1. Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reaction occur in plants to make chemical energy.

Explain how the inner membrane system of a chloroplast makes it well adapted for photosynthesis.
(5)
allows chlorophyll and other pigments to be arranged into photosystems;
provides large surface area for pigments;
increases efficiency of light harvesting;
allows electron carriers to be arranged appropriately;
provides structure for proton gradient for chemiosmosis;
anchors ATP synthase;
(b). Distinguish between: (2)
a cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
a cyclic photophosphorylation:
electron emitted by chlorophyll of photosystem I returns to chlorophyll by a series of carriers;

non-cyclic photophosphorylation:
electron emitted by chlorophyll of photosystem II does not return to that chlorophyll (but is absorbed
by photosystem I and electron emitted by photosystem I is absorbed by NADP); [2]

(c). Describe the roles of ATP and NADP in a Calvin cycle. (2)
ATP:
Energy source for reducing GP to GALP;

NADP:
hydrogen carrier to reduce GP into GALP;

a Draw a simple flow diagram of the Calvin cycle to show the relative positions in the cycle of the
following molecules:
[4]
CO 2 (1C)
GP/PGA (3C)
triose phosphate (3C)
RuBP (5C).
b Show the point in the cycle at which the enzyme rubisco is active.

2. Protein synthesis involves messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).
(a) Describe the role of mRNA in protein synthesis. (3)

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(b) A tRNA molecule is formed from the folding of a single strand of RNA. This determines the shape
of a tRNA molecule.

The diagram below shows a tRNA molecule attached to the amino acid tryptophan.
(i) Put a cross (x) in the box next to the type of bond labelled J. (1)

A glycosidic

B hydrogen

C peptide

D phosphodiester

(ii) Explain why it is important that this tRNA molecule can only attach to the amino acid tryptophan.

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(iii) Explain why some amino acids can attach to more than one type of tRNA molecule. (2)

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(iv) There are 64 possible mRNA codons.

Explain why there are fewer than 64 different anticodons. (2)

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(Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)