EDINBURGH

Elena Martínez Benavides

4º A TIC
INDEX
1. THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND
1.1. GEOGRAPHY AND NATURAL HISTORY

2. THE CITY OF EDINBURGH

2.1. HISTORY
2.2. EDINBURGH CASTLE
2.3. MARY KING'S CLOSE
2.4. OUR DYNAMIC EARTH
2.5. THE NELSON MONUMENT
2.6. FIRTH OF FORTH

3. THE CITY OF GLASGOW

3.1. AREAS AND SUBURBS

4. SCOTTISH PEOPLE
4.1. ETHNIC GROUPS OF SCOTLAND

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 1. THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND
Scotland is the northernmost of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom. Together
with England and wales, forming part of the island of Great Britain, covering a third of its total
area; it also has more than 790 islands. It limits to the north and west with the Atlantic Ocean;
to the east with the North Sea, to the south with England and to the southwest with the North
Channel and the Irish Sea. The Scottish territory covers 78 772 km².

The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages
and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King
of England and King of Ireland, thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. Scotland
subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to
create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great
Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. In
1801, Great Britain itself entered into a political union with the Kingdom of Ireland to create
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles,
titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland. The
legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and
Northern Ireland; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. The
continued existence of legal, educational, religious and other institutions distinct from those in
the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and
national identity since the 1707 union with England.

In 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral

legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy.
Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European
Parliament by 6 MEPs. Scotland is also a member of the British–Irish Council, and sends five
members of the Scottish Parliament to the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly.

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 1.1. GEOGRAPHY AND NATURAL HISTORY

The mainland of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great
Britain, which lies off the north-west coast of Continental Europe. The total area is 78,772 km2
(30,414 sq mi), comparable to the size of the Czech Republic. Scotland's only land border is
with England, and runs for 96 kilometres (60 mi) between the basin of the River Tweed on the
east coast and the Solway Firth in the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the
North Sea is to the east. The island of Ireland lies only 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the south-
western peninsula of Kintyre; Norway is 305 kilometres (190 mi) to the east and the Faroes,
270 kilometres (168 mi) to the north.

The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237 Treaty of York
between Scotland and the Kingdom of England and the 1266 Treaty of Perth between Scotland
and Norway. Important exceptions include the Isle of Man, which having been lost to England
in the 14th century is now a crown dependency outside of the United Kingdom; the island
groups Orkney and Shetland, which were acquired from Norway in 1472; and Berwick-upon-
Tweed, lost to England in 1482.

The geographical centre of Scotland lies a few miles from the village of Newtonmore in
Badenoch. Rising to 1,344 metres (4,409 ft) above sea level, Scotland's highest point is the
summit of Ben Nevis, in Lochaber, while Scotland's longest river, the River Tay, flows for a
distance of 190 kilometres (118 mi).

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GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
The whole of Scotland was covered by ice sheets during the Pleistocene ice ages and the
landscape is much affected by glaciation. From a geological perspective, the country has three
main sub-divisions.

The Highlands and Islands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which runs
from Arran to Stonehaven. This part of Scotland largely comprises ancient rocks from the
Cambrian and Precambrian, which were uplifted during the later Caledonian Orogeny. It is
interspersed with igneous intrusions of a more recent age, remnants of which formed
mountain massifs such as the Cairngorms and Skye Cuillins.

A significant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing beds of Old Red Sandstones found
principally along the Moray Firth coast. The Highlands are generally mountainous and the
highest elevations in the British Isles are found here. Scotland has over 790 islands divided into
four main groups: Shetland, Orkney, and the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. There are
numerous bodies of freshwater including Loch Lomond and Loch Ness. Some parts of the
coastline consist of machair, a low lying dune pasture land.

The Central Lowlands is a rift valley mainly comprising Paleozoic formations. Many of these
sediments have economic significance for it is here that the coal and iron bearing rocks that
fuelled Scotland's industrial revolution are found. This area has also experienced intense
volcanism, Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh being the remnant of a once much larger volcano. This
area is relatively low-lying, although even here hills such as the Ochils and Campsie Fells are
rarely far from view.

The Southern Uplands are a range of hills almost 200 kilometres (124 mi) long, interspersed
with broad valleys. They lie south of a second fault line (the Southern Uplands fault) that runs
from Girvan to Dunbar. The geological foundations largely comprise Silurian deposits laid down
some 4–500 million years ago. The high point of the Southern Uplands is Merrick with an
elevation of 843 m (2,766 ft). The Southern Uplands is home to the UK's highest village,
Wanlockhead (430 m or 1,411 ft above sea level).

