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  • AMEX1

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    12 vistas9 páginas

    AMEX1

    Cargado por

    Hua-Chien Chang
    hh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descargue como PDF o lea en línea desde Scribd
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    de 9
    EXERCISES 1, Verify that (a) (V2 =i) - (1 - J2i) = 2; ©) 2-3-2, = 1,8); @ a.va-0(44) «ao. 2. Show that (a) Re(iz) = —Imz; (b) Im(iz) = Rez. 3. Show that (1 +2)? = 1422427. 4. Verify that each of the two numbers z = | +i satisfies the equation 2? — 2z + 2 = 0. 5. Prove that multiplication of complex numbers is commutative, as stated at the beginning, of Sec. 2. 6. Verify (a) the associative law for addition of complex numbers, stated at the beginning of Sec. 2; (b) the distributive law (3), Sec. 2. 7, Use the associative law for addition and the distributive law to show that 2 +2242) ete + 225. (b) Likewise, write (x, yu, v) = (x, y) and show that the number 1 = (1,0) is a unique multiplicative identity. 9. Use =1 = (1, 0) and z = (x, y) to show that (—1)z 10, Use i = (0, 1) and y = (y, 0) to verify that —(/y) = (—i)y. Thus show that the additive inverse of acomplex number z = x+iy can be written — without ambiguit IL. Solve the equation z? +z + 1 = Oforz = (x, y) by writing (x, VG, ») + C9) +1, 0) = 0,0) and then solving a pair of simultaneous equations in.x and y. Suggestion: Use the fact that no real number x satisfies the given equation to show that y £0. 1 vs ancz= (34%), EXERCISES 1, Reduce each of these quantities to a real number: 1427 2- Si . i Pisac" Ya-pe-ne-o | 2 1 Ans.(a) = 33 () = 5: (0) 1 Mz 3. Use the associative and commutative laws for multiplication to show that #0). (z1z2)(2s24) = (2123)(2224). 2223 = 0, then at least one of the three factors is zero. Prove that if z) 23 = O and use a similar result (Sec. 3) involving two 5. Derive expression (6), Sec. 3, for the quotient z1 /22 by the method described just after it, 6. With the aid of relations (10) and (11) in See. 3, derive the identity ®(@) Hy 40.440). 3) la) * ae 7. Use the identity obtained in Exercise 6 to derive the cancellation law (£0,240) 8. Use mathematical induction to verify the binomial formula (13) in Sec. 3. More pre- cisely, note that the formula is true When n =1. Then, assuming that it is valid when ‘n= m where m denotes any positive integer, show that it must hold when n =m + 1. ‘Suggestion: When n = m + 1, write (Fay = (1 +2ad(a +2 sc (n) Hapthty, S (2) tet r= 0 and replace & by k — 1 in the last sum here to obtain +E [()+ (tere Finally, show how the right-hand side here becomes. a +5 ("Partner = ("t)s = EXERCISES 1, Locate the numbers z1 + 2 and z ~ z2 vectorially when 2. Verify inequalities (3), Sec. 4, involving Re z, Im z, and {2| 3. Use established properties of moduli to show that when |z3| # |Z, Re(i +22) _ lel +leal ~ [esl = ball 3 4. Verify that V2 |z| > |Rez| + {Imz]. Suggestion: Reduce this inequality to (|x| — |y|)? > 0. 5. In each case, sketch the set of points determined by the given condition: @ \z-1+i) © +i <3 © I-42 4. 6. Using the fact that |z1 ~ z2| is the distance between two points z, and z>, give ageometric ‘argument that |z — 1| = [2 +i] represents the line through the origin whose slope i 7., Show that for R sufficiently large, the polynomial P(z) in Example 3, Sec. 5, satisfies the inequality [P(2)| <2lapllzI” whenever [z| > R. ‘Suggestion: Observe that there is a positive number R such that the modulus of each quotient in inequality (9), Sec. 5, is less than Jay |/n when |z| > R. 8. Let z; and 2» denote any complex numbers atin and z2=a2 tip. Use simple algebra to show that Hay Fin dGe + ivy and f(x} + 97) 09 + y are the same and then point out how the identity lzillzel follows. 