Ċ  iWRPRV 
[
Ċ  iWRPRV [

E&RPRHQFDGDPROpFXODGHQLWUyJHQRKD\GRViWRPRVGHQLWUyJHQRHOQ~PHUR
GHHVWRVVHUi

0P1 J

J1 J
= [ 
 <   iWRPRV 
[
Ċ  iWRPRV [

F$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHYROXPHQPRODUHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHKHOLRSXHGH
FDOFXODUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 


/+H 
/
= [ 
Ċ  iWRPRV

Ċ  iWRPRV [

3RUWDQWRODFDQWLGDGTXHWLHQHPDViWRPRVHV·/GHKHOLR


&XHVWLyQ

5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D 'RV PDVDV LJXDOHV GH ORV HOHPHQWRV $ \ % FRQWLHQHQ HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH
iWRPRV
E/DPDVDDWyPLFDGHXQHOHPHQWRHVODPDVDHQJUDPRVGHXQiWRPRGHGLFKR
HOHPHQWR
F(OQ~PHURGHiWRPRVTXHKD\HQJGHR[tJHQRDWyPLFRHVLJXDODOQ~PHURGH
PROpFXODVTXHKD\HQJGHR[tJHQRPROHFXODU

Solución

D )DOVD SRUTXH ODV PDVDV TXH FRQWLHQHQ HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH iWRPRV GH
DFXHUGRFRQHOFRQFHSWRGHPROVHULDQXQDPDVDGHOHOHPHQWR$LJXDOD0P$\
XQDPDVDGHOHOHPHQWR%LJXDOD0P%\VLHPSUHDOVHUGRVHOHPHQWRVGLVWLQWRV
0P$HVGLIHUHQWHGH0P%

E )DOVD SRUTXH HV OD PDVD H[SUHVDGD HQ JUDPRV GH · Ċ  iWRPRV GH
GLFKRHOHPHQWRHVGHFLUGHXQPROGHiWRPRV

F$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHPROFDOFXODPRVHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVVDELHQGRTXH
0P2 J

JGH2 J

= [ 
Ċ  iWRPRVGH2

Ċ iW2 [

&DOFXODPRVHOQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGH2VDELHQGRTXH0P2 JGHOD
VLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ

J2 J

= [ 
Ċ  PROpFXODVGH2

Ċ PROpFXODV2 [

3RUWDQWRODDILUPDFLyQHVYHUGDGHUD

&XHVWLyQ

D¢&XiOHVODPDVDH[SUHVDGDHQJUDPRVGHXQiWRPRGHVRGLR"
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

E¢&XiQWRViWRPRVGHDOXPLQLRKD\HQ·JGHHVWHHOHPHQWR"
F¢&XiQWDVPROpFXODVKD\HQXQDPXHVWUDTXHFRQWLHQH·JGHWHWUDFORUXURGH
FDUERQR"
Datos.Masas atómicas: C = 12; Na = 23; Al = 27; Cl = 35’5.

Solución

D$SOLFDPRVHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO

PRO1D≡ĊiWRPRV1D≡J

3RUWDQWR
J
1iW1D = = 
Ċ  JiW1D

Ċ  DW

E(OQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHDOXPLQLRSXHGHFDOFXODUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ

0P$O J

J$O 
J$O

= [ 
Ċ  iWRPRVGH$O

Ċ iW$O [

F$SOLFDPRVHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO

0P&O & J

PRO&O &≡ĊPROpFXODV&O &≡J

3RUWDQWR 

J&O& 
J

= [ 
Ċ  PROpFXODV&O&

Ċ PROpFXODV&O& [

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

5D]RQHVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDVODVDILUPDFLRQHVVLJXLHQWHV
D /D PDVD GH XQ LRQ PRQRYDOHQWH SRVLWLYR HV PHQRU TXH OD GHO iWRPR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
E(OQ~PHURDWyPLFRGHXQLRQPRQRYDOHQWHSRVLWLYRHVPHQRUTXHHOGHOiWRPR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
F (Q XQ JUDPR GH FXDOTXLHU HOHPHQWR KD\ PiV iWRPRV TXH KDELWDQWHV WLHQH OD
7LHUUD
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

Solución

D9HUGDGHUDSRUTXHHOLRQPRQRYDOHQWHSRVLWLYRWLHQHXQHOHFWUyQPHQRVTXH
HOiWRPRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH\SRUWDQWRVXPDVDVHUiPHQRUHQ·Ċ.JTXH
HV OD PDVD DWULEXLGD DO HOHFWUyQ $KRUD ELHQ GDGR TXH ODV PDVDV DWULEXLGDV DO
SURWyQ \ DO QHXWUyQ VRQ GHO RUGHQ GH  YHFHV VXSHULRUHV D OD PDVD GHO
HOHFWUyQODPDVDGHXQLyQPRQRYDOHQWHSRVLWLYRHVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHODPLVPD
TXHODGHOiWRPRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH

E)DOVDSRUTXHHOQ~PHURDWyPLFRHVHOQ~PHURGHSURWRQHVGHOQ~FOHR\pVWH
QR YDUtD HQ HO LyQ PRQRYDOHQWH SRVLWLYR TXH VH GLIHUHQFLD GHO iWRPR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHHQTXHKDSHUGLGRXQHOHFWUyQ

F(QXQPROGHiWRPRVGHFXDOTXLHUHOHPHQWRKD\·ĊiWRPRV&RPROD
PDVD PRODU GHORV HOHPHQWRV HVWi FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH  \ PHQRV GH HQ XQ
JUDPR GH HOHPHQWR KDEUtD HQWUH · Ċ  iWRPRV \  [  3RU WDQWR OD
DILUPDFLyQHVYHUGDGHUD

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

8QYDVRFRQWLHQHP/GHDJXD&DOFXOH
D&XiQWRVPROHVGHDJXDKD\HQHOYDVR
E&XiQWDVPROpFXODVGHDJXDKD\HQHOYDVR
F&XiQWRViWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQR\R[tJHQRKD\HQHOYDVR
Datos.Masas atómicas: H = 1; O = 16.

Solución

D+D\TXHFRQVLGHUDUTXHDOVHUODGHQVLGDGGHODJXDJP/HOYDVRFRQWLHQH
WDPELpQJGHDJXD&RPR0P+2 JHOQ~PHURGHPROHVVHUi

J
QžPROHV+  = = 
PROHV+ 
JPRO

E $SOLFDQGR HO FRQFHSWR GH PRO FDOFXODUHPRV HO Q~PHUR GH PROpFXODV HQ HO
YDVR

PRO+  
PROHV
= [ 
Ċ  PROpFXODVGH+ 

Ċ  PROpFXODV+  [

F &RPR FDGD PROpFXOD GH DJXD WLHQH XQ iWRPR GH R[tJHQR \ GRV iWRPRV GH
KLGUyJHQR\FRPRWHQHPRV·ĊPROpFXODVGHDJXD
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

QžiW2 [·Ċ ·ĊiWRPRVGHR[tJHQR


QžiW+ [·Ċ ·ĊiWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQR


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

5D]RQHVLODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHVVRQFRUUHFWDVRQR
FJGH1+RFXSDQHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVXQYROXPHQGH·OLWURV
E(QJ1+KD\·PROpFXODV
F(QJGH2KD\·×iWRPRVGHR[tJHQR
Datos.Masas atómicas: H = 1; N = 14; O = 16.

Solución

D'HDFXHUGRFRQODKLSyWHVLVGH$YRJDGURXQPROGHDPRQtDFRHQFRQGLFLRQHV
QRUPDOHV RFXSD · / 3RU WDQWR OD DILUPDFLyQ HV FRUUHFWD \D TXH 0P 1+ 
J

E$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO
PRO1+≡J1+≡ĊPROpFXODV1+
3RUWDQWRODDILUPDFLyQHVFRUUHFWD

F &RPR HQ XQD PROpFXOD GH 2 KD\  iWRPRV GH R[tJHQR HQ  J GH 2  HO
Q~PHURGHiWRPRVGHR[tJHQRVHUi

PRO2≡J2≡ĊPROpFXODV2≡[ĊiWRPRV2
3RUWDQWRODDILUPDFLyQQRHVFRUUHFWD

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

(QOLWURVGHKLGUyJHQR\HQOLWURVR[tJHQRDPERVHQODVPLVPDVFRQGLFLRQHV
GHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUDKD\
D(OPLVPRQ~PHURGHPROHV
E,GpQWLFDPDVDGHDPERV
F(OPLVPRQ~PHURGHiWRPRV
,QGLTXHVLVRQFRUUHFWDVRQRHVWDVDILUPDFLRQHVUD]RQDQGRODVUHVSXHVWDV

Solución

D'HVSHMDQGRHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV
SĊ9
Q=
5Ċ7
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

$SOLFDQGRHVWDH[SUHVLyQDODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHOHQXQFLDGR

SĊ/ SĊ/
Q+ = ; Q2 =
57 57

/XHJR  Q+ = Q2  Por tanto, hay el mismo número de moles y la afirmación es
correcta.

b) Como la 0P+HVGLVWLQWDGHla 0P2
QžJUDPRV+ QžPROHVGH+[0P+
QžJUDPRV2 QžPROHVGH+[0P2
/XHJRQžJUDPRV+≠QžJUDPRV23RUWDQWRODDILUPDFLyQHVLQFRUUHFWD

F&DOFXOHPRVHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVHQFDGDFDVRFRPRHQDPEDVPROpFXODVKD\
GRViWRPRV
PROGH2 Q2 PROHV

= [  Q2 [[
Ċ  iW2
[
Ċ iW2 [

PRO+ Q+ PROHV
=  [   Q+ [[
Ċ  iW+
[
Ċ  iW+ [

&RPR HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH 2  HV LJXDO DO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH +  WHQHPRV
TXH[ [/XHJRKD\HOPLVPRQ~PHURGHiWRPRV\ODDILUPDFLyQHVFRUUHFWD


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

&DOFXOH
F/DPDVDHQJUDPRVGHXQDPROpFXODGHDJXD
E(OQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQRTXHKD\HQJGHDJXD
F (O Q~PHUR GH PROpFXODV TXH KD\ HQ 
 / GH + TXH HVWiQ HQ FRQGLFLRQHV
QRUPDOHVGHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUD
Datos.Masas atómicas: H = 1; O = 16.