CLIMATE
The climate of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable. As it is
warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter
summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow
region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia. However,
temperatures are generally lower than in the rest of the UK, with the coldest ever UK
temperature of −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) recorded at Braemar in the Grampian Mountains, on 11

4
February 1895. Winter maxima average 6 °C (43 °F) in the Lowlands, with summer maxima
averaging 18 °C (64 °F). The highest temperature recorded was 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) at Greycrook,
Scottish Borders on 9 August 2003.

The west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, owing to the influence of Atlantic Ocean
currents and the colder surface temperatures of the North Sea. Tiree, in the Inner Hebrides, is
one of the sunniest places in the country: it had more than 300 hours of sunshine in May 1975.
Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. The western highlands of Scotland are the wettest, with
annual rainfall in a few places exceeding 3,000 mm (120 in). In comparison, much of lowland
Scotland receives less than 800 mm (31 in) annually. Heavy snowfall is not common in the
lowlands, but becomes more common with altitude. Braemar has an average of 59 snow days
per year, while many coastal areas average fewer than 10 days of lying snow per year.

FLORA AND FAUNA

Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north-west of Europe, although several of the larger
mammals such as the lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus were hunted to extinction in
historic times. There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting
grounds for a variety of seabirds such as gannets. The golden eagle is something of a national
icon.

On the high mountain tops, species including ptarmigan, mountain hare and stoat can be seen
in their white colour phase during winter months. Remnants of the native Scots pine forest
exist and within these areas the Scottish crossbill, the UK's only endemic bird species and
vertebrate, can be found alongside capercaillie, Scottish wildcat, red squirrel and pine marten.
Various animals have been re-introduced, including the white-tailed sea eagle in 1975, the red
kite in the 1980s, and there have been experimental projects involving the beaver and wild
boar. Today, much of the remaining native Caledonian Forest lies within the Cairngorms
National Park and remnants of the forest remain at 84 locations across Scotland. On the west
coast, remnants of ancient Celtic Rainforest still remain, particularly on the Taynish peninsula
in Argyll, these forests are particularly rare due to high rates of deforestation throughout
Scottish history.

The flora of the country is varied incorporating both deciduous and coniferous woodland and
moorland and tundra species. However, large scale commercial tree planting and the
management of upland moorland habitat for the grazing of sheep and commercial field sport
activities impacts upon the distribution of indigenous plants and animals. The UK's tallest tree
is a grand fir planted beside Loch Fyne, Argyll in the 1870s, and the Fortingall Yew may be
5,000 years old and is probably the oldest living thing in Europe.

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 2. THE CITY OF EDINBURGH
Edinburgh is the capital and council of Scotland (United Kingdom) .It is the second largest city
in Scotland after Glasgow.

Located on the east coast of Scotland, on the banks of the Firth of the Forth River and the local
unitary authority of the City of Edinburgh, it is the capital of Scotland since 1437 and seat of
the Scottish government. It was one of the most important centers of education and culture
during the Enlightenment thanks to the University of Edinburgh. Its districts The Old Town (old
city) and The New Town (new city) were designated Patrimony of the Humanity by UNESCO in
1995. According to the census of 2011 it has a total population of 459 366 inhabitants.

Edinburgh is famous for its International Festival, the largest live-action festival in the world,
and other festivals held in summer more or less simultaneously, most of which are grouped
under the Edinburgh Festival name. During the festival the population of the city doubles.
Edinburgh is the second most visited city in the United Kingdom, after London, with
approximately 13 million tourists a year.

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 2.1 HISTORY

EARLY HISTORY
The earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence
was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c. 8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron
Age settlements have been found on Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, Craiglockhart Hill and the
Pentland Hills.

When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, they discovered a Celtic
Brittonic tribe whose name they recorded as the Votadini. At some point before the 7th
century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill
fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it seems likely they
would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, or Calton Hill.

In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria,
and around this time control of Lothian passed to the Angles. Their influence continued for the
next three centuries until around 950, when, during the reign of Indulf, son of Constantine II,
the "burh" (fortress), named in the 10th century Pictish Chronicle as oppidum Eden, was
abandoned to the Scots. It thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction.

