Paper of Linear Algebra

Lecturer:

CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

Created By:
1. Cindy Fildza Lubis (4163312004)
2. Ulfa Dinata Damanik (4163312029)

MATHEMATICS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
 PREFACE

Praise be to the presence of God Almighty, who has bestowed His mercy and
guidance so that we can accomplish the tasks made based on the summaries of read from two
books. This report is prepared with the intention to be an additional guide for those who read
this report. Hopefully it can be useful to add insight to our knowledge of Matrices.

But we realize that this simple result is still a lot of deprivation. The criticism and
suggestions of all constructive readers are highly appreciated and needed, for the perfection
of this report. We also apologize if this report is too simple and many errors in submitting it.
Finally we as the authors hope that this report can be useful for us all to add a little
knowledge that we have.

Medan, February 27th 2018

Author
TABLE OF CONTENT
 BOOK IDENTITY

I. Book I
Title : Elementary Linear Algebra
Authors : Howard Anton
Chris Rorres
Page : 1226
Year : 2005
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN : 0-471-43329-2

II. Book II
Title : Geometri Analitik
Authors : Dr. Yulita Moliq Rangkuti,M.Sc
Ahmad Landong, S.Pd
Page :
Year : 2017
Publisher : PERDANA PUBLISHING
ISBN : 978-602-6462-78-7
I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
In everyday life, we often find a problem that if we trace it is a math problem. By
changing it into a mathematical equation it is easier to solve. But sometimes a problem
often includes more than two equations and several variables, so we have difficulty
finding the relationship between the variables. Even in advanced countries are often
found economic models that must solve a system of equations with tens or hundreds of
variables whose value must be determined.
Matrix, is basically a tool or instrument that is powerful enough to solve the problem.
Using a matrix allows us to create analyzes that include the relationship of variables of a
problem. Initially the matrix was found in a study conducted by a British scientist named
Arthur Cayley (1821-1895) which studies were conducted to examine linear equations
and linear transformations, the beginning of all this matrix is considered as a game
because the matrix can was applied, whereas in 1925 the matrix was used as a quantum
and in its development matrix was used in various fields.

1.2 Purpose
The objectives of this paper are:
1. Knowing how to determine matrix and the operations.
2. Knowing how to determine the inverse of matrix.
3. Knowing the application of matrix in daily life.

II. DESCRIPTION OF BOOK

2.1 Summary
Book I

MATRICES AND MATRIX OPERATIONS

A. Matrix Notation and Terminology
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the
entries in the matrix.
Some examples of matrices are
The size of a matrix is described in terms of the number of rows (horizontal lines) and
columns (vertical lines) it contains. For example, the first matrix in Example 1 has
three rows and two columns, so its size is 3 by 2 (written ). In a size description, the
first number always denotes the number of rows, and the second denotes the number
of columns. The remaining matrices in Example 1 have sizes , , , and , respectively. A
matrix with only one column is called a column matrix (or a column vector), and a
matrix with only one row is called a row matrix (or a row vector). Thus, in Example 1
the matrix is a column matrix, the matrix is a row matrix, and the matrix is both a row
matrix and a column matrix. (The term vector has another meaning that we will
discuss in subsequent chapters.). We shall use capital letters to denote matrices and
lowercase letters to denote numerical quantities; thus we might write :

B. Operations on Matrices
Two matrices are defined to be equal if they have the same size and their
corresponding entries are equal.

 Equality of Matrices
If A and B are matrices of the same size, then the sum is the matrix obtained
by adding the entries of B to the corresponding entries of A, and the difference
is the matrix obtained by subtracting the entries of B from the corresponding
entries of A. Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted.

 Addition and Subtraction

If A is any matrix and c is any scalar, then the product cA is the matrix
obtained by multiplying each entry of the matrix A by c. The matrix cA is said
to be a scalar multiple of A.
  Scalar Multiples
If A is an matrix mxr and B is an matrix rxn, then the product AB is the mxn
matrix whose entries are determined as follows. To find the entry in row i and
column j of AB, single out row i from the matrix A and column j from the
matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column
together, and then add up the resulting products.

 Multiplying Matrices
The definition of matrix multiplication requires that the number of columns of
the first factor A be the same as the number of rows of the second factor B in
order to form the product AB . If this condition is not satisfied, the product is
undefined. A convenient way to determine whether a product of two matrices
is defined is to write down the size of the first factor and, to the right of it,
write down the size of the second factor. If, as in 3, the inside numbers are the
same, then the product is defined. The outside numbers then give the size of
the product.

