Classic Mnterlinear Translations COMMENTARIES OF CAESAR ON THE GALLIC WAR “The original text reduced to the natural English oxder WITH A LITERAL Interlinear Translation of the First Seven Books PHILADELPHIA DAVID McKAY COMPANY WASHINGTON SQUARE 1938CopynicuT, 1893, by ARTHUR HINDS & CO. Copynicnt, 1924, By HANDY BOOK CORP. PRINTED IN THE Unrrep STates oF AMERICAPREFACE In preparing the Classic Series of Interlinear Trans- lations the publishers have insisted upon a faithful ad- herence to two obvious essentials: the reduction of the original text to the natural order, and, as far as possible, a strictly literal version. In all cases, however, where the meaning as thus literally rendered is not sufficiently intelligible, explan- atory words or phrases have been added. It is hoped that the plan will be appreciated of in- serting all explanatory words and phrases, by means of brackets, in immediate conjunction with the text, thus obviating the annoyance and the serious loss of time that attend frequent reference to notes by numbered para- graphs in an appendix. The superiority is readily apparent of the interlinear over other translations, not only in the saving of time, but also for all purposes of careful study; making possible as well as convenient and easy, a correct solution of idi- oms, a quick insight into the sense, a facile and lucid re- arrangement of the context in the English order, and a practical comparison of both the similarities and the contrasts of construction.PRIMUS LIBER FIRST BOOK COMMENTARIORUM OF COMMENTARIES CAII JULII CASARIS, OF CAIUS JULIUS CA'SAR, DE on . GALLICO BELLO. GALLIC WAR. (Cwsar, inrnuarrating the war which he carried on in Gaul, frrt deseribee Gaul, then recounts two battles ugalast the Helvetians wid one agains: the Germans, 1. Omnis Gallia est divisa in tres partes: unam All Gaul is divided into three parts: one quarum Belge incdlunt; aliam Aquitani; —tertiam, Of which the Belga@ inhabit; another the Aquitani ; the third, qui lingua, ipsorum appellantur (those) who in (the) language of themselves are called Celt, nostra, Galli. Omnes hi différunt inter Celie, in ours, Gauls. All. these _— differ _ between se lingua, —_institutis, legibus. Flumen themselves inlanguage, institutions, (and) laws. The river2 DE BELLO GALLICO Garumna —dividit_Gallos ab Aquitanis, Garonne divides the Gauls Srom the Aquitant, Matrona et Sequina & Belgis. Belge sunt the Marae and Seine from the Belge. The Belge are fortissimi omnfum horum: propteréa qudd __absunt the bravest of all these: because that they are distant longissimd a cultu —_atque humanitate farthest from the cultivation and humanity (refinement) Provincie; que mercatores minimd smpe of the Province (Provence); and merchants least often comméant ad os, atque important &a, resort to them, and import those (things), que pertinent ad animos effeminandos. which appertain to minds to be effeminated (to effeminate Sunt _proximi Germanis, qui their minds), They are nearest to the Germani, who incdlunt trans Rhenum, cpm quibus — gérunt inhabit beyond the Rhine, with whom they carry-on bellum continenter: de qui caussh ~-Helvetii war continually: from which cause the Helvetié quéque precedunt reliquos Gallos_virtute ; also (go before (excel) remaining Gauls in valour qudd contendunt cum Germanis quotidianis proliia because they contend with the Germani im daily battles féré, quum aut —probibent. gos suis almost, when either they prohibit them from their own finibus, aut ipsi gérunt bellum in borders, or they (themselves) carry-on war in finibus ecorum. Una pars eorum, quam the borders of them. One part of them, ~— which dictum-est Gallos obtinere, capit initium a& it hasbeen said the Gauls to hold, takes beginning from flumine Rhodino; continctur flumine Garumni, river Rhone ; lis bounded by river Garoune, Oceino, fintbus _Belgarum; etiam attingit by the ocean, by the borders ofthe Belge: also it touchesLIBER I. 3 flamen Rhenum & Sequiinis et (feaches to) the river Rhine from the Sequani and Helvetiis; vergit ad Septentriones. the Helvetii; it inclines to _the seven-stars (the North). Belge oriuntur ab extremis finibus Gallia; The Belgians rise from the farthest borders of Gauls pertinent ad inferlorem partem —fluminis Rhoni; they reach to the lower — part of the river Rhine; spectant in Septentriones et. orientem —solem, they look unto the North and the rising = sun. Aquitania —_pertinet & flumine Garumn§ ad Aquitania reaches from the river Garonne to Pyrenzeos montes, et Zam partem —_Ocelii, the Pyrenean mountains, and that part of the ocean, que spectat ad Hispaniam, inter __oceasum which looks to Spain, | between the going-down Solis et Septentriones. of the sun (West) and = the North. 2, Orgetérix fit long’ nobilissimus et ditissimus Orgetoria was by far the most noble and richest Ts, Marco Messali et Marco He, Marcus Messala and Marcus Pisone _consulibus, inductus cupiditate _regni, ‘Piso (Being) consuls, induced by desire of the kingdom, fecit conjurationem —_nobilitatis; ob-_persuasib made aconspiracy of the nobilitys and persuaded civitati, ut exirent de stiis finibus to the state that they should go out from their-own borders cum omnibus copis: esse -—pperfacile, quum with all forces: tobe —_very-easy, when prestarent (imp. subj.) omnibus virtute, _potiri they did excel toall in valour, to gain imperio _totius Gallia. Persuasit id dis the empire of the whole Gaul. He persuaded that to them hoc facilits, qudd Helveti: continentur by this more easily, because the Helvetit are contained (hemmed& DE BELLO GALLICO. [3 uidique natura TWci; ex _unf parte, ‘u) on every side bythenature of theplace; out-of one part, latissimo atque altissimo flumine Rheno, by the widest (very wide) and deepest river Rhine, qui dividit Helvetium agrum — & ~~ Glermanis: which divides the Helvetiun land Srom the Germani: ex alttrd parte, _altissimo —rnonte. «= Juxd, vut-of the other part, by the highest mountain Jura, qui est inter Scquinos et Helvetios; which is between the Sequani and the Helvetii: (out of) tertia, Tica Lemano, et third (part), by lake Lemanus (the luke of Geneva), and. flumine Rhodino, qui dividit nostram provinctam by theriver Rhone, which divides our province ab Helvetiis. Fiebat (Provenee) from the Helvetit. It was made (it happened) his rebus, ut eb. vagarentur (imp. sub) minis by these things, that both they did rove less lat8 et possent (imp. sub.) minis facl8 — inferre widely and were able less easily to-bring-on bellum _ finitimis. De quA_ causs4 homines war to bordering (nations). From which cause men cupidi bellandi afficiebantur magno dolore. Autem desirous of warring were affected with great pain. But arbitrabantur se habere angustos fines, pro they did deem themselves to have narrow borders, for multitudine hominum et pro gloria belli atque the multitude of men and for the glory of war and fortitudinis; qui. _patebant ducenta ef of bravery; which did tie open (extend) two-hundred and quadraginta millia _passtium in longitudmem, centum forty thousands of paces into Tength, a hundred et octoginta in latitudiuem. and’ eighty into width, 8, Adducti his rebus, et permoti auctoritate Induced by these things, and eacited by the ruthority3) LIBER I. 's Orgetorigis, constituerunt comparare éa, of Oryetoriz, they determined to prepare _those (things) que pertinerent (imp. sub.) ad proficiscendum ; cotmére which did pertain to setting-out; tg duy up quim = maximum numérum as the greatest (the greatest possible) number jumentorum et carrorum; —facére quam of beasts uf burden and of waggons; to make as maximas sementes, ut copia frumenti suppetéret the greatest sowings, that plenty of corn might supply in itingre;_confirmare pacem et amicitiam cum in the journey; to confirm peace and friendship with proximis civitatibus. Duxerunt biennium the nearest states, ‘They led (thought) _ the space-of-two- esse sits, sbi ad %s ree years to be enough for themselves to those things conficiendas; confirmant _lege profectionea to beaccomplished; they confirm by'law (their) departure in tertium annum. Orgetdrix. deligitur ad uponitot) the third year, Orgetorie is chosen to gas res —conficiendas. Is suseepit —_—sibi those things tobe accomplished. He undertuok to himself legationem ad civitates. In 0 itindve persuadet un embassy to the states. In that journey he persuades Castico, filio Catamantaledis, Sequino, _piiter to Casticus, son to Catamantales, a Sequanian, the father cujus obtinuérat = regnum = in. Sequinis_multos of whom hud held the kingdom in the Sequani many annos, ef appellatus-érat amicus & Senatu que years, and hud been culled friend by the Senate and Romano popiilo, ut —occuparet. = regnum — in Roman peuple, that he should occupy the kingdom — in sith civitate, quod _—piiterant® habuérat: que his-own state, which (his) father before had had: and item _persuadet = AXdiio.-- Dumnorigi, _fratri likewise ‘he persuades to the Aiduan Dunmoriv, the brother6 DE BELLO GALLICO. [4 Divitifici, qui 0 tempire obtinebat principatum, Of Divitiaous, who in that time did hold sovereignty in sii civitate, ac rab maxim acceptus in his state,’ and was —ehiefly acceptable plebi, ut conaretur idem; to the common people. that he should attempt the same (thing); que dat stiam filiam in matrimonfum i. and gives his dauyhter into marriage to him Probat —illis—_ esse perfacile — factu He proves to them to be (that it was) very-easy to be done perficére conata, propteréa quid ips to effect (the things) attempted, because that (he) himself esset (imp. subj.) obtenturus imperium — site was about-to-hold (obtain) the empire of his civitatis: esse non dubium —quin state: to be (that it was) not doubtful but-that Helvetii —possent (imp. subj.) plurimum — totius the Helvetians were able most of all Gallia confirmat, se conciliaturum Gaul: he confirms (affirms), himself about-to-procure regna illis sitis copiis que _siio_exercitu. the kingdoms for them witn his stores aud with his army. Adducti hae —_oratione, dant inter se Anduced by this speech, they give between themselves, fidem ct —jusjurandum; — et regno faith and oath; and the kingdom (ruley occupato per tres potentissimos ac firzaissimos Weing occupied by three most powerful and most firm poptilos, sperant sese posse. —potiri_totius sruples, they hope themselves to be able to pospess of all Gailie, Gaul, 4 Ut % res enuntiatocst Helvetiis per When that thing was declared to the Helvetii by indicium, sitie moribus cofgerunt Orgetorigem dictre discovery, by their customs they forced Orgetorig tosay5] LIBER I. vinoiilis. ortebat (plead) (lis) cause from (in) Bonds, ‘It did behove penam séqui damatum, ut cremaretur prnishment to fallow (him) condenned, that he should be burnt igni. Die —_constituta dictionis causse, with fire. Intheday appointed of saying (pleading) of cause, Orgetérix cofgit_ omnem stiam familiam, ad d&cem Orgetorie collected all his household, to ten millia hominum, ad judicium; et thousands of men, tothe judgment (place of trial) ; and conduxit eddem omnes sitos clientes que he led-together to same place all his clients. «and oberatos, quorum habebat magnum nuniérum: Bond-men-for-debt, of whum he did have a great number: per éos, eriptit se ne-dicéreb. © caussam, ‘by them, he rescued himself that he might not say cause Quum civitas, incitata ob (from taking his trial): When the state, excited on-account-of' Zam rem, conaretur (imp. subj.) exéqui stium jus that thing, did endeavour toexecute its right armis, que magistratus —cogérent (imp. subj.) by arms, and the magistrates did collect multitudinem hominum ex agris, Orgetdrix mortiius-est; amultitude of men 2 ear tabla, Orgtors died; nique suspiclo Sbest/ ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin nor suspicion is absent, as-the Helvetii think, but-that ipse _conscivérit (perf. subj.) mortem —_sibi. himself committed death to himself. 5. Nihilominis post mortem ejus_ Helv Nevertheless after the death of him the Helvetié conantur factre id, quod _constituérant, ut endeavour todo that, which they had determined, that extant 3 sitis fintbus, Ubi jam arbitrati-sunt they may go-out from their borders. When now they deemed paratos-esse ad Zam rem, incendunt themselves to have been prepared to that thing, they set-fire-to8 DE BELLO @ALLICO. [6 omnia sia oppida, ad duodécim numéro, _vicos all their towns, to twelve in number, streets uadringentos, reliqua’ privat dificias ad (villages) to four-hundred, the remainizg private bui eomburunt omne frumentum, preter quod , rant they burnt-up all the corn, except (that) which they were portaturi cum se; ut, spe _—_reditionis about-to-carry with themselves; that, the hope of a return d3mum sublata, essent paratiores ad ome being taken-away, they might be more ready to omnia periciila subeunda: —jitbent_ ~— quemque ali ‘dangers to be undergone: tiey order each afferre démo stbi molita _cibaria trium tobring from home for himself ground provisions of (for) three mensium, Persuadent. —Ranracis, et. —Tulingis, months. They persuade to the Rauraci, and to the Tulingi, et Latobrigis, _finitimis, uti usi and tothe Latobrigi, neighbouring (people), that having used eodem —consilio, _sttis_oppidis que _vicis with the same counsel, their towas-— and villages exustis, _proficiseantur_ un cum fis: que being burnt up, they may depart together with them: and adsciseunt socios _sibi, —-Bofos, qui incoluérant they take-to allies to themselves, the Boti, who had dwelt trans Rhenum, e6 —_transitrant. «in Noricum deyond the Rhine, and had passed oner into the Norican agrum, que oppugnfrant Noricam, receptos ad land, and had assaulted —-Norica, received to se. themselves. 6. Erant omnino dito _itinéra, ious There were in-all two _—_journies (roads), by which itineribes ——_possent exire dimo; unum roads they might be able to go forth from home; one per Sequiinos angustum et difficile, inter montem through the Sequani narrow and dificult. between mountain8] LIBER L 9 Juram et lumen Rhodénum, _quo_singiili Jura and theriver ‘Rhone, by which single carri -vix. ducerentur; autem _altissimus wagons scarcely could be led; but the highest (a very mons impendebat, ut —_perpanci facil high) mountain did hang-over, that very few easily possent prohibere;altrum =——_ per nostram would be able to prohibit; the other through our rovineiam, multd facilius atque ex] veditius 5 Pp clam, P province, by-much more easy and more ready; propteréa quid inter fines, Helvetiorum et because that between the borders of the Helvetii and Allobrigum, qui nuper pacati-érant, of the Allobroges, who lately had been reduced to peace, Rhodanus flitit, que is nonnullis Jeeis transitur the Rhone flows, and that insome places is passed vido. Geneva est extremum oppidum _Allobrigum dy ford. Geneva is the farthest town of the Allobroges que proximum finibus Heelvetiorum; ex fo aN7 nearest. to the borders of the Helvetii ; from that oppido pons pertinet, ad Helvetios, Existimabant town abridge reaches” to the Helvetit. They did think sese vel _persuasuros_ Allobrogibus, _ quod themselves either about-to-persuade to the Allobroges, because viderentur (imp. subj.) nondum béno animo in they did seem not-yet with good mind towards Romanum popiilum; vel _coacturos vi, the Roman —_ people; or about-to-force by violencey ut paterentur_ os ire sitos fines. that they should suffer them to go through their borders. Omnibus rebus _comparatis ad profectionem, ‘All things being prepared to (their) departure, dicunt diem, qui die omnes _conveniant they say (appoint) a day inwhich day all may assemble ad ripam Rhodini. Is dies érat ante quintum ‘at the bank ofthe Rhone, That day was before the fifth @10 DE BELLO GALLICO 7 @iem kalendarum Aprilis; Lucio Pisone, day of the Kalends of April(27th March); Lucius Piso; Aulo Gabinio consulibus. Aulus Gabinius (being) consuls, 7. Quam id nuntiatum-esset (pl. perf. subj.) Cesiri, When that — had been told to Cesar, 0s condi factre iter per nostram them to endeavour to make a journey through our Provinciam, maturat proficisci ab urbe, _—et. Province, he hastens to depart from the city, and contendit in ulteriorem Galliam itinerfbus quam strains (marches) into farther Gaul by journies as maximis potest, ef pervnit ad Genevam. Impérat greatest hecan, and arrives at Geneva, He orders toti provincia quam maximum fo the whole province (to furnish) as greatest (the greatest numérum militum. Una legio &rat omnino portible) number of soldiers, One legion was in-all in olteriore Gallia. _Jtibet —pontem, qui érat in farther Gaul, He orders the bridge, which was aa Genevam, _rescindi. Ubi Helvetii_facti-sunt at Geneva, to be cut down, When the Helvetii were made certiores de adventu qjus, mittunt nobilissimos more certain of the arrival of him, they send the noblest civitatis legatos ad gum; —cujus_legationis Of the state (as) ambassudors to him; of which embassy Numeius et Verodoctius obtinebant principem lécum : Numeius and Verodoctius did hold the chief’ place: qui dicérent esse sibi_ in animo, who should say to be to themselves in mind (that they sine ullo maleficio facére iter er P intended), without any mischief to make a journey through provine‘am, propteréa quad _haberent (imp. subj.) nulluru the province, because that they did have no slitd —tter: —rogare, ut _—_Hiotat stoi. other journey (route): to ask, that it may be-lauful tothemselna8] LIBER I. ul facére id voluntate ejus. Cesar, qudd tenebat todo that by the will of him. Caesar, because he did hold memoria, Imcium Casstum constilem occisum, que inmemory, Lucius Cassius the consul being slain, and exercitum ejus pulsum ab Helvetiis, et missum the army of him driven (routed) by the Helvetii, and sent sub jiigum, putabat non concedendum ; néque under the yoke, did think (it) not to be conceded; nor existimabat homines _inimico —animo, facultate did he think men with unfriendly — mind, —_ liberty itinris faciundi —per_—provinciam = —_— data, of journey tobe made through the province being given, temperaturos ab injurid et maleficio: timen ut about-to-refrain from injury and mischief: however that spatium _posset -—intereedére, dum _milites, @ space might be able to intervene, whilst _ the soldiers, quos imperavérat, convenirent, respondit, _ se whom he had ordered, might assemble, he replied, himself sumpturum diem ad deliberandum; si about-to-take aday(time) to —adeliberate ; Pa vellent (imp, subj.) quid reverterentur ad. they did will ‘any-thing they might return at idus Aprilis. the ides of April. 