Solución

D$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO\FRPR0P+2 J

PRO+2≡ĊPROpFXODV+2≡J
/XHJR
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

J
PROpFXOD+2 = = 
Ċ  J 

Ċ  PROpFXODV

E 'H OD VLJXLHQWH H[SUHVLyQ FDOFXODPRV ORV JUDPRV GH KLGUyJHQR TXH KD\ HQ 
JUDPRVGHDJXD
J+2 J
= [ 
JGH+ 
J+ [

$SOLFDQGRGHQXHYRHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO
PRO+≡ĊiWRPRV+≡J

J+ 
J
= [ 
Ċ  iWGH+ 

Ċ  iW+ [

F$SOLFDQGRODKLSyWHVLVGH$YRJDGUR

/GH+ 
/

= [ 
Ċ  PROpFXODVGH+ 

Ċ PROpFXODVGH+ [


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

&DOFXOHHOQ~PHURGHiWRPRVTXHKD\HQ
DJGH&2
E/GHJDV+HPHGLGRVHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV
F·PROHVGH2
Datos.Masas atómicas: C = 12; O = 16

Solución

D (O Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR FRQWHQLGR HQ  J GH HVWD
VXVWDQFLDFRPR0P&2 JVHUi
J&2
QžPROHV&2 = = PRO&2 
JPRO
&RPRHQFDGDPROpFXODGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRKD\WUHViWRPRVGRVGHR[tJHQR\
XQRGHFDUERQRDSOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO
QžiWRPRV [·ĊiW ·ĊiWRPRV

E$SDUWLUGHODKLSyWHVLVGH$YRJDGURFDOFXODPRVORViWRPRVGHKHOLRHQ/
PHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ


/+H /
= [ 
Ċ  iW+H 

Ċ  iW+H [
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 


F &RPR HQ FDGD PROpFXOD GH 2 KD\ GRV iWRPRV GH R[tJHQR HO Q~PHUR GH
iWRPRVVHUi

PRO2 
PROHV

= [ 
Ċ  iWRPRVGH2 
[
Ċ iW2 [


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

/DV PDVDV DWyPLFDV GHO KLGUyJHQR \ GHO KHOLR VRQ  \  UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
,QGLTXHUD]RQDGDPHQWHVLODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHVVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDV
D8QPROGH+HFRQWLHQHHOPLVPRQ~PHURGHiWRPRVTXHXQPROGH+
E/DPDVDGHXQiWRPRGHKHOLRHVJUDPRV
F(QXQJUDPRGHKLGUyJHQRKD\·ĊiWRPRV

Solución

D)DOVDSRUTXHHQXQPROGHKHOLRKD\·ĊiWRPRVGHKHOLRPLHQWUDV
TXHHQXQPROGH+KD\·ĊPROpFXODVGH+\FRPRHQFDGDPROpFXOD
GH+KD\GRViWRPRVKDEUi[·ĊiWRPRVGH+

E)DOVDSRUTXHODPDVDGHXQiWRPRGHKHOLRHV


Ċ  iW+H iW+H
= [ 
<  J 
J+H [

F9HUGDGHUDSRUTXH
PROGHiWRPRVGH+≡ĊiWRPRV+≡J

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

/DHVWULFQLQDHVXQSRWHQWHYHQHQRTXHVHKDXVDGRFRPRUDWLFLGDFX\DIyUPXOD
HV&+123DUDPJGHHVWULFQLQDFDOFXOH
D(OQ~PHURGHPROHVGHFDUERQR
E(OQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGHHVWULFQLQD
F(OQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHQLWUyJHQR
Datos.Masas atómicas: C = 12; H = 1; N = 14; O = 16.

Solución
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

D&DOFXOHPRVHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHHVWULFQLQDHQPJGHHVWDVXVWDQFLD
0P&+12 J
JHVWULFQLQD 
J
= [ Ċ  PROHVGHHVWULFQLQD 
PROGHHVWULFQLQD [
(OQ~PHURGHPROHVGHFDUERQRVHUi
[Ċ ·ĊPROHVGHFDUERQR

E(OQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVGHHVWULFQLQDTXHKD\HQORVPROHVGHHVWDVXVWDQFLD
FDOFXODGRVHQHODSDUWDGRDVHUi
PROGHHVWULFQLQD Ċ  PROHV

= [ 
Ċ PROpFXODV 

Ċ PROpFXODV [

F&RPRHQXQDPROpFXODGHHVWULFQLQDKD\GRViWRPRVGHQLWUyJHQRHOQ~PHUR
GHiWRPRVVHUi
PROHVWULFQLQD Ċ  PROHV

= [ 
Ċ iWRPRVGH1 
[
Ċ iW1 [


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'H XQ UHFLSLHQWH TXH FRQWLHQH  J GH PHWDQR VH H[WUDHQ ⋅ PROpFXODV
&DOFXOH
D/RVPROHVGHPHWDQRTXHTXHGDQ
E/DVPROpFXODVGHPHWDQRTXHTXHGDQ
F/RVJUDPRVGHPHWDQRTXHTXHGDQ
Datos0DVDVDWyPLFDV: H = 1; C = 12.

Solución

D&RPR0P&+ JHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHPHWDQRHQJVHUi


J
QžPROHV&+ = = PROHV 
JPRO

&DOFXOHPRVORVPROHVGHPHWDQRTXHTXLWDPRVDOH[WUDHU⋅PROpFXODV
PRO&+ [
= [ 
PROHVGH&+  

Ċ PROpFXODV&+ Ċ 


3RUWDQWRHOQ~PHURGHPROHVTXHTXHGDVHUi
QžPROHV&+ PROHV²·PROHV ·PROHV

E/DVPROpFXODVGHPHWDQRTXHTXHGDQODVFDOFXODPRVGHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

PRO&+ 
PROHV
= [ 
Ċ  PROpFXODVGH&+ 

Ċ  PROpFXODV&+ [

F/DPDVDGHPHWDQRVHUi

PRO&+ 
PROHV
= [ 
JGH&+ 
J&+ [


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

D ¢&XiQWRV iWRPRV GH R[tJHQR KD\ HQ  OLWURV GH R[tJHQR PROHFXODU HQ
FRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV"
E8QDSHUVRQDEHEHDOGtDOLWURGHDJXD6XSRQLHQGRTXHODGHQVLGDGGHODJXD
HV GH  JP/ ¢FXiQWRV iWRPRV GH KLGUyJHQR LQFRUSRUD D VX FXHUSR SRU HVWH
SURFHGLPLHQWR"
Datos.0DVDVDWyPLFDV: H = 1; O = 16.

Solución

D$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHYROXPHQPRODUFDOFXODPRVORVPROHVGH2TXHKD\
HQORV/HQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV

/2 /
= [ 
PROHV 
PRO2 [

(OQ~PHURGHPROpFXODVFRQWHQLGRVHQHOORVVHUi

·PRO[·ĊPROpFXODVPRO ·ĊPROpFXODVGH2
(OQ~PHURGHiWRPRVGHR[tJHQRHQORV/VHUi
[·Ċ ·ĊiWRPRVGH2

E/DPDVDGHDJXDTXHEHEHDOGtDVHUi
P G[9 JP/[P/ JGH+2
$SOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHPRO\FRPRHQFDGDPROpFXODGHDJXDKD\GRViWRPRV
GHKLGUyJHQR\0P+2 JORViWRPRVGHHVWHHOHPHQWRTXHLQFRUSRUDOD
SHUVRQDDVXFXHUSRVHUiQ
QžiWRPRV+ [QžPROpFXODVGH+2 [QžPROHVGH+2[1$

J+2
QžiW+  [ [
Ċ 23 = 
[  iWRPRVGH+ 
JPRO
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

5HVROXFLyQGH3UREOHPDV


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

&XDQGR VH FDOLHQWD GH PRGR FRQYHQLHQWH FORUXUR DPyQLFR VH GHVFRPSRQH HQ
FORUXURGHKLGUyJHQR\DPRQtDFR6LVHOLEHUDQJGHDPRQtDFRFDOFXOH

D /DPDVDREWHQLGDGHFORUXURGHKLGUyJHQR
E /DVIUDFFLRQHVPRODUHVGHFDGDJDVJHQHUDGR
Datos. Masas atómicas: H = 1; N = 14; Cl = 35’5

Solución

D /DUHDFFLyQHV1+&O+&O1+
3XHVWR TXH OD PDVD PROHFXODU GHO DPRQtDFR 1+ HV LJXDO D
Ċ JĊPRO ORVJGHDPRQtDFRFRUUHVSRQGHDPROGH1+
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDVHGHEHKDEHUIRUPDGRPROGH+&O3XHVWRTXHODPDVD
PROHFXODU GHO +&O HV LJXDO D   ·  · J Ċ PRO  /D PDVD GH +&O
IRUPDGDHVLJXDODPROĊ·JĊPRO  ·JGH+&O

E /DV IUDFFLRQHV PRODUHV GH FDGD JDV YLHQH GDGD SRU IPRODU  PROHV GH JDV
PROHVWRWDOHV3RUWDQWR
IPRODU1+ PRO1+>PRO1+PRO+&O@  ·
IPRODU+&O PRO+&O>PRO1+PRO+&O@  ·


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

8QDPH]FODGHGRVJDVHVHVWiFRQVWLWXLGDSRUJGH62\RWURVJGH62\HVWi
FRQWHQLGDHQXQUHFLSLHQWHDž&\DDWPGHSUHVLyQ&DOFXOH

D (OYROXPHQTXHRFXSDODPH]FOD
E /DIUDFFLyQPRODUGHFDGDJDV

Datos.R = 0’082 atm L K-1 mol-1. Masas atómicas: O = 16; S = 32.


