Unit 5

3 Look at the pictures and decide if the sentences

are correct (✓) or incorrect (✗).

Remember your grammar

Modal verbs
1 Read the uses of the modal verbs and complete
them with words from the box.

be able to can’t may might must 1 You can do anything if you try.
mustn’t needn’t need to ought to

1 We use can and to talk about

ability.
2 We use should and to give advice.
3 We use can, could and to
ask permission.
4 We use must, have to and to talk
about obligation.
2 You don’t need to go to a doctor.
5 We use don’t have to, don’t need to and
to talk about lack of necessity.
6 We use to talk about prohibition.
7 We use may, and could to talk
about present and future possibility.
8 We use to express certainty in
the present.
9 We use to express certainty in
the present.
3 You needn’t be quiet in the library.

2 Now match the sentences (A–I) with the uses

(1–9) in Exercise 1.

A It must be hard to have no best mates.

B You mustn’t wear jeans in class.
C Mum, can I go out with Julie tonight?
D Don’t make excuses! I can tell when you’re
lying to me.
4 Drivers mustn’t go over the speed limit.
E I think you should apologise to Joe.
F She can’t know the truth. It’s a secret.
G Your parents might relax the rules if you
show them how responsible you are.
H You need to send the invitations now or
they won’t arrive in time for the party.
I You needn’t wear smart clothes – jeans
and a T-shirt are fine.
5 We don’t have to wear a uniform at
our school.
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 Unit 5

4 Circle the correct answer.

1 Billy must / can’t be at home because his car is parked outside his house.
2 Sally needn’t / is able to keep a secret if you make her promise not to tell.
3 You don’t have to / mustn’t help your mum clean up, but she will be angry if you don’t.
4 If you like Stanley, you should / ought ask him to the party.
5 Joey, don’t forget you ought to / have to take the rubbish out before you leave.
6 We might / can’t lose touch when you go to university, but I hope we won’t.
7 Sue can’t / doesn’t need to be at Tom’s house. I’ve just seen her at the pool.
8 Should / May I leave the class for a minute, Mrs Marsh? I need a glass of water.

See Grammar File, page 140

Past modals
5 Read the grammar notes about past modals and complete with infinitive or past participle.

1 We use could and was/were able to + to talk about past ability.

2 We use should have and ought to have + to express regret or criticism
about the past.
3 We use had to + to talk about obligation or necessity in the past.
4 We use didn’t have to and didn’t need to (whether the action happened or not) +
or needn’t have (if the action happened) + to talk about lack of necessity in the past.
5 We use might have, may have and could have + to talk about possibility
in the past.
6 We use must have + to talk about certainty in the past.
7 We use can’t have + to talk about impossibility in the past.

6 Match the halves of the sentences.

1 Tommy wasn’t able to A eaten all his food already. I only gave it to him a moment ago.
2 Susie ought to have B walk until he was two years old.
3 We had to C changed their minds about going away; their car is still outside.
4 I needn’t have D been embarrassed because nobody noticed me fall over.
5 They didn’t need to E told the truth when her mother asked her about the stolen money.
6 Your car might have F cook dinner because I cooked it for them.
7 Peter and Jane must have G wear uniforms in our last year of secondary school.
8 The dog can’t have H broken down because you never change the oil.

7 Match the sentences (1–8) in Exercise 6 with the uses (A–H).

A past impossibility E past obligation or necessity

B past certainty F lack of necessity in the past
C lack of necessity in the past (the action happened)
(the action didn’t happen) G criticism about the past
D past possibility H past ability

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 8 Complete the sentences with the phrases from the box and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

shouldn’t have could needn’t have can’t have didn’t have to may have

1 Dan (be) anxious about passing his Physics test because he didn’t
revise for it at all.
2 Luckily, I (clean) up all the mess because my brother did it for me.
3 You (ignore) the red light; now that policeman is signalling us to stop.
4 Peter isn’t talking to Jennifer. I think she (accuse) him of cheating in the exam.
5 My best friend, Helen, (speak) three languages by the time she was twelve.
Isn’t that cool?
6 Stella (move) out of the way because I had lots of room to get by. It was
nice of her, though.

