Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION
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INTRODUCTION TO B.S.N.L
Today with a aprx. 43 million line capacity, 99.9% of its exchanges digital,
nation wide Network Management & Surveillance system(NMSS) to control
telecom traffic & nearly 3,55,632 route kms of OFC network, BSNL is a
name to reckon with in the world of connectivity. Along with its vast
customer base, BSNL’s financial & asset bases too are vast & strong.
Consider the figures, as they speak volumes on BSNL’s standing:
• The telephone infrastructure alone is worth about Rs.1,00,000 crore
(U.S.$21.2 billion).
• Turnover of Rs.22,000 crores (US 4.6 billion)
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MISSION OF BSNL IS-
4.BFONE-Gone are the days when telephones use was restricted only to
make & receive calls. BSNL offers phone plus services like Answering
Machine Service(AMS), SMS on landline,, Call waiting, Hot line, Call
transfer etc.
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7.Leased lines and dotcom:- BSNL provides leased lines for voice and data
communication for various application on point to point basis. It offers a
choice of high, medium and low speed leased data circuits as well as dial-up
lines. Bandwidth is available on demand in most cities. Managed Leased
Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with speeds of
nx64 kbps upto 2mbps, useful for Internet leased lines and International
Principle Leased Circuits
Indoor department: This includes the staff and the technicians which are
sitting in the exchange including those providing facilities like 197, etc
TRA department: Here, the most important function is to meter the calls
and to provide the bimonthly telephone bills so as to enable the department
to earn revenue for its services, If the database in this department fails, all
the existing records are lost, Data is stored in magnetic disks and tapes.
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PHYSICAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN
SUBSCRIBER’S TELEPHONE
AND
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
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Pillar, 200 to another & 100 to other Pillar location. From the Pillar
DISTRIBUTION CABLES are spread to DISTRIBUTION POLES (DP),
different number pairs are given to different locations of DP eg.out of 200
divisions of 50,100,20,20,10 are made according to the requirements of the
locations to which connection is given. The different cables laid up till now
are all underground connections. The DP consists of CT BOX, through
which DROP WIRE is attached from one end & to the subscriber’s
telephone on the other end, hence giving us the connectivity.
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EXCHANGE BLOCK LAYOUT-The various divisions
associated within Telephone Exchange are shown in following block
diagram.
POWER TRANSMISSION
PLANT ROOM
ROOM ( OFC ROOM)
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
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M.D.F. & O. C.S. UNIT:-
DEPARTMENT 1
COMPUTER ROOM
The staff supervised us around the computer room showing us the various
functions performed by the computer. The various computer terminals are:-
• MAIN COMPUTER
• I.V.R.S
1. MAIN COMPUTER
With the help of this computer terminal we are able to keep check on
the total no. of telephones present in a certain exchange.
2. I.VR.S.:-
With the help of this computer, which is called the I.V.R.S. (Interactive
Voice Response System), we can note down the incoming calls of
complaints of faulty telephones. This system can book all the
complaints without any external interference.
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3. MDF –MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME
The main function of M.D.F is to connect the exchange side with the line side. It
is made up of two sides that is the Exchange side and the Line side. Basically the
MDF consistsof CT boxes .These CD block which help in connecting the
Exchange as well as the Subscribers. MDF is mainly a maintenance division
which checks & repairs the faults.
EXCHANGE SIDE:-
Exchange side is the where all the cable wires are connected coming from the
exchange.
LINE SIDE:-
Line side the side where all the wires are connected coming from the
subscriber’s place.
JUMPER
EQUIPMENT VERTICAL
NUMBER NUMBER
*VERTICAL NO. It is used to terminate the primary wire and used to connect
the exchange with outside line.There are 48 verticals given no.’s like
V1,V2,V3-----V48 in Sec34 MDF. Each vertical has 10 C.T. boxes & each
C.T. box has 100 numbers. Thus from single vertical 1000 telephone
connections can be given. Vertical no are always different.
*JUMPER-It is a red & white wire using ground tool connecting equipment
number (NE or LL) to the vertical number.
NE : - Equipment Number
LL : - Line Location
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*HEAT COIL-It is used on the vertical side so that if some short circuit
occurs, then it prevents extra current which may otherwise damage the lines.
We give the following commands on the computer when there is any fault in the line
ROT (Right on Test) :- The phone was working right when the test was being
conducted.
Earth :-When the resistance is less than 250 K/amp then we write that the lines
are earthed and we enter E as code.
BK (Break) :- When there is a capacitance less then the name of the fault is
given as BK.
Contact :- This fault occurs when both the wires are connected with each other.