Solución

D &DOFXODPRVSULPHURHOYROXPHQTXHRFXSDQFDGDJDV

'HODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV3Ċ9 QĊ5Ċ7GHDTXtGHVSHMDQGR
9 WHQGUHPRV 9  Q Ċ 5 Ċ 7  3 SRU WDQWR WHQHPRV TXH FDOFXODU SULPHUR
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

Q PROHVGHJDV 0DVDGHJDVJ0DVDPROHFXODUGHJDVJĊPRO (QHO

FDVRGHO62UHVXOWDQ62 JĊJĊPRO  PROHV 
·PROHV(QHOFDVRGHO62UHVXOWDQ62 JĊJĊPRO 
PROHV ·PROHV
7 . .3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH

9/ ·PROĊ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO Ċ.DWP ·/62
9/ ·PROĊ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO Ċ.DWP ·/62

9WRWDO 962962 ·/·/ ·/

6HSRGUtDKDEHUUHVXHOWRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDORVPROHVWRWDOHVGHJDVHV
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IyUPXODWHQGUtDPRV

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F /DV IUDFFLRQHV PRODUHV GH FDGD JDV YLHQH GDGD SRU IPRODU  PROHV GH JDV
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IPRODU62 ·PRO·PRO ·


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(QXQUHFLSLHQWHGH/GHFDSDFLGDGTXHHVWiDž&KD\JGHXQDPH]FOD
HTXLPRODUGHKLGUyJHQR\KHOLR&DOFXOH

D /DSUHVLyQWRWDOGHOUHFLSLHQWH
E /DVSUHVLRQHVSDUFLDOHVHMHUFLGDVSRUORVJDVHV
Datos.R = 0’082 atm L K-1 mol-1. Masas atómicas: H = 1; He = 4.

Solución

D &DOFXOHPRVORVPROHVH[LVWHQWHVGHFDGDJDV

JĊPRO Ċ[PROHV+JĊPRO Ċ\PROHV+H J
[PROHV+ \PROHV+H
5HVROYLHQGRHVWHVLVWHPDUHVXOWD[ \ PROHV

(OQžWRWDOGHPROHVHV++H PROHVWRWDOHV$SOLFDQGROD
IyUPXODGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRVOOHJDPRV

 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

3DWP PROĊ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO Ċ./ DWP

E 3DUD HOOR SRGHPRV FDOFXODU ODV IUDFFLRQHV PRODUHV \ GH DTXt OOHJDPRV D
3SDUFLDO IPRODUĊ3WRWDO

IPRODU+ IPRODU+H ·\DTXHVRQHTXLPROHFXODUHV3RUWDQWR

3SDUFLDO+ 3SDUFLDO+H ·Ċ DWP

6HSRGUtDKDEHUHVWLPDGRWDPELpQSRUPHGLRGHODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHV

3SDUFLDO+ 3SDUFLDO+H Ċ·Ċ DWP



3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

6HGLVSRQHGHXQUHFLSLHQWHGH/GHFDSDFLGDGTXHVHPDQWLHQHVLHPSUHDOD
WHPSHUDWXUDGHž&\VHLQWURGXFHQHQHOPLVPR/GH&2DDWP\/GH
&2DDWPDPERVDž&&DOFXOH

D /DFRPSRVLFLyQHQSRUFHQWDMHGHODPH]FOD
E /DSUHVLyQGHOUHFLSLHQWH
Datos.R = 0’082 atm L K-1 mol-1.

Solución

D /RVPROHVGHFDGDJDVTXHVHYDQDLQWURGXFLUVHFDOFXODQFRQODHFXDFLyQGH
ORVJDVHV
Q 3Ċ95Ċ7 DWPĊ/·DWP/.PRO Ċ. ·
PROHVGH&2
Q 3Ċ95Ċ7 DWPĊ/·DWP/.PRO Ċ. ·
PROHVGH&2
/RVPROHVWRWDOHVLQWURGXFLGRVVRQ·· ·PROHV
(OSRUFHQWDMHGHFDGDJDVHQODPH]FODYLHQHGDGRSRU
3RUFHQWDMHGHJDV PROGHJDVPROHVWRWDOHVĊ
3RUFHQWDMHGH&2 ··Ċ ·
3RUFHQWDMHGH&2 ··Ċ ·

E &RQORVGDWRVDQWHULRUHVOOHJDPRVDSDUWLUGHODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHV

3DWP ·PROĊ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO Ċ./ ·DWP


 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(Q XQ UHFLSLHQWH GH  / GH FDSDFLGDG TXH VH PDQWLHQH D OD WHPSHUDWXUD
FRQVWDQWHGHž&VHLQWURGXFHQ/GH+DDWPGHSUHVLyQ\/GH1D
DWPGHSUHVLyQDPERVDž&&DOFXOH

D /DSUHVLyQWRWDOTXHHMHUFHODPH]FODJDVHRVDHQHOUHFLSLHQWH
E /DVSUHVLRQHVSDUFLDOHVGHORVJDVHVGHVSXpVGHH[WUDHUGHOUHFLSLHQWH/GH
OD PH]FOD JDVHRVD D  DWP GH SUHVLyQ SHUR PDQWHQLHQGR OD WHPSHUDWXUD
FRQVWDQWH
Datos.R = 0’082 atm L K-1 mol-1.

Solución

D (VWHSUREOHPDHVVLPLODUDODQWHULRUSHURFRQRWURVJDVHV
/RVPROHVGHFDGDJDVTXHVHYDQDLQWURGXFLUVHFDOFXODQFRQODHFXDFLyQGH
ORVJDVHV
Q  3 Ċ 9  5 Ċ 7   DWP Ċ  / · DWP / . PRO Ċ    . 
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Q 3Ċ95Ċ7 DWPĊ/·DWP/.PRO Ċ. 
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3DWP ·PROĊ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO Ċ./ ·DWP

E /RVPROHVGHJDVPH]FODTXHVHH[WUDHQVRQ
Q 3Ċ95Ċ7 DWPĊ/·DWP/.PRO Ċ. ·PROHVGH
PH]FOD
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GHDTXtVHOOHJDDODSUHVLyQWRWDOUHVWDQWH
3DWP ·PROĊ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO Ċ./ ·DWP
/DFDSDFLGDGGHOUHFLSLHQWHVHPDQWLHQHFRQVWDQWHD/

3DUD HYDOXDU ODV SUHVLRQHV SDUFLDOHV HVWLPDPRV SULPHUR ODV IUDFFLRQHV
PRODUHVFRQORTXHOOHJDPRVD3SDUFLDO IPRODUĊ3WRWDO
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PROHVGHJDVGLYLGLGRVSRUORVPROHVWRWDOHV(QFRQVHFXHQFLDSXHVWRTXHOD
PH]FODGHJDVHVVRQPH]FODVKRPRJpQHDVODH[WUDFFLyQGHJDVHVGHODPLVPD
HVKDFHTXHVHPDQWHQJDQLQYDULDEOHVHVWDVIUDFFLRQHVPRODUHV3RUWDQWR
IPRODU+ ·· ·
IPRODU1 ·· ·

3SDUFLDO+ ·Ċ· ·DWP
3SDUFLDO1 ·Ċ· DWP
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3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

8QUHFLSLHQWHGH/FRQWLHQHXQDPH]FODGH&2\&2FX\DVIUDFFLRQHVPRODUHV
VRQ·\·UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHHMHUFLHQGRODPH]FODXQDSUHVLyQGHDWPD
ODWHPSHUDWXUDGHž&&DOFXOH

D /DSUHVLyQSDUFLDOHMHUFLGDSRUFDGDJDVHQHOUHFLSLHQWH
E (OQ~PHURGHJUDPRVGHFDGDFRPSXHVWR
Datos.R = 0’082 atm L K-1 mol-1. Masas atómicas: C = 12; O = 16.

Solución

D &RPR3SDUFLDO IPRODU3WRWDO3RUWDQWRGHORVYDORUHVGHOHQXQFLDGRWHQHPRV

3SDUFLDO&2 ·ĊDWP ·DWP
3SDUFLDO&2 ·ĊDWP ·DWP

E (OQžGHJUDPRVGHFDGDFRPSXHVWRGHSHQGHGHOQžGHPROHVGHFDGDXQRGH
HOORV 3RU HOOR DSOLFDQGR OD HFXDFLyQ GH ORV JDVHV OOHJDPRV
39 Q57 P570
GRQGHPVRQORVJUDPRVGHFRPSXHVWR\0VXPDVDPROHFXODU

P 39057 DWPĊ/ĊJĊPRO ·DWP/.PRO Ċ. 
·JSDUD&2
P 39057 DWPĊ/ĊJĊPRO ·DWP/.PRO Ċ.
·JSDUD&2


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

&DOFXOHODFRPSRVLFLyQFHQWHVLPDOGHOiFLGRVXOI~ULFR
Datos.Masas atómicas: H = 1; S = 32; O = 16

Solución

&DOFXODPRVODPDVDPROHFXODUGHOiFLGRVXOI~ULFR
0+62 [[[ XPD
3DUD FDOFXODU OD FDQWLGDG GH FDGD HOHPHQWR FRQWHQLGR HQ  J GH FRPSXHVWR
HVWDEOHFHPRVODVUHODFLRQHV
 
= [ 
+ 
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 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

 
= [ 
6 
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= [ 
2 
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3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

6HGLVXHOYHQJGHiFLGRQtWULFRHQ/GHDJXD&DOFXOH

D /DPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQDQWHULRU
E /D PRODULGDG GH OD GLVROXFLyQ UHVXOWDQWH GH GLOXLU  P/ GH OD GLVROXFLyQ
RULJLQDOKDVWD/
Datos.0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 2 

Solución

D &DOFXODPRVODPDVDPROHFXODUGHOiFLGRQtWULFR
0+12 Ċ XPD
/DPRODULGDGYLHQHGDGDSRU
0+12 PROHV/ ·0

E 
/Ċ0PROHVĊ/ ·Ċ·PROHV ·PROHV
3XHVWRTXHODPDVDHVFRQVHUYDWLYDHQHVWHWLSRGHUHDFFLRQHVWHQHPRVTXH
 / Ċ 0 PROHV Ċ /   Ċ 0 PROHV  · PROHV \ GH DTXt   0 PROHV 
· ·ĊFRQORTXHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPRODUGHODGLVROXFLyQ
GLOXLGDVHUi·0≅·0



3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

6HWLHQHXQUHFLSLHQWHFRQP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQTXHFRQWLHQHJGH1D2+
VLHQGRVXGHQVLGDGGH·JP/&DOFXOH

D /DPRODOLGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQ
E /DVIUDFFLRQHVPRODUHVGHVROXWR\GLVROYHQWH
Datos.0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D .