9. Use the final result in Exercise 8 and mathematical induction to show that kj=kM @=1,2, where z is any complex number, That is, after noting that this identity is obviously true when n = 1, assume that itis true when 1 = m where m is any positive integer and then show that it must be true when n = m + 1 EXERCISES 1, Use properties of conjugates and moduli established in Sev. 6 to show that (@) FF3 =z - 34; (b) = =i (©) GFR =3-4i; (022 +5V2-7 2. Sketch the set of points determined by the condition (@) Re@—i) =2; ) PE+i|=4. 3. Verify properties (3) and (4) of conjugates in Sec. 6. 4. Use property (4) of conjugates in Sec. 6 to show that @WR=aEG: 6b) Faz, =V3 22 +51. 5. Verify property (9) of moduli in Sec. 6. 6. Use results in See. 6 10 show that when 22 and z3 are nonzero, 7. Show that [Re(2+zZ+z°)| <4 when [z| <1. 8. Itis shown in Sec. 3 that if z1z2 = 0, then at least one of the numbers z; and z2 must be zero. Give an alternative proof based on the corresponding result for real numbers and using identity (8), Sec. 6. 9. By factoring <* — 4c? + 3 into two quadratic factors and using inequality (2), Sec. 5, show that if = lies on the circle [z| = 2, then 10. Prove that (a) zis real if and only i (b) z is either real or pure imaginary if and only if = 11. Use mathematical induction to show that when n = 2, 3, . @ nF ® 12, Let do,ay, d3,.+..4, (m= 1) denote real numbers, and let z be any complex number. With the aid of the results in Exercise 11, show that F yz" = do + ME axe? +--+ a2". 13. Show that the equation |z — zo] = R of acircle, centered at zp with radius R, can be written lz? — 2Re(zi) + |zo 14. Using expressions (6), Sec. 6, for Re z and Imz, show that the hyperbola x7 — can be written 2+2 15, Follow the steps below to give an algebraic derivation of the triangle inequality (Sec. 5) lz +2al < leil + leal. (a) Show that lar +221 (b) Point out why sit + Ts = 2 Rel = call: (©) Use the results in parts (a) and (b) to obtain the inequality ler +22? < (lel + ea) and note how the triangle inequality follows. EXERCISES 1, Find the principal argument Arg z when 2 ) z= (v5-i)". (a) i= 14+ V3, Ans. (a) 2/3; (b) . 2. Show that (a) je| = 1; (bye 3. Use mathematical induction to show that eit eile we MOEN) (2 ,3,..), ‘4. Using the fact that the modulus |e"? ~ 1| is the distance between the points e! and 1 (see Sec. 4), give a geometric argument to find a value of @ in the interval 0 < @ < 27 that satisfies the equation je — 1] = 2 Ans. 5. By writing the individual factors on the left in exponential form, performing the needed operations, and finally changing back to rectangular coordinates, show that (a) i — V3 V3 +i) = 20+ VID; 6) S/R HD = 14255 (©) (V3 + 0° = -64; (d) (1+ Vi) "14+ J3i). 6. Show that if Re z; > O and Rez: > 0, then Arg z1 + Arg z2, where principal arguments are used. 7. Let z be a nonzero complex number and 1 a negative integer ( write 2 = re!® and m = —n = 1,2,... . Using the expressions (term, have the same moduli if and only if cye2 and, Fe. -2,...), Also, ar"e™ and 8. Prove that two nonzero complex numbers z) and there are complex numbers.