8. Interéa #4 —legione, quam _habebat Meanwhile with that —_ legion, which he did have cum se que _militibus qui convenérant. ex with himself and with the soldiers who had assembled from provincid, * perducit © murum in _altitudinem the province, he leads-along a wall into height sexdécim pédum, que fossam & acu Lemano, of sizteen feet, and atrenck from the lake Lemanus, quem flumen Rhodinum infliit, ad montem Juram, which the river Rhone flows-into, to. mountain Jura, qui dividit fines © Sequanorum ab Helvetii which divides the borders of o Sequani from the Helvetii, @1a DE BELLO GALLICO. [9 décem ‘et ndvem millia pastium. Eo opére ten and nine (nineteen) thousands of paces. That work perfecto, disponit preesida, comrunit castella, ceiny completed, he disposes garrisons, he forties castles qud posset; prohibere —facilius, si that he might be able to prevent more easily, if conarentur transire, se invito. they should endeavour to puss over, himself (being) unwilling. Ubi %a dies venit, quam — constitnérat cum When that day came, which he had appointed with legatis, et —legati —_—reverterunt ad gum; the ambassadors, and the ambassadors returned to him; négat more eb exemplo Romani hedenies himself, by the custom and enample of the Roman popiili, posse dire iter per _provinciam ulli; people, to beable to give a journey through the province to any: et ostendit prohibiturum, si conentur (pres. and “shows (himseif) about to prohibit, if they attempt subj.) facére vim. — Helvetii, dejecti to make violence. The Helvetii cast down from that spe, alii, navYbus junctis, que compluribus ope, others (some), ships being joined, and a great-many ratibus factis, alii. vidis = Rhodani, qua rafts being made, others by fords of the Rhone, where minima altitudo fluminis rat, nonnunquam —interdiu, least depth of river was, sometimes in day-time, spits _noctu, conati si possent (imp. more often by night, having endeavoured if they were able subj.) perrumpére, repulsi munitione to break through, repulsed by the fortificntion opéris, et conenrsu et telis of the work, and by the encounter -and = weapons. militum, destiterunt hoe conatu. of the soldiers, they desisted from this endeavour. 9. Una via per Sequiinos__—_relinquebatur; One way through the Sequani was lefts94 LIBER I. 13 qui, Sequinis invitis, _potérant non by which, the Sequani (being) unwilling, they were able not ire propter angustias. Quum _ possent (imp. togo on-account-of the defiles. | When they were able sabj.) non persuadere iis sia sponte, not to persuade to them by their-own accord, mittunt —Iegatos. «= ad. Lumnorigem 9 Ediium, they send ambassadors to = Dumnoriz —_—the iduan, ut, % deprecatore, impetrarent hoe 8 that, he (being) intercessor, they might obtain this from Sequinis. Dumnérix potérat plurimum the Sequani. Dumnorie was able — most (had very great in- Apud Sequiinos__gratii et_—largitione, et fluence) with the Sequani by favour and by largess, and grat amicus —-Helvetiis, © quod duxérat_ in was friendly _ to the Helvetii, because he had led into matrimonium filam Orgetorigis ex &A_civitate; marriage the daughter of Orgetoriz out-of that state; et adductus cupiditate __regni, —_studebat-—_ndvis ant induced by adesire of (for) power, he did study for new rebus et volebat habere quamplurimas things (revolution); and did will to have very-many civitates obstrictas sitio beneficio _sibi. Ttaque states bound —by-his benefit to himself. Therefore suscipit rem, et impétrat & Sequinis, he undertakes the thing, and obtains from the Sequant, ut patiantur Helvetios ire per sitios that they may suffer the Helvetii. togo through their fines, que perficit tf dent obsides _inter borders, and effects that they may give hostages between sese 5 Sequini ne prohibéant themselves; theSequani lest they may prohibit (that they Helvetios itinére ; Helvetii, may not prohibit) the Helvetii from the journey ; the Helvetii, ut —_transéant — sine maleficio. et injuria. that they may pass without mischief and injury.4 DE BELLO GALLICO. Ho 10, Nuntiatur Ceestiri, esse Helvetiis. in It isannounced to Cesar, tobe tothe Helvetii in animo, factre iter per agrum mind, to make the journey through the land Sequanorum et «= Aduorum — in fines Of the Sequant and of the Aidui into the borders Santdnum, qui absunt ~~ non longt 8 Of the Santones, who are distant not far _from finibus —Tolosatium, Si id fiéret If that should be done que civitas est in provincia. borders of the Tolosates, which state is in the province. intelligebat fataram he did understand (it) about-to-be cum magno periciilo provinci, - ut __haberet with “great “danger ofthe province, that itshould have bellicosos homines, inimicos © Romani _popitli, warlike men, enemies of the Roman _people, finitimos Beis patentibus et. «= maxim’ bordering _to places open and chiefly frumentariis. Ob &as caussas _preefecit abounding-in-corn. On-account-of those causes he set-over Titum Labienum legatum Titus Labieaus lieutenant ipse : he (himself) Italiam —magnis © itinerybus &% munition’ quam tothat fortification which contendit strained (hastened) ii in ‘into conscribit diias que Italy by great journies and, there he levies two legiones; et — educit ex hibernis _ tres, legions ; and he leads-out out-of’ winter-quarters three, que —hiemabant circum et qua which did winter around and by which iter rat proximum in citeriorem Galliam (way) thejourney was ~ nearest into hither Gaul per Alpes, _contendit ire cum his through the Alps, he strains (hastens) to go with these quingue legionibus, five, Tegions, Ibi Centrones et Garocéli, There the Centrones and the Garoceli,11j LIBER I. 1b et Caturiges, superioribus —lécis occupatis, and the Caturiges, the higher places being occupied, conantur prohibere exercitum itinére. His endeavour to prokibit the army from thejouruey, These pulsis compluribus-prailii, _pervenit_ «ab being routed in several battles, he arrived from Océlo, quod est extremum citerioris_provinctee, ‘Ocelum, which is the extreme (town) of the hither province, in fines. ~—-Vocontiorum —_ulterioris__provincise nto the borders of the Vocontii of the farther province septimo die; inde in fines Allobrégum ; inthe seventh day; thence into the borders of the Allobroges ; ducit exercitum ab Allobrogibus in Segusianos. le leads the army from the Allobroges into the Segusiant. Hi sunt primi extra provincisin trans Rhodinum. These are the first without the province beyond the Rhone. Ll. Helvetii jam —transduxérant iia copias ‘The Helvetii already had led-over their forces per angustias «et —_fines Sequanorum et through the defiles and borders of the Sequant and pervenérant = in fines Hduorum, — que had arrived into the borders of the Aidui, and populabantur —_agros —eorum. Haiti, quum did lay waste the lands of them. ‘The dui when possent (imp. subj.) non defendére se que they were able not todefend themselves’ and. sita ab his, mittunt —degatos._— ad their-own (effects) from these, send ambassadors to Cesirem rogatum auxilium; “se omm_icmpére’ Cesar to ask aid ; “themselves inall time meritos-esse ita de Romano popiilo, ut, to have deserved so ofthe Roman people, __— that, spent conspectu nostri. exercitfis, Agri almost in sight of our army, (their) lands debuérint (perf. subj.) non vastari, liberi ought ‘wot to be'laid-waste, the children16 DE BELLO GALLICO. [12 eorum abduci in servitutem, = “oppida of them to beled away into slavery, the towns ugnari.”” Eodem tempire, 40, ° be takes by-storm: ” In the same tee in bhiok Zatti, — Ambarri quéque, necessarii et consanguingi the Aide, the Ambarri also, friends and —_—ikinsmen duorum, faciunt Cestrem certiorem, Of the dui, make Cesar more certain (inform Cesar), “sese, —aagris. depopulatis, non facilé prohibere “*themseloes the lands Being depopulated, not easity to prohibit hostium ab oppidis.” Item the Salece of the enemies from the towns.” Likewise Allobriges, qui habebant —_vicos que the Allobroges, who did have streets (villages) and possessiones trans Rhodinum, recipiunt se _fligd ‘possessions beyond the Rhone, betake themselves in flight ad Ceesirem; et demonstrant, nihil _ reliqui to Cesar; and show, nothing of rematning( property) esse sibi_ praetor sdlum agri. —Adductus tobe to themselves beside thesoil of the land. Induced quibus rebus, Cesar statiiit non expectandum by which things, Cesar resoloed not _—_ to be waited sibi, dum, omnibus to (by) himseff (that he ought not to wait), until, ak fortunis ° sociorum consumptis, Helvetii the fortunes of the allies. being consumed, _the Helvetié pervenirent in Santdnes. should arrive into the Santones, 12. Arar est flumen, quod inflitit in The Arar (the Saone) is ariver, which flows into Rhodinum incredibili _lenitate fines the Rhone with incredible smoothness tidough the borders ZEduorum et Sequanorum; ita ut possi of the Aidui and of the Sequani; so ae ‘it may be able non judicari ocilis in partem ‘not tbe fudged by the eyes into whether gf tho-too pert12] LIBER I. 17 fliiat, Helvetii transibant id, ratibus ac it flows. The Helvetii did pass-over that, rafts and lintribus junctis. Ubi Cresar factus-est —certior Boats being joined, When Casar was made more certain per exploratores, Helvetios jam _transduxisse by scouts, the Helvetii already to have-led-over id flumen tres partes copiarum, verd quartam that river three parts of (their) forces, but the fourth partem esse reliquam citra lumen Ardrim 5 part tobe remaining on-this-side the river Arar (Saone); de | tertia. vigil’ profectus from (at) the third — watch (midnight) having set-out from castris cum tribus legionybus pervénit ad éam the camps with three legions he arrives to that partem, quae nondum transiérat flumen. part, which not-yet had passed the river. Aggressus éos impeditos et _—_inopinantes Having attacked — them encumbered and unaware concidit magnam partém eorum; —_reliqui he cut-up (slew) a@great part -— of them; —_—the rest mandarunt —_sese faigee atque abdiderunt in committed themselves to flight and hid (themselves) into proximas silvas, Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus : the nearest woods. That district was called the Tigurine: nam omnis Helvetia civitas _divisa-est in for all the Helvetian state has been divided into quattior —_pagos. Hic = unus agus, quum four districts. This one listrict, when exisset (pl. perf. subj.) démo, memorid, it had gone-out from home, in the memory nostrorum patrum, interfecérat ~Lucium —Cassium_ of our fathers, ~—shad slain © Lucius’ © Cassius Consiilem, et mistrat exercitum —ejus._— sub the Consul, and had sent the army of him under jigam. Ita sive casu, sive _consilio ite yoke, Thus whether by chant, or by the counsel e18 DE BELLO GALLICO. Ts immortalium Deorum, pars Helvetiee —civitatis, of the immortal Gods, the part of the Helvetian stute, que intulérat insignem calamitatem Romano which had brought-on a remarkable calamity to the Roman popilo, & princess persolvit ponas. In qua people, that chief (frst) paid penalties. In. which re Crsar ultus-est non solim -publicas sed etiam thing Cesar avenged not only public but also privatas injurias; quod Tigurini __ interfecdrant private injuries; Because the ‘Tigurini had slain Lucium Pisonem —_legatum, avam . Luci Lucius Piso the lieutenant, grandfather of Lucius Pisonis soci ejus, eodem —_preelio, Piso. , ather-in-law of hin (Casax), énthe same battle, quo Casstum.’ én which (they slew) Cassius. 13. Hoe preelio facto, ut posset This battle being made, that _—_—he might be able conséqui reliquas copias Helvetiorum, ——_curat to reach the remaining forces of the Helvetit, he takes-care pontem faciendum in rare, atque ita transducit abridge tobe made in the Arar, and so leads-over exercitum. Helvetii commoti _repentino adveniu the army. The Helvetii moved _by the sudden arrival ejus, quam intelligérent (imp. subj.) illum of him, — when they did understand him - fecisse uno die. id, quod ipsi tohave done inone day that, which _ themselves confecérant egerrim’ —viginti.—diebus, ut had accomplished most-hardly in twenty days, _—_—that transirent flumen, —mittunt legatos ad they might pass the river, send ambassadors — to um; —cujus _legationis Divieo fuit prineeps, qui hin; of which embussy —Divice was " chief. who fuérat dux Helvetiorum Cassiano hello., bad been leader == of the Helvetii in the Cassian war13] LIBER 1. 19 Is ita egit cum Cesire; “si Romanus He thus acted (treated) with Casar; “if the Roman popiilus facéret pacem cum Helvetiis, _ Helvetios ment would make ‘peace with the Helvetit, the Helvetii in am partem, atque faturos aint to-go (would go) into that — part,” and about-to-oe ibi, ubi Cesar constituisset atque there, where Cesar might have appointed and voluisset esse; Sin. perseveraret might have willed (them) tobe; but if he should persevere perséqui bello, reminisceretur vetéris to pursue with war, “he should remember of the old incommddi Romani —popiili, et inconvenience (misfortune) of the Roman people, and pristinze virtutis --Helvetiorum : quod of the ancient valour of the Helvetié because adortus-esset (pl. perf. subj.) improvisd unum pagum, he had eee e pe unexpectedly one districts quum ii, qui transfssent (pl. perf. subj.) lumen, when those, who had passed the river, possent (imp. subj.) non ferre auxilium sitis; were able not to bring aid to their (men); tribuéret. ne aut magnopére site virtuti he should assign not either greatly to his valour ob am rem, aut —despictret —_ipsos. on-account-of that thing or should despise themselves. Se ita —_—didicisse 4 stis patzibus Themselues so to have learned from their fathers que majoribus, ut contendérent miigis and ancestors, that ~—_—they should contend — more virtute quam niterentur ddlo, aut by valour than they should strive by deceit, or insidiis. Quare committéret ne, ut with ambushes. Wherefore he should commit not, that is Weus, —tibi_~—constitissent (pl. perf. subj. that - place, where sositinent perf. subj.)20 DE BELLO GALLICO. (14 capéret nomen ex calamitate Romani should take (its) name from the calamity of the Roman popili, et internecione exercitis, ac people, and the destruction of the army, and prodéret memoriam. should deliver (hand down) the memory (of it). 