 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

Solución

D /DPRODOLGDGYLHQHGDGDSRUODH[SUHVLyQ0 PROHVGHVROXWRJGH
GLVROYHQWH3RUWDQWR
0ROHVGHVROXWR JJĊPRO  ·PROHV
3HVRGHGLVROYHQWH 3HVRGLVROXFLyQ²SHVRGHVROXWR ·JĊP/ĊP/
²J J
0 ·PROHVVROXWR·NJGLVROYHQWH ·PRODO

E /DVIUDFFLRQHVPRODUHVGHVROXWR\GLVROYHQWHVRQ
IPRODU PROHVVROXWRPROHVWRWDOHV ·PROHV>·JJĊ
PRO @ ··· ·
IPRODU PROHVGLVROYHQWHPROHVWRWDOHV ·PROHV>·J
JĊPRO @ ··· ·


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD 

8QKLGURFDUEXURWLHQHODVLJXLHQWHFRPSRVLFLyQFHQWHVLPDOGHKLGUyJHQR
  GH FDUERQR 6DELHQGR TXH OD PDVD PROHFXODU GHO FRPSXHVWR HV 
&DOFXOH

D/DIRUPXODHPStULFD
b) /DIRUPXODPROHFXODU
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 

Solución

D/DUHODFLyQGHPROHVGHFDGDHOHPHQWRSUHVHQWHHQHOKLGURFDUEXURVHREWLHQH
GLYLGLHQGRODFDQWLGDGGHFDGDXQRHQWUHVXPDVDPRODU


J
+ = 
PRO 
JPRO


J
& = 
PRO 
JPRO
/DUHODFLyQHQPROHVFRLQFLGHFRQODUHODFLyQHQiWRPRV6LGLYLGLPRVHQWUHHO
PHQRUGHHOORVTXHGD


 

+ = 
iW  & = iW 

 


 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

&RPRODUHODFLyQGHFRPELQDFLyQWLHQHTXHVHUVHJ~QQ~PHURVHQWHURVVH
PXOWLSOLFDQSRUGRV\GDODIRUPXODHPStULFDVLJXLHQWH&+

E&RPRVHFRQRFHHOYDORUGHODPDVDPROpFXOD

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GHVSHMDQGRQ FRQORTXHODIRUPXODPROHFXODUHV&+


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD 

(OVXOIDWRGHFREUHKLGUDWDGRDOFDOHQWDUVHDž&VHWUDQVIRUPDHQVXOIDWRGH
FREUHDQKLGUR&DOFXOH

D /D IyUPXOD GHO VXOIDWR GH FREUH DQKLGUR VDELHQGR TXH VX FRPSRVLFLyQ
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E (O Q~PHUR GH PROpFXODV GH DJXD TXH WLHQH HO FRPSXHVWR KLGUDWDGR
FRQRFLHQGRTXH·JGHOKLGUDWRVHWUDQVIRUPDQDOFDOHQWDUHQ·J
GHOFRPSXHVWRDQKLGUR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 6 &X ·

Solución

D /DUHODFLyQGHPROHVGHFDGDHOHPHQWRSUHVHQWHHQHOFRPSXHVWRVHREWLHQH
GLYLGLHQGRODFDQWLGDGGHFDGDXQRHQWUHVXPDVDDWyPLFD
6 ·JJĊPRO  ·PRO
2 ·JJĊPRO  ·PRO
&X ·J·JĊPRO  ·PRO
/DUHODFLyQHQPROHVFRLQFLGHFRQODUHODFLyQHQiWRPRV6LGLYLGLPRVHQWUH
HOPHQRUGHHOORVTXHGD
6 ··DW DW
2 ··DW DW
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&RPR OD UHODFLyQ GH FRPELQDFLyQ WLHQH TXH VHU VHJ~Q Q~PHURV HQWHURV OD
IRUPXODHPStULFDHVODVLJXLHQWH&X62

E *UDPRVGHDJXD·²· ·J
3DUDKDOODUODUHODFLyQHQWUHORVPROHVGHVXOIDWR\DJXD
·· ·· ·
'LYLGLHQGRHQWUHHOPHQRU
·· ·· 
3RUWDQWRODIyUPXODHV&X62Ċ+2


 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

8QDVXVWDQFLDRUJiQLFDHVWiIRUPDGD~QLFDPHQWHSRU&·+·\2
UHVWRKDVWD(QFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVJGHOFRPSXHVWRJDVHRVRRFXSDQ
·FP&DOFXOH
D/DIyUPXODHPStULFD
E/DIyUPXODPROHFXODU
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 

Solución

D6HFDOFXODHOWDQWRSRUFLHQWRGHR[LJHQRFRQWHQLGDHQODPXHVWUD
2 ·· ·
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHGLYLGHHOWDQWRSRUFLHQWRGHFDGDHOHPHQWRSRUODPDVDGHXQ
PROGHiWRPRVPDVDDWyPLFD


 
 

&= = 
 + = = 
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3DUD HQFRQWUDU OD UHODFLyQ GH FRPELQDFLyQ VH GLYLGHQ WRGRV HVRV YDORUHV SRU HO
PHQRU



& = 





+ = 





2 =  



/DIyUPXODHPStULFDVHUi C4 H10 O 

E 3DUDFDOFXODUODIyUPXODPROHFXODUHVQHFHVDULRFRQRFHUODPDVDGHXQPRO
TXHVHFDOFXODDSOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHYROXPHQPRODU

J 0
= 0 JPRO

/ 
/
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Q 

/DIyUPXODPROHFXODUVHUi C4 H10 O 


 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 



3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

&XDQGR VH TXHPDQ · J GH XQ FRPSXHVWR RUJiQLFR VyOR FRQWLHQH & + 2 VH
SURGXFHQ ·J GH &2  \ · J GH +2 ¢&XiO VHUi OD IyUPXOD HPStULFD GHO
FRPSXHVWR"
Datos.0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 

Solución

6H FDOFXODQ ORV JUDPRV GH FDUERQR H KLGUyJHQR TXH KD\  HQ OD PXHVWUD \ SRU
GLIHUHQFLDODGHR[tJHQR

J&2 
J
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J+ 2 
J
= [ 
J 
J+ [

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& = 
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= 
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3DUDREWHQHUXQDFRPELQDFLyQVHJ~QQ~PHURVHQWHURVVHPXOWLSOLFDQWRGRVSRU
FXDWURGDQGRODVLJXLHQWHIyUPXODHPStULFD &7 + 624 


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(O VXOIDWR GH DPRQLR 1+62 VH XWLOL]D FRPR IHUWLOL]DQWH HQ DJULFXOWXUD
&DOFXOH
D(OWDQWRSRUFLHQWRHQSHVRGHQLWUyJHQRHQHOFRPSXHVWR
E/DFDQWLGDGGHVXOIDWRGHDPRQLRQHFHVDULDSDUDDSRUWDUDODWLHUUDNJGH
QLWUyJHQR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 2 6 

 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

Solución

D&RPRHQFDGDPROGHVXOIDWRGHDPRQLRKD\JGHQLWUyJHQRHOHQSHVR
GHQLWUyJHQRVHUi
0P [1+  62 ] = J 

J1+ 2 62 
= [ 
1 
J1 [

E&RPRVDEHPRVTXHDODERQDUFRQJGHVXOIDWRGHDPRQLRDSRUWDPRVJ
GHQLWUyJHQRDODWLHUUDSDUDDSRUWDU.JGHQLWUyJHQRODFDQWLGDGQHFHVDULD
GHVXOIDWRGHDPRQLRVHUi
J1+   62 [
= [ JGH1+   62 
J1 J


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

6H WRPDQ  P/ GH XQ iFLGR VXOI~ULFR GH GHQVLGDG · J FP \ GHO  GH
ULTXH]DHQSHVR\VHOHDGLFLRQDDJXDKDVWDP/
D&DOFXOHODPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQUHVXOWDQWH
E ,QGLTXH HO PDWHULDO QHFHVDULR \ HO SURFHGLPLHQWR D VHJXLU SDUD SUHSDUDU OD
GLVROXFLyQ
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 6 

Solución

D&DOFXODPRVODPDVDGHP/GHGLVROXFLyQ

P GĊ9 ·JP/[P/ J

&RPRODULTXH]DHVGHOODFDQWLGDGGHVROXWRiFLGRVXOI~ULFRVHUi

QžJ+62 J[· ·JGH+62

7UDQVIRUPDPRVODPDVDHQPROHV

0P+62 J


J
PROHV+62  = 
 
JPRO
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3RUWDQWRODPRODULGDGVHUi

PROHV
0  = 
 

/

E 0DWHULDO QHFHVDULR 3LSHWD GH  P/  PDWUD] DIRUDGR GH  P/ \ IUDVFR
ODYDGRU
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P/GHDJXDGHVWLODGDRGHVPLQHUDOL]DGD\DFRQWLQXDFLyQVHDxDGHQORVP/GH
iFLGRVXOI~ULFRFRQFHQWUDGRTXHKHPRVWRPDGRFRQODSLSHWDGHOIUDVFRGHOiFLGR
VXOI~ULFR FRQFHQWUDGR 6H DJUHJD OXHJR DJXD FRQ HO IUDVFR ODYDGRU KDVWD ODV
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GLVROXFLyQSUHSDUDGD