9 Look at the pictures and write sentences using the correct past modal.

1 Karen / buy / food / for the picnic

2 David / break / Zoe’s doll

3 Jake / sleep / at all last night

4 Mike / pass / his exams

5 Holly / complete / the puzzle

See Grammar File, page 141

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 Unit 5

Review your vocabulary

1 Choose the correct word, A, B, C or D, to complete the sentences.

1 the long run, the only way to succeed is 11 You mustn’t lies or nobody will trust you.
to work hard. A make C tell
A By C In B speak D say
B To D For 12 Can I give you a(n) of warning? Never be
2 I don’t think he was ill at all. I think he’s just late for Mrs Johnson’s class.
excuses because he forgot about my birthday. A letter C advice
A having C telling B word D piece
B making D spreading 13 Don’t be such a ! Leave me alone or I’ll
3 You know, you really ought to up for tell the teacher!
Steven. He needs a friend right now. A coach C gang
A put C break B bully D colleague
B see D stick 14 They’re offering one month’s free at the
4 I don’t think you should in the exam; it’s new sports centre. Let’s go and join!
wrong and your teacher might find out. A relationship C partnership
A cheat C lie B friendship D membership
B lose D steal 15 You must have made a mistake. I’m sure
5 Shannon felt left when everyone apart Billy would never call you ; he’s your
from her was invited to Ryan’s party. best friend!
A off C out A insults C secrets
B up D over B names D things
6 Show your parents that they can trust you, and 16 I wish I was like Katy – she’s so pretty and she’s
they might their strict rules. the most girl in school.
A stop C tighten A mean C interested
B relax D slow B popular D proud
7 I can’t believe Mr Hunter me to be 17 Trudy taking Paul’s MP3 player – she
captain of the football team! said somebody must have put it in her bag.
A pulled C picked A denied C discouraged
B saw D decided B refused D admitted
8 From now , I’m going to study much 18 His rude comment resulted a
harder at school. punishment from his teacher.
A in C of A of C on
B out D on B about D in
9 Do you like to go out with your mates 19 I think John must have a crush you
your spare time? because he’s always staring at you in class.
A in C on A in C on
B at D for B out D with
10 That big boy put his foot out and me up 20 We have the most fantastic living
and I fell over! next door; they let everyone in the street
A tripped C pulled use their pool.
B stuck D picked A neighbours C flatmates
B colleagues D gang

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 Exam practice
1 Read the text and choose the best answer, A, B, C or D, for each gap.

How important is friendship?

When we are born, we are shapeless and unformed. Over the years, from birth to adolescence to
1
, there are many factors that will affect who and what we become in later life.
Child psychologists 2 the idea that during the early years it is parents and other relatives that
have the greatest influence on a child. However, in later years, especially in the teenage years, friends
take over that role. 3 is important throughout everyone’s life, but perhaps it is most
important in the teen years. You are a teenager. Can you imagine what it might be like not to have a
best 4 ? Who would you go to when you were feeling 5 out and lonely? Or when
someone, maybe the school 6
, has decided he doesn’t like you and is 7 on you or
even spreading terrible 8
about you? And who could you share the good times with? Friends
are people you have lots in common with – they understand you! Without a best friend, you wouldn’t
have anyone to hang out with in your spare 9 – life could get pretty boring!
Yes, we all need to have friends. In the long 10
, the experts are right. Our friends really do
have a huge influence on who we are now, and, of course, who we will be in the future.

1 A neighbourhood B adulthood C childhood D fatherhood

2 A accept B ignore C deny D reject
3 A impression B friendship C commitment D membership
4 A ex B bully C mate D coach
5 A kept B set C let D left
6 A bully B teacher C colleague D flatmate
7 A sticking B picking C cheating D calling
8 A words B news C whispers D rumours
9 A days B hours C time D weeks
10 A walk B jump C run D step