14, Cesar respondit ita his; “<% Cesar answered thus to these (words); “therefore minus dubitationiis dari sibi, quod less of doubt. ~—tobe given to himself, because teneret (imp. subj.) gas res. ~~ memorif, —quas. Ihe did hold those things inmemory, which Helvetii legati commemorissent (pl. perf. the Helvetian ambassadors had mentioned, subj.), atque ferre & gravius, quo and tobear by that more heavily, by which accidissent (pl. perf. subj.) minis _ merito (because) they had befallen less by the merit Romani popiili, qui si__fuisset (pl. perf. subj.) of the Roman people, which if it had been conscius sibi_. alicujus injurie, —fuisse non conscious to itself of some injury, to have been not difficile cavere; sed _deceptum_ = éo,_-—quod dificult to beware but being deceived in this, because néque _intellig&ret (imp. subj.) conimissum neither it did understand (fault) committed ase, pare timeret; n&que —_putaret by itself, wherefore it should fear; nor —_ did it think (imp. subj.) timendum sine aussi. = Qudd_ si tobe feared without cause, But if vellet (imp. subj.) oblivisci _vetéris__contumelize, he did wilt to forget of the ancient insult, num — etiam posset deponére memoriam whether also would he be able to lay-down the memory recentium injuriarum, quod, 0 invito, Of fresh injuries, that, he (being) unwilling,14] LIBER I. 2 tentissent (pl. perf. subj.) iter per Provinciam they had attempted @ journey through the Province per vim, qudd _ vexissent (pl. perf. subj.) dios, by violence, that they had harassed the Aidui, quid Ambarros, quod Allobréges ? Quod that the Ambarri, that the Allobroges ? That gloriarentur (imp. subj.) tam insolenter sti victoria 5 they did boast 30 insolently in their victory : que qudd admirarentur se tulisse _injurias und that they did wonder himself to have borne the injuries impunt tam diu, —pertinere—_eddem. with-impunity so long, to pertain 0 the same (point). Enim immortales Déos consuésse, For the immortal Gods to have been accustomed, qud homines doléant_—__ gravis ex in-order-that men may grievé- more heavily frm commutatione rerum, quos _vélint aleised the change of things, whom they may wish to pun: jh pro scelére eorum, interdum — concedére for the wickedness of them, sometimes to grant secundiores res his, et diuturniorem more prosperous things to these, and —_-more-lasting impunitatem. Cim ta sint (pres. subj.) impunity. When (since) those (things) are ita, timen si obsides dentur sibi ab fis, go, yet if hostages may be given to himself by them, ae intelligat facturos ta that he may understand (them) about-to-do those (things) que —_polliceantur (pres. subj.); et si satisfaciant which they promise; and if they may satisfy Baiiis de injuriis, quas to the Hdut concerning _the injuries, which intulérint (perf. subj.) ipsis que —_sociis they have brought-on to themselves and to the allies eorum, jtem si Allobrogibus, sese esse of them, —Tikewise if to the Allobrages, himself to be22 DE BELLO GALLICO. {15 facturum pacem cum iis.” —Divico respondit : about-to-make peace with them.” Divico answered: “Helvetios institutosesse ita A majoribus, “‘the Helvetii to have been instructed so by (their) ancestors, ti. —__consuevérint (perf, subj.) accipére, non dire that they have been accustomed to receive, not to give ebsides; Romanum popiilum esse testem ejus rei.” hostages; the Roman “people to be witness of that thing? Hoc responso dato, discessit. Thie answer being given, he devarted, 15. Postéro die mévent _castra ex é0 On the following day they move the camps from that Weo. Cesar ficit idem; que —_premittit place, Casar does the same: and _sends-forward omnem equitatum ad numérum quatitor uillium, all the cavalry to the number of four thousands, quem _habebat coactum ex omni __ provinclé, which hedid have collected from all the province, et Edis atque soclis eorum 5 and fromthe Hidui and —_from the allies of them qui vidéant in quas partes hostes _—faciant who may see into what parts the enemies may make iter: qui, —_insecuti cupidits (their) journey: who, having followed-up .more (too) eagerly novissimum agmen, committunt prelium the last troop (the rear), Join battle cum equitatu Helvetiorum _alieno with the cavalry of the Helvetii_ in strange (unfavourable)’ Beo, et pauci de nostris cidunt. Quo place, and ‘afew of our(men) fall. ‘By whick prelio Helvetii sublati, _qudd —_quingentis battle the Helvetii being elated, because with. five-hundred equitibus -—propulérant = —tantam —multitudinem horsemen they hadrepulsed —_so-great_ —a@ multitude equltam, —carperunt__subsistlre audacits ; semen, began, —to withstand —_— more boldly ,16} LIBER I 23 nonnunquam ex novissimo agmine lacesstre sometimes out-of the lust troop (therear) to challenge pralio —_nostros. Cesar continebat_stios with battle our (men). Casar did withhold his (men) A prelio, ~ac_—_—habebat sitis in from battle, and did have (thought it) enough in presenti, prohibere hhostem presentuess (for the present), to prohibit the enemy rapinis, __pabulationibus, que —_populationibus. from rapines, from foragings, and _ from wastings. Ita cireiter quindécim dies fecerunt _iter, So about fifteen days they made _the journey, iif inter novissimum agmen _hostium et that between the last troop of the enemies and nostrum primum, non amplits quinis aut our first (van), not more (than) five oF senis milltbus passitum —_interesset. (than) sie thousands of paces _ might intervene. 16. Intérim Ceesar quotidie flagi- Meanwhile Cesar (began) daily to demand= tare Ediios frumentum, quod _pol- earnestly from the Aidui the corn, which_—they liciti-essent (pl. perf. subj.) abhi: Nam _propter had promised ublicly. For — on-account-of frigira = (qudd Gata posita est: sub the colds (because Gaul == ts situated towards Septentrionfbus (p.), ut _dictum-est _ant®,) non the North, as has been said before,) not miédd fromenta grant nen matura in agris sed only the corns were not ripe in the lands but ne quidem sitis magna copia, _pabiili not indeed (even) sufficiently great plenty, of forage suppetebat, Autem potérat minds uti —_&o was supplied. But hewasable less to use with that frumento, quod _ subvexérat navibus _flumine| corn, which he had-carried-up in ships by the riverat DE BELLO GALLICO. [16 Arire, propteréa quod —_Helvetii avertérant ‘Arar, becuse that —_the Helvelii had turned-away iter = abs Ardire, © quibus_—_nolebat the journey from the Arar, from which he was unwilling discedére. Fediii ducére to depart, The Hdui " (began) to leod (to put off) a@iem ex die, dictre conferri, day from (atter) day, to aay (tne corn) to bebrought-together, comportari, adesse. Ubi _ intellexit to be conveyed, to be-present (at hand). When he understood duci diutits, et diem instare, himeelf tobeled(put-off) longer, and theday to urge-on quo die_—_oporteret metiri (drew near), in which day if would behove to measure-o1t frumentum militibus ; principibus eorwn, corn to the soldiers; the chiefs of thn convocatis, quorum habebat = magnun being called tugether, of whom he did have a grews numérum in castris, in his Divitiieo number in the camps, in (among) these Divitiacus et Lisco, qui praeérat summo —_magistratiii and Liscus, who was-over the highest — magistracy (quem Aditi appellant Vergobretum, qui creatur (whom the Hidui name —-Vergobretus, who is creuted anniius que hibet potestatem vite que _nécis annual and has the power of life and of deuth in _stios), aceusat os_—graviter, over his-own (people)), he accuses them heavily, quod quum __posset (imp. subj.) néyne emi, because when it was able neither to be bought, néque sui ex agri, = tempore tam nor tobetaken from the lands, tn atime — so necesserio, hostibus tam. propingnis, necessnry, the enemies (being) so \ neur, sublevetur (pres. subj.) non ab sis; preesertim quum, he is succoured not by dhem; especially when,17} LIBER 4: 25 ex magni parte adductus precibus eorum from great part induced _ by the prayers of them suscepérit (perf. subj.) della: queritur — etiam. ie has undertaken the war: he complains also multd _—_gravits destitutus-sit (pert, subj, symuad the mors hunoily Vat he hasbeen lat dentStorct ty, 17. Tum demum Liscus adductus oratione Then at-last Liscus induced _—by the speech Cesiris, proponit quod anté —tacuérat: of Cesar, sets-forth (that) which before he had kept-silent : esse nonnullos, —auctoritas quorum tobe (that there are) some, the authority of whom valéat (pres. subj.) plurimtm apud —_plebem, avails ‘most (very much) ith common~people, qui privati possint (res. subj.) plus who (being) Pave (persons) can ( more quim —_magistratus ipsi, ca seditiosA than the mayistrates themselves, these _by seditious et imprdbi oratione deterrere multitudinem ne and — wicked speech to deter the multitude lest conférant frumentum; qudd — dicant they may bring-together the corn; because _ they say (pres. subj.) preestar jam possint Ho excel (to be better), } Now they may be able non _obtinere principatum, Gallic, —_perferre not toobtain the sovereignty of Gawd, _—to endure imperia Gallorum quam Romanorum; céque the commands of the Gauls than of the Romans; nor debéant (pres. subj.) dubitare _quin, si Romani ought they to doubt but-that, if the Romans superavérint “Teton sint (pres. subj.) shall have overcome the Helvetii, they are erepturi ibertatem. Editi una about to suatch-away liberty — from the Aidui together cum reliqua Gallia: ab —_tisdem nostra with remaining Gaul: by the same (persons) our26 DE BELLO GALLICO. {1s consilia, quinque —_gerantur (pres. subj. in castris, counsels, whatsoever are carried-on in the camps, enuntiari hostibus hos posse non to be announced to the enemies; these to be able (could) not cogrceri a se: quin-etiam, _qudd tobe restrained by himself: ‘moreover, because enuntifrit (perf. subj.) rem —necessarid Crest, he told the thing necessurily to Casar, sese intelligtre cum —_quanto_periciilo himself tounderstand with how-great_ © danyer fecint (perf. subj.) id; et ob am —_caussam he has done it; and for that — cause tacuisse quamaiu potuérit. (perf. subj.) to have kept-silence as-long-as he could, 18. Cesar sentiebat © Dummorigem _fratrem Cesar — did perceive Dumnoriz the brother Divitiaci designari hac oratione Lisi; Of Divitiacus to be marked-out by this speech of Liscus + sed, quod nolebat éas res jactari but, because he did-not-will those things to be tossed pluribus presentibus, dimittit (debated) more (being) present, he dismisses concilium, —_retinet. = Liscum: queerit ex the council, he retains Liscus: he seeks. from (him) solo éa, ue dixérat_~— in conventu. alone those (things), which he had said in the assembly. Dicit liberids, atque audacits. Reperit He speaks — more-freely, and —-more-boldly. He finds eidem. esse vera ab aliis — secretd. the same (things) tobe true from others apart, Dumnorigem ipsum esse summa andacii, Dumnoria himself tobe with (ofthe highest boldness, magni gratia Spud plebem propter inyreat favour with the common-people on-account-of liberalitatem, cupidum novarum rerum; (hie) liberality, desirous of new things (revolution) ;18} LIBER I. 27 habere portoria que omnia —_reliqua to have the cuatoms-duties and all ~—the remaining vectigelia Aiduorum complures_ anos redempta taxes of the dui many years purchased parvo _ protic; propteréa qudd, ille licente, nemo foragmall price; because that, he bidding, no-one audéat (pres. subj.) liceri contr s his rebus dares to bid against (him); by these things auxisse stam familiarem rem, et et both fo have increased his Samily estate, an¢ comparisse magnas facultates ad largiendum to have procured —_ great means to estow = semper alére magnum numérum — equitatds always to maintain a great number of cavalry stio sumptu, et —habere circum at hisown — eapense, and —to have (them) — around. se: néque —_—posse largiter soli. himself: nor to be able (fo bestow) largely only ddmi, sed etiam tpud finitimas civitates; atque at home, but also with the bordering states; ani caussi hujus potenti, —_—_collociisse dy reason of this power, —to have placed (given in matrem in Biturigibus, homini_illle marriage) (his) mother in the Bituriges, to aman there nobilissimo et potentissimo; ipsum habere uxorem ‘most-noble and most-powerful; himself to have a wife ex Helvetiis collocdsse sororem. ex out-of the Helvetii: to have placed asister_ out-of matre, et sitas propinquas = nuptum in alias mother, and his kinswomen to be married into other civitates: favere et cupére Helvetiis states: to favour and todesire(wish well) to the Helvetit propter éam affinitatem: —_ etiam. odisse on-account-of that —_ alliance : also to have hated Crsirem et Romanos stio nomine, Cesar and the Romane from his-own name (account),at DE BELLO GALLICO. [19 add. jotentia == ejus diminuta-sit (perf. subj. taeause dhe power of hin has been eon 3) adventu eorum, et Divititicus — frater restitutus by the arrival of them, and Divitiacus (his) brother restored in antiqaum lécum gratise | atque ‘honoris: si into the aucient pluce of favour and of honour: if quid accidat Romaris, —-venire in ny (thing) may happen to the Romans, to come _into summam spem ___regni obtinendi per the highest hope of the kingdom to be obtained through Helvetios 5 imperio Romani _popiili, non the Helvetii ; (under) the empire of the Roman people, not médd desperare de _regno, sed etiam de & only to despair of the kingdom, but also of that gratia quam habéat. (pres. subj.) Caisar etiam reperiebat favour which he has. Cesar also did find inquirendo, qudd adversum praelium equestre (adj.) by inquiring, that the adverse battle of cavalry factum-esset (plup. subj.) paucis—dicbus_-—_ant’, had been made inafew days —before, initium ejus ftige — factum-esse & Dumnorige the beginning of that flight to have been made by Dumnoriz atque — equitibus ejus, (nam Dumnérix praérat and by the horsemen of him, (for Dumnorie was-over equitatti, quem Editi misérant (commanded) to the cavalry, which the Aidui had sent auxilio Cesiri;) que ftigi — eorum _—_reliquum for aid to Cesar ;) and oy the flight of them the remaining equitatum _perterritum-esse. cavalry —_to have been dismayed. 19. Quibus rebus _cognitis, quum certissime: Which things being known, when surest res _accedérent (imp. subj.) ad has —suspiciones ; things did accede (confirmed) to these —_suspicions ; quod —traduxisset (pl. perf. subj.) Helvetios _per because he (Dumnorix) had led-over the Helvetii throuch19] LIBER 1. 29 fines Sequanorum; _qudd curdsset the borders of the Sequani; because —_he had taken-care (pl. perf. subj.) obsides dandos inter os: qudd hostages tobe given between them: because fecisset (pl. perf. subj.) omnia da non mod) he had done all those (things) not only injussa sito et _civitatis, sed etiam without-order his (of him) and of the state, but also ipsis inscientibus; qudd —_accusaretur (Imp. subj.) themseloes not-kuowing ; because he was accused & —magistratu _Aduoram; _arbitrabatur satis by the magistrate ofthe Haui; he(Cwsar) did deem enough cause esse quare, aut —_ipse__animadvertéret of cause tobe wherefore, either himself should animadvert in gum, aut juberet civitatem animadvertére. (punish) upon him, or should order the state to punish (him). Unum repugnabat omnibus his, qudd cognovérat One (thing) did oppose to all these, that he had known summum — studjum fratris Divitiiei in the highest zeal of (his) brother Diivitiucus_ unto Romanum popiilum, summam voluntatem in se, the Roman people, (his) highest good-will unto h'mself, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam. Nam (his) preeminent faith, justice, temperance. For verebatur, ne offendéret animum _Divitiaci he did fear, lest. he should offend the mind of Divitiacug supplicio ejus. Ttique pris quam by the punishment of him. Therefore sooner than conaretur quidquam, _jbet. ~—‘Divititicum he should attempt anything, he orders. ~—-Divitiacus vocari ad se; et quotidianis to be called to himself; and the daily (usual! interpretibus Temotis, colloquitur cum &o, iuterpreters being removed, he converses. with him, r Caium = Valerium =‘ Procillum, _principem’ pe through Caius Valerius Procillus, chiefwe DE BELLO GALLICO, t% provincie Gallie, sium familiarem, of ihe province Of Gaul, his intimate (friend),” t0 whom habebat summam fidem omnium rerun Aedid have the highest faith (confidence) of all things s simul commoneficit, que dicta-sint —— Gt-the-same-tine he reminds, shat (things) may have been said &e Dumnorige in coneilfo Gallorum, _j F Dunmore in semi, ofthe Gauls, Rimecif Divitincus) presente; et ostendit que . quisque ' dixtrit Going) present; and — shows every-one has eaid (perf. subj.) separatim de & &pud 3 ti * separately e him ‘0 Rimeelf (Crosan): wale atque ‘hortatur pe sine offensione —_ antmi jus, and t, without offence of the mind ofhin, vel stattiat de‘ &, — caussé cither ie heeeay (Ceoser may determine of him, (his) case scognita; vel, jubfat —civitatem —_ stature, being ‘known $ ; or may order the state to pass judgment, 20. Divitiseus complexus ° Cresirem ‘cum multis Divitiacus having embraced Ceaser . with many, lecr¥mis coepit . obsecrare, “ae-statuéret tears began to beseech, “that te would not determine quid > gravins = in. | fratrem; se any-thing more heavy against (kis) brother ; himself scire ila esse vera nec quenquam capére to know those (things) tobe true; nor any-one to take lus doloris ex &, ‘quam se; ‘ propterta quod Fore of grief from that, than himself; Poenute Tat fquum ipse post (imp, eubj.) plurimam tia * (uhen himself do) in influence » ami atque in sci Gall, ile minfmum athome, and in thoremaining Gaul, he (Dumnorix) least propter . ofilecentine @revisset (pl. pert. subj.) oraccounies ¢ (hia) youth) . tad ese a (iz power) quibus opibus ac nervis {aRrugh Nnsety(Divtincus) Sneek reser aed ers (treagth)20) LIBER L 31 uteretur (imp. eubj.) non solm — ad gratiam he did use not only to (Diviaticus’) influence miuendam, sed pent ad siiam permiciem; ‘to bediminished, but almost to his —_ destruction ; \sese. tamen commoveri et —_fraterno amore Himself fowever to be moved both by fraternal love et existimatione vulgi: quid si and By the esteem of the common-people: because if quid wins accidisset ai any (thing) more heavy should have happened —_—to hirm A Cesire, chm _ipse __teneret (imp. subj.) from Caesar, when he himself did hold éum_— lcum amicitie Spud gum, —neminem that place of friendship with him, no-one existimaturum non factum siti voluntate; gbout-to-think (the thing) not done with his will; futurum ex qua. re, ith animi about-to-be from which thing, thatthe minds totius — Gallize averterentur a se,” Of the whole Gaul would be turned-away from himself.” Quum fens petéret (imp. subj.) hee When weeping _ he did seek these (things) A Cestire pluribus verbis, Cesar _prehendit from Casar in many words, Cesar takes dextram ejus; consolatus, rogat (ut) the right-hand of him; having consoled, _he asks (that) faciat —finem orandi : ostendit —_gratiam he may make anend of praying: he shows _the favour ejus esse tanti Spud se, ue of him tobe of so»muck (account) with himself, that condonet et — injurjam Reipublicee et he might forgive both the injury of the Republic and situm dolorem, voluntati ac precibus his-own grief, tothe will and to the prayers ejus. _Vdeat Dumnorigem ad se 5 adhibet of him. . He calls Dumnoriz to himself; he applies32 DE BELLO GALLICO, [21 fratrem; - ostendit qu reprehendat (pres. (sends for) brother; he shows shat ie blames ® subj.) in &0; Proponit que jj intelli, in him; he sets-forth what iself understands, (res. subi.), que civitas__queratur (pres, subj.) ; what the state complains-of ; ménet, ut vitet omnes suspiciones in he warns, that he may avoid all suspicions into (for) reliquum tempus ; dicit se condonare the remaining time; he says himself —_to forgive preeterita Divitiico. Ponit fratri past (things) to (his) brother Divitiacus. He places eustodes Dummorigi, ut posit scire keepers to Dumnoriz, that he may be able to know quee gat (pres. subj. cum uibus what (things) nee i) with Vom loguatur (pres. subj. he speaks, 3) 21, _Eodem die factus certior ab Inthe same day being made —more sure by exploratoribus, —_hostes consedisse sub scouts, the enemies to have sat-down under (at the montem, cto millia _—passiium = ab foot of) the mountain, eight thousands of paces from castris ipsius; —_misit qui cognoscérent, the camps of himself; he sent (persons) who might know, qualis esset natura montis, et what-sort © might be the nature of the mountain, and renuntiatum-est qualis —ascensus_ in it was announced what-sort theascent in esse facilem. De tertit” vigil jitbet tobe easy. From (at) the third watch —_ he orders Titum Labienum jegatum pro Preetore ‘Titue Labienue lieutenant for Prator (with pretorian powers) eum duabus Jegionibus, et iisdem dueibus, qui with two ons, and thesame guides. whe22) LIBER I. 33 cognovérant, iter, ascendére sumaum jiigum had known the route, to ascend the highest. top montis ; ostendit quid sit stii__consihi, of the mountain; he shows what maybe of his counsel Ipse de quarti —_vigilia (design). He himself from (at) the fourth watch eodem itinére, quo hostes igrant, by the same route, by which —_the enemies had gone, contendit ad %os, que mittit ant? omnem equitatum. hastens 10 them, and sends before all the cavalry. Publius Considius, qui habebatur —_peritissimus Publius Considius, who was deemed ‘most-skilled militaris réi, et. fuérat in exercitu Lugii of military affair, and hadbeen in thearmy of Lucius Sylle, et posta in Marci Crassi, Syila, and afterwards in (the army) of Marcus Crassus, premittitur cum exploratoribus. is sent-forward with the scouts. 