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

D &DOFXOH OD PDVD GH 1D2+ VyOLGR GHO  GH SXUH]D HQ SHVR QHFHVDULD SDUD
SUHSDUDUP/GHGLVROXFLyQDFXRVD·0
E ([SOLTXH HO SURFHGLPLHQWR SDUD SUHSDUDU OD GLVROXFLyQ LQGLFDQGR HO PDWHULDO
QHFHVDULR
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Solución

D /RV PROHV QHFHVDULRV SDUD SUHSDUDU  P/ GH GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD · 0
VHUiQ

QžPROHV 0RODULGDGĊ9

QžPROHV ·PROHV/[·/ ·ĊPROHVGH1D2+

7UDQVIRUPDQGRORVPROHVDJUDPRV

0P1D2+ J

QžJ1D2+ ·Ċ[ ·J1D2+SXUR

&RPRODVRVDHVGHOGHSXUH]DHQSHVRGH1D2+

 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV


QžJ1D2+ ·[ ·J1D2+


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PDWUD]DIRUDGRGHP/IUDVFRODYDGRU\SLSHWD
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VHDxDGHQDOYDVRGHSUHFLSLWDGRVTXHFRQWLHQHXQRVP/GHDJXDGHVWLODGDR
GHVPLQHUDOL]DGD6HDJLWDKDVWDTXHVHGLVXHOYDFRPSOHWDPHQWH$FRQWLQXDFLyQ
VHYLHUWHPHGLDQWHHOHPEXGRODGLVROXFLyQHQHOPDWUD]DIRUDGRODYDQGRFRQXQ
SRFR GH DJXD WDQWR HO YDVR GH SUHFLSLWDGRV FRPR HO HPEXGR SDUD GLVROYHU ODV
SHTXHxDVFDQWLGDGHVGHKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLRTXHSXGLHUDQKDEHUTXHGDGR(ODJXD
GHOODYDGRVHYLHUWHWDPELpQHQHOPDWUD]DIRUDGR6HDJUHJDOXHJRDJXDKDVWD
ODVSUR[LPLGDGHVGHOHQUDVH$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHHQUDVDDxDGLHQGRFRQODSLSHWD
DJXD JRWD D JRWD KDVWD TXH OD SDUWH LQIHULRU GH OD VXSHUILFLH FyQFDYD VHD
WDQJHQWHFRQODUD\DGHOHQUDVH3RU~OWLPRVHFLHUUDHOPDWUD]DIRUDGRFRQVX
WDSyQ \ VH LQYLHUWH YDULDV YHFHV SDUD XQLIRUPL]DU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH OD
GLVROXFLyQSUHSDUDGD


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD 

&DOFXODU OD PRODOLGDG GH XQD GLVROXFLyQ DFXRVD GH KLGUy[LGR GH VRGLR DO   HQ
SHVR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D 

Solución

/DGLVROXFLyQGHKLGUy[LGRGHVRGLRDOHQSHVRLQGLFDTXHKD\JGHKLGUy[LGR
GHVRGLRVROXWRHQJGHGLVROXFLyQ

PDVDGH1D2+ J

0DVDGHGLVROYHQWH PDVDGLVROXFLyQ²PDVDGHVROXWR J²J J+2

/DPRODOLGDGPGHODGLVROXFLyQVHUi

0P1D2+ J

J1D2+
PROHVGHVROXWR JPRO
P  = = 
PRODO 
.JGLVROYHQWH J+2
J
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(Q HO ODERUDWRULR VH GLVSRQH GH XQ iFLGR FORUKtGULFR FX\D GHQVLGDG HV GH
JP/\GHULTXH]DHQSHVR&DOFXOH
D6XIUDFFLyQPRODU
E6XPRODOLGDG
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 &O 

Solución

D&DOFXODPRVHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHiFLGRFORUKtGULFR\GHDJXDTXHKD\HQXQ
OLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ

0DVDGH/GHGLVROXFLyQ GĊ9 ·JP/[P/ J

&RPRODGLVROXFLyQWLHQHXQGHiFLGRFORUKtGULFR

0DVDGH+&OSXUR [· J+&O

0DVDGH+2 PDVDGLVROXFLyQ²PDVDVROXWR ² J+2

(OQ~PHURGHPROHVGHVROXWR\GLVROYHQWHVHUiQ

00+&O ·J00+2 J

J
QžPROHV+&O  = 
PROHV 

JPRO

J
QžPROHV+2  = 
PROHV 
JPRO

3RUWDQWRODIUDFFLyQPRODUVHUi


PROHV+&O
[+&O  = 
 

PROHV+&O
PROHV+2


PROHV+ 2
[+ 2 = 
 

PROHV+&O
PROHV+2

&RPRVHFXPSOH[VROXWR[GLVROYHQWH 

 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

&RPSUREDPRVTXH·· 

E 'H ORV GDWRV GHO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU VDEHPRV TXH WHQHPRV  J GH iFLGR
FORUKtGULFRVROXWR\JGHDJXDGLVROYHQWHOXHJRODPRODOLGDGVHUi

J+&O
PROHVGHVROXWR 
JPRO
P  = = 
PRODO 
.JGHGLVROYHQWH 
.J+2


3UREOHPD
UREOHPD

6LP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0GH&X62VHGLOX\HQFRQDJXDKDVWDXQYROXPHQ
GHP/
D¢&XiQWRVJUDPRVGHVXOIDWRGHFREUHKD\HQODGLVROXFLyQRULJLQDO"
E¢&XiOHVODPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQILQDO"
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 6 &X ·

Solución

D/RVPROHVGHVXOIDWRGHFREUH,,HQORVP/·/GHGLVROXFLyQ·0
VHUiQ
QžPROHV&X62 ·PROHV/[·/ ·PROHV&X62
&RPR0P&X62 ·JHOQ~PHURGHJUDPRVVHUi

QžJ&X62 ·PROHV[·JPRO ·J&X62

E&RQORVGDWRVGHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUVDEHPRVTXHKD\·PROHVGHVXOIDWR
GHFREUH,,OXHJRODPRODULGDGGHODGLVROXFLyQILQDOVHUi


PROHV&X62
0  = 
 

/


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

6HKDFHQUHDFFLRQDUJGHFLQFPHWiOLFRFRQiFLGRVXOI~ULFRHQH[FHVR&DOFXOH
D(OYROXPHQGHKLGUyJHQRTXHVHREWLHQHPHGLGRD&\PPGHPHUFXULR
GHSUHVLyQ
E /D PDVD GH VXOIDWR GH FLQF IRUPDGD VL OD UHDFFLyQ WLHQH XQ UHQGLPLHQWR GHO

'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 6 =Q ·
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

Solución

D6HHVFULEHODHFXDFLyQDMXVWDGD
=Q+62→=Q62+

&RPR0P=Q ·JORVPROHVGH]LQFVHUiQ
J
0ROHV=Q  = 
 

JPRO

/DUHODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH=QSURGXFHPROGH+
0ROHVGH=Q PROHVGH+ ·

'HVSHMDQGR HO YROXPHQ GH OD HFXDFLyQ GH ORV JDVHV SHUIHFWRV \ H[SUHVDQGR OD
SUHVLyQ HQ DWPyVIHUDV  DWP   PP +J \ OD WHPSHUDWXUD HQ JUDGRV
DEVROXWRV


S  = 
DWP 


7  .

QĊ5Ċ7 
PROHV[
DWPĊ/Ċ.  ĊPRO  [.
9  = = 
/ 
S 
DWP

E5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH=QSURGXFHPROGH=Q62
0P=Q62 ·J

&DOFXODPRV OD FDQWLGDG WHyULFD TXH VH REWHQGUtD GH VXOIDWR GH ]LQF GH OD
VLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
PROGH=Q 
PROHV
= [ 
J=Q62 

J=Q62 [

&RPRHOUHQGLPLHQWRHVGHOODFDQWLGDGTXHVHREWHQGUiVHUi

·J[· ·JGH=Q62


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

6H SUHSDUD iFLGR FORUKtGULFR SRU FDOHQWDPLHQWR GH XQD PH]FOD GH FORUXUR GH
VRGLRFRQiFLGRVXOI~ULFRFRQFHQWUDGRVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQVLQDMXVWDU
1D&O+62→1D62+&,
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

&DOFXOH
D /D PDVD HQ JUDPRV GH iFLGR VXOI~ULFR GHO  GH ULTXH]D HQ SHVR TXH VHUi
QHFHVDULRSDUDSURGXFLU7PGHGLVROXFLyQFRQFHQWUDGDGHiFLGRFORUKtGULFRGHO
HQSHVR
E/DPDVDGHFORUXURGHVRGLRFRQVXPLGDHQHOSURFHVR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D 6 &O 


Solución

D6HHVFULEHODUHDFFLyQDMXVWDGD
1D&O+62→1D62+&O
5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH+62SURGXFHPROHVGH+&O
6HFDOFXODODPDVDGHiFLGRFORUKtGULFRTXHKD\HQ7PDOHQSHVR
Qž.J+&O .J[· .JGH+&O
3RU WDQWR OD PDVD GH iFLGR VXOI~ULFR QHFHVDULD SDUD SURGXFLU HVRV  .J GH
iFLGRFORUKtGULFRVHUi
0P+62 J0P+&O ·J
J+ 62 [
= [ JGH+ 62 SXUR 
[
J+&O J
&RPRHOiFLGRVXOI~ULFRGHOTXHVHGLVSRQHHVGHOGHULTXH]DHQSHVROD
FDQWLGDGGHOPLVPRTXHFRQWLHQHJGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFRSXURVHUi