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SWITCH ROOM:-
DEPARTMENT 2
E-l 0 B (SWITCH ROOM)
ESTABLISHMENT OF E10B
The first E-l0-B system (a training model) was commissioned at ALTCC,
Ghaziabad in July 84. The first commercial E-I0-B system was setup at
Bombay in April 85 supporting 10,000 lines. Also 22,000 lines of digital
TAX (E-I0-B type) have been installed at 16 stations all over the country.
(The first at Agra in Feb. 87)
Palaghat (Kera1a) unit of ITI manufactures E-I0-B TAX equipments. Another ITI
factory at MANKAPUR in GONDA (UP) produces annually 500,000 E-l 0B local
lines
EVOLUTION OF E-10B SYSTEM
The predecessor of E-10B is the E-10A system developed in France in early
Seventies. Based on the structure of E-10A, a more powerful\system with a
significantly higher call handling / traffic capacity was developed in early
80's. The first E-10system was commissioned at BREST in FRANCE. The
system has many versions. Tile INDIAN version is the 384 PCM versions
and can handle max traffic capacity of 4000 erlangs. The BHCA is 1,90,000.
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(c) TAX
Here, the system provides for termination of long distances circuits. Digital
Tax’s has a max capacity of 11,000 lines (o/g and I/g) in 384 versions.
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electromechanical systems, these functions are hardware based. In E-l0B,
these arc software based.
PCM Principles
Systems have been developed for 30 channels PCM corresponding to
Relevant CCITT recommendations.
Distributed control
Call handling and call processing functions like scanning of subscriber
lines, detection of loop status, reception and storage of digits etc. are
distributed over functional units. Dedicated processors like Intel 8085 and
dedicated mini computers like ELS-48 handle them.
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b. Switching networks
c. Control units
Connection Units
They act as an interface between external environment (i.e.
subscribers and trunks) and central units. Units, which manage the
generation and transmission of, digitalized tones and frequencies and
dissemination of recorded announcements to subscribers are also called
connection units.
Control Units
The control unit handles telephone call setup, supervision, clear down
and charging functions.
Specifications of E-10B:-
I. Number of switchable PCM links: 384
2. Processing capacity: 1,90,000 BHCA
3. Traffic handling capacity: 4000 erlangs
4. Subscriber exchange: 45,000 lines & 5000 circuits
SYSTEM FEATURES:-
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SUBSCRIBER LINE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Exchange:
1. Ambient temp of air drawn into racks: 18 - 20 deg C
2. Relative humidity: 30 - 70 %
Satellite exchange:
1. Ambient temp: 5 -35 deg C
2. Relative humidity: 20 - 80 %
DIMENSIONS OF E-10B:-
1. Rack dimension: height: 2 mt, width 0.75 mt, depth 0.5 mt, Distributive
floor loading, less than 500 kg/sq. mt
2. Floor area: 45,000 lines subscriber exchange = 154 sq. mt
11,000 lines subscriber exchange = 90 sq. mt
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A call is processed in the following four stages:
1) Pre-selection
2) Selection
3) Connection and charging
4) Release
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POWER PLANT SYSTEM:-
DEPARTMENT 3
SOURCES OF POWER:
Telecommunication services are to be provided uninterruptedly round the
clock and throughout the year. For any uninterrupted power supply
system, two sources are required. One is Normal or Main source “ and
another is “Secondary. By name we can define “Normal source is one
which supplies power to the load round the clock” and “secondary source
is one which supplies power to the load only during the absence of power
from normal source”.
Hence it is a must to convert AC from commercial mains to D.C.
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POWER PLANT
FLOAT
RECTIFIER
+
3- phase power R FLOAT
supply Y RECTIFIER 48V EXCHANGE
B
48V
BATTERY
CHARGER
The power plant is the plant from where the power is supplied to the whole of
exchange. It is a must for the proper functioning of the exchange. It has a tripping
panel connected at the start of main AC supply voltage i.e. volts. This three
phase is given to the floating rectifier which connects 415V supply to 50V DC
which is necessary for the working of equipment of the exchange.
BATTERY SYSTEM :-
In the 34 exchange there are five batteries which are use for two
exchanges.
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capacity of 1500 A.H. Each battery consists of 24 cells of 2.1 Volts
making the total voltage to 50.4 volts. All these batteries have been
designed for a load of 10 hours.
3. INVERTER
There are two inverters for the whole power plant. It is the device, which
converts DC signal of 52.8 volts into AC signal of 220 volts & 6 ampere.
Both of the exchanges have their own inverter & both the inverters are
of 6 KVA.
4. FLOAT RACTIFIER
The main function of the float rectifier is it converts AC signal of 415 into
DC signal of 52.8 volts. The float rectifier is connected in parallel to the AC
main or the battery when the AC main is “off”. In FETEX the output current
is 200 ampere & in E 10 B the output current is 600 ampere.