22, Prim& —Tuce, quum = summus =— mons. Inthe first light, when —the highest mountain teneretur (imp. subj.) & ‘Tito Labieno, _ipse was held by Titus Labienus, he himself abesset’ (imp. subj.) non longius mille et was absent not farther (than) @ thousand and quingentis passibus__ ab castris hostium ; five-hundred paces from the camps of ‘the enemies néque, ut compérit —_—postéa ex captivis, nor, as he found afterwards from the captives, aut adventus ipsius, aut Labieni either the arrival of himself, or -~—of, Leabienus cognitus-esset (pl. perf. subj.); Considfus, zquo had been known 3 Considius, (his) horse admisso, accurrit ad éum ; dicit being spurred-on, runs to him 3 he says, montem quem —voluérit (perf. subj.) _oceupari the mountain which — he willed 4o be occupiea a34 DE BELLO GALLICO. 22 & Labieno, —teneri_ += aab-—_—hostibus: eS by Labienus, to be held by _the enemie cognovisse id & Gallicis armis atque insignibus. to have known that from Gallic arms and ensigns. Crsar subducit siias copias in proximum collem, Cesar leads-away his forces into the nearest ill, instritit aciem. — Labienus, ut —_preeceptum-drat he arrays the line. Lubienus, as-_—_‘ad been directed & Cesire, ne-committéret proelium, to sim by Cesar, that he should not engage battle, msi copie —ipstus __visee-essent (pl. perf. subj.) unless the forces of himself had been seen prépe _castra hostium, ut impétus fiéret tear the camps of the enemies, that the attack might be made in hostes ‘undique uno —_tempre, ayainst the enemies —_on-every-side in one time, monte occupato, expectabat —nostros, the mountain being occupied, did await our, (men), que abstinebat _preelio. © Denique, multo die and did abstain from battle. Finally, in much day Cesar cognovit. per (when the day was far advanced Cesur knew — by exploratores, et | _montem teneri A ' ssitis, scouts, both the mountain to be held by his-own et hostes ‘movisse castra, et {men), and the enemies to have moved camps, and Considium —perterritum timore —_—renuntifisse_ pro _ Considius dismayed by fear to have related for viso, quod vidisset (pl. perf. subj.) non. seen, (that) which he had seen 0 nat. Eo die, _intervallo consuérat, Inthatday, intheinteroal with which Nenad been wccustomed, aitur hostes, et ponit astra tria —_ millia he follows the enemies, and places camps three thousands pasiium ab _castris—_eorum. af paces from the camps of them(23), LiBER L 35 193, “Postridie jus, diel) qudd bidtium The say-after” of that day Debause space-of-two-days omnino —superérafy ‘qaum oporteret (imp. subj.) allogeth-r did remain, when _ it did behove metiri framentum) — exercitu (exercitiii); et. 40 measure-out eorn to the army; and quod abérat & ——-Bibracte, Tonge because he was distant from —Bibracte, far maximo ac_—copiosissimo oppido © Eduorum, the greatest and most-wealthy town of the dui, non amplits ovtodécim —millibus__passtium not more (than) eighteen — thousands —of paces; existimavit prospfciendum | frumentari reis he deemed be provided the corn thing (supply)s et avertit ‘ter ab Helvetiis ac and fhe turns-away the journey from the Helvetii “and contendit ire Bibracte. Ea res _nuntiatur hastens togo (to) Bibracte. That thing is announced hostibus per —_fugitivos Lueli Emil, tothe enemies by — fugitives of Lucius -Aumilius, Decurionis equitum =—Gallorum. Helvetii, Captain of horsemen —_—of Gauls. The Helvetii, seu quod existimarent Gimp. subj.) | Romani either because —they di the Romans discedére perterritos _timore, & miagis qudd to depart dismayed with fear, by that more becuuse pridie superioribus —Iécis occupatis, the-day-before the higher places being occupied, commisigsent (pl. perf. subj.) non prelium, sive they had committed not battle, or udd —_confidérent (imp. subj.) posse inter- because they did trust tobe able to be inter cludi—frumentarii re; consilio cepted from corn thing (provisions); (their) counsel commutato atque itinére ——converso, ~—_creperunt being altered and the route being changed, they began a236 DE BELLO GALLIC ik insfqui ac lacess8re nostros. =A novissimo to follow-up and to provoke our (men) from the last agmine, troop. 24. Postquam Ceesar animadvertit id, — suibducit After-that Cesar observed that, he leads-away siias copias in proximum collem que misit equitatum, his forcee into thenearest fill and. sent cavalry, qui —sustineret_ impétum _hostium. pse which might sustain the attack of the enemies. Himself” intérim instruxit triplicem aciem quatiior veteranarum meanwhile arrayed atriple line of four veteran Jegionum in medio colle; ata titi _collocaret legions in the middle hill;' so that he might place supra se, in summo_jtigo, ditas legiones quas aiove himself, in the highest “top, two leyions which conscripsérat proxim’ in citeriore Gallia, et omni%i he had levied very-lutely in hither Gaul, and all auxilia, et compleret totum montem the aids (auxiliaries), and — might fill the whole mountain Interéa jussit sarcinas with men, In-the-rean-time he ordered the bagguges conferri in unum Iweun et dum tobe brought-together into one — place and —it. muniri ab iis, qui constitérant in superiore tobe fortified by those, who had stood in the higher acie. _ Helvetii, secuti cum omnibus siis line. The Helvetii, having followed with ull their carris, contulerunt impedimenta in unum waggons, brougit-together the baygages into one cum: —_ipsi_—confertissim& acie, nostro equitatu place: themselves inthickest Tine, our —cuvalry Tejecto, phalange fact, —_suecesserunt being thrown-back, a phalanz being made, came-up sub nostram primam aciem, under = our first line.251 LIBER I. 81 25. Cesar, sti primim, deinde quis Casur, his-own (horse) first, then _—_the horses omnium remotis & conspectu, ut _periciilo of all being removed from sight, that the danger sequato, tolléret spem fig, being made-equal, he might take-away the hope of flight, cohortatus stios, commisit preelium. having encouraged his (men), engaged battle. Milites, pilis missis % — superiore dco, Tie soldiers, javelins being sent from the higher place, facil? perftegerunt phalangem ostium: = & easily broke-throuyh the phalune of the enemies: it disjecté, fecerunt impétum in és districtis Being dispersed, they made un attack upon them with drawn glaitis, Erat magno impedimento — Gallis aad suords. It was togreat impediment tothe Gauls to pugnam, quod pluribus scutis eorum __ transfixis thejight, that — many shields of them being pierced-through et —_colligatis uno ictu—pilorum, = cm and Bouad-foyether by one stroke of javelins, wher ferram inflexisset (pl. perf. subj.) _ se, potérant the iron had beatin itself, they were able néque evellére, néque, sinistra impedita, neither to pluck-out, nor, the left (hand) being entangled, pugnare satis commédd: ut multi, brachio to fight sufficiently conveniently: that many, the arm diu jactato, preoptarent (imp. subj.) long-time being tossed-about, wished-rather emittére scutum manu, et pugnare nudo to send-forth shield from the hand, and to. fight with naked corpére. Tandem defessi vulneribus ccperunt et body, At length wearied with wounds they began both referre pédem, et qudd_ = mons to carry-back — foot (to retreat), aud because the mountain subérat circiter mille passiium, wasumder (wos at hand) © about a thousand of paces,8 DE BELLO GALLICO, [26 recipére se &. Monte _capto, to betake themselves thither, The mountain being taken, et nostris suecedentibus, Boi et Tulingi, and our (men) —going-up, the Boii_ and —‘Tulingi, qui claudebant —agmen hostium circiter who did close the troop of the enemies (with) about quindécim millibus hominum, et érant —_preesidio Sfieen thousands of men,’ aud were for a guard, novissimis, agressi nostros, ex to the last (reat), having attacked our (men) from (on) itinére aperto latére, circumyenire ; (their, route in open side (flank), (began) to surround 3 et Helvetii qui _—_recepérant se in and the Helvetii who had betaken themselves —_ unto montem, conspicati id, cceperunt rursus the mountain, having beheld that, —beyan again instare et redintegrare — praelium. Romani to press-on and —torenew —_—the battle. ‘The Romans intulerunt signa conversa _tripartitd ; Srought-on (advanced) the standards turned inethree-parts ; prima ac secunda cies, ut resistéret thefirst and second line, that _—_ét might resist victis et submotis ; tertia ut to the conquered and moved-away (repulsed); the third that excipéret venientes. Ita pugnatum-est tt might receive (those) coming. Thus it was fought ancipiti_ —_preelio diu atque acriter. with doubtful “battle a long-time and sharply. 26, Quum possent (imp. subj.) non — sustinere When they were able not to sustain impétum nostrorum —_diutits, altéri receperunt the attuck of our (men) longer, others (some) betook se in montem, ut — ccepérant; —altéri themseloes unto the mountain, as they had begun; others contulerunt se ad impedimenta et siios Brought-together themselves to the baggages and their26} LIBER I. 39 carros. Nam hoe toto preelio, quum waggors, For inthis whole battle, when (although) pugnatum-sit (perf. subj.) ab septima hor& it was fought from the seventh hour (one o'clock) ad vespéram, nemo potiiit videre hostem aversum. to evening, no one was able tosee the enemy turned-away. Pugnatum-est etiam ad multam noctem ad impedimenta: It was fought also to much night at the baggages: propteréa quod objecrant_ —carros_pro_vallo. ‘because ‘that they nad opposed waggons for rampart, et conjiciebant tela & superiore dco in and did throw weapons from aligher place upon nostros ‘venientes, et nonnulli subjiciebant matéras ‘our (men) coming, and some did throw-under spears ac tragiilas inter carros que = rétas, = que and = darts between the waggons and wheels, and vulnerabant —_nostros. Quum _ pugnatum-esset did wound ‘our (men). When it had been fought (pl. perf. subj.) diu, nostri potiti-sunt along-time, our (men) gained impedinentis que castris. Ibi filia Orgetorigis, the baggages and camps. There adaughter of Orgetorsr, atque unus & fills captus-est. Superfuerunt and one out of (his) sons was taken, ‘There survived ex 0 preeho circiter centum et triginta millié out of that battle about ahundred and thirty thousands homnum, que ierunt continenter && — totii_noctes of men, and they went incessantly in that whole night > itinere intermisso nullam partem _noctis, the journey being intermitted no part of the night, quarto die pervenerunt in fines Lingonum ; inthe fourth day they arrived into the borders of the Lingones; quam nostri morati tridiium Vaen our (men) having delayed the space-of-three-aaye et ptopter vulnéra militum ot path —oneuccount of the wounds of the soluiers and40 DE BELLO GALLICO, (27 Propter _sepulturam —occisorum, —_potuissent oneaccount-of the burial of the slain, had been able (pl. perf. subj.) non séqui os. Caesar misit litéras not to follow them. Cosar sent letlers que nuntios ad Lingénes, ne-juvarent and messengers to the Lingones, that they’ should not-assist os frumento neve — ali re: qui si then with corn nor with other thing: who if juvisoont, se habiturum — illos they should have assisted (them), himself about-to-have them eodem Ico, quo Helvetios._—_Tpse, in the same place (light), in which the Helvetii. Himself, tridiio intermisso, ccepit’ sé qui the space-of-three-days being intermitted, began to fullow éo0s cum omnibus copiis. them with all (his) forces. 27. Helvetii, adducti imopia omnium rerum, The Helvetii, induced by want of all. -—_things, miserunt legatos ad, gum de deditione : seut ambassadors to” him concerning a surrender : qui cum convenissent (pl. perf. subj.) um in __itinére, who when they had met him in (his) journey, jue projecissent (pl. perf. subj.) se ad _pédes, va fad iarown-dovn themselves at (his) feet, que locuti suppliciter, flentes _petissent and huving spoken suppliantly, weeping had sought 1. perf. subj.) pacem, atque jussisset (pl. perf. subj.) Cl ps i) veace, and te had ordered Pe %os expectare situm adventum in % l8co, quo them to await his arrival in that - place, inwhich tum __essent (imp. subj), paruerunt. Postquam Czesar then they were, they obeyed, After-that Cesar pervenit &, —_poposeit obsides, arma, servos, qui arrived there, hedemandeo hostages, arms, slaves, who erfugissent (pl. perf. subj.) ad %os. Dum ée Pad fled @ yo them. Whilst — those28) LIBER I. 41 conquiruntur et conferuntur, (ihings) are sought-for and are brought-together, nocte intermiss4, circiter sex night being antermitted (having intervened), about sit milli2 hominum ejus pag, “qui appellatur thousands of men of that district, which is named Verbigenus, sive perterriti_ timore, ne; armis Verbigenus, either frightened by fear, lest, (their)arms traditis, afficerentur supplicio; sive being delivered, they should be affected with punishment ; or inducti spe salutis, qudd in tanta multitudine induced by hope of safety, because in so-great multitude dedititiorum, _ existimarent (imp. subj.) stiem fiigam of (thoseysurrendered they did think their flight posse aut occultari aut ignorari tobe able cither to be concealed or _—to be unkuowa omnino; prima vigilit noctis, egressi ex altogether’; in first watch of night, having gone-out from castris Helvetiorum, contenderunt ad Rhenum que the camps of the Heloetii, hastened tthe Rhine and fines Germanorum. borders of the Germans. 28, Quod bi’ Cesar rescivit, imperavit his, Which when Caesar knew, he ordered to these, per fines quorum iérant, aid through the borders of whom they had yone, that conquirérent et reducérent, si. they should search-for and _— should lead-back, ¥ vellent (jmp. subj.) esse purgati sibi. Habit they did will tobe cleared to himself. He had reductos in numéro hostium: _accepit omnes (those) led-back in the number of enemies: he received all reliquos in deditionem, obsidibus, armis, perfiigis remaining into surrender, hostages, arms, deserters traditis. Jussit -Helvetios, —Tulingos, being delivered-up. He ordered the Heloetit, —Tulingi, a342 DE BELLO GALLICO, (29 Latobrigos, —_reverti in sitos ~— fines, unde Latobrigi, toreturn into their ~— borders, whence profecti-grant; et qudd, omnibus frugibus amissis, they had set-out ; and because, alb Fruits being lost, nihil &rat_ dmi, quo tolerarent _fimem, nothing was at-home, by which they might bear hunger, imperavit Allobrogibus, ut factrent he ordered tothe Allobroges, that they should make (supply) copiam frumenti his; -jussit _—_ipsos _restitnére’ plenty of corn to them; heordered themselves to restore oppida que vicos, quos inc&ndérant. —_‘Fecit the towns and villages, which they had burned, He did id maxime 84 ~—ratione, quod ~—_—nolliit. that chiefly with that reason, because he willed-not éum Iécum, unde Helvetii discesstrant, vacare; that place, whence the Helvetii haddeparted, to be-void ; ‘ne propter —bonitatem © agrorum, —_ Germani, lest on-account-of the goodness of the lands, the Germans, qui incdlunt trans Rhenum, —_transirent 8 who inhabit beyond the Rhine, should pass-over from siis fintbus in fines Helvetiorum, et essent their borders into the borders of the Helvetii, and should be finitimi province Galli «que Alobrogibus. neighbouring tothe province of Gaul ‘and to the Allobroges Concessit iditis petentibus, ut —_- collocarent He granted to the dui asking, | that they might place Boios in sitis finybus, (quod cogniti-erant the Boii in their borders, (because they had been known egregié virtute): quibus ill dederunt agros, que byexcellent valour): to whom they gave lands, and quos receperunt postéa in prem conditionem whom they received afterwards into equal condition juris que libertatis ‘atque ipst Brant, Oright and of liberty os they themselves were, 29. castria, © Helvetiorum tabiilee —_confectay da the camps of the Helvetii, tablets nade30) LIiBER I. 3 Greecis litéris reperte-sunt, et perlate ad Casirem; iu Greek letters were found, and brought to Casar; in quibus _tabiilis ratio confecta-érat in which tablets @ computation had been made nominatim, qui numérus eorum __ exisset (pl. perf. name-by-name, what number of them had gone-furth subj.) _dmo, qui possent (imp. subj.) ferre arma, from-home, who were-able to bear arms, et item —separatim puéri, snes que muligres. and likewise separately boys, old-men und women, Summa omnium quarum rerum rat, —_ducenta The sum of all which things