QžJ+62GHO J[  JGH+62

EUHODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH+62FRQVXPHPROHVGH1D&O
/DPDVDGHFORUXURGHVRGLRFRQVXPLGDDOUHDFFLRQDUFRQJGHiFLGR
VXOI~ULFRVHUi

0P1D&O ·J

J+ 62 J
= [ JGH1D&O 
[
J1D&O [


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(QHOSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQGHDJXDDSDUWLUGHVXVHOHPHQWRV
D &DOFXOH OD PDVD GH DJXD HQ JUDPRV TXH VH IRUPDQ D SDUWLU GH  J GH
KLGUyJHQR\JGHR[tJHQR
E¢4XpUHDFWLYRVHHQFXHQWUDHQH[FHVR\HQTXpFDQWLGDG"
F 6L HO DJXD IRUPDGD VH HQFXHQWUD D  ž& \  DWP GH SUHVLyQ FDOFXOH HO
YROXPHQTXHRFXSD
'DWRV5 ·DWP/.PRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 


Solución

D6HHVFULEHODHFXDFLyQDMXVWDGD

+2→+2

5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD PROHVGH+SURGXFHQPROHVGH+2
PROGH2SURGXFHPROHVGH+2
PROHVGH+FRQVXPHQPROGH2
&DOFXODPRV HO UHDFWLYR TXH HVWi HQ H[FHVR UHVSHFWR GHO RWUR SXHVWR TXH HO
UHDFWLYRTXHHVWiHQPHQRUFDQWLGDGHVHOTXHOLPLWDODFDQWLGDGGHDJXDTXHVH
YDDREWHQHU$VtODFDQWLGDGGHR[tJHQRQHFHVDULDSDUDUHDFFLRQDUFRQJGH
KLGUyJHQRVHUi

0P+ J0P2 J0P+2 J

[J+ J
= [ JGH2 
J2 [
&RPRVyORKD\JGHR[tJHQRpVWHHVHOUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWH\ODPDVDGHDJXD
TXHVHIRUPDVHUi

J2 J
= [ 
JGH+ 2 
J+2 [

E (O UHDFWLYR HQ H[FHVR FRPR KHPRV FDOFXODGR HQ HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU HV HO
KLGUyJHQR \ OD FDQWLGDG GH pVWH TXH UHDFFLRQD FRQ ORV  J GH R[tJHQR TXH VH
FRQVXPHQWRWDOPHQWHVHUi

J2 J
= [ 
JGH+ 
[J+ [

3RUWDQWRHOH[FHVRVHUi
QžJ+ J²·J ·JGH+HQH[FHVR

F$SOLFDQGRODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV\GHVSHMDQGRHOYROXPHQ

QĊ5Ċ7
9  
S

7  .

&RPR0P+2 JHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHDJXDREWHQLGRVHV
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV


J
PROHVGH+2   ·
JPRO


PROHV[
DWPĊ/.ĊPRO[.
9  = 
/ 
DWP


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(QODUHDFFLyQ
1D&O$J12→$J&O1D12
D¢4XpPDVDGHFORUXURGHSODWDSXHGHREWHQHUVHDSDUWLUGHP/GHQLWUDWR
GHSODWD·0\P/GHFORUXURGHVRGLR·0"
E&DOFXOHODFDQWLGDGGHUHDFWLYRHQH[FHVRTXHTXHGDVLQUHDFFLRQDUH[SUHVDGD
HQJUDPRV
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV1 2 1D &O ·$J 

Solución

D/DHFXDFLyQTXtPLFD\DHVWDDMXVWDGD

5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH1D&OUHDFFLRQDFRQPROGH$J12
PROGH1D&OSURGXFHPROGH$J&O
PROGH$J12SURGXFHPROGH$J&O
/RVPROHVGHQLWUDWRGHSODWDTXHKD\HQP/·0VHUiQ

QžPROHV$J12 0[9 ·PROHV/[·/ ·PROHV

/RVPROHVGHFORUXURGHVRGLRTXHKD\HQP/·0VHUiQ
QžPROHV1D&O ·PROHV/[·/ ·PROHV
3RUWDQWR GHDFXHUGR FRQODUHODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDHOUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWH
HV HO FORUXUR GH VRGLR OXHJR OD PDVD GH FORUXUR GH SODWD TXH VH SXHGH
REWHQHUVHUi

0P$J&O ·J

PRO1D&O 
PROHV
= [ 
JGH$J&O 

J$J&O [

E(QHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUVHKDFDOFXODGRTXHWHQHPRV·PROHVGHQLWUDWRGH
SODWD\·PROHVGHFORUXURGHVRGLRUHDFWLYROLPLWDQWH\TXHSRUODUHODFLyQ
HVWHTXLRPpWULFDUHDFFLRQDQ·PROHVGHQLWUDWRGHSODWDFRQORV·PROHVGH
FORUXURGHVRGLR\SRUWDQWRTXHGDXQH[FHVRGH·PROHVGHQLWUDWRGHSODWD
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

0P$J12 J

QžJ$J12HQH[FHVR ·PRO[JPRO ·JGH$J12


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

6H PH]FODQ  J GH FLQF SXUR FRQ  P/ GH iFLGR FORUKtGULFR  0 &XDQGR
WHUPLQDHOGHVSUHQGLPLHQWRGHKLGUyJHQR
D¢4XpTXHGDUiHQH[FHVRFLQFRiFLGR"
E ¢4Xp YROXPHQ GH KLGUyJHQR PHGLGR D ž& \ D OD SUHVLyQ GH  PP GH
PHUFXULRVHKDEUiGHVSUHQGLGR"
'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ &O ·=Q ·

Solución

D6HHVFULEHODHFXDFLyQ\VHDMXVWD

=Q+&O→=Q&O +

5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH=QUHDFFLRQDFRQPROHVGH+&O
&DOFXODPRVORVPROHVGH=Q

0P=Q ·J

J
PROHVGH=Q  = 
PROHV 

JPRO

&DOFXODPRVWDPELpQORVPROHVGH+&O

1žPROHV+&O PROHV/[·/ ·PROHV


&DOFXODPRV FRQVLGHUDQGR OD UHODFLyQ HVWHTXLRPpWULFD OD FDQWLGDG GH iFLGR
FORUKtGULFRQHFHVDULRSDUDTXHUHDFFLRQHQFRQ·PROHVGH=Q

PRO=Q 
PROHV
= [ 
PROHVGH+&O 
PROHV+&O [

5HDFFLRQDWRGRHO=QJDVWDQGR·PROHVGHiFLGRFORUKtGULFRGHORV·PROHV
SUHVHQWHV3RUWDQWRHOUHDFWLYRHQH[FHVRHVHOiFLGRFORUKtGULFR

E5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH=QSURGXFHXQPROGH+
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

&RPR KDQ UHDFFLRQDGR · PROHV GH ]LQF VH REWHQGUiQ · PROHV GH
KLGUyJHQR 3DUD FDOFXODU HO YROXPHQ DSOLFDPRV OD HFXDFLyQ GH ORV JDVHV
SHUIHFWRV
QĊ5Ċ7
9  
S

S PP+J DWP
7  .

PROHV[
DWPĊ/Ċ.  ĊPRO  [.
9  = 
/ 
DWP


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

D&DOFXOHODPRODULGDGGHXQDGLVROXFLyQGH+12GHOGHULTXH]DHQSHVR\
GHQVLGDG·JP/
E¢4XpYROXPHQGHHVHiFLGRGHEHPRVWRPDUSDUDSUHSDUDU·/GHGLVROXFLyQ
·0"
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 2 

Solución

D (O GDWR GH  GH ULTXH]D HQ SHVR LQGLFD TXH KD\  J GH VROXWR +12
FRQWHQLGRVHQJGHGLVROXFLyQ(OYROXPHQGHJGHGLVROXFLyQVHUi

P J
G 9 = 
P/ 
9 
JP/

'LYLGLHQGRODPDVDGHVROXWRHQWUHVXPDVDPRODUWHQGUHPRVHOQ~PHURGHPROHV
GHVROXWR

0P+12 J
J
QžPROHV+12  = 
PROHVGH+12 
JPRO
3RUWDQWRODPRODULGDGVHUi

PROHV+12
0  = 
 

/
E &DOFXODPRV ORV PROHV GH +12 QHFHVDULRV SDUD SUHSDUDU · OLWURV GH
GLVROXFLyQ·0

PROHV+12 [
= [ 
PROHVGH+12 
/ 
/
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

(O YROXPHQ GH GLVROXFLyQ GH iFLGR QtWULFR · PRODU TXH FRQWLHQH · PROHV
GH+12VHUi

PROHV+12 
PROHV
= 9 P/ 
P/GLVROXFLyQ 9


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

'DGDODVLJXLHQWHUHDFFLyQTXtPLFD
$J12&O→12$J&Oò2
&DOFXOH
D /RVPROHVGH12TXHVHREWLHQHQDSDUWLUGHJGH$J12
E (OYROXPHQGHR[tJHQRREWHQLGRPHGLGRDž&\PPGHPHUFXULR
'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV1 2 $J 

Solución

D 3DUD FDOFXODU HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH SHQWy[LGR GH GLQLWUyJHQR VH WHQGUi HQ
FXHQWDODUHODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROHVGH$J12SURGXFHQPROGH12 
\SRUWDQWR

0P$J12 J

[J$J12 J
= [ 
PROHVGH12 
PROGH1 2 [

E &DOFXODPRV SULPHUR HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH R[tJHQR WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD
UHODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROHVGH$J12SURGXFHQ·PROHVGH2
[J$J12 J
= [ 
PROHVGH2 

PROHV2 [

$SOLFDQGRODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVLGHDOHV\GHVSHMDQGRHOYROXPHQ

PROHV[
DWPĊ/Ċ.  ĊPRO  [.
9  = 
/GH2 

DWP



3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

8QDGLVROXFLyQGH+120WLHQHXQDGHQVLGDGGH
JP/&DOFXOH
D /DFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHGLFKDGLVROXFLyQHQWDQWRSRUFLHQWRHQPDVDGH+12
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