5. OUTPUT CABINET
It is the cabinet from which we take Output of the float rectifiers from here
we get 52.8 VDC & 2000 ADC.
7. GENERATORS
There are four sets of generators, two each for both the exchanges. At the
time of power failure one set works for each exchange & the other set is
stand by set. For FETEX the generators are of 270 KVA, 216KW, 375
ampere, 415 volts & the P.F. is 0.8 lagging. For E 10 B the generators are
of 225 KVA, 180 KW 312 ampere, 415 volts & the P.F. is 0.8 lagging.
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Check air filter & dust blow.
Clean engine surroundings.
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TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT 4
Introduction
The telecommunications network can transmit a variety of information, in two basic
forms, analog and digital. This information may be transmitted over a circuit/channel or
over a carrier system.
Where a circuit/channel is a transmission path for a single type of transmission service
(voice or data) and is generally referred to as the smallest subdivision of the network. A
carrier, on the other hand, is a transmission path in which one or more channels of
information are processed, converted to a suitable format and transported to the
destination.
Transmission System
To overcome the limitations of open wire lines and underground cables for providing
long distance communication speech circuits Carrier, Co-axial, Microwave, Satellite,
Optic Fibre systems are utilised.
Multiplexing Techniques
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Each channel is sampled at a specified rate and transmitted for a fixed duration. All
channels are sampled, one by one and transmitted. Normally, all the time durations are
equal. Each channel is assigned a time duration with a specific common repetition period.
The channels are connected to individual gates, which are opened one by one, in a fixed
sequence. At the receiving end also, similar gates are opened in unison with the gates at
the transmitting end.
The signal received at the receiving end will be in the form of discrete samples, which are
combined to reproduce the original signal. Thus, at a given instant of time, only one
channel is transmitted through the medium, and by sequential sampling, a number of
channels can be staggered in time, instead of transmitting all the channels at the same
time as in FDM systems.TDM Technique us used in Digital Transmission Systems and
Digital Switching Systems, where the discrete values of the codified signal are employed.
1. Ease of Multiplexing
2. Use of modern technology
3. Noise-immunity
4. Accommodation of Non-voice services
5. Ease of monitoring of performance
PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on the same
transmission medium, viz., underground cable pair or a channel provided by carrier,
coaxial or microwave system.
In PCM, discrete points of speech are sampled; the amplitudes of these points are
quantised and transmitted over a medium after suitable encoding. At the receiving end,
the message is decoded to get back the quantised signal for ultimate reconstruction of
original signal by passing it through low-pass filter.
To obtain PCM signal from several analogue signals, several processes like Filtering,
Sampling, Quantising, Encoding and Line Coding are required. By employing TDM
technique, 30 speech channels are combined to achieve a 30 chl PCM system that is
popularly known as a 2 Mb system. One PCM has 32 information channel of bit rate
64Kb/s. Out of 32 channel ,30 are the voice channels & 2 channels are used for
signaling & controlling.
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an Optical Fiber System, large bulk of information can be sent with very low
distortion.
BASIC FIBRE OPPTIC LINK
INFORMATION
TRANSMITTER CHANNEL RECIEVER
(MEDIUM)
*TRANSMITTER- It generates the messages & converts it into a form suitable for
transmission over the information channel, it basically converts electrical signal to
optical signals which is transmitted through fiber. Information travels from the
transmitter to the receiver over the information channel.
*INFORMATION CHANNEL- There is basically two types of information
channels:
Unguided channels:- atmosphere is an unguided channel over which waves can
propagate.
Guided channels:- these are those which guide the electromagnetic waves
through them. Two wire lines, coaxial cable & waveguide are examples of it.
Guided channels have the advantages of privacy, no weather dependence, and
the ability to convey messages within, under & around physical structures.
*RECEIVER- It receives the optical signals from the fiber & converts the same to
its electrical equivalent.
FIBER OPTICS- Optical fiber is a new medium, in which information (voice, data or
video) is transmitted through a glass or plastic fiber, in the form of light, following the
transmission sequences given below:
1. Information is encoded into electrical signals.
2. Electrical signals are converted into light signals.
3. Light travels down the fiber.
4. A detector changes the light signals into electrical signals.
5. Electrical signals are decoded into information.
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The following table gives the details about systems and their channel capacities.
Table
SYSTEM CAPACITY
8 Mb 120 Chl
34 Mb 480 Chl
140 Mb 1920 Chl
565 Mb 7680 Chl
SYSTEM CAPACITY
STM-1 (155.52 Mb) 1890 Chl
STM-4 (622.08 Mb) 7560 Chl
STM-16 (2488.32 Mb) 30240 Chl
STM-64 (9953.28 Mb) 120960 Chl
Introduction to SDH
It is an international standard networking principle and a multiplexing method.
