7

History & Civics-X

Time : 2 hrs Max Marks : 80

General Instructions
1. Answers to this paper must be written on the paper provided separately.
2. You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent in reading the
question paper.
3. The time given at the head of this paper is the time allowed for writing the answers.
4. Attempt all questions from Part I (Compulsory). A total of 5 questions are to be attempted from
Part II, 2 out of 3 questions from Section A and 3 out of 5 questions from Section B.
5. The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets ( ).

Part - I (30 Marks)

Attempt all questions from this part

1. Answer the following questions.

(i) State any one federal feature of the Indian Constitution. (1)
(ii) How are the Rajya Sabha members elected? (1)
(iii) Who presides over the Joint Session of the two Houses of Parliament? (1)
(iv) Under what condition can a non-member of Parliament be made a Minister? (1)
(v) When can the Speaker of the Lok Sabha cast his vote? (1)
(vi) When can the President use his discretionary power to appoint the Prime
Minister? (1)
(vii) What is meant by ‘collective responsibility’ of the Cabinet? (1)
(viii) How long can the Rajya Sabha retain the money bill sent by the Lok Sabha? (1)
(ix) State one other qualification required to become a Judge of the High Court, apart
from Indian citizenship. (1)
(x) Mention one reason to state that the Lok Adalat has its own advantage. (1)
2. Answer the following questions.
(i) Mention any two repressive colonial policies of Lord Lytton. (2)
(ii) Name the two main association that were the precursors of the Indian National
Congress. (2)
(iii) Give the names of two leaders who led the Home Rule Movement in India. (2)
(iv) What was the Khilafat Movement? (2)
(v) State any two provisions of the Rowlatt Act passed by the Government in 1919. (2)
(vi) Mention any two objectives of the Indian National Army. (2)
(vii) Why did Mahatma Gandhi start his historic march to Dandi? (2)
(viii) State the significance of the policy of appeasement as a cause for the Second
World War. (2)
(ix) Give the reason as to why Japan invaded China. (2)
(x) Mention any two functions of UNESCO in the field of education. (2)

Part - II (50 Marks)

Section A
Attempt any two questions from this section

3. The powers and functions of the Indian Parliament are wide ranging. In
this context answer the following.
(i) Explain three ways by which the legislature exercises control over the executive.
(3)
(ii) Mention any three special powers of the Rajya Sabha that is usually not enjoyed
by the other House. (3)
(iii) Mention any two Judicial powers and any two electoral powers of the Indian
Parliament. (4)

4. The Union Executive which consists of the President, Prime Minister and
the Council of Ministers is a powerful body in a parliamentary democracy.
In this context answer the following questions.
(i) State the position of the Prime Minister and state any two of his powers in
relation to the President. (3)
(ii) Mention the three categories of minister in order of their rank and status. (3)
(iii) Mention any four legislative powers of the cabinet. (4)

5. With reference to the powers and functions of the High Court, explain
briefly the meaning and scope of the following :
(i) Its appellate jurisdiction (3)
(ii) The High Court as a court of record (3)
(iii) Judicial review (4)
 Section B
Attempt any three questions from this section

6. With reference to the rise of ‘national consciousness’ in India, explain the

following :
(i ) The influence of Western education. (3)
(ii ) Any three contributions of Raja Rammohan Roy. (3)
(iii ) The development of modern means of transport and communication. (4)

7. The conflict between the two sections of the Congress came to surface in
its session in 1906 at Calcutta. In this context explain the following :
(i) The split in the Congress in 1907. (3)
(ii) With reference to the picture given below, answer the following : (3)

(a) What were the three personalities popularly known as?