E (OYROXPHQGHODPLVPDTXHGHEHWRPDUVHSDUD SUHSDUDU/GHGLVROXFLyQ
GH+12
0
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV1 2 + 

Solución

D&DOFXODPRVODPDVDGHVROXWRHQXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ

0P+12 J

P PROHV[JPRO J

&DOFXODPRVODPDVDGHXQOLWURGHGLVROXFLyQ

P P/[·JP/ J

PDVD+12 
HQPDVD  [  [ 
 
PDVDGHGLVROXFLyQ 

E3DUDFDOFXODUHOYROXPHQSHGLGRGHEHPRVFDOFXODUSULPHURORVPROHVGHVROXWR
QHFHVDULRVSDUDSUHSDUDUORVOLWURVGHGLVROXFLyQ·0

QžPROHV ·PROHV/[/ ·PROHVGH+12

&RPRHQXQOLWURGHODGLVROXFLyQFRQFHQWUDGDKD\PROHVGH+12HOYROXPHQ
TXHGHEHWRPDUVHSDUDSUHSDUDUODGLVROXFLyQ·0VHUi

P/GLVROXFLyQ 9
= 9 
P/ 
PROHV+12 
PROHV



3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

'DGDXQDGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDGH+&O·0FDOFXOH
D/RVJUDPRVGH+&OTXHKD\HQP/GHGLFKDGLVROXFLyQ
E(OYROXPHQGHDJXDTXHKDEUiTXHDxDGLUDP/GH+&O·0SDUDTXHOD
GLVROXFLyQSDVHDVHU06XSRQJDTXHORVYRO~PHQHVVRQDGLWLYRV
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ &O ·

Solución

D&DOFXODPRVORVJUDPRVGH+&OTXHKD\HQ·PROHVGH+&O
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

0P+&O ·J

QžJUDPRV+&O ·PROHV[·JPRO ·JGH+&O
3RUWDQWRHQP/GHODGLVROXFLyQODPDVDVHUi

J+&O [
= [ 
J+&O 
P/ P/
E(OQ~PHURGHPROHVGH+&OHQORVP/GHODGLVROXFLyQ·0VHUi


J+&O
QžPROHV+&O =  
PROHV+&O 

JPRO
(OYROXPHQGHGLVROXFLyQ·0VHUi


PROHV+&O
9 =  
/ 

PROHV+&O/

3RUWDQWRHOYROXPHQGHDJXDTXHKDEUiTXHDxDGLUVHUi
P/²P/ P/


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(OQtTXHOUHDFFLRQDFRQiFLGRVXOI~ULFRVHJ~Q
1L+62→1L62+
D8QDPXHVWUDGHJGHQtTXHOLPSXURUHDFFLRQDFRQP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQGH
iFLGRVXOI~ULFR0&DOFXOHHOSRUFHQWDMHGHQtTXHOHQODPXHVWUD
E &DOFXOH HO YROXPHQ GH KLGUyJHQR GHVSUHQGLGR D  ž& \  DWP FXDQGR
UHDFFLRQDQJGHQtTXHOSXURFRQH[FHVRGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFR
'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDDWyPLFD1L ·

Solución

D&DOFXODPRVORVPROHVGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFRHQP/·/GHODGLVROXFLyQ

QžPROHV+62 PROHV/[·/ ·PROHVGH+62

'H OD HVWHTXLRPHWUtD GH OD UHDFFLyQ HO Q~PHUR GH PROHV GH iFLGR VXOI~ULFR
FRQVXPLGRVHVLJXDODOQ~PHURGHPROHVGHQtTXHOFRQVXPLGRVSRUWDQWRODPDVD
GHOQtTXHOHQODPXHVWUDVHUi

0P1L ·J

QžJUDPRV1L ·PROHV[·JPRO ·JGH1L

 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

(OSRUFHQWDMHGH1LHQODPXHVWUDGHJVHUi



GHQLTXHO = [ 
 


E5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH1LSURGXFHPROGH+

&DOFXODPRVORVPROHVGHKLGUyJHQRTXHVHREWLHQHQ


J1L J1L
= [ 
PROHV+ 
PRO+ [

'HVSHMDQGRHOYROXPHQGHODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV


PROHV[
DWPĊ/Ċ.  ĊPRO  [.
9  = 
/GH+ 
DWP


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

D &DOFXOH OD FDQWLGDG GH VXOIDWR GH VRGLR GHO  GH ULTXH]D HQ SHVR
QHFHVDULDSDUDSUHSDUDUP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0HQLyQVRGLR1D
E4XpFDQWLGDGKDEUtDTXHSHVDUVLHOVXOIDWRGHVRGLRHVWXYLHUDGHFDKLGUDWDGR\
WXYLHUDXQGHULTXH]DHQSHVR"
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 2 1D 6 

Solución

D/RVPROHVGHVRGLRQHFHVDULRVSDUDSUHSDUDUP/GHXQDGLVROXFLyQ·0
HQLyQVRGLRVHUiQ


PROHV1D  [
= [ 
PROHV1D  
/ 
/

6DELHQGR OD FDQWLGDG GH VRGLR QHFHVDULD FDOFXODPRV OD FDQWLGDG GH VXOIDWR GH
VRGLR

0P1D62 J

J1D 62 [
= [ 
JGH1D62 SXUR 
PROHV1D  
PROHV

 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

&RPRODULTXH]DHQSHVRGHODVDOHVGHO


QžJUDPRVGH1D62 ·J[  ·JGH1D62


E6LODIXHQWHGHVRGLRIXHVHHQYH]GHODVDODQKLGUDODGHFDKLGUDWDGDOD
FDQWLGDGQHFHVDULDVHUtD

0P1D62Ċ+2 J

J1D62 Ċ+2 [

= [ 
JGH1D62 Ċ+2SXUR 
PROHV1D 
PROHV

&RPRODULTXH]DHQSHVRGHHVWDVDODQKLGUDHVGHO

QžJ1D62Ċ+2 ·[  ·JGH1D62Ċ+2


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(O FDUERQDWR GH VRGLR VH SXHGH REWHQHU SRU GHVFRPSRVLFLyQ WpUPLFD GHO
ELFDUERQDWRGHVRGLRVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ
1D+&2→1D&2&2+2
6H GHVFRPSRQHQ  J GH ELFDUERQDWR GH VRGLR GH XQ  GH ULTXH]D HQ SHVR
&DOFXOH
D(OYROXPHQGH&2GHVSUHQGLGRPHGLGRDž&\DWP
E/DPDVDHQJUDPRVGHFDUERQDWRVyGLFRTXHVHREWLHQH
'DWRV5 ·DWP/.PRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV1D + & 2 

Solución

D&RPRODULTXH]DHVGHOODFDQWLGDGGHELFDUERQDWRGHVRGLRVHUi

0DVDGH1D+&2 J[· J1D+&2

&DOFXODPRV HO YROXPHQ GH GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR GHVSUHQGLGR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV
QRUPDOHV

0P1D+&2 J

[J1D+&2 J
= 9 
/ 

/&2 9

(VWHYROXPHQHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHOSUREOHPDVHUi
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

3R Ċ9R 3Ċ9
= 
7R 7

DWP[
/ 
DWP[9
= 9 
/ 
. .

(VWHDSDUWDGRWDPELpQVHSXHGHUHVROYHUFDOFXODQGRHOQ~PHURGHPROHVGH
GLy[LGRGHFDUERQRSURGXFLGR

5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROHVGH1D+&2SURGXFHQPROGH&2

[J1D+&2 J
= [ 
PROHV&2 
PRO&2 [

'HVSHMDQGRHOYROXPHQGHODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV


PROHV[
DWPĊ/Ċ.  ĊPRO  [.
9  = 
/ 

DWP

E5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD PROHVGH1D+&2SURGXFHQPROGH1D&2
0P1D&2 J

[J1D+&2 J
= [ 
J1D&2 
J1D&2 [


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

$OWUDWDUJGHJDOHQDFRQiFLGRVXOI~ULFRVHREWLHQHQFPGH+6PHGLGRV
HQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVVHJ~QODHFXDFLyQ
3E6+62→3E62+6
&DOFXOH
D/DULTXH]DGHODJDOHQDHQ3E6
E(OYROXPHQGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFR·0JDVWDGRHQHVDUHDFFLyQ
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV3E 6 

Solución

D /D PDVD GH JDOHQD TXH DO UHDFFLRQDU FRQ iFLGR VXOI~ULFR SURGXFH · / GH
+6VHUi

 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

0P3E6 J


J3E6 [
= [ 
J3E6 

/+ 6 
/


/DULTXH]DVHUi [ 


E5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD PROGH3E6UHDFFLRQDFRQPROGH+62

/DPDVDGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFRTXHUHDFFLRQDFRQ·JGH3E6VHUi

0P+62 J

J3E6 
J
= [ 
J+62 
J+62 [


J+ 62
PROHV+ 62 = = 
PROHV 
JPRO

3RUWDQWRHOYROXPHQJDVWDGRVHUi


PROHV+ 62 
PROHV
= 9 P/ 
P/ 9


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

&XDQGR VH FDOLHQWD FORUDWR GH SRWDVLR .&O2 VH GHVFRPSRQH HQ FORUXUR GH
SRWDVLR\R[tJHQR
D&DOFXOHODFDQWLGDGGHFORUDWRGHSRWDVLRGHOGHULTXH]DHQSHVRTXHVHUi
QHFHVDULRSDUDSURGXFLUNJGHFORUXURGHSRWDVLR
E ¢&XiQWRV PROHV GH R[tJHQR VH SURGXFLUiQ \ TXp YROXPHQ RFXSDUiQ HQ
FRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV"
'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 &O ·. 