The name of hierarchy has been taken from the multiplexing method which is
synchronous by nature. The evolution of this system will assist in improving the economy
of operability and reliability of a digital network.
Merits of SDH
(i) Simplified multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques.
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(ii) Direct access to lower speed tributaries, without need to
multiplex/demultiplex the entire high speed signal.
(iv) Easy growth to higher bit rates in step with evolution of transmission
technology.
Advantages
(i) Multi-vendor environment .
(iii) The telecoms need the ability to administer, surveil, provision, and control
the network from a central location.
(iv) Positioning the network for transport on new services: LAN to LAN,
HDTV, interactive multimedia, video conferencing.
2. Voice
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3. Interconnection of LAN
4. Computer links
S.D.H. Evolution
S.D.H. evolution is possible because of the following factors:
(i) Fiber Optic Bandwidth: The bandwidth in Optical Fiber can be increased and there
is no limit for it. This gives a great advantage for using SDH.
(ii) Technical Sophistication: Although, SDH circuitry is highly complicated, it is
possible to have such circuitry because of VLSI technique which is also very cost
effective.
(iii) Intelligence: The availability of cheaper memory opens new possibilities.
(iv) Customer Service Needs: The requirement of the customer with respect to
different bandwidth requirements could be easily met without much additional
equipment
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SDH USED AS ADM-4 RING:-
SECTOR 46 SECTOR 34
SECTOR 37
ADM-4 RING
A single pair of OPTICAL FIBREs is used for these connections. This is
advantageous as if a breakage occurs in any one of the links eg.in 46 & 37
connection then the Traffic which was to be transmitted from 46 to 37 would
now be transmitted from 46 to 34 & then to 37 i.e. Traffic would reach the
destination from the other side of the ring. Only SDH systems can be used in
ring configuration.
ORDER WIRE- It is very important & Essential feature provided with all kind of
Transmission systems.With the help of this, we can directly communicate at the other end
of Transmission System.This is normally used for communication with the other end
when Exchange failure occurs.
The figure shows a simplified Block diagram of the FOTS that comprises of
the following Sub-Systems.
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The following figure Explains the transmission of signal from One
Exchange ( END A) to other Exchange (END B) through 140 Mb/s PDH
Ssystem.
Let the transmission start from exchange A. Traffic is given from exchange
to the DDF at a signal rate of 2mbps.with the help of DDF has two sides,
Local & System. The Traffic transferred from exchange A are received at
the LOCAL side of DDF, further they are transferred to the SYSTEM side
by the interconnectivity b/w the two sides with the help of U-LINKS..The
system side wiring is directly extended to Transmission system. Ulinks are
simple connectors providing connectivity between local side & system side.
Now the Electrical signal of 2 Mb/s from Exchange is transmitted to the
Transmission system.
A Transmission system normally has a set of Multiplexing cards & OLT
card ( optical line termination card).
2.048 Mb/s
Primary
PCM Second
MUX Order
(30chnls) Third
MUX Order
( 120 Fourth
MUX
chnls) Order
( 480
MUX
chnls)
( 1920
chnls)
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OLT card has two output ports which are Trans port & Receive port.now
this 140Mb/s optical signal is transmitted to FDF with the help of patch
cords.
Patch cord is a piece of FIBRE having a connector at both ends.one end of
patch cord is connected with Ports of OLT card & other end connector is
terminated at one side of FDF.( Fibre Distribution frame)
All the Optical fibre coming from End B e.g. 6 Fibre cable is laid b/w End
A & End B, are terminated to second side of FDF.
The 6 Fibre OFC is laid underground. & provided in to Transmission room.
In transmission room it ,firstly enters in to the spare cable box where the
spare cable is kept in rolled position. Now this 6 fibre cable is given to
WSC ( Wall side closure) which is mounted on wall of transmission room.In
OFC all the 6 fibres are in bundled position. In WSC the coating of each
fibre is removed & each fibre is taken out & spliced with the naked end of
Pigtail. Pigtail is a piece of Fibre having connector only at one end. The
connector end of pigtail is terminated at FDF.Thus all the 6 Fibres are
terminated on FDF in above detailed manner.
The same arrangement is there at End B, to terminate all fibres on End B
FDF.
Now the 140Mb/s optical signal is transmitted through the OFC & received
at the Rx Port of OLT card of End B system now this optical signal is
converted in to 140Mb/s electrical signal with the help of Inbuilt Photo
detector in OLT. Now this signal is demultiplexed in to 34Mb/s & further
demultiplexed in to 8Mb/s then in to 2Mb/s. Now this 2 Mb/s signal is
given to system side of DDF& U link provides interconnectivity between
system side & Exchange & finally this 2Mb/s signal is received by the
Exchange of End B..Thus our End to End transmission of signal is complete.
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