(b) Which section of the Congress did they represent?
(c) Mention two of their popular Beliefs.
(iii) State any four methods that they advocated for the achievement of their aims.
(4)

8. The period between 1920 to 1947 was marked with major events and
reforms that finally led us to our Independence. In this context, answer the
following questions :
(i) State three provisions of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact as a result of the civil
disobedience movement. (3)
(ii) How did the Congress and the Muslim League respond to the Cabinet Mission
Plan? (3)
(iii) Mention any four clauses of the Cabinet Mission Plan. (4)

9. The 1914 and 1939 wars that engulfed almost the entire world, were known
as world wars due to its unprecedented impact and damage. In this
context, answer the following :
(i) Explain the immediate cause of the First World War. (3)
(ii) Explain the consequences of the Second World War with reference to the cold
war. (3)
(iii) Mention any four terms of the Treaty of Versailles which affected Germany after
First World War. (4)

10. The horrors of the two world wars, led to the formation of the United
Nations Organisation, while the formation of the non-aligned movement
followed later. In this context, answer the following.
(i) Mention any three aims and objectives of the United Nations Organisation. (3)
(ii) Explain any three functions of the security council. (3)
(iii) Explain any four factors that led to the formation of the non-aligned movement.
(4)
 Answers
1. (i) The Constitution of India has made provisions for the distribution of revenues between
the Centre and the State. It is one of the federal features of the Indian Constitution.
(ii) The Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the Members of Legislative Assemblies on
the basis of proportional representation with a ‘Single Transferable Vote’.
(iii) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint sessions of the Parliament.
(iv) If a political party gets majority in Lok Sabha election and forms the government, it can
appoint any one from its party who is not a Member of Parliament as a Minister. But
within six months he/she has to be elected from any of the Houses.
(v) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha does not cast his vote in the House, except when there are
equal votes on both sides, i.e., the treasury benches and the opposition.
(vi) The President of India uses his discretionary power to appoint the Prime Minister in a
situation where no single party commands the clear support of the majority of the Lok
Sabha Members and there is a hung Parliament.
(vii) Under Article 75 (3) of the Constitution, “the Council of Ministers shall be collectively
responsible to the House of the people”. It implies that the Council of Ministers remain in
office till it enjoys the support of a majority of Members in the Lok Sabha.
(viii) The Rajya Sabha can retain the money bill sent by the Lok Sabha only for 14 day.
(ix) A judge of the High Court has been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
(x) Lok Adalat has its own advantage because It delivers fast and inexpensive justice. Any
person can move to Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper in a prescribed format.

2. (i) Two repressive colonial policies of Lord Lytton were

(a) Vernacular Press Act (1878) This Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any
material that instigated Indians against the British.
(b) Indian Arms Act (1879) This Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms
without licence.
(ii) The two precursors of the Indian National Congress were
(a) East India Association founded by Dada Bhai Naoroji in 1866 in London
(b) Indian Association established by Surendranath Banerjee in 1876 in Calcutta
(iii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Sir S Subramania Iyer were two leaders who led the Home Rule
Movement in India.
(iv) The Caliph (Khalifa) Sultan of Turkey was looked upon by the Muslims as their religious
head. During the First World War, the safety and welfare of Turkey was threatened by the
British, thereby weakening the Caliph’s position. Then, the Muslims of India adopted
aggressive anti-British attitude and launched Khilafat Movement in 1919.
(v) The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British Government in 1919. Two main provisions of
this Act were
(a) It gave the government enormous powers to repress any political activities.
(b) It allowed the detention of any political revolutionary without trial for 2 years.
(vi) Two objectives of Indian National Army were
(a) To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern arms.
(b) To organise a provisional government of free India in order to mobilise all forces
effectively.
(vii) Mahatma Gandhi believed that salt tax and the monopoly of the government on salt
should be abolished. To achieve this goal on 12th March, 1930, Gandhiji along with his 78
followers began the historic ‘Dandi March’. The march started from Gandhiji’s ashram in
Sabarmati to the Gujrati coastal town Dandi.
 (viii) The significance of the policy of appeasement followed by Britain and France as a cause
for the Second World War was
(a) Britain and France decided to accept the hostile demands of the aggressive nations to
gain peace. They knew that for both Germany and Italy, the Treaty of Versailles was
too harsh and humiliating and if the grievances of Germany were removed it would
not disturb the world peace.
(b) They also wanted to check the rising tide of communism and Russian Bolshevism and
thus allowed Germany to re-militarise the Rhineland and unleash the Second World
War.
(ix) Japan’s ambitions rose after the First World War and It was determined to dominate the
far East. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria and occupied it and in the same year started an
undeclared war against China.
(x) Two functions of UNESCO in the field of education are
(a) Removal of illiteracy by encouraging adult education, distance education and open
school education.
(b) Financial assistance for the education of disabled children. It also lays special
emphasis on the education of women and girls.