Solución

D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQTXtPLFDDMXVWDGD

.&O2→2.&O

5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROHVGH.&O2SURGXFHQPROHVGH.&O
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

0P.&O2 ·J0P.&O ·J0P2 J


&DOFXODPRVODFDQWLGDGGHFORUDWRGHSRWDVLRSXURQHFHVDULRSDUDSURGXFLUXQ.J
GHFORUXURGHSRWDVLR

[
J.&O2 [
= [ 
J.&O2 SXUR 
[
J.&O J

&RPRODULTXH]DHQSHVRGHODVDOHVGHO


QžJ.&O2 ·J[  ·JGH.&O2


E5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD PROHVGH.&OVHREWLHQHQMXQWRDPROHVGH2
/RVPROHVGH.&OFRQWHQLGRHQ.JGHHVWDVDOVHUiQ

J
QžPROHV.&O   ·PROHV

JPRO

&DOFXODPRVORVPROHVGHR[tJHQRTXHVHSURGXFHQ

PROHV.&O 
PROHV
= [ 
PROHVGH2 
PROHV2 [

3DUDFDOFXODUHOYROXPHQTXHRFXSDDSOLFDPRVODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV


PROHV[
DWPĊ/Ċ.  ĊPRO  [.
9  = / 
DWP


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

(OVXOIDWRGHVRGLR\HOFORUXURGHEDULRUHDFFLRQDQHQGLVROXFLyQDFXRVDSDUDGDU
XQSUHFLSLWDGREODQFRGHVXOIDWRGHEDULRVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ

1D62%D&O→%D621D&O

D¢&XiQWRVJUDPRVGH%D62VHIRUPDQFXDQGRUHDFFLRQDQ·P/GHGLVROXFLyQ
GHVXOIDWRGHVRGLR·0FRQH[FHVRGHFORUXURGHEDULR"
E¢&XiQWRVP/GHFORUXURGHEDULRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ·0VRQQHFHVDULRVSDUD
REWHQHU·JGHVXOIDWRGHEDULR"
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV2 6 %D 
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

Solución

D5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDPROGH1D62SURGXFHPROGH%D62

/RVPROHVGHVXOIDWRGHVRGLRHQ·P/GHGLVROXFLyQ·0VHUiQ

QžPROHV1D62 ·PROHV/[·/ ·ĊPROHV

&DOFXODPRVORVJUDPRVGHVXOIDWRGHEDULR
0P%D62 J

PROGH1D 62 
Ċ  PROHV
= [ 
J%D62 
J%D62 [

E5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD PROGH%D&O SURGXFHPROGH%D62

&DOFXODPRV ORV PROHV GH FORUXUR GH EDULR QHFHVDULRV SDUD REWHQHU · J GH
VXOIDWRGHEDULR

PROGH%D&O [
= [ 
Ċ  PROHV%D&O 
J%D62 
J

(OYROXPHQGHGLVROXFLyQGHFORUXURGHEDULR·0VHUi


Ċ  PROHV
9   ·/ P/

PROHV/


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD 

6HGLVXHOYHQJUDPRVGHQLWUDWRGHSODWDLPSXURHQP/GHDJXD6LDODxDGLU
D HVWD GLVROXFLyQ  P/ GH RWUD GLVROXFLyQ GH iFLGR FORUKtGULFR GH GHQVLGDG
· JFP \ ULTXH]D GHO  HQ SHVR SUHFLSLWD WRGD OD SODWD FRPR FORUXUR GH
SODWDFDOFXOH
D/DULTXH]DGHODPXHVWUDGHQLWUDWRGHSODWD
E/DPRODULGDGGHOiFLGRFORUKtGULFR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ 1 2 &O ·$J 

Solución

D(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQDMXVWDGD
$J12+&O→$J&O+12
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV


(OQ~PHURGHPROHVGHiFLGRFORUKtGULFRHQORVP/VHUi
P GĊ9 ·JP/[P/ ·JGHGLVROXFLyQGH+&O
&RPRODULTXH]DGHHVWDGLVROXFLyQHQ+&OHVGHO

QžJUDPRV+&O ·J+&O[· ·JGH+&O

&RPR0P+&O ·J


J
QžPROHV+&O   ·PROHV

JPRO

&RPRODUHODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFDQRVGLFHTXHPROGH$J12UHDFFLRQDFRQ
PROGH+&OODPDVDGHQLWUDWRGHSODWDHQODPXHVWUDVHUi
0P$J12 J
QžJUDPRV$J12 ·PROHV[JPRO ·JGH$J12
3RUWDQWRODULTXH]DHQQLWUDWRGHSODWDGHODPXHVWUDVHUi
JPXHVWUD J
= [ 
 

J$J12 [

E'HODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUVDEHPRVTXHHQP/GHGLVROXFLyQKD\·PROHVGH
iFLGRFORUKtGULFROXHJRODPRODULGDGVHUi


PROHV
0   ·0

/


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD 

&XDQGR VH DxDGH DJXD D  J GH FDUEXUR GH FDOFLR VH IRUPD JDV DFHWLOHQR
HWLQRVHJ~QODUHDFFLyQ
&D&V+2→&D2+DF&+J
D&DOFXOHORVJUDPRVGHDFHWLOHQRTXHVHREWHQGUiQ
E6LVHTXHPDHOJDVDFHWLOHQRREWHQLGRFDOFXODUORVOLWURVGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR
TXHVHIRUPDUiQPHGLGRVHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHV
'DWRV5 ·DWPĊ/Ċ.ĊPRO0DVDVDWyPLFDV+ & 2 &D 

Solución

D5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD PROGH&D&SURGXFHPROGH&+

0P&D& J0P&+ J

 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

/DPDVDGHDFHWLOHQRVHUi

J&D& J
= [ 
J&+ 
J& + [

E(VFULELPRVODHFXDFLyQDMXVWDGDGHFRPEXVWLyQGHODFHWLOHQR

&+2→&2+2

5HODFLyQHVWHTXLRPpWULFD PROGH&+SURGXFHPROHVGH&2

J& + 
J
= [ 
PROHV&2 
PROHV&2 [

'HVSHMDQGR9GHODHFXDFLyQGHORVJDVHVSHUIHFWRV


PROHV[
DWPĊ/Ċ.  ĊPRO  [.
9  = / 
DWP

$OVHUHQFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVWDPELpQSXHGHUHVROYHUVHDSOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWR
GHYROXPHQPRODU

J& + 
J
= 9 /GH&2 
[
/&2 9


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD

8QDPH]FODGHFPGHPHWDQR\HWDQRDUGHFRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQFPGH
R[tJHQRVHJ~Q
&+2→&2+2
&+2→&2+2
&DOFXOH
D (OYROXPHQGHFDGDJDVHQODPH]FOD
E /DVIUDFFLRQHVPRODUHVGHFDGDJDV

Solución

D [ P/GHPHWDQR\ P/GHHWDQR
[\ 
/DVUHDFFLRQHVGHVSXpVGHLJXDODGDVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
&+2→&2+2
 &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV

&+2→&2+2

/DRWUDHFXDFLyQ SDUDIRUPDUHOVLVWHPD GHHFXDFLRQHVOD H[WUDHPRVGHODV
HFXDFLRQHVDQWHULRUHV
[P/GHPHWDQRVHTXHPDQFRQ[P/GHR[tJHQR
\P/GHHWDQRVHTXHPDQFRQ·[P/GHR[tJHQR
(QFRQVHFXHQFLD[·\ 
5HVROYLHQGRHVWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVVHOOHJDD[ P/GHPHWDQRH
\ P/GHHWDQR

E /DVIUDFFLRQHVPRODUHVYLHQHQGDGDVSRU
IPRODU P/P/ ·SDUDHOPHWDQR
IPRODU P/P/ ·SDUDHOHWDQR


3UREOHPD
3UREOHPD 

&XDQGRVHWXHVWDXQDFLHUWDFDQWLGDGGHSLULWDVHJ~Q

)H62→62)H2

HOGLy[LGRGHD]XIUHREWHQLGRSURGXFH/GH+6207HQLHQGRHQFXHQWD
TXHHOUHQGLPLHQWRGHODUHDFFLyQJOREDOHVGHOFDOFXOH

D (O Q~PHUR GH NJ GH SLULWD QHFHVDULRV SDUD JHQHUDU HVD FDQWLGDG GH iFLGR
VXOI~ULFRVXSRQLHQGRTXHODSLULWDHVSXUD
E (O SRUFHQWDMH GH LPSXUH]D GH OD SLULWD VL VH KDQ XVDGR  NJ GH PLQHUDO
SDUDSURGXFLUHVDFDQWLGDGGHiFLGRVXOI~ULFR
'DWRV0DVDVDWyPLFDV6 )H ·

Solución

D 'H OD HFXDFLyQ VH GHVSUHQGH TXH  PROHV GH )H6 SURGXFHQ  PROHV GH 62
TXHDVXYH]JHQHUDQPROHVGH+62
3RUWDQWRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHVHKDQJHQHUDGR
/Ċ0 /ĊPROĊ/ PROHVGH+62
<VHGHGXFHTXHKDQVLGRJHQHUDGRVSRUPROHVGH)H6

$SDUWLUGHDTXtVHFDOFXODORVNJGHFRPSXHVWR
 PROHV Ċ ·   Ċ  J Ċ PRO   Ċ · J Ċ PRO   J
GLYLGLHQGRSRUGLVSRQHPRVHOUHVXOWDGRHQNJ
$VtODPDVDGH)H6 ·NJ

 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

E &RPR VH XVDQ  NJ GHSLULWD SHUR HO PLQHUDO VROR FRQWLHQH XQD FDQWLGDG
GH)H6TXHHVGH·NJODGLIHUHQFLD QRVGDUiODFDQWLGDGGH LPSXUH]D
TXHOOHYDHOPLQHUDO
,PSXUH]DGHPLQHUDO NJPLQHUDO²·NJ)H6 ·NJ

(OSRUFHQWDMHGHLPSXUH]DHV

3RUFHQWDMHLPSXUH]D ·NJLPSXUH]DNJPLQHUDOĊ ·