2 Choose the correct word or phrase, A, B, C or D, to complete the sentences.

1 You take photos in the museum; it’s 5 You apologise, but it would be better
not allowed. if you did.
A don’t have to C mustn’t A mustn’t C could
B must D have to B need to D don’t need to
2 ‘Do you know where Tom is?’ 6 ‘Hi Ms Crane. to Joe, please?’
‘He be at the social club, but I’m not sure.’ ‘Sure. I’ll go and get him.’
A might C should A Should I talk C May I talk
B can D has to B Could I talked D Might I talked
3 ‘ your friend Sam keep a secret?’ 7 You call your friends names. It’s not nice.
‘Yes, of course.’ A must C don’t have to
A May C Can B mustn’t D had to
B Must D Might 8 You bring a gift to my party – unless you
4 ‘Frank has a crush on me.’ really want to!
‘Really? You to go and talk to him.’ A needn’t C needn’t have
A ought C should B can’t D could
B must D are able

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 Unit 5

3 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs and appropriate modal verbs.

Best friends?
Susan and Joey had been neighbours for fifteen years. They 1 (know)
each other for almost all of that time because their mothers often told them how they all used to go
to the park together – even when the children were very young and 2
(not walk) yet. The two teenagers were always together and neither of them 3
(remember) ever fighting.
Today, however, Susan was very upset with Joey. ‘You should have called me when you found out
you 4 (not meet) me at the park,’ she complained. ‘When Mum found
out I was there by myself, I 5 (come) home!’ she added. Joey looked
embarrassed, but then he said, ‘I 6
(not keep) our date today because
there was something else I 7 (do). You know, Susie, there is something
that you have to realise.’ He stopped speaking for a minute and then said, ‘I 8
(not be) with you all the time any more because I’ll be busy with other things. You ought to go out
and meet new people.’ Susie stared at him and replied, ‘That might be a good idea, Joey. And you
9
(not come) with me to the park again. I can go by myself.’ Susie was
miserable as she turned away. Her face brightened, however, when she heard Joey softly say,
‘Hey, friend, 10 (I call) you later?’

4 Choose the option which is closest in meaning to 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has
each sentence. a similar meaning to the first. Use the word
in capitals.
1 You needn’t have come to see me off at the
station, but thanks anyway. 1 You aren’t allowed to park here – it’s illegal.
A It wasn’t necessary for you to come with me MUST
to the station, but I appreciate it. You – it’s illegal.
B It won’t be necessary for you to come with 2 It isn’t necessary for us to hand in our papers
me to the station. till Friday.
C I will thank you if you come with me to HAVE
the station. We hand in our papers
D You don’t have to come with me to the till Friday.
station if you don’t want to.
3 I can understand French, but only if you speak
2 You must have been waiting in that long queue it slowly.
for hours! ABLE
A The rules say that you must wait in the I French, but only if you
queue for a long time. speak it slowly.
B You have to wait in the queue for a
4 You should feel guilty about being horrible to
long time.
Dan.
C Why did you need to wait in the queue for
TO
such a long time?
You about being
D I’m sure you were waiting in the queue for a
horrible to Dan.
long time.
5 I advise you not to be anxious about your
3 From now on, I won’t cheat in my exams.
appearance.
A I have never cheated in my exams.
SHOULD
B I have cheated before, but I’m not going to
You about your
do it again.
appearance.
C I will cheat in my exams today, but not
6 Tony has definitely forgotten about our
after that.
D I’m not cheating in my exams today.
meeting.
MUST
Tony about our
meeting.
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 6 Choose the correct word, A, B or C, to complete the sentences.
1 You shouldn’t be of Emma; you sing as 5 She might be the most girl at school,
well as she does. but I don’t like her.
A jealousy B jealous C jealously A unpopular B popularly C popular
2 I knew I could on you – you’re the best! 6 I’m not really in their conversation.
A depend B depending C dependent A interesting B interested C interest
3 You ought to stop Grant because you’ll 7 You don’t need to be because I’ll take
upset him. care of you.
A teaser B teased C teasing A anxiety B anxiously C anxious
4 You must be very of Pam being picked 8 I know you’re so let’s do something fun!
for the team. A bored B boring C bore
A proudly B proud C pride

7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in capitals.