Determining Whether a Product Is Defined

C. Matrix Form of a Linear System

Matrix multiplication has an important application to systems of linear equations.
Consider any system of m linear equations in n unknowns.
If we designate these matrices by A, x, and b, respectively, then the original system of
m equations in n unknowns has been replaced by the single matrix equation
Ax=B
The matrix A in this equation is called the coefficient matrix of the system. The
augmented matrix for the system is obtained by adjoining b to A as the last column;
thus the augmented matrix is

D. Matrices Defining Functions

The equation Ax=b with A and b given defines a linear system to be solved for x. But
we could also write this equation as y=Ax, where A and x are given. In this case, we
want to compute y. If A is mxn , then this is a function that associates with every nx1
column vector x an mx1 column vector y, and we may view A as defining a rule that
shows how a given x is mapped into a corresponding y.

E. Transpose of a Matrix
If A is any mxn matrix, then the transpose of A, denoted by AT , is defined to be the
nxm matrix that results from interchanging the rows and columns of A; that is, the
first column of AT is the first row of A, the second column of AT is the second row of
A, and so forth.
The following are some examples of matrices and their transposes.
Observe that not only are the columns of AT the rows of A, but the rows of AT are the
columns of A. Thus the entry in row I and column j of AT is the entry in row j and
column i of A; that is,

INVERSES; RULES OF MATRIX ARITHMETIC

A. Properties of Matrix Arithmetic

Assuming that the sizes of the matrices are such that the indicated operations can be
performed, the following rules of
matrix arithmetic are valid.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

B. Zero Matrices
A matrix, all of whose entries are zero, such as
is called a zero matrix. A zero matrix will be denoted by 0; if it is important to
emphasize the size, we shall write 0mxn for the mxn zero matrix. Moreover, in keeping
with our convention of using boldface symbols for matrices with one column, we will
denote a zero matrix with one column by 0.

C. Identity Matrices
Of special interest are square matrices with 1's on the main diagonal and 0's off the
main diagonal, such as

A matrix of this form is called an identity matrix and is denoted by I. If it is important

to emphasize the size, we shall write In for the nxn identity matrix.

D. Inverse of Matrices
If A is a square matrix, and if a matrix B of the same size can be found such that
AB=BA=I, then A is said to be invertible
and B is called an inverse of A. If no such matrix B can be found, then A is said to be
singular.

 Properties of Inverses
It is reasonable to ask whether an invertible matrix can have more than one inverse.
The next theorem shows that the answer is
no—an invertible matrix has exactly one inverse.
If B and C are both inverses of the matrix A, then B=C.

The inverse of A plays much the same role in matrix arithmetic that the reciprocal a-1
plays in the numerical relationships aa-1=1 and a-1a=1 .
The matrix

is invertible if ad-bc ≠0, in which case the inverse is given by the formula
 If A and B are invertible matrices of the same size, then AB is invertible and

Although we will not prove it, this result can be extended to include three or more
factors; that is,
A product of any number of invertible matrices is invertible, and the inverse of the
product is the product of the inverses in
the reverse order.
Inverse of a Product

Consider the matrices

Applying the formula in Theorem 1.4.5, we obtain

Also,

2.2 Advantages And Disadvantages

 Advantages
Like other books, this book also has advantages and disadvantages. the
advantages of the book, among others, on the material and how the
presentation of the material. The subject matter in this book is very complete.
This is certainly very useful for the readers, as a grasp if the reader has moved
SMA.Hal other interesting is on the way of presentation of the material. The
 material of this book is presented in a simple way, so that this can make it
easier for the reader to master the material being discussed. In addition to
these advantages, if we look from the external side, this book is written by a
very experienced person in conquering the question

 Disadvantages
While the shortcomings of this book lies in its appearance. Should be on
textbooks whose material is often or even considered to be creepy for
someone. do not just display complicated formulas or numbers, this can
usually make the reader feel lazy to read the book. In this book should display
images that can interest readers to read this book.
Also in this book there are some printing errors like there are some posts that
move from the original page to another page.

III. CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Between parabolic y = ax2 + bx + c and line y = mx + n can be illustrated by the
relationship of the two by substituting the equation of the line to the parabolic
equation in order to obtain the quadratic equation in the form ax2 + (b-n) x + (c-n) = 0.
The discriminant equation is D = (b-n) 2-4a (c-n) and the following relation is
obtained:
· If D> 0 then the line will cut the parabola at two different points
· If D = 0 then the line will offend the parabola
· If D <0 then the line will not cut the parabola

3.2 Suggestion
We are aware of the many errors in this paper. therefore we welcome criticism and
suggestions from readers so that later we can improve our next paper.