was, two hundred sexaginta et ria millia_ capitum _Helvetiorum; sitly and three thousands of heads of the Helvetié ; triginta et sex millia Tulingorum; quatuordécim thirty and sie thousands of the Tulingi; ~ fourteen Latobrigorum; Rauracorum viginti et tria; Boiorum of the Lutobrigi; of the Rauraci twenty’ and three; of the Bolt triginta et dio, Ex his, qui possent (imp. subj.) tirty and two, Of this, who were able ferre arma ad nonaginta et diio milli, Summa to bear arms to ninety and two thousands, The sum omnium fuérat ad trecenta sexaginta et (total) ofall had been at three-hundred siaty and octo millia. Censu habito, ut Cesar eight thousands. Registering being had, as Cesar imperavérat, numérus eorum, qui redierunt démum, had ordered, the number of those, who returned home,,, ' Tepertus-est centum et décem —_ millia. was found ahundred and ten thousands, 30. Bello Helvetiorum _- confecto, legati The war of the Helvetii Being finished, ambassadors fér8 —totius Galle, principes civitatum, convenerunt! ‘almost of thewhole Gaul, chiefs of states, came together aid Cesirem gratulatum: “sese, _intelligére, $0 Cesar to congratulate: “themselves, to understand)“4 DE BELLO GALLICO. [80 tametsi_ Romanus popiilus _reperisset (pl. perf. subj.) although the Roman people had reyuired penas ab iis bello pro veteribus — injuriis wenalties from them in war for ancient injuries. Helvetiorum; timen éam rem accidisse non Of the Helvetii; yet that thing to have happened not minus ex usu terre Gallic, éess out-of use {to the advantage) of the land of Gaul quim — Romani —_popiilis_propteréa quod —_&o than of the Roman ‘people; because that with that consilio, florentissimis rebus, Helvetii reliquissent counsel, inmost-flourishing affairs, the Helvetii had left (pl. perf. subj.) siias démos, ut inferrent their houses, that_—_ they might bring-on bellum oti Galliee que potirentur imperto (abl.) ; war to the whole Gaul and miyht gain empire ; que deligérent eum domicilio ex magna copia, amd might choose a place for abode out-of great plenty, quem judicdssent opportunissimum ac. which they might have judged most convenient and “ructuosissimum ex omni Gallid; que —_haberent most-fruitful out-of all ~— Gaul; and might have reliquas * civitates stipendiarias.” Petiermnt, ith vhe remaining states tributary.” ‘They asked, that “liceret sibi indictre —_concilium “it might be-lawful to themselves to proclaim a council totius “Galliee in certam diem, que facire id of whole Gaul upon acertain day, and todo that voluntate Cuesiris. _ Sese — hhabere quasdam res, with will of Cesar. Themselves to have certain things, quas —_vellent (imp. subj.) petére ab % 8 which they did will toask from him out-of communi consensu.”” A ote permis, common consent.” That thing _ being permitied, constituerunt diem —_concilio, et sanxerunt they appointed a day for a council, and ratifiedst] LIBER 1. 45 jurejurando inter Be, ne quis by oath — between themselves, (that) not any-one entintiaret nisi quibus _ mandatum-esset (pl. should divulge (it), unless to whom it had been enjoined perf. subj.) communi consilio. by common consent. 31, Eo concilio dimisso, iidem _principes That council being dismissed, the sume chiefs civitatum, qui fuérant ante, reverterunt ad. of states, who had been before, returned =f Cesirem; que petierunt, if “Hiceret Cesar; and — asked, that “it might be lawful sibi agére secretd cum % de fo themseloes to act (treat) secretly with him = about siti salute que omnium.” Ea te their sufety and — (that) of all That thing impetratt, omnes flentes projecerunt _sese peng obtained, all ~— weeping cast themselves ad pédes Cesiri ; “se non minis at the feet to(of) Cesar; “themselves not dese contendére et laborare id, ne to sirive-ofter and to lubour-for that, lest thse (things) que dinissent, (pl. perf. subj.) _enuntiarentur, which they had said y should be divulged, quim it impetrarent &, que than that they might obtain those (things), which vellent Gimp. subj.) + propteréa quod si enum. they did will ; ecause that if it should tiatum-esset, vide (imp. subj.) se have been divulyed, they did see themselves venturos. in summum ruciatum.” __Divitidcus about-to-come into the highest torture.” Divitiacus Edius Jocutus-est pro his “esse ditas the Aduan spoke for these “tobe two factiones totius Gallize ; fEdiios tenere factions of the whole Gaul; the dui to hold446 DE BELLO GALLICO, [31 principatum —_alterius harum, — Arvernos sovereignty of the other (one) ofthese, —the Arverni siterius. © Quum hi contendérent (imp. subj.) Of the other, When these did contend tantopére inter se de potentatu multos so greatly Between themselves about dominioa many annos, —factum-esse, it}_ «= Germani __accerserentur years, to have been done, that the Germaus were sent-for (imp. subj.) ab Arvernis que Sequiims mercede. by the Arverni md Sequani by hire (a8 Primd cireiter quindécim millia__horwn mercenaries). Alfirst about fifteen thousands of these transisse Rhenum; _posteiquam fri ac to have crossed the Rhine: after-that the wild and barbiri —_-homines adamAssent (pl. perf. subj.) barbarous men had fallen-in-love-with agros, et cultum, et copias Gallorum, the lands, and cultivation, and stores of the Guuls, plures transductos: nune esse in Galli more (to have been) Ted-over: now tobe in Guut ad = numérum centum. et viginti— millium: . 40 the aumber of a hundred and twenty thousands : adios, que _ clientes eorum, sémel the Hidui, aud clients (dependants) of them, once atque itgrum —contendisse -—armis eum __ his; and again to have contended in arms with theses pulsos accepisse magnam _—calamitatem ; repulsed to have received — a great calamity ; amisisse omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, to have lost all (their) nobility, all the senate, omnem equitatum. Fractos quibus_—_praliis ail (their) cavatry. Broken by which battles que celamitatibus, qui ant8 —_potuissent (ph. and calamities, (they) who before td bee able rf, subj. trimer in Gallia, et Ber audi.) ph fn Gaul, and (both) by the ows31] LIBER I. a7 virtute et hospitio atque amicitia valour and _—oby the alliance and friendship Romani popiili, —_conetos-esse «dire obsides ‘of the Roman people, . tohavebeenforced togive hostages Sequinis, nobilissimos civitatis, et obstringére to the Sequani, ihe most-noble (men) of the state, and 10 bind civitatem jurejurando, —sese~— n&que _repetituros the state ~ by oath, — themselves neither about-to-ask-back obsides, néque —imploraturos—auxilium =A the hostages, nor about-to-implore aid. from Komano —popiilo, néque —recusaturos, © qud the Roman —_people, mor about-to-refuse, _that mintis-essent perpettid). sub ditione they might not be perpetually under the dominion atque imperio illorum. Se esse. = unum and enpire of them. Himself to be the only-one ex omni civitate ASduorum, qui . potuérit (perf. out-of all the state of the Aidui, who has been able subj.) non —adduci_ =u juraret, ant not tobe brought that he should swear, or diret —stios- Hibéros.—sobsides: ob fam rem should give his children (as) hostuges: for that thing se profugisse ex civitate, et —_venisse himself to have fled from the state, and to have come (to) Romam ad Senatum postulatum auxilium, quod Rome to the Senate — to request aid, because solus teneretur (imp. subj.) néque jurejurando, (he) alone was held neither by oath, neque obsidibus, Sed accidisse pejug nor by hostages. But to have happened worse _ Sequiinis vietoribus, quim Aidiiis —_vietis: to the Sequani conquerors, than to the Aldui conquered: propteréa quid Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, _ because that Ariovistus, king _of the Germans, consedissét (pl. perf. subj.) in finvbus ——eorum, Vad setiled* in the borders —of them,48 DE BELLO GALLICO. (3 que occupavisset (pl. perf. subj.) tertiam —_partem and had occupied the third” part Sequini agri, qui_esset (imp. subj.) optimus ofthe Sequanian land, which was the best totius Galli ; et mune —juberet (imp. subj.) of the whole Gaul; and now did order Sequiinos decedére de —altéra_—terti_ parte; athe Sequani to depart from the other third —_purt : Propteréa qudd, —paucis.—mensibus (abl.) —_ ant, because that, afew ~— montis before, viginti et quatiior milla. hommum = Harudum twenty and “four thousands of mex of Hurudes Yenissent (pl. per. subj.) ad dam, quibus—Wéeus had come him, to whom a place et sedes paarentot : futurum-esse and seats _—_ should be prepared : to-be-about-to-be paucis annis, titi omnes pellerentur é iiufew years, that all would be driven out-of finibus Gallic, atque omnes. ~——Germani the borders of Gaul, and. all the Germans transirent Rhenum: nim néque —Gallicum would pass the Rhine: for neither the Gallic (land) esse conferendum. cum agro tobe to be brought-together (compared) with _the land Germanorum, néque hanc consuetudinem _victiis ofthe Germans, nor this custom of sustenance comparandam cum illé. Autem Ariovistum, ving) to-be-compared with that. But — Ariovistus, ut sémel _vie&rit (perf subj.) copias Gallorum when once he conquered the forces of the Gauls prelio, quod pralium —_factum-sit (perf. subj.) in battle, which battle was made Amagetobriee (gen.), imperare —superbt et (at) Amagetobria, tocommand proudly and erudeliter, poscére _libéros_—cujusque _nobilissimi cruelly," to require the children of every-one most-noble81] LIBER I. wo obsides, et edére omnia exempla cruciatis in (as) hostages, and to exhibit all examples of torture upon os, si qua res — facta-sit (perf. subj.) non ad nutum them, if any thing has been done not at the nod aut ad voluntatem ejus: hominem esse barbirum, or at the will of him: the man tobe barbarous, iracundum, temerarium: imperia_ jus non posse trascible, rash: the commands of him not tobe-able sustineri —diutids: nisi quid auxilii sit to be sustained longer: unless some (thing) of aid may be in Cestire que Romano popiilo, idem esse in Casar and the Roman people, the same tobe faciendum omnibus Gallis, quod Helvetii fecérant, to-be-done to(by)all the Gauls, which the Helvetii had done, ut emigrent démo ; * pétant aliud that they may emigrote from home; they may seek another domicilium, alias sedes remotas & Germanis, que abode, " other seats remote from the Germans, and experiantur fortunam, queecunque —accidat. Si may try fortune, whatsoever may happen. ‘If hee enunciata-sint Ariovisto, non dubitare, these (things) may have been told to Ariovistus, not to doubt, quin sumat _—_gravissimum supplicium de omnibus But-thet he may take the heaviest punishment of all obsidibus, qui sint (pres. subj.) apud um. Cesirem, the hostages, who are with him. — Cesar, vel siifi_auctoritate atque exercittis, vel either by his authority and (that) of (his) army, or recenti _vietorif, vel _nomine Romani _popiili, by (his)recent victory, or by thename ofthe Roman people, posse deterrere, ne major multitudo Germanorum to be-able to deter, lest agreater multitude of Germans transducatur Rhenum, que- posse defendére omnem may be led-over Rhine," and tobeable todefend all Galliam ab injurié —_Ariovisti. Gaul from the injury of Ariovistuss50 DE BELLO GALLICO. 92, Hie oratione | habitt a speech being had (delivered) by omnes, qui adérant, ceeperunt petére auxilium a all, who were present, began toask aid from Ceesiite magno fietu. Cesar animadvertit Sequiinos Casar with great weeping. Cesar observed the Sequani mos ex omnibus factre nihil carum_— rerum, aioue out-of all todo nothing of those things, ques ceetéri facérent (imp. subj.) ; sed tristes, capite which therest did do; but sad, head demisso, intueri terram. Miratus, being cast-down, to look-upon the eargh. Having wondered, que esset. causa = ejus._réi, queesivit’ © ex‘ what might be the cause ofthat thing, he inguired from ipsis. Sequini respondére nihil, -—sed themselves, The Sequani answered — nothing, but permansére taciti in eddem tristitii. Quum queréret remained silent in the same saduess, When hedid ask (imp. subj.) sepiis ab is, n&que _posset (imp. more-often from them, nor was-able subj.) exprimére ullam vocem omnino; to empress (draw forth) any voice —at-alls idem diius Divitiécus respondit, “ Fortunam the same iduun Divitiacus answered, —“ The fortune Sequanorum esse dc miseriorem que graviorem, of the Sequani to be by this more-wretched and more-heavy, quam reliquorum, quid soli anderent (imp. than — of the rest, derause (they) alone did dare subj.) mec quidem quéri. in occulto, neither indeed to complain in hidden (secretly), nec implorare “auxilium ; que horrerent (imp. subj nor tolmplore aid; dud ated © p- ent.) crudelitetem absentis Ariovisti, vélut si adesset the cruelty of the absent Arivvistus, as if he was present mp. subj.) corim ; propteréa quod —_t&men before (them); because that notwithstanding83} ee facuitas fiigee daretur (imp. subj.) reliquis 5 an opportunity of flight was given to the rest; verd omnes cruciatus essent (imp. subj.) _ perferendi but all tortures were to be endured Seqquinis, gui recepissent (pl. perf. subj. to (by) the Sequani, — who recepissont @ i) Ariovistum intra stios fines, omnia oppida quorum Ariovistus within their borders, all the towns of whom essent (imp. subj.) in potestate ejus.” were in the power of him.” 88. His rebus _ cognitis, Caesar confirmavit ‘These things being known, Oasar confirmed (cheered) animos Gallorum —_—yerbis, que _pollicitus-est the minds of the Gauls with words, and promised “Sam rem futuram cure sibi: se ‘that thing about-to-be foracare to himself: himself habere magnam spem, Ariovistum adductum _ sto te have — great hope, Ariovistus induced by his beneficio = et-_—~S—aauctoritate, facturum finem kindness and authority, about-to-make an end injuriis.” Hac oratione —_habité, aimisit to injuries.” This speech Being had, _he dismissed concilium. Et sécunddm a multe res the council. And neat-to those (things) many things hortabantur gum, —_quare putaret = gam = rem did eshort him, wherefore he should think that thing appellatos ___frafres que eonsanguiné0s—ab——— having been named brotkers——uad —— Mineman bg feneri_—_in—servitute—atque—in—ditinne——— “Senata, ‘he Senate; —to-be held tn — slavery — oat it52 DE KLLO GALLICO, [38 eorum esse pnd Ariovistum nc —-SequXnos; of them tobe with Ariovistus and — the Sequani; quod, in tanto. imperio Romani —_popiili, which, in go-great_ empire of the Roman ‘people, arbitrabatur esse turpissimum sibi et he did deem tobe —most-disgraceful to himself and reipublicee. Autem — Germanos consuescére tothe republic, But the Germans _to be accustomet. paullatim _transire © Rhenum, et. ~—smagname gradually topass-over the Rhine, and — a great multitudinem eorum vyenire in Galliam, videbat nultitude of them to come into Gaul, he did se periculosum Romano —popilo: néque _existimaba dangerous tothe Roman people: nor _diid he think féros ac. ——barbiros nines temperaturos wild and barbarous men about-to-moderate sibi, quin, quum occupiissent to themselves, but-that, when they had occupied (pl. perf. subj.) omnem Galliam, ut Cimbri que all, Gaul, as the Cimbri_ and Teutini fecissent (pl. perf. subj.) ant’, exirent Teutoni had done before, they would go-out in Provinciam, atque inde contendérent_— in into the Province, and thence would proceed —_ ints Italiam; preesertim quum Rhodinus dividéret (imp. Italy; especially since the Rhone did divide subj.) Sequinos 4 ~— nostra. provineifi. Quibus the Sequani from our “province. ‘To which rebus putabat —occurrendum things he did think to be met (he ought to prevent) quim-maturim’, Autem Ariovistus ipse _ sumsérat es-eurly-as-possible. But Ariovistus himself had taken sibi tantos spiritus, tantam urrogantiam, to himself so-great spirits (pride), so-great ~ arrogance, ut videretur (imp. subj.) non ferendus. that he did seem not to be borne,34] LIBER 1. 