1 I finally managed to get Sue on the phone. 5 There’s no way Laura was with Seth last night;
ABLE she’s been in Halifax for a week.
I get Sue on BEEN
the phone. Laura with Seth last
2 You should have told Tom that you didn’t want night; she’s been in Halifax for a week.
to lose touch with him. 6 It was necessary for all students to wear a
TO uniform at that school.
You have told Tom TO
that you didn’t want to lose touch with him. All students a
3 It wasn’t necessary for Paul to introduce uniform at that school.
me to Barb because I had already met her. 7 I’m sure it was hard for him growing up
NEED without parents.
Paul introduce HAVE
me to Barb because I had already met her. It hard for him
4 I’m certain Carol stuck up for you; she’s your growing up without parents.
best friend! 8 I don’t know for sure, but I don’t think you made
HAVE a good impression on the other members.
Carol stuck up for MIGHT
you; she’s your best friend. I don’t know for sure, but you
a good
impression on the other members.

8 Read the article and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

True friendship
As humans, we have many relationships and one of the best of those is friendship. What is the
definition of a friend though? Does a friend have to 1 a star athlete or an A-student
and be popular 2
all the other kids at school? Should they stick 3 for you,
even when you have done something wrong like 4 a lie? Does a friend need to speak
up 5 your behalf when you’re not there and 6 excuses for you even when
you have behaved badly? Is that what a person has 7 do to be considered a friend? If
that’s the case, you might 8 the wrong idea about what a true friend is. You see, a true
friend is none of those things. Instead, a friend is someone who will always 9 your
secrets and who will never 10
you names behind your back. Real friends are loyal and
generous, and most importantly, they will never let you down!

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 Unit 5

9 Complete the text with the correct form of the words in capitals.

How can sport bring people together?

It is common knowledge that sport brings nations together. On a smaller
scale, it also brings individuals together. Many 1 are made FRIEND
when you are part of a group. Whether it’s a club in the community or a
team at school, these groups can give people the 2 to FREE
socialise with others their own age. Some parents 3 their kids COURAGE
to get involved in sports so that they will develop team spirit and a sense
of cooperation. Others sign their children up for various sports because
they think 4 of a team might be a good way for them to make MEMBER
friends. It makes sense, really. Teammates see each other a lot; week after
week, they practise and play together. They also share 5 in FEEL
victory and defeat. Because of the 6
that is needed to be COMMIT
part of a team, many of these 7
, the ones that are formed RELATION
in 8
, could and often do, last a lifetime. CHILD

10 In each sentence one of the words or phrases underlined needs to be replaced by another word or words.
Choose the word or phrase that needs to be replaced, A, B, C or D.

1 You can’t A be serious! Billy B wasn’t able to C came and see you D off at the port yesterday?
2 We A should have B given Laura C more of freedom when she was D a teenager.
3 Karen ought A to B have pay more attention in class; that way she C might get D better marks.
4 You A shouldn’t to criticise Jan so much because you’ll B only discourage her from sticking C up D for herself.
5 He might A have B been spoken on C your behalf at last night’s club meeting, but I can’t D be sure.
6 Jenny must A be really pleased B with C for the marks she got in her exams, although I am a bit jealous D of her!
7 If your new computer breaks A all down, you B might have C to take it back D to the shop.
8 The coach A can’t have rejected my plan; he knows it’s the only way we B can C to win the D championship!

11 Choose the correct word or phrase, A, B, C or D, to complete the sentences.

1 ‘We come last Saturday, but we’d love to 5 ‘I had a terrible headache last night.’
come this week.’ ‘You have taken an aspirin.’
‘That will be fine.’ A may C ought to
A shouldn’t have C weren’t able to B couldn’t D needn’t
B couldn’t have D can’t have 6 ‘Shirley a lie.’
2 ‘I to email you last night because my ‘Yes, but you don’t know that for sure.’
computer crashed.’ A could have told C must have told
‘Don’t worry about it.’ B may told D should tell
A didn’t have C managed 7 You picked me up from the airport, but
B didn’t need D wasn’t able I’m pleased that you did.
3 ‘A bully was picking on my friend.’ A can’t have C needn’t have
‘You asked your teacher for help.’ B could have D should have
A should have C must have 8 Sally very happy when her coach picked
B can’t have D might have her for the team.
4 ‘That have been Grant we saw at the A must have be C must have been
bowling alley last night.’ B must be D must been
‘You’re right. Grant is away on holiday.’
A mustn’t C needn’t
B shouldn’t D can’t
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 12 Read the text and choose the best answer, A, B, C or D, for each gap.

