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Operational Definition of Terms

Cellulose Acetate (CA) – is an organic compound which serves as the main component

for the composite membrane

Graphene Oxide (GO) – is the component which reinforces the properties of cellulose

acetate for the composite membrane

Composite membrane – is a thin film for water filtration, made from the combination of

two distinct components, with new physical and chemical properties which cannot be

achieved by any of the components acting alone

GO loading – is the weight percent of graphene oxide in the graphene oxide and

cellulose acetate blend

GO dispersion – refers to the distribution of graphene oxide over the area of the

cellulose acetate-graphene oxide composite membrane

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) – is the primary agency

responsible for the maintenance of a wholesale natural environment by enforcing

environmental laws and provides a more accurate assessment for natural resources

quality and quantity

Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) – is the national authority in the Philippines

that sets air and water quality standards and monitors ambient and point source

pollutant.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) – is the source of oxygen for marine life whose concentration is

lowered by the presence of large amount of dissolved and suspended solids in bodies

of water
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) – is the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by

aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in bodies of water which in

turn lowers total dissolved oxygen

Heavy Metals (HM) – are metallic chemical elements from industrial and consumer

wastes that are toxic or poisonous at low concentrations which can enter water supply

and is harmful to health when ingested

Sonication – is a laboratory technique which uses sound waves to disperse graphene

oxide into the cellulose acetate solution by disrupting the bonds within graphene oxide

Total Solids (TS) - is a measurement of solids analysis that includes the combination of

Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) - is the amount of solid material that has gone into solution

in the groundwater and cannot be filtered out.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) – is the amount of solid material that is removed by

filtration

X-ray Diffraction (XRD) – is a confirmatory test used for confirmation of synthesized

graphene oxide by determining XRD peaks and d-spacing

National Institute of Geological Sciences-Earth Materials Science Laboratory (NIGS-

EMSL) – is a service laboratory which houses X-ray diffraction equipment used to verify

desired characterization of graphene oxide

Microfiltration (MF) – type of filtration which can filter out solids with pore size ranging

from 0.05 microns to 10 microns with a driving force of 0-1.0 bar

Nanofiltration (NF) – type of filtration which can filter out solids with pore size less than

0.002 microns with a driving force of 10-25 bar


Ultrafiltration (UF) – type of filtration which can filter out solids with pore size ranging

from 0.001 microns to 0.1 microns with a driving force of 1-10 bar

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