53 34, Quamdlrem plactit i, ut —_mittéret Wherefore it pleased to him, that he should send legatos ad Ariovistum, qui postularent —_ab ambassadors to Ariovistus, who should demand from éo, ut deligéret. —aliquem = Iwcum medium him, “that he should choose some pluce — midale utriusque colloquio ; sese velle agére of each for a conference; himself to will to act (treat) cum % de Republich et — summis__rebus with him about the Republic and the highest affairs utriusque.” Ariovistus respondit & — legationi: «Si of each.” Ariovistus answered to that embussy : “y quid esset imp. subj.) pus isi any (thing) was needful to himself from Crsire, — sese fuisse venturum aa éum; Cesar, himself to have been slew come to him; si ille vélit (pres. subj.) quid se, if he wills any (thing) from himself, oportere illum venire ad se: preeteréa, se tu behove him to come to himself. bes.des, himself néque andere venire sine —exercitu. ‘in as neither todare tocome without anarmy into those partes Gallize, quas Csesar _possideret (imp. subj.) ; parts of Gaul, which Cesar did possess ; néque posse contrahére —exercitum in unum nor tobeable to draw-together anarmy into one Teum — sine magno commeatu atque molimento: place without greut provision and —_—trouble - antem vider. mirum sibi, quid negotii but to seem wonderful to himself, what of business esset aut Cesiiri aut omnino Romano might be either to Cesar or at-all to the Roman popiilo, in siti Gall’, quam vicisset (pl. perf. people, in his Gam, which he had conquered subj.) bello. in war,5S DE BELLO GALLICO, [385 35. His responsis relatis ad Ceesirem, These answers being brought-back to Cesar, Cesar ittrum mittit legatos ad gum cum his Cesar again sends ambcssadors to him with these mandatis: “Quoniam _ affectus tanto —_beneficio commands: “Since being affected with so-great kindness sito Romani popiili_(quum Ais own (Cossr’s) and (that) of the Roman people (since appellatus-esset (pl perf. subj.) in sto consulatu rex he had been named in his-own consulship king atque amicus 4 Senatu,) _ referret (imp. subj.) hhane and friend by the Senate,) he did return gratiam sibi que Romano popilo, ut gratitude to himself and tothe Roman people, that gravaretur invitatus venire in he should be-reluctant (though) invited to come into colloquium, néque putaret dicendum a conference, nor should think (it) _to-beespoken sibi et cognoscendum de communi to (by) himself and to-be-kuown concerning the common re; hee esse, que _ postularet (imp. subj.) thing; these to be, (things) which he did demand ab 0: ~~ primtm, ne-transducéret © quam from him: —_firat, he should not-lead-over ony multitudinem hominum amplits trans Rhenum in multitude of men ‘more over the Rhine into Galliam: deinde reddéret obsides quos Gaul : then he should restore the hostages which haberet (imp. subj.) ab | AEditis; que permittéret he did have from the Aidui; and should permit Sequinis, ut liceret, voluntate to the Sequani, that it should be allowed by the will ejusreddére _illis quos ili By him torestore to them (the Edui) (those) hom they haberent (ip. sj); nive _Incesséret_ —-ldiios did nor he should attack the Aidui36} LIBER L 56 injurfa; néve inferret bellum his ve by injury (unjustly); nor should bring-on war to these, _sociseorum; si fecisset id “ite ito the allies of them; if he might have done that thus, perpetiiam gratiam = atque = amicitiam_~—futuram perpetual favour and ~— friendship —_about-to-be sibi_ que © Romano _—_popiilo cum 0. Si to himself and tothe Roman people with him. If impetraret (imp. subj.) non, quoniam, Marco Messali, he did obtain (it) not, since, Marcus Messalu, Marco Pisone consulibus, Senatus _censuisset Marcus Piso (being) cousuis, | the Senate had resolved 1. perf. subj.) ttl quicunque —obtineret Gallia @lp i) that whosoever should obtain Gaul provinciam, defendéret ZEdiios que (as a) province, should defend the dui and cetéros amicos Romani _popitili, quod other friends of the Roman people, which (as far as) poset facére ~~ commido ~—Reipublicee, he might be able todo to the advantage of the Republic, se non neglecturum —injurias Aduorum.” himself not about-to-neglect the injuries of the Aidui.” 36. Ariovistus respondit ad hac: “esse Ariovistus answered to these (things): “to be jus belli, ut qui vicisent (pl. pert subj.), the right of war, that (they)who had conquered, imperarent fis (dat.), quos _vicissent (pl. perf. subj.), should rule those, whom they had conyuered, 3) quemadmédum vellent : itidem Romanum as they might will: likewise the Roman popitlum consuésse imperare __victis (dat.) people to have been accustomed to rule the conquered non ad preescriptum alterius, sed ad stium not at the prescription of another, but at -heir-own arbitrium, Si ipse prescribéret (imp. subj.) will, Tf he (himself) did prescribe6 DE BELLO GALLICO. {86 non Romano popitlo, quemadmidum __uteretur not to the Roman people, how it should use siio jure, non oportere _se impedir! with its right, not to behove himself —_to be hindered & Romano popiilo in sitio jure: _-Eidiios by the Roman ‘people in his right: the ASdui factos-esse stipendarios sibi, quoniam so have been made tributary — to himself, since tentissent (pl. perf. subj.) fortunam —belli, et. they had tried the fortune of war, and congressi-essent (pi. perf. subj.) armis ae hud engaged inarms and (had been) superati: Cresirem factre magnam injuriam, qui overcome: Caesur tudo —greut’ == jury, who stio adventu facéret (imp. subj:) vectigalia deteriora by his arrwat did muke the taxes worse sibi to him se esse non redditurum obsides. himself tobe not about-to-restore the hostayes ZEditis; néque —_ilaturam bellum injuria to the Aidui; mor — about-to-bring-on = war by enjury iis, néque sociis corum, si (unjustly) fo them, nor to the allies. of them if manerent in. &0, quod convenisset (pl. they should remain in that, which had been agreed-upon, perf. subj.), que pendérent stipendium quotannis : aud should weigh (pay) tribute yearly; si * fecissent non id, fraternum nomen if they might have done not that, the fraternal name Romani _popiili abfuturum longs ab of the Roman people about-to-be-absent far from his: quod Cesar denuntiaret (imp. these (useless to them); that Cesar did declure subj.) sibi, se non _—neglecturum —_injurias to him, himself not about-to-neglect the injuries duorum, neminem contendisse cum se of the Aidui, no-one to have coutended with himself87] ABER I. 87 sine std pernicie without —his-own destruction : vellet ; intellecturum, quid invicti he might will; about-to-understund, whut the unconquered congrederetur, quum he might engaye, when Germani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui subissent Germaus, — most-exercised in arms, who had gone-under (pl. perf. subj.) non tectum intra quatuordécim annos, not aroof within — fourteen years, possent, virtute. might be able (to effect) by vulour. 37. Eodem tempdre hee —mandata Tn (at) the some time these charges referebantur Cwesiri; et —degati_~—-venicbant were brought-back toCesar; and umbusgadors did come ab Aditis et Treviris: Aditi, questam, From the Adui and Treviri: the Aidui, (came)to complain, quid *Harudes, qui nuper _transportati-essent (pl. that “the Harudes, who lately had been curried-over perf. subj.) in Galliam, —_popularentur (imp. subj.) into Gaul, did lay-waste fines eorum; _sese potuisse —_redimére the borders of them; themselves to have been-able to purchase pacem Ariovisti, ne quidem obsidibus peace of Ariovistus, not indeed (even) —_ hostages ditis.”— Autem —‘Treviri, ~—centum —_pagos Being given.” But the Treviri, “a hundred districts Suevorum consedisse «tl ripam —_Rheni, qui of the Suevi tohave settled at the bank of the Rhire, who connrentur (imp. subj.) transire Rhenum; fratres did endeavour to pass-over the Rhine; the brothers Nasiiam ct Cimberium pravesse tis (dat.)” Quibus Nasua aud Cimberius to be-over these.” By which rebus Cwsar comimotus —vehementer things Cusar being moved alent (onal imprened existimavit maturandum ne, si ndva manure thought to-be-hastened to one iimself, leat. if anew band58 DE BELLO GALLICO, [38 Suevorum —conjunxisset (pl. perf. subj.) sese cum Of the Suevi had joined itself with veteribus copiis _Ariovisti, posset minds the old forces of Ariovistus, it might be-able less facile resisti. Itique, frumentarii —_re easily tobe withstood. Therefore, corn affair comparata, quim-celerrim? —_potiiit, (provisions) Being procured, as-quickly-as he could, contendit magnis ‘itineribus ad Ariovistum. he hastened by great journies to Ariovistus. 38. Quum jam processisset (pl. perf. subj.) When now he had proceede viam tridii, nuntiatum-est a, @ way (journey) —_of three days, it was told to him, Ariovistum cum omnibus sitis coptis contendére ad dfriovistus with all his forces tohasten to ocoupandum Vescontionem, quod est. maximum occupy Vescontio, which is _the greatest oppidum Sequanorum, que —_processisse —-viam town of the Sequani, and to have proceeded a way triditi a sitis finibus, Cesar Gourney) of three days from his borders. + Cassar existimabat proecavendum —sibi__magnopére, ne did think “be provided to(by) himself greutly, lest id accidéret: namque —_érat summa — facultas that should happen: for there was the highest means in oppido omnium rerum, quo grant usiti ad in that town of all things, which were for use to bellum, que id ‘municbatur sic naturd war, and that was fortified so _by the nuture Wei, ut dret (imp. subj.) magnam facultatem of the place, that it did give great means ad ducendum bellum; propteréa qudd flumen to dead (protract) the war; because that the river Dubis, ut cireumductum circino, cingit Dubis (Doux), as(if) ted-around by a compass, gird30] LIBER T. / 89 pent totum oppidum; reliquum —spatium, quod almost the whole town; — theremuining spuce, which est. non amplius sexcentorum péduin, snot more (than the space) of siz-hundred feet, qui flumen_intermittit, mons _ continet, where the river intermits(discontinues), a mountain contuins, magni —altitudine, ita ut radices ejus montis with (ol) yreat height, so that the roots of that mountain contingant (pres. subj.) ripe fluminis_ ex reach to the bank of the river out-of (on) utrique parte. Murus circumdatus efficit bunc each part. Awall thrown-uround makes this areem et conjungit. + cum ~—_oppido. (mountain) a citadel and — joins (it) with the town. Tue Cesar contendit magnis diurnis que nocturnis Hither Cesar hastens by greot diurnal and nocturnal ineribus, que —_oppido occupato, —coll’cat journies, and the (own —_deing occupied, he places presidium ibi. ‘a garrison there, 39. Dum moratur paueos dies ad Vescontionem Whilst he delays afew days at — Vescontio caussi frumentari réi que commreattis, by cause (forthe sake) of corn affair and of prozision, ex percunctatione nostrorum — que vocibus out-of the inguiry of our (men) and the expressions Gallorem et. ~—mercatorum = (qui_pridicabant of the Gauls and of the merchants. (who did proclaim “Germanos esse _ingenti = magnitudine corpérum, “the Germani to be with (ofjvast size of bodies, incredibili _—_virtute atque exercitatione in armis, with (of! incredible valour and exercise in arms, sese seepenuméro —_congressos = cum _itis, themselves oftentimes having engow~ with — thaw potuisse ne quidem ferre vultum tq tohavebeen-able not indeed(even) tobear the look and 1260 DE BELLO GALLICO, [3a aciem cculorum,”) tantus timor — subitd edge (glance) of (their) eyes,") so great fear suddenly occupavit omnem exercitum, ut — perturbaret (imp. occupied ail the army, that st aad disturb subj.) non mediocriter mentes que animos omniwa, not moderately the minds und spirits of all. Hic primim ortus-est A tribunis —militum, ‘nis (fear) “first arose from the tribuues of soldiers, ac preefectis, que reliquis, qui caussi aud “prefects, and remusuiug (persons), who by cause amicitiee secuti Casirem (for the sake) of friendship having followed Caesar ex urbe, —miserebantur. = magnum __periciilum, aut-of thecity, did deplore —_the yreat danger, quid habebant = non magnum = usum_— in because they did have not great —experuence in militari re: quorum —alius, ali catiss miluary affair» of whom — another, another cause ‘lata, quam —dicéret (imp. subj.) esse ding orought (alleged), which he did say to be necessariam sibi_ ad proficiscendum, petebat, ut necessary to himself to sel-out, did ask, that liceret discedére voluntate ejus: nonnulli it might be-allowed to depurt by the will of hum: — sume adducti pudore, ut vitarent suspicionem induced by shume, that they miyht avoid the suspicion timoris, remanebant. IIi potérant nique fingére of fear, dwureman, These were uble ether to feign vultum néque interdum tenere lacr¥mas; abditi countenance wer sumetines tonold tears; hidden in tabernacilis, aut querebantur * stium m tents, either they ded complain-of their-own fatum, aut cum sitis familiaribus miserebantur fate, or with their intimates did deplore (their) commune pericilum, Vulgd testamenta obsignabantur common — danger. Generally wills were seuleda0} LIBER I. 61 totis _enstris(pl.). _Vocibus ac umore horum ia the waole camp. By words and fear of these pauilatin etiam i, qui habebant magnum usum yrauduilly also they, who didhuve —greut experience m castris (pl), milites que centnriones, que qui im camp, soldiers and centurions, and those who, preérant equitatii, _ perturbabantur. Qui ex were-over tothe cavalry, were disturbed, (They) who of his volebant se existimari minis timidos, these did will themselves to be thought less fearfut, dicebant se non vereri hostem, sed timere did suy themselves mot to dread theenemy, but to feur angustias _itingris_- et_-magnitudinem sylvarum, the straits of the journey and the greatness of the woods, que —_intercedérent (imp. subj.) _ inter = 08 et which dad tntervene between them and Ariovistum, aut frumentariam rem, ut Arwvistus, or the corn affair (supply), that posset commédé satis supportari. it might be-able (not) conveniently enough to be curried-up. Etiam == nonnulli_—_—renuntiabant Ceesiri, chm Also some did relate to Cesar, when jussisset (pl. perf. subj.) castra (pl.) moveri, ac the had ordered camp to be moved, and signa ferri, _milites- non fore ‘the standards to be borne, the soldiers not to be-about-to-be audientes dicto, néque laturos ‘heating (obedient) to word, nor about-to-bear signa propter — timorem. the stundards on-uccount-of fear. 40. Quum Cusar _animadvertisset (pl. perf. subj.) When Cesar had observed hee, concilio convocato, que these (things), acouncil bring called together, and centurionibus = omnium = ordinum adhibitis ad the centurions of ald. ~—sranks— being admitted tov2 DE BELLO GALLICO. [to id concifium, incusavit 0s vehementer; primim, that council, he blamed them vehemently; first, qudd putarent (imp. subj.) queerendum —_ aut that they did think to-be-inyuired or cogitandum sibi, aut in quam to-be-considered to (by) themselves, either into. what Partem, aut quo _consilio_ducerentur (imp. subj.). part, or with what design they were led. Ariovistum, se consiile, cupidissimé Ariovistus, himself (Being) consul, _—_—most-eagerly appetisse amicitiam Romani —_popiili: cur fo have sought the friendship of the Roman people: why quisquam judicaret_ hune discessurum — tam any-one should judge this (man) about-to-depart 0 teméré ab officio? Quidem _ persuaderi sibi, raskly from duty? — Indeed to be persuaded to himself, sitis postulatis _cognitis, —_atque eequitate — con- his demands being known, and _the eyuity of the ditionum perspecta, éum ngque repudiaturum conditions being clearly-seen, him neither ubout-to-reject siiam gratiam néque Romani popiili: quod his favour nor (that) of the Roman people: but si, impulsus furore atque _amentiA, iatu- f. impelled by rage and dy madness, _he might have Tisset bellum, quid tandem vererentur ? brought-on war, what at length should they fear ? aut cur desperarent de sud or why should they despnir concerning _their-own virtute, aut de diligentia —_ipsius? valour, or concerning the diligence of himself (Ceesar)? Perictilur ejus _ hostis factum me Danger (trial) of that enemy (was) made__in the me- moriA nostrorum patram, quum, — Cimbris et mary of our fathers, when, the Cmbri_— and Teutinis pulsis & Caio Mario, —exercitng Teutoni being routed by Caius Marius, the arny40] LIBER I. 63 videbatur meritus = non minorem laudem, quim did seem having deserved not less praise, than imperator _ipse: etiam factum = nuper_ in the yeneral himself: also (it was) made lately in Italia, servili tumultu, quos timen aliquis Htaly, in the servile commotion, whom however some usus ac disciplina, quam =—_aecepissent experience and discipline, which —_they had received (pl. perf. subj.) & nobis, sublevarent. Ex quo from us, did assist. From which posset (imp. subj.) judicari, © quantum bani it was able tobe judged, howemuch —_ of good constantia haberet (imp. subj.) in se; _propteréa viemness did have in itself; because quod quos aliquandiu _timuissent (pl. perf. that (those) whom some-while _they had feared subj.) sine caus’ imermes, —_superdssent (pl. without cause unarmed, —_they had conquered, perf.subj.), hos posta armatos ae _victores. these afterwards armed and conquerors Denique, hos esse. = Germanos. = cum —_quibus Lusily, these tobe the Germani with whom Helvetii sseepenuméro —_—congressi_ = non_solim the Helvetii oftentimes. having engaged not only in siti, sed etiam «in ~—finibus—illorun. in their-own, but also. inthe borders of them plerumque supertissent (pl. perf. subj.) ; qui —_timen generally had overcome ; who notwithstanding potuérint (perf. subj.) non esse pres nostro have been able not tobe equal to our exercitiii. Si adversum preelium et fiiga Gallorum army, If theadverse battle and flight of the Gauls comoveret quos, hos —_posse_—_—reperire, might move (affect) any, thirse —to-be-uble to find, si _queerérent (imp. subj.), Gallis _defatigatis if they did inquire, the Gauls being weuriedDE BELLO GALLICO. (40 diuturnitate belli, Ariovistum, quam by the loug-continuance of the war, —_Ariovistus, when continuisset (pl. perf. subj.) se multos menses he had kept himself many months castris ac paludibus, néque fecisset (pl. perf. subj.) incumps and “marshes, nor had made potestatem shi, adortaum power of himself (given opportunity), huving attacked subitd jam desperantes_ de pugni et suddeuly (those) now —despuiring of butile and dispersos, vicisse migis _ratione scattered, to have conquered more _—_by reason (plan) ac consilio quam —_virtute: cui rationi and by counsel than by valour: for which —reuson Tocus fuisset contra barbiros atque (plau) place might have been against barburous and imperitos homines: hie ne = quidem unskilled men: by this (plan) not __ indeed (even) ipsum sperare nostros exercitus _ posse cipi. himself to hope our armies to be able to be taken. Qui conferrent (imp. subj.) sium timorem in (They) who did confer (attribute) their fear upon simulationem frumentarie ri que ~—angustias pretence of corn = affvir. ~— and _—_ the straits itingrum, factre —arroganter, qui Of the journeys, to do assuningly, when (since) viderentur (imp. subj.) aut desperare de officio they did seem either to despair ofthe duty imperatoris, aut prescribére i: hee o the commander, or to prescribe to him: these (things) esse cure sibi; Sequinos, — Leucos, tobe foracure to himself; the Sequani, Leuci, Lingénes subministrare frumentum; que jam Lingones to supply corn; and now frumenta (pl.) esse matura in agris. De itingre sore tobe ripe in the lands. Of the journes40) LIBER I. 65 ipsos