3. (i) The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha. The devices through which the
Legislature exercises control over the executive are as follows
(a) Interpellation A valuable device against the slackness of the government,
comprising of the question hour, discussion etc., through which the government is
answerable about its policies and performance.
(b) Adjournment motion It aimed at censuring the acts of omission and commission
of the ministers.
(c) Monetary controls A cut motion may be moved during the budget session. It is
ensured that the money is spent in accordance with the decision of the Parliament. It
studies the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG).
(ii) Three special powers of the Rajya Sabha which are not enjoyed by the other House are
(a) The Rajya Sabha has exclusive power to declare a subject to state list to have become a
subject of national importance and requests the Parliament to make law on it.
(b) The Rajya Sabha can create a new All India Services in national interest.
(c) Under certain circumstances, Rajya Sabha enjoys special powers in emergency.
(iii) Two judicial powers of the Indian Parliament are
(a) The Parliament exercises the power to impeach the President or to remove a judge of
the Supreme Court or of High Court according to the procedure laid down for the
purpose.
(b) The Parliament can also punish a person for disturbing its working or for showing
disrespect for the House.
Electoral powers of the Indian Parliament are
(a) The elected members of both the Houses of the Parliament along with members of
the States Legislative Assemblies constitute the electoral college to elect the
President of India.
(b) The Vice-President of India is elected by members of both the Houses.

4. (i) The Prime Minister with the backing of the majority party or groups in the Parliament is
the real executive head of the nation.
Two of his powers in relation to the President are
(a) The President summons and prorogues the Parliament on the advice of the Prime
Minister.
(b) The President appoints the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
 (ii) The three categories of minister are as follows
(a) Cabinet ministers They are first and most important Members of the Council of
Ministers. They hold important portfolios.
(b) Ministers of state They are second category ministers, which may or may not hold
any independent portfolios. They are sometimes invited to attend cabinet meetings
to discuss the matters relating to their departments.
(c) Deputy ministers They are third category of ministers, who assist the remaining two
categories of ministers. They never take part in cabinet deliberations.
(iii) Four legislative powers of the cabinet are as follows
(a) Almost 95% of the Bills initiated in the legislature are done by the cabinet. These are
called official bills. These are given priority and preference over private bills.
(b) The ministers along with the secretaries of the concerned department answer the
questions put to them by the Members of the Parliament.
(c) The cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving the amendment to the
Constitution. Although, the House is summoned by the President, initiative is taken
by the concerned ministry.
(d) The President’s special address is prepared by the cabinet.

5. (i) Appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court

The High Court’s appellate jurisdiction is over the decision of the subordinate court and
also over the decision of single judge bench of the High Court.
The appellate jurisdiction of High Courts extends to both civil and criminal cases, its
jurisdiction extends to cases tried by courts of munsifs and district judges. In the criminal
cases, it extends to cases decided by session and additional session judges. Thus, the
jurisdiction of the High Courts extends to all cases under the state or federal laws. The
cases, where the sentence of imprisonment exceeds 7 years or the case of death sentence.
(ii) The High Court is a court of record. This implies
(a) Its judgements are kept as a record and are used as a precedent. It is binding on all
subordinate courts in the state.
(b) If a person commits contempt of a High Court, it has the authority to punish him. The
Supreme Court or the Parliament cannot deprive the High Court of this power.
(iii) Judicial review is the special power vested in the judiciary by which it examines the
constitutionality of the laws, passed by the legislature and the acts of the government. If
in view of the court, any executive order or any law passed by the legislature violates any
provision of the Constitution, it declares it unconditional.