¢y and c> such that Suggestion: Note that eo(itt and [see Exercise 2(6)] exp(id1) 9, Establish the identity ltzee¢eete = GA) ‘and then use it to derive Lagrange's trigonometric identity: 1 sinf(Qn + 18/2) 14050 +0820 +--+ eosnd = 3+ Suggestion: As for the first identity, write § = 1+2+2 + the difference § — 25. To derive the second identity, write z = e”* <6 <2n). ++ 2" and consider the first one, 10. Use de Moivre’s formula (Sec. 8) to derive the following trigonometric identities: (a) cos 30 = cos'@ —3.cos Asin’ 8; (b) sin3@ = 3cos?@ sin@ — sin’ 0. 11. (a) Use the binomial formula (14), Sec. 3, and de Moivre’s formula (Sec. 8) to write cosné + isinnd = > ¢ ) cos" isin’ §— (1 =0,1,2, ta \k ) ‘Then define the integer m by means of the equations nf ifn is even, (n= 1)/2 ifnisodd and use the above summation to show that (compare with Exercise 10(a)} cos nd = ¥ (3, cpt cortasi = *@ (n=0,1,2, (b) Write x = cos@ in the final summation in part (a) to show that it becomes a polynomial Tay => (4) Coe a—28 & of degree n(n =0, 1, 2, ...) im the variable x. EXERCISES 1, Find the square roots of (a) 2i; (b) | — /3i and express them in rectangular coordinates. Vs i i ) of —8i express them in rectangular coordinates, Fig 15. Ans.(a) £(1+i); (b) + 2, Find the three cube roots ex(k = 0, and point out why they are as shown Ans. V3 ~ i, 2i. FIGURE 15 3. Find (—8 — 8./3i)'/*, express the roots in rectangular coordinates, exhibit them as the vertices of a certain square, and point out which is the principal root. Ans. +(V3 -1), 4 + V3i). 4. In each case, find all of the roots in rectangular coordinates, exhibit them as vertices of certain regular polygons, and identify the principal root: (a) (-1)'7; (by 84°. 1+ V3i V3i Ans. (b) £V2, +——, +——. ‘ rs 5. According to Sec. 10, the three cube roots of anonzero complex number zq can be written €o, Cvs, Coa} where ca is the principal cube root of zo and =é (%) a+ Vi oy =e9(i=-) = Show thatiif zo = —4./2+4V/2i, then cy = /2(1 +i) and the other two cube roots are, in rectangular form, the numbers eye (341) + (V3 = Di y= vz 2 _ (3-1 -(W34+ Di 003 = (6. Find the four zeros of the polynomial <* + 4, one of them being, Viens ‘Then use those zeros to factor z® +4 into quadratic factors with real coefficients. 22 +2)(e -2¢ +2). 7. Show that if¢ is any nth root of unity other than unity itself, then 2 ti. Ans. ( ltete te tet a0. ‘Suggestion: Use the first identity in Exercise 9, Sec. 9. 8. (a) Prove that the usual formula solves the quadratic equation a 40) ‘when the coefficients a, b, anki c are complex numbers. Specifically, by completing the square on the left-hand side, derive the quadratic formula a2 +bz+0= ~b + (8 —4ac)? a i ‘where both square roots are to be considered when b? — dac # 0, (b) Use the result in part (a) to find the roots of the equation z? + 2z + (1 ~i) = 0. Ans, (b) ( ) = z 9 Let: re” be a nonzero complex number and n a negative integer ( ‘Then define ='/* by means of the equation 2!" = (z~!)'/" where m that the m values of (2!/"")~' and (z~!)!/" are the same, verify that (Compare with Exercise 7, Sec. 9.) EXERCISES 1, Sketch the following sets and determine which are domains: @ \:-2+i <1; (b) 22+ 3) > 4: (©) Imz>1; @ Imz =1; (©) Os argz < 1/4 (2 #0); |z—412 Il. Ans.(b), (c) are domains. 2. Which sets in Exercise 1 are neither open nor closed? Ans. (e), 3. Which sets in Exercise 1 are bounded? i 8 % 10. Ans. (a). In each case, sketch the closure of the set: (a) =a < age 0. Let 5 be the open set consisting of all points z such that [2] <1 or |e ~2| < 1. State why 5 is not connected. Show that a set S is open if and only if each point in S is an interior point. Determine the accumulation points of each of the following sets: @) z= (N=1,2,..05 () z= iin (n= 1,2 ” (© O

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