The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the
Crown, though the precise date is unknown. By the middle of the 14th century, the French
chronicler Jean Froissart was describing it as the capital of Scotland (c. 1365), and James III
(1451–88) referred to it in the 15th century as "the principal burgh of our kingdom”. Despite
the destruction caused by an English assault in 1544, the town slowly recovered, and was at
the centre of events in the 16th century Scottish Reformation and 17th century Wars of the
Covenant.

17TH CENTURY
In 1603, King James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne, uniting the crowns of
Scotland and England in a personal union known as the Union of the Crowns, though Scotland
remained, in all other respects, a separate kingdom. In 1638, King Charles I's attempt to
introduce Anglican Church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition
culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Subsequent Scottish support
for Charles Stuart's restoration to the throne of England resulted in Edinburgh's occupation by
Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth of England forces – the New Model Army – in 1650.

In the 17th century, Edinburgh's boundaries were still defined by the city's defensive town
walls. As a result, the city's growing population was accommodated by increasing the height of
the houses. Buildings of 11 storeys or more were common, and have been described as
forerunners of the modern-day skyscraper. Most of these old structures were replaced by the
predominantly Victorian buildings seen in today's Old Town.

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18TH CENTURY
Following the Treaty of Union in 1706, the Parliaments of England and Scotland passed Acts of
Union in 1706 and 1707 respectively, uniting the two kingdoms in the Kingdom of Great Britain
effective from 1 May 1707. As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the
Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in
London. The Union was opposed by many Scots, resulting in riots in the city.

By the first half of the 18th century, despite rising prosperity evidenced by its growing
importance as a banking centre, Edinburgh was described as one of Europe's most densely
populated, overcrowded and unsanitary towns. Visitors were struck by the fact that the
various social classes shared the same urban space, even inhabiting the same tenement
buildings; although here a form of social segregation did prevail, whereby shopkeepers and
tradesmen tended to occupy the cheaper-to-rent cellars and garrets, while the more well-to-
do professional classes occupied the more expensive middle storeys.

During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Edinburgh was briefly occupied by the Jacobite "Highland
Army" before its march into England. After its eventual defeat at Culloden, there followed a
period of reprisals and pacification, largely directed at the rebellious clans. In Edinburgh, the
Town Council, keen to emulate London by initiating city improvements and expansion to the
north of the castle, reaffirmed its belief in the Union and loyalty to the Hanoverian monarch
George III by its choice of names for the streets of the New Town: for example, Rose Street and
Thistle Street; and for the royal family, George Street, Queen Street, Hanover Street, Frederick
Street and Princes Street (in honour of George's two sons).

In the second half of the century, the city was at the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment, when
thinkers like David Hume, Adam Smith, James Hutton and Joseph Black were familiar figures in
its streets. Edinburgh became a major intellectual centre, earning it the nickname "Athens of
the North" because of its many neo-classical buildings and reputation for learning, recalling
ancient Athens. In the 18th century novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker by Tobias
Smollett one character describes Edinburgh as a "hotbed of genius". Edinburgh was also a
major centre for the Scottish book trade. The highly successful London bookseller Andrew
Millar was apprenticed there to James McEuen.

From the 1770s onwards, the professional and business classes gradually deserted the Old
Town in favour of the more elegant "one-family" residences of the New Town, a migration that
changed the city's social character. According to the foremost historian of this development,
"Unity of social feeling was one of the most valuable heritages of old Edinburgh, and its
disappearance was widely and properly lamented."

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19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
Although Edinburgh's traditional industries of printing, brewing and distilling continued to
grow in the 19th century, and were joined by new rubber works and engineering works, there
was little industrialisation compared with other cities in Britain. By 1821, Edinburgh had been
overtaken by Glasgow as Scotland's largest city. The city centre between Princes Street and
George Street became a major commercial and shopping district, a development partly
stimulated by the arrival of railways in the 1840s. The Old Town became an increasingly
dilapidated, overcrowded slum with high mortality rates. Improvements carried out under
Lord Provost William Chambers in the 1860s began the transformation of the area into the
predominantly Victorian Old Town seen today. More improvements followed in the early 20th
century as a result of the work of Patrick Geddes, but relative economic stagnation during the
two world wars and beyond saw the Old Town deteriorate further before major slum
clearance in the 1960s and 1970s began to reverse the process. University building
developments which transformed the George Square and Potterrow areas proved highly
controversial.