judicaturos brévi tempére. Quod themselves about-to-judye in a short time. That milites _dicantur (pres. subj.) non fore the suluiers are suid not to be-ubout-to-be audientes dicto, néque — laturi hearing to word (obedient to command), or about-to-bear signa, se commoveri the standards (about to advance), himself —to be moved nihil | && re; enim scire, quibuseunque nothing by that thing; for to know (he knew), to whomsoever exorcitus _futrit (perf. subj.) non audiens dicto, an army has been not hearing to word (obedient), aut, re gesta. malé, — fortunam either, an affair being carried-on ill, fortune defusse; aut aliquofacindre ~—_—_comperto, tohave failed; or some crime —_—_ being found-out, avaritiam convictam-esse: —stiam ~—innocentiam (their) avarice to have been proved : his innocence perpetiid vit, felicitatem_ bello Helvetiorum in perpetual life, success in the war of the Helvetié perspectam-esse. Itique, se repree- ta have been clearly-seen. Therefore, himself _about-to- sentaturum quod —_esset (imp. subj.) do-presently (that) which he was (otherwise) collaturus in longiorem = diem;_— et. about-to-confer (defer) into amore-distant day; and proxima nocte de quarta vigilia inthe nearest (next) night from (at) the fourth watch moturum castra (pl.), ut © quam =— primi about-to-move the camp, that as sconest ; osset intelligér, (as soon as possible) he might be-able to understad, utrim pitdor atque officium, an timor yaleret whether shame and duty, or fear might preoail pls ipud tos. Quad si nemo precteréa sequatur vere wit them, But if no-one beside follow, 1366 DE BELLO GALLICO. tat (pres. subj.), timen se —iturum cum decima yet himself about-to-go with the tenth legione soli, de qua dubitaret (imp. subj.) ‘no leyion alone, of which he did doubt not ; que éam futuram Preetoriam cohortem __ sibi.” and that .about-to-be a Pretorian cohort to himself.” Cmsar et indulstrat preecipti8._ hie legioni et Cesar both had indulged, gspecially to this legion and confidebat maxims _ propter virtutem. did trust chiefly on-uccount-of (its) valour, 41. Hic oratione _habita, mentes — omnijum This speech being had, the minds _—of all conyersee-sunt in mirum médum, que were changed into (in) a wonderful manner, and summa alacritas et cupiditas belli —_gerendi the highest alacrity and eagerness of war to becarried-on innata-est : que decima —_legio_princeps was boru-in (inspired): and the tenth legion first egit gratias Gi per Tribunos acted (returned) thanks to him through the Tribunes militum, quod fecisset (pl. perf. subj.) optimum of soluiers, that he had made the best judicium de se, que _confirmavit se esse judgment of itself, and — confirmed itself to be paratissiram ad bellum gerendum. Inde ‘most-prepared to war to be carried on. Then reliquee —legiones egerunt ~—_per ‘Tribunos the remaining legions acted ~— through —the Tribunes militum, et centuriones primorum ordinum, iti Ysoldiers and —centurions of the first ranks, > that satisfactrent_ — Cwesliri; “se n&que unquam they might satisfy to Casar'; “themselves. neither ever dubitisse, néque —timuisse, nt que existimavisse to have doubted, nor to have feared, wor to'have thought judicium de summa belli esse the judgment ofthe sum (highest concerns) of war tobe42) LIBER I. 67 sium sed _imperatoris.” their-own (appertaining to them) but of the commander.” Satisfactione — eorum accepta, et itingre The satisfaction of them being received, and the journey eaquisito per Divitiicum, (quod _habebat being reconnoitred by Divitiacus, (Deeause he did have maximam fidem & ex alfis Gallis) ut greatest faith to him out-of the other Gauls) that ducéret _exercitum —_apertis_—Iécis,_cireuitu he might lend the army in the open places, by a cireuit amplius quadraginta millium, profectusest de of more (than) forty miles, he set-out from (at) ° arti vigilié, tit —_dixérat. Septimo die, the fourth watch, as he had said. Onthe seventh day, quam intermittéret (imp. subj.) non iter, uhen he did intermit not the journey, faccns-est certior ab exploratoribus, _copias he was made — more-certain by seouts, «the forces Ariovisti abesse 4 nostris —-—quatitor_ et of Ariovistus to be-distant from our (forces) four and viginti millibus (abl.) passitur. twenty thousands of paces. 42, Adventu Cesiris cognito, Ariovistus The arrival of Casar Being known —Ariovistus mittit Iegatos «= ad um; “id licere sends ambassadors to him; “that to be-lauful figri = per se, quod antéa postulisset to be done by himself, which before le had demanded (pl. perf. subj.) de colloquio, quoniam concerning a conference, since accessisset (pl. perf. subj.) propis; que existimaret he had approached nearer; and he did think {imp. subj.) se osse = facére «id. sine Ps himself to beable todo that without perictlo.” Ceesar respiiit. non conditionem, que danger.” Casar rejected not the condition, and68 DE BELLO GALLICO. [42 arbitrabatur Sum jam reverti ad sanitatem, quam did imagine him now to return to soundness (reason), when polliceretur (imp. subj.) ultrd id, quod he did promse spontaneously that, which antéa _denegisset (pl. perf. subj.) petenti ; before he had denied to (him) asking ; que _yeniebat in magnam spem, pro siiis and he didcome into great + —ihope,_- for _—ihis tantis beneficiis que Romani _popiili so-great benefits and (those) of the Roman people in Sum, sitis postulatis cognitis, fore towatds him, his demands being known, to be-about-to-be tid desistéret pertinacié. Quintus dies that he would desist from obstinacy. The fifts day ex & die dictus-est colloquio. from that day was said (appointed) for the couference. Intérim, quum Jegati mitterentur (imp. subj.) Meanwhile, when ambassadors were sent sepe ultrd que citro inter 0s, Ariovistus aften thither and hither between them, Ariomstus postulavit; ‘Cesar ne-adductret quem peditem réquested; “Cesar should not-lead-up any foot-soldier ad colloquium, se vereri ne ciream- to the conference, himself to dread lest _ he should veniretur ab 0 per imsidias (pl.): _uterque be circumvented by him by ambush: eack veniret cum equitatu, alia ratione se should come with cavalry, in other method himself esse non venturum.” Cesar, qudd —_volebat tobe not about-to-come.” Cesar, because he did will néque colloquium tolli, caussé neither the conference to be taken-away, cause interpositf; néque audebat committére, stiam Being interposed; nor did dare to commit his salutem equitatu (for equitatiti) Gallorum; _ statiiit sufety to the cavalry Of the Gauls; determined43] LIBER I, 69 esse commodissimum, omnibus Gallis_ —_equitibus tobe — inost-concenient, all the Gallic horsemen -detractis &quis, imponére & being withdrawn from the horses, to sel-on there (them) legionarfos milites decima —legionis, cui the legionary soldiers of the tenth legion, —_—to which confidebat quim-maximd; ut_-—_haberet he did confide as-much-as-possible ; that he might have quim-amicissimum presidium, si quid opus as-friendly-as-possible guard, if any — need esset facto (abl.). Quum quod fitret (imp. subj.), should be of deed. When which wus done, quidam ex militibus decimse legionis acertoin-one of the soliiers of the tenth —_legion dixit non irridiciil’, “Cesirem. factre plus quim said not unwitlily, “ Cesar todo more than llicitus-esset (pl. perf. subj.); _ pollicitum —_habi« ¢ had promised; having promised abouts turum decimam legionem in dco _prestorize fo-have the tenth legion in-place of a pretorian cohottis; nune rescribére ad &quum.” cohort; now towrite to a horse (that he now en- rolled them with the horse).” 43... Erat magna planities et in 4 terréus (There) was agreat plain and init an earthy tumiilus sitis grandis. Hic cus abérat hillock sufficiently “large. ‘This place was distant spatio f88 equo ab utrisque castris (pl). by a space nearly equal from each camp. ES, ut dictum-érat, yenerunt ad Thither, 4s had been suid (appointed), they came to colloquium. Cesar constitiiit Jegionem, quam the conference. Casar arranged the legion, which devextrat &quis, ducentis _passibus (abl.) hehadcarried-down withhorses, two-hundred paces70 DE BELLO GALLICO. (43 ap do tumiilo: =~ que item equites from that hillock: ~— and ~—likewise the horsemen Ariovisti constiterunt pari intervallo. of Ariovistus stood with equal interval. Ariovistus postulavit, ut colloquerentur ex Ariovistus demanded, that they should converse from équis et ut adducérent denos preter horses and that they should lead-up ten —_esides se ad colloquium. Ubi ventum-est 9, themselves to the conference. When it was come thither, Cesar, initio orationis, commemoravit Cesar, in the beginning of (his) speech, recounted sia que beneficia ~——_Senatiis in gum, fis-own and the benefits of the Senate towards him, “qudd _appellatus-esset (pl. perf. subj.) rex a “that he had been called king by Senatu, quod amicus, quod the Senate, that (he had been called) afriend, that amplissima munéra missa; quam rem,” most-ample gifts (had been) sent; which thing,” docebat, “et contigisse he did teach (he informed him), “oth to have happened paucis, et consuevisse tibti 8 to few, and to have been accustomed to be granted by Romanis pro. —maximis_—_—officiis_-- hominum; the Romans for _— tite greatest services of men iim, quum —haberet (imp. subj.) néque aditum, him, when he did have neither access, néque justam caussam __postulandi, benefieio nor "just cause — of demanding, —_ by (his) Bounty ac sia liberalitate ac Senatiis, and by his liberality and (that) —_ of the Senate, consecutum éa reemia.’”? Doeebat having obtainsd those rewards (honours).” He did tench etiam, “quim vetéres, que quim juste (inform him) also,/ “how old, und how just43) LIBER L 71 cause necessitudinis. ~—intereeddrent (imp. subj.) causes of elnse-alliance did intervene (subsist) ipsis cum Editis; quae consulta Senattis, tothemselves with the Aldui ; quoties, how often, perf. subj.) que and in towards how éos ; them s Edi Aidui totius of the whole had held Gallize, Gaul, appetissent (pl. perf. subj.) they had sought consuetudinem the custom hance this esse to be vilit it may will Adeperdére to lose ut that médd only (its) allies nihil nothing auctos increased gratia, in favour, posset would be able iis (dat.), from them, amicitiam, the friendship postulavit he demanded mandatis charges quis pati who quod which Romani of the Roman eidem, the same (things), legatis to ambassadors Editis, to the Aidui, obsides : the hostuges : aut either bellum. wor reddéret he should restore whut decrees quim —honorifica honourable tennissent (pl. perf. subj.) etiam socios dignitate, in diguity, to suffer attulissent (pl. perf. subj.) ad they had brought of the Senate, facta-essent (pl. had been made omni in all ut that tempore, time, principatum. supremacy priusquam before-that amicitiam : friendship » popiili, people, non not also (even) nostram our Romani of the Roman amicos friends sed but honore : in honour : atque and esse to be siti, of their-own, verd but id that to be snatched Deinde. Afterwards dedérat he had given popiili?” people 2” in in que which “ne-inferret “ that-he-should-not-bring-on soclis _eorum 5 to the allies of thems si posset (imp. subj.) if he was able aut or72 DE BELLO GALLICo, [44 remittére démum nullam partem Germanorum ; to send-back home no part — of the Germani ; at ne-pateretur quos ampliis transire but —that-he-should-not-suffer. any more to pass Rhenum.” the’ Rhine.” 44. Ariovistus respondit pauca ad postulata Ariovistus answered few (things) to the demands Cesétis: predicavit multa de siiis _virtutibus; of Cesar: declaimed many (things) of his-own virtues ; sese _transtsse © Rhenum non sith __gponte, himself to have passed the Rhine not by his-own accord, sed rogatum et accersitum 8 Gallis: _reliquisse but asked and sent-for by the Gauls: to habe loft dimum que propinquos non sine magni spe home and relations not _ without great hope gue magnis priemtis: bhabere sedes in Gallia and great rewards: to have settlements in Gaul concessas ab ipsis, obsides ditos _yoluntate granted by themselves, hostages given by the will corum; capére stipendium jure belli, quod of then; totake tribute by right of war, whick victores consuevérint (perf. subj.) imponére conquerors have been accustomed to impose victis; se non _intulisse béllum to the conquered ; himself not to have brought-on war Galli, sed Gallos—sibi;_— omnes _civitates to the Gauls, but the Gauls to himself; all the states Gallic venisse ad oppugnandum se, ac. of Gaul . to have come to to oppose — himself, ond habuisse castra contra se; omnes tas copias tohavehad camps against himself; all those forces fusas-esse ac superatag abs se uno to have been routed and overcome by himself in one prelio, Si _vélint (pres. subj.) exp itérum, battle, If they will totry again,44) LIBER IL. 73 se paratum decertare: sin malint (pres. himself prepured to contend: but-if they will-rather subj.) uti pace (abl.), esse iniquum —_reeusare touse peace, tobe unjust —to refuse de stipendio, quod pependérint (perf. (complain) about the tribute, which they puyed subj.) sitd voluntate ad id tempus: by their own will at that — time: oportere —_amicitiam Romani _—poptili_— esse tu behove the friendship of the Roman —_people_to be ornamento et —preesidio sibi, non for un ornament and guard to himself, not detrimento; que 8e petisse id && for detriment; and himself to have sought it in that spe. Si stipendium —_remittatur (pres. subj.) per hope. If the tribute be remilted by Romanum popiilum, et dedititii _ subtrahantar the Roman people, and the surrendered be withdrawn, (pres. subj.), _sese_recusaturum non mints libenter himself about-to-refuse not less willingly amicitiam Romani —_popiili, quam appetiérit the friendship of the Roman people, than he sought (it). (perf. subj.) Quod transdueat (pres. subj.) multitudinem 7) That he leads-over a maltitude Germanorum in Galliam, se factre id of the Germani into Gaul, himself todo that caussi, sti muniendi, non = Gallia for the sake of himself to-be-fortified, not of Gaut impugnandee + esse testimonium ejus to be fought-against: tobe a testimony (proof) of that réi qudd —venérit (perf. subj.) non nisi thing that he came not unless (until, rogatus, et quod iuculévit (perf. subj.) non asted, and that —_—he has brought-ow not bellum, sed defendérit (perf. subj.): se _venisse war, but Aas defended (himself): himself to have come74 DE BELLO GALLICO. (44 in Galliam —prits quim = Romanum _popiilum. into Gaul before “than the Roman people. Nunquam ante hoe tempus exercitum Romani Never before this time anarmy of the Roman popiili egressum —_ fines provinelse people (fo have) goue-out-of the borders of the province ‘Gallia: quid jecllet Gimp. subj.) sibi? cur of Gaul: what did he will to himself ? “why veniret (imp. subj.) in sitas__possessiones? anc did he come into his possessions ? this: Galliam esse stiam provinciam, siciiti illam nostram: Gaul tobe his province, as that — our ut oporterct (imp. subj.) non —_concedi as it did behove (it ought) not to be conceded to himself si facéret impétum in nostros fines; sic if heshould make an attack upon our borders; so itérum, nos esse iniquos, _qudd__interpellaremus again, us tobe unjust, Because we did interrupt (imp. subj.) sein sitio. jure: quod — dicéret himself in his right; that he did say (imp. subj.) Estos appellatos amicos ex consulto Aidui “named friends from a decree Senatis, se esse non tam barbirum, néque of the Senate, himself tobe not 50 burbarous, nor tam _imperitum rerum, ut __sciret (imp. subj.) so inexperienced of things, that he did’know non, Edtios —_néique tulisse auxilium not, the Aldui neither to have brought aid Romanis proximo Dello Allobrogum, to the Romans in the nearest (latest) war of the Allobroges, néque _ipsos. in his__contentionibius, quas nor themselves in these contentious, which Eid habuissent (pl. perf. subj.) cum se et the Aidui had hud with himself and cum Sequinis, _usos-esse_auxilio (abl.) Romani with the Sequani, tohuveeused the uid of the Roman44] LIBER I. ri) popiili: se debere suspicari, — amiciti people: himself to owe (ought) to suspect, friendship simulati, Coesiirem, quod —habéat (pres. subj.) being pretended, Ceasar, because he has exercitum in Gallia, habere caussii sii an ary in Guul, to have (it) for the suke of himself opprimendi: qudd _nisi__decedat (pres. subj.) aut to-be-oppressed: that unless he depart dedueat (pres. subj.) _ exercitum ex __ his segionibus lead-awuy (his)army from these regions, sese habiturum illum non pro amico, sed Kimsely’ about-to-have kim == not-for afriend, but pro hhoste: gud si_interfeeérit (perf subj.) eum, for anenemy: that if he killed him, sese esse facturum gratum. sults himself tobe abcut-to-do—a-yratefuk (thine) to many nobilibus que principibus Romani —_—_popillis nobles and chigs of the Roman people: se habere id compertum ab ipsis himself to have that found-out from __ themselves per nuntios corum; —gratiam =—_atque amicitiam by messengers of them; the favour and friendship omnium — quorum posset (imp. subj.) _ redimére of ull of whom he was-able to purchase morte ejus: qudd si discessisset (pl. perf. subj.) by the death of him: that if he had departed ac _tradidisset (pl. perf. subj.) libéram possessionem and had delivered free possession Gallic sibi, se yemuneraturum — illum of Gauk tohimself, himself about-to-reuunerate him magno premio, et confecturum, queecunque with great reward, and about-to-dispatch, whatever bella vellet (imp. subj.) geri sine ullo wars he did will to be curried-on without any labore et periciilo gus, labour aud danger of kim.76 DE BELLO GALLICO, [45 45. Multa dicta-sunt & Cwstre in gm Many (things) were said by Casar upon thut sententiam, quare