6. (i) The influences of Western education were as follows

(a) Through the study of European history, political thought and economic ideas,
educated Indians had an access to the ideas of liberty, nationality, equality, rules of
law and self-government.
(b) Social awareness and national consciousness among Indians were brought by the
revolutionary ideas of the liberal thinkers like Rousseau, Mazzini and Thomas Paine.
(ii) Raja Rammohan Roy was the greatest social and religious reformer of the 19th century.
His contributions are as follows
(a) With the help of Lord William Bentinck, Raja Rammohan Roy abolished the custom
of Sati in 1829.
(b) He advocated the cause of women education. He wanted women to be given the right
to inherit property.
(c) He established Brahmo Sabha, which later became Brahmo Samaj and it began a
struggle against the caste discrimination, prevailing in the society including the evil
of untouchability.
 (iii) The developments of modern means of transport and communication are as follows
(a) The first railway line connecting Mumbai with Thane was laid down in 1853. By 1869,
more than 6000 kms of railways had been built, extending to nearly 45000 km by
1905. Besides encouraging trade and commerce, the railways facilitated the growth
of nationalism.
(b) The development of the modern postal system and the introduction of electric
telegraph in the 1850s helped to unify the country. A cheap uniform postage rate
brought about a transformation in the social education, intellectual and political life
of Indians. Circulation of national literature and transmission of messages became
possible through the operation of post offices.

7. (i) The gap between the Moderates and the Radicals went on increasing. At the Banaras
Session (1905) Bal Gangadhar Tilak openly criticised the mild policies of the Moderates. At
the Calcutta Session of the Congress (1906), Dadabhai Naoroji declared Swaraj as the goal
of the Congress. For the Radicals Swaraj meant complete freedom, but for the moderates
it meant self-government in the internal affairs only. Moderates believed in peaceful and
constitutional means, while the Redicals believed in direct political action like, ‘boycott’,
‘swadeshi’ and non-cooperation with the British. As a result of these differences there
occurred a split in the Congress at its Surat Session in 1907.
(ii) (a) The famous three personalities are–Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala
Lajpat Rai.
(b) They represented the Radical Section of the Congress.
(c) Two popular beliefs of the Radicals were
• They believed Swaraj is complete freedom which can be achieved only through
self-sacrifice and self-dependence.
• They thought that political power could not be achieved through begging. They
were in favour of launching ‘swadeshi’ and ‘boycott’ movement.
(iii) The four methods of the Radicals which they advocated for the achievement of their aims
were
(a) They aroused the feeling of one nation. They succeeded in creating national
awakening by arousing among people the feeling that they belonged to one common
nation in India.
(b) They trained Indians in the art of political work and popularised the idea of
democracy and civil liberties and representative Institutions.
(c) They exposed the true nature of the British rule in India.
(d) They pressurised the British Government to introduce certain reforms like the
appointment of Public Service Commission (1886), holding ICS Examination
simultaneously in London and India and the appointment of the Welly Commission
for Indian Expenditure.
8. (i) In 1930, Civil disobedience movement was started by Gandhiji. Before it Gandhiji sent a
letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. In 1931, Mahatma Gandhiji and Lord Irwin
concluded an agreement at Delhi on 5th March, 1931 which was known as Gandhi-Irwin
Pact. The pact made the British government to admit some demands which were
(a) To withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions
(b) To release all the political prisoners.
(c) To restore the confiscated properties of the satyagrahis.
(ii) On 24th March, 1946, British Prime Minister Mr Attlee sent the Cabinet Mission
consisting of three members to India in order to discuss and finalise plans between the
Congress and the Muslim league for the transfer of power from the British Raj to the
Indian leadership. Provisions of the Cabinet Mission are federal government, constituent
assembly, formation of interim government, treaty between constituent Assembly and
the British Government in United Kingdom, freedom to join the commonwealth,
representation of minorities etc.
 The view of the Congress towards cabinet mission was
(a) The plan will divide India into small states.
(b) It objected grouping of provinces on a communal basis.
(c) It objected the inclusion of Assam (Hindu majority) with Bengal province (Muslim
majority)
(d) It opposed the league’s claim that it alone had the right to nominate all the Muslim
members to the executive council.
The Muslim League gave its approval to the plan initially. But later it rejected this. The
Congress President declared that the Congress could change the scheme through its
majority in the Constituent Assembly. It meant that the minorities would be placed at the
mercy of the majority. Thus Muslim league rejected the Cabinet Mission Plan. Muslim
League decided to resort to direct action for the achievement of Pakistan.
(iii) The main clauses of the cabinet mission plan were
(a) There will be a federal union of the British provinces and of the princely states.
(b) The Union Government would control Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications.
(c) The provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than the union
subjects.
(d) The British provinces would be divided into three groups Group A, Group B and Group
C on the basis of religion.