Real friends?
Last week, during a Maths lesson, a 1
of mine named Frank leaned over and in a
whisper asked me, ‘How many friends have
you got?’ I looked at him open-mouthed and
whispered back, ‘I 2 really be sure, but I’d
say three or four.’ What I said must have been
pretty funny because it 3 in Frank
bursting out in laughter and both of us
getting into a lot of 4 with the teacher!
Eventually, I discovered that Frank wasn’t
talking about real friends, he was talking about Facebook friends. I have to 5 that when he told
me about how 6 he was of his 155 Facebook friends, I didn’t know what he was talking about.
I shouldn’t have told him that, though! Right away he started 7 me for being old-fashioned. He
went on and on for so long about how Facebook was the thing, I almost 8 for being so ‘uncool’.
A few nights ago, Frank was nice enough to help me get a membership on the Facebook website
and I already have over twenty friends. I feel so popular! You should check out Facebook. A word of
9
, though – if your computer 10 , remember it’s not the end of the world. You do have real
friends, you know!
1 A teammate B classmate C flatmate D shipmate
2 A can’t B shouldn’t C mustn’t D mightn’t
3 A caused B answered C resulted D ended
4 A damage B worry C trouble D pain
5 A admit B reject C deny D ignore
6 A happy B proud C guilty D mean
7 A encouraging B accepting C interfering D criticising
8 A accused B confided C treated D apologised
9 A warning B advising C meaning D telling
10 A sticks up B runs out C breaks down D hands in

13 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in capitals.
1 Could you come and get me from the station? 5 True friends defend each other.
UP STICK
Would you mind True friends
from the station? each other.
2 Vince’s silly excuses caused Rose to get very 6 Sammy, are you listening to me?
angry. PAYING
RESULTED Sammy, are you
Vince’s silly excuses to me?
very angry. 7 Joanie thinks her test results were great; she is
3 Are you saying that I broke your favourite DVD? very happy.
OF PLEASED
Are you your Joanie is very her
favourite DVD? test results.
4 Can I tell you a secret about my best friend? 8 Did your parents discover you got in late?
CONFIDE FIND
Can I about my best Did your parents
friend? you getting in late?

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 Unit 5

14 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.

1 Your best mate never you when 5 My and I have been living in this
you try to do something difficult. COURAGE apartment together for three months. MATE
2 Tell me the – you don’t want to 6 is a time when you have to make
go out with me! TRUE mature decisions about life. ADULT
3 They had been friends for a long time and 7 He has always had a difficult
decided to set up a business . with his brother. RELATION
PARTNER 8 A word of , Enzo; never lie to me
4 Julie, pay ; I’m trying to tell you again. WARN
something important. ATTEND

15 Read the email and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

New Reply

Dear Julie,
Thanks for your email. I’m sorry that you’re having problems
with your best friend. I 1 totally understand why
you’re anxious 2 the situation. You said in your
email that in the past few days Sheila had started picking
3
you and telling you that she is bored 4
doing the same things all the time with you. You also mentioned
that you had just got the main role in your school play. I think I
might know what your friend’s problem is. She’s probably being
mean 5 you because she’s jealous of you. She could
be thinking that if you get too popular 6 all the kids
at your school, you might not have time to pay attention
7
her any more. Of course, your friend shouldn’t
8
behaved in the way she did, but if I were you, I
wouldn’t give 9 on her. Friends are hard to find so
why don’t you find a way to show her that you’re still interested
10
being her mate? Maybe you could invite her to
some of your rehearsals. I hope it works out for you.
Take care,
Agony Annie

Let’s chat!
Work with a partner. Talk about things that you and your best mates did when
you were younger. Discuss …

• things that were (un)necessary for you to do. • things that were impossible for you to do.
• things you regret doing.

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