posset (imp. subj.) non opinion, wherifore he was-able not desistére negotio, et néque sitam nique to desist from the business, and neither his nor sonsuetudinem Romani —popiili_~=—piti,, ath the custom of the Roman people to suffer, that deseréret socios meritos optimd; né&que he should desert allies having deserved best; nar se judicare Galliam esse _potitis himself “to judge Gaul to be rather (the property) Ariovisti, quam Romani —_popiili,-_Arvernos of Ariovistus, ‘than of the Roman people. The Arverni et Rutenos superatos-esse bello & Quinto and Ruteni to have been overcome in war by Quintus Fabio Maximo; —quibus_ Romanus _—_poptilus. Fabius Mazimus ; to whom the Roman people ignovisset (pl. perf. subj.), néque _redegisset (pl. pert ha ‘pardoned, vor had reduced (them) subj.) in provinciam néque imposuisset (pl. perf into “a province nor —_had imposed subj.) stipendium: gudd si _oporteret (imp. subj.) tribute: thot fit did behove quodque antiquissimum tempus spectari, imperium every — most-ancient time __to be regarded, the empire Romani —_popiili_ in Galli esse justissimum; si of the Roman people in Gaul tobe * most-just ; oporteret (imp. subj.) _judicium Senatds it did behove the judgment of the Senate servari, Galliam — debere esse libéram, to be kept, Gaul to owe (ought) to be Sree, quam victam bello _voluisset (pl. perf. which (though) conquered in war it had willed subj.) uti sttis_legibus”” (abl.). to use its-own laws,”46) LIBER I. 7 46. Dum hee geruntur in collo- Whilst these (things) are curried-on in the confe- quio, nuntiatum-est Cuwsiri, equites Ariovisti rence, it wus-told to Cesar, tie horsemen of Ariovistus accedére propilis tumiiluin, et adequitare ad to upprouch —neaer the hiiluck, and to ride-up to nostros,, conjiere lapides que tela in cur (men) to throw stunes and darts against nostros. Cesar fecit finem _loquendi que our (men). Cesar made anend of speuking and recepit se ad __stios, que imperavit betook himself to. —his-own (men), aud — ordered sitis ne-rejicérent quod to his-own (men) that they should not throw-back any telum omnino in hostes: nam etsi dart ateull against the enemies: for although videbat — preelium fore cum — equitatu he did see a buttle to be-about-to-be with the cavalry sine ullo _periciilo delectze legionis; timen without any danger of (his) chosen leyions yet putabat committendum non, ut, —_hostibus he did think to be committed not, that, the enemies pulsis, posset dici, Bos Being drivencaway, it might be-able to be said, them cireumventos a se er fidem in collo- circumvented by himself through faith in the con- quio. Poste&quam elatum-est in ference. After-that it was curried-out (reported) ‘into vulgus —militum, qui_arroganti (abl.) (among) the common-sort of soldiers, what arrogance Ariovistus ——usus interdixisset (pl. perf. sub.) Ariovistus having used had interdicted Romanis (dat.) omni Galli; que —_equites the Romans from all Gaul and the horsemen cyus — zeerssent (pl. perf. subj.) impétum in nostros ; of him had made an attack upoy our (men)578 DE BELLO GALLICO. (47 quem res diremisset (pl. perf. subj.) aud that thing had broken-off colloquium ; mult major alacritas que mayus the conference; by-much greater alacrity and greuter studium pugnandi injectum-est _exereitiii, desire of fighting was tkrown-in to the army. 47. _ Bidiio post Aviovistus — mittit Intwo-days —aftirwurds —“Ariovistus. sends legatos ad. Cresiirem, “se yelle agéve ambussadors to Cesar (tosay), “himself to will to uct cum % de his rebus, que eopte-essent (trent) with him about these things, which had been-beyun (ph. perf. subj.) igi inter os, to be acted (treated) between then néque —_perfectw-essent (pl. perf. subj.): it) aut nor had been perfected that — either constituéret itérum diem —_colloquio, amt he would determine again & day for a conference, or si vellet (imp. subj.) minis id, mittéret if he did wilt fess (not) that, he would send aliquem ex sitis —legatis, = ad —se.—Caunssa some-one out-of his ambassadors 10 himself. A cause colloquendi visa-est non Ceesiri; ob greonferring seemed not (was not evident) to Casar; and &-migis, quid pridie ejus die, Germani by that-more, that the-day-tefore of that day the Germani potuérant non _retineri, quin had been-able not tobe restrained, but-that they would (how tela in nostros. _Existimabat —sese—-missurum darts against our(men). He did think himself about-to-seud legatum ex sitis_ eum magno periciilo ad ananbassador out-of his-own with great danger te éum, et objecturum, féris hominibus him, and = abuut-to-expose _to savage men. Visum-est commodissimum mittére ad gum Cafum IU seemed — most-convenient to send to him Cutus471 LIBER I 75 Vaierfum Procillum, filtum Cali Valeri Valerius Procillus, a son of Caius Valerius Caburi, —_ adotescentem summa virtute et. Caburus, .ayoung-man with highest virtue — and humanitaté, (pater cujus donatus-rat polieness, (the father of whom —_had been presented cfvitate & Caio Valerio Flacco) et with citizenship by Caius Valerius Fluccus) and (both) propter figem et _propter scientiam on-account-of (his) fidelity and on-account-of (his) knowledye “Gallicre —lingue, qua (abl.) Ariovistus _utebatur of.the Gallic tongue, which Ariovistus did use multa (adj.) jam longinqud consuetudine, et quod much (fluently) now — by long custom, and becuuse caussa peccandi esset (imp. subj.) non acause of transgressing — was not Germanis in %; et Marcum Mettium, qui tothe Germani in him; and Marcus Mettius, who usus-érat hospitio (abl.) Ariovisti. Mandavit had used the hospitality of Ariovistus. He choryed Ins, ut —_cognoscérent, — quee Ariovistus to these, that they should know, what (things) Aviovistus dicéret, et referrent ad se. Quos might say, and should bring-back to himself. Whom quum ‘Ariovistus —conspexisset (pl. perf. subj.) in when Ariovistus had beheld in castris (pl.) spud se, —stio.-exercitu (his) camp with himself, his. «= army (being) presente, conclamavit: “Quid venireat (imp. subj.) present, he cried-out: ‘* Why dd they come ad se? an caussi speculandi?”” _Prohibitit to himself? whether by reason of spying!” He prevented eonantes _— dice, et._—~—conjecit in (them) endeavouring to speak, and. cast (them) into catenas. chains.80 DE LELLO GALLivO. [48 48. Eodem die _promovit castra (pl.), Inthe same day he moved-forward (his) camp, et consedit sub — monte_—sex_nillibus (abl.) and sat-down under a mountain sie thousands passitum 4 — castris (pl.) Ceesiris, _Postridie of paces from the camp of Caesar The day-after ejus diei_transduxit stias copias precter castra (pl.) ofthat day heled-over his forces beyond the camp Ceesiris et fecit —_castra (pl.) duobus of Casar and — made camp (encamped) —_—_by two millibus (abl.) passtium ultra. © um, 0 thousands of paces beyond ~— him, with this consilio, iit intercludéret Caesirem — frumento design, that he might shut-in Cesar from corn que — commeatu, qui supportaretur ex and provision, which — might be carried-u, from Sequinis ct Midis, Ex 0 die Cusar the Sequani and the Aidui. From that duy Caesar produxit stias copias quirque _contintios led-forth his forces" five continual (successive) dies pro —_castris (pl.), et habitit acieni days before thecamp, and had * (his) buttle-line instructam, ut si ‘Ariovistus —yellet_ —_contendére arrayed, that if Ariodisius might will to contend prelio, _potestas deesset non in battle, the power might be-wanting —not_—to him. Ariovistus omnibus his diebus contintiit exercitum Ariovistus inall these days —retwined (his) army easttis (pl.) ; contendit quotidie preelio equestri (adj.). in camp; he contended daily in battle of-norse. Hoe ret génus pugne, quo Germani This was the kind of battle, in which the Germans exercuérant se. Erant sex millia had exercised themselves. (There) were si thousands equitum, totidem numéro _pedites_velocissimi ¥f horsemen, as many in number foot-soldiers most-swi'>49] LIBER I. 81 ac fortissmi, singilos quos_—singiili aud most-brave, euch whom each delegérant ex omni_— cop, causst hud chosen from all. ~—‘the force, _ by reason (for the site salutis. Versabantur cum suke) of-their-own safety. They were employed with his in proolis 5 equites recipiebant these in battles; the horsemen —_ lia betake we ad hos hi, si quid these, if any (thing) érat — durfus, concurrebant : si qui, was more-hard, did run-together (to succour); if — anys themselves to these: graviore yulnére accepto, —_decidérant @ heavier (very severe) wound being received, had fallen-dowa Equo, cireumsistebant : si érat from horse, they did stand-around : if — itwas prodeundum longitis aut recipiendum to-be-adoanced farther or to-be-retreated celerits quo, tanta rat celeritas. more-quickly any-where, so great was the speed horum —exercitatione, ut, —_sublevati jiibis ofthese by exercise, that, lifled-up by the manes equorum, adeequarent cursum. Of the horses, they would eyual (their) course. 49. Ubi Cesar intellexit um tenere ses When Cesar understood hin to hold bimse f castris, ne-prohiberetur diutits in camps, that he might not be pronibited louyer commeatu, delegit léeum —idonéum castris, from provision, he chuse a plice — suituble for camps cireiter sex-centos passus ultra gum lécum, in quo ubout six hundred paces beyoud that place, m which léco Germani —_consedérant, que triplici plac the Germans had sut-down (encanped) and a triple ace instructi, --venit- ad Eum lécum. _Jussit Tine being arrayed, hecame to thut pluce, He ordered K82 DE BELLO ‘GALLICO. [50 primam et secundam aciem esse in armis, tertiam the first and second line tobe in arms, the third munire _castra(pl.). Hic cus, ith dictum-est, to fortify the cump, ‘This place, us has been said, abérat ab hoste circiter__sex-centos _passus. was-uisiant from” the enemy about sie-hundred paces, Ed — Ariovistus misit numérum hominum circiter Thitier Ariovistus sent anumber of men about sexdécim millia _expedita, cum omni equitatu; sizteen thousunds Tight-urmed, with all the cavalry ; que copie perterrerent nostros, et prohiberent waich forces should aiarm our (men), and should prohibit munitione. Nihilo _ secils Ceesar, from fortifying, By wothiug _ less (nevertheless) Cesur, ut constituérat anti, jussit dias —acies as he had determined before, ordered the two _ lines propulsare hostem, _—tertiam —perficére pus. forepel the enemy, the third to complete the work. Castris munitis, reliquit ibi dias legiones The camps being fortified, he ft there two legions et partern §=——_auxiiorum; reduxit —_quatiior and part — of the ausiliuries ; he led-buck the four ~eliquas in - majora astra (pl.). saiuing (legions) into the greater cump. 50. Pyoximo die, Cvesar stio _ instituto In the next day, Cesar innis institutson (custom) eduxit siias copias ex —utrisque castris; que led-forth his forces out-of ewen = cumps; und progressus paulliilum = —majoribus, _instruxit having advanced very-lutle fron the yreater, arsayed aciem que fecit hostthus —_putestatem pugnandi. (his) line aud made totheenemies power —_of ryhting. Ubi intellexit gos one tum quidem When 4 he understood them not then __indeed (even) prodire, _circiter meridiem reduxit —_exercitum to come-forth, about mid-day he led-back the army81] LIBER I. 83 in castra (pl). ‘Tum demum Ariovistus misit into camp. Then at-lust =~ Ariovistus sent partem suarum copiarum, que oppugnaret minora vurt of his forces, which miynt assault the less castra (pl.). Pugnatum-est acriter utrinque —_ usque cump. Tt was fought sharply on-bota-sides until ad vespérum. — Occasu solis Ariovistus reduxit to evening. With setting ofthesun Arionstus led-back stias copias in castra(pl.), multis vulneribus et his forces into cump, many wounds —_botn illatis et acceptis. Quum Czsar being brought-on (given) and received. When Caesar queréret (imp. subj.) ex —_captivis, quam8brem did inguire from the captives, wherefore Ariovistus decertaret (imp. subj.) non _preelio, Arivvistus did contend not in battle, reperiebat ane caussam: Qudd a consuetudo he did find this the cause: Because that custom esset (imp. subj.) pud Germanos, ut matres- was with the Germans, that the mothers- familias eorum declararent sortibus et of fumily of them —showid declare by lots and vaticinationibus, — utrim esset | ex usu by propnecies, whether it miyht be out-of use (ad- pralium committi necne: %as dicére vantageous) utile to be engaged or-not; them to suy ita, “Non esse fas Germanos —superare, si thus, “Not tobe lawful the Germuns to conquer, if contendissent prolio ante ndvam. they might huve contended iw buttle before the new Junam.” moon,” 51. Postridie ejus_diei,-preesidio —_relicto The duy-after of that day, a guard —bemg left utrisque castris, quod visum-est siitia, —_constitiit to euch camps, which seemed —_suficient, he arranged «284 DE BELLO GALLICO. (52 omnes _alivios in conspectu. ostium =—_ pro" «ll the flankers in sight of the enemies before minoribus castris (plur.), (quod _velehat the less camp, (because Re id avail (was strong) minis multitudine —legionariorum —militum pro less inthe multitude of legionary soldiers. for numéro hostium ;) ut —uterctur {eonsidering) the number ofthe enemies;) that he might use alariis (abl.) ad speciem. Ipse, — triplici the flonkers to (for) appearance. (He) himself, a tripe acie __ instructa, accessit usque ad castra fine being arrayed. approached as-fur-as to the cumps hostium. Tum demum__ necessarid Germani of the enemies... Then at-lust necessarily the Germans eduxerunt —stias. cop g castris: que led-out their. ~— forces from the camps: and. ‘constituerunt generatim ; que paribus arrunged (them) , — by-sorts (tribes); and at equal intervallis, Harudes, Marcomanos, —_‘Triboccos, intervals, the Harudes, Marcomuni, Tribocei, Vangiines, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suevos; que Vauyiones, Nemetes, Sedusii, Suevi ; and cireumdederunt omnem siiam —aciem thedis surrounded all their Hine with carriages et carris. E8 —_ imposuerunt que, and waygons. There they placed-on the women, who, crinvbus passis, flentes (their) hairs (locks) being spread (disheveled), weeping implorabant —_milites —_—proficiscentes_ in praclium, did implore the soldiers setting-out_ into battle, ne-tradérent se in servitntem Hat they would not deliver themselves into sluvery Romanis. to the Romans. 52, Cesar —preefecit —_singiilos Tegatos Cesur —set-over each (separate) lieutenants52] TIBER I. 85 et quaestorem singiilis legionibus, ti © quisque and aquestor _—to each legions, that every-one haberet 0s — testes. «stig ~—_virtutis. Ipse mught have them witnesses of his valour. (He) himself A dextro cornu, quod animadvertéraz from the right — horn (wing), because —_he had obserced Zam partem ostium = — esses minim’ firmam, that “part af the enemies tobe least Jira, commisit prelium. —Nostri, signo _ dito, engaged battie. Our (men), the sign being given, fecerunt impétum ita acriter in hostes: que made anattack so sharply upon the enemies: aud hostes procurrerunt ita repent que celeriter, ut theenemies ‘ran-forwurd 0 suddenly and quickly, that spatium conjiciendi_ pila in hostes space of throwing the javelins against _ the enennes daretar non. Pilis rejectis, might be given not. ‘The janelins _ being thrown-away, pngnatum-est cominus _—giadiis, At Germani it was fovght hand-to-hand with swords. But the Germans celeriter ex stid consuetudine, _phalange quickly according-to their custom, @ phalunz facta, exceperunt impétus gladiorum. Complures being made, received the attacks of the swords. Very-many nostri milites reperti-sunt, qui _insilirent in our soldiers were-found, who would leap-up upon phalanges et revellérent seuta the phalanzes and would pull-back the shields manibus, et vulnerarent destiper,. - Quum with (their) hands, and would wound from above. Whea acies ostium _pulsa-esset (pl. perf. subj.) _& the line of theenemies had been repulsed from (on) sinistro cornu, atque conversa figam, the left horn (wing), and turned into _flight, premebant nostram aciem = vehementer 3 they did press our fine vehemently from (on)86 DE BELLO GALLICO. [53 dextro cornu multitudine suorum, the right horn (wing), by the multitude _ of their (men). Quum Publius Crassus adolescens, qui prevérat When Publius Crassus @ young-man, who was-over equitatii, animadvertisset (pl. perf. subj.) id, to the cavalry, had perceived that, quod rat expeditior quam = hi, qui Becuyre he was more-disengaged thun these, who versaoantur inter aciem, misit tertiam aciem were engaged amid the line, he sent the third line nostris lnborantibus subsidio. to our (men) labouring (distressed) for a reserve. 53, Ita preelium —restitutum-est atque omnes Thus the battle was restored and —_— all hhostes —_—verterunt terga, néque destiterunt the enemies turned — (their) backs, nor desisted fugire, prits quam —pervenerunt ad flumen to flee, efore than they arrived at the river Rhenum, circiter quinquaginta millia passiium ex Rhine, about fifty” thousands of paces from o Yeo. Ibi perpauci, aut confisi that place. There very-few, either’ having trusted viribus (pl.), contenderunt transnatare; aut, to strength, strained (endeavoured) to swim-over : or, lintribus —_inventis, —_petierunt salutem sibi. barks being found, sought safety —_ to themselves. Tn his fitit_— Ariovistus, qui, nactus In these wus Ariovistus, who, having obtained navicitlam , deligatam ad ripam, —profugit i: alittleship’ bound —at_ the bank, escaped —in its nostri equites consecuti interfecerunt omnes our horsemen having overtuken —_—ikilled all reliquos. Uxores Ariovisti. fuerunt dite, the remaining. The wives of Ariovistus were ‘two, una Seva ~—snatione, = quam=—_adduxrat, one a Suevian by nation, whom —e had led-up