9. (i) The immediate cause of the First World War was the Sarajevo assassination. In June 1914,
the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir–apparent to the throne of Austria went on an
official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. There on 28th June, 1914, he and his wife
were shot dead. The assassination was planned and carried out by a secret society of the
extremist Serbian nationalists called the ‘Black Hand’. After that many European
countries declared war against each other and the First World War started.
(ii) The consequences of the Second World War with reference to the cold war was
(a) Though, the USA and the Soviet Union fought together in co-operation during the
World War, the apparent harmony between the two declined and old suspicion and
ideological differences came to the forefront.
(b) Both the countries did not engage in actual fights, but there was a state of extreme
political tension between the two. This state of tension is known as the cold war, an
atmosphere with no armed struggle, but the prevalence of a cold hostility. All these
results divided the world into two blocs.
(iii) The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles were as follows
(a) The treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression.
(b) Germany was required to pay for the losses and damages suffered by the Allies during
the war. The amount of reparations was fixed at 33 billion dollars. Germany had to
cede her merchantship to the Allies as compensation. It had to supply huge
quantities of coal to France, Italy and Belgium for 10 years.
(c) The area of Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised and the German territory West of
Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
(d) The newly created state of Poland got back all her territories lost in the war. She got
Posen and Weste Prussia. To provide Poland with a port, Danzig was
internationalised and kept as a free city under the protection of league of Nations.

10. (i) Three aims and objectives of the United Nations Organisation (UNO) are as follows
(a) To maintain International peace and security.
(b) To develop friendly relations among nations, based on the respect for the principle of
equal rights and self-determination of people.
(c) To achieve International co-operation in solving various International, economic,
social, cultural or humanitarian problems.
(ii) Three functions of the security council are as follows
(a) The security council investigates any dispute or situation which might lead to
International friction. It recommends methods of adjusting any such dispute and the
terms of settlement.
(b) The council can call on members to apply economic sanctions and other measures
not involving the use to force to prevent or stop aggression.
(c) The council can take military action against an aggressor.
(iii) Four factors that led to the formation of the non-aligned movement were
(a) Global tension caused by cold war Most of the newly independent countries of Asia
and Africa realised that the division of the world into two power blocs might not
fulfill their larger interest. Moreover this might endanger the world peace. Thus,
they adopted a policy of keeping out of alliances in general and military pacts in
particular.
(b) Economic development Most of the newly independent countries were facing
financial problems and problems related to development. To came out of these
problems they needed financial and technical assistance from both the power blocs.
Thus, restricting of international economic order was needed.
(c) Struggle against Imperialism and neocolonialism These newly independent
nations wanted to enjoy their newly acquired freedom and power. They remained
under big powers for a long period of time. So, they opted for non-alignment.
(d) Right of independent judgement The newly independent nations wanted to solve
their own problems themselves without any interference from any super power.
Thus, they did not want to align with any power blocs.