Since the 1990s a new "financial district", including a new Edinburgh International Conference
Centre, has grown mainly on demolished railway property to the west of the castle, stretching
into Fountainbridge, a run-down 19th-century industrial suburb which has undergone radical
change since the 1980s with the demise of industrial and brewery premises. This ongoing
development has enabled Edinburgh to maintain its place as the United Kingdom's second
largest financial and administrative centre after London. Financial services now account for a
third of all commercial office space in the city. The development of Edinburgh Park, a new
business and technology park covering 38 acres (15 ha), 4 mi (6 km) west of the city centre, has
also contributed to the District Council's strategy for the city's major economic regeneration.

In 1998, the Scotland Act, which came into force the following year, established a devolved
Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive (renamed the Scottish Government since
September 2007). Both based in Edinburgh, they are responsible for governing Scotland while
reserved matters such as defence, taxation and foreign affairs remain the responsibility of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom in London.

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 2.2 EDINBURGH CASTLE
Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh,
Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock. Archaeologists have established human
occupation of the rock since at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the
early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of
David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the
15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally
used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national
heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various
restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half. As one of the
most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in
many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the
Jacobite Rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1100-year-old
history, giving it a claim to having been "the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of
the most attacked in the world".

Few of the present buildings pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, when the medieval
defences were largely destroyed by artillery bombardment. The most notable exceptions are
St Margaret's Chapel from the early 12th century, which is regarded as the oldest building in
Edinburgh,the Royal Palace and the early-16th-century Great Hall, although the interiors have
been much altered from the mid-Victorian period onwards. The castle also houses the Scottish
regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War
Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for
some parts of the castle, although its presence is now largely ceremonial and administrative.
Some of the castle buildings house regimental museums which contribute to its presentation
as a tourist attraction.

The castle, in the care of Historic Scotland, is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction,
with over 1.4 million visitors in 2013, and over 70% of leisure visitors to Edinburgh visiting the
castle.As the backdrop to the Edinburgh Military Tattoo during the annual Edinburgh
International Festival the castle has become a recognisable symbol of Edinburgh and of
Scotland.

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 2.3 MARY KING'S CLOSE
Mary King's Close is a historic close located under buildings on the Royal Mile, in the historic
Old Town area of Edinburgh, Scotland. It took its name from one Mary King, a merchant
burgess who resided on the Close in the 17th century. The close was partially demolished and
buried due to the building of the Royal Exchange in the 18th century, and later closed to the
public for many years. The area became shrouded in myths and urban legends; tales of
hauntings and murders abounded.

However, new research and archaeological evidence has revealed that Mary King's Close
actually consists of a number of closes which were originally narrow streets with tenement
houses on either side, stretching up to eight stories high. Mary King's Close is now operated as
a visitor attraction where guests can take guided tours and learn about Edinburgh's hidden
history.

2.4 OUR DYNAMIC EARTH

Dynamic Earth is a visitor attraction in Edinburgh, and also functions as a conference venue. It
is in the Holyrood area, beside the Scottish Parliament building and at the foot of Arthur's Seat.

The principal focus of Dynamic Earth is to facilitate a better public understanding of the
processes that have shaped the Earth (known as earth science). This includes the Big Bang,
abiogenesis, plate tectonics and glaciation.

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 2.5 THE NELSON MONUMENT
The Nelson Monument is a commemorative tower in honour of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson,
located in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated on top of Calton Hill, and provides a dramatic
termination to the vista along Princes Street from the west. The monument was built between
1807 and 1815 to commemorate Nelson's victory over the French and Spanish fleets at the
Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and his own death at the same battle. In 1853 a time ball was
added, as a time signal to shipping in Leith harbour. The monument was restored in 2009.

The Royal Navy's White Ensign and signal flags spelling out Nelson's famous message "England
expects that every man will do his duty" are flown from the Monument on Trafalgar Day each
year.

2.6 FIRTH OF FORTH

The Firth of Forth is the estuary (firth) of several Scottish rivers including the River Forth. It
meets the North Sea with Fife on the north coast and Lothian on the south.

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 3. THE CITY OF GLASGOW

Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third-largest in the United Kingdom. Historically
part of Lanarkshire, the city now forms the Glasgow City council area, one of the 32 council
areas of Scotland; the local authority is Glasgow City Council. Glasgow is situated on the River
Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as
"Glaswegians" or "Weegies". It is the fourth most visited city in the UK.

Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport
in Britain. Expanding from the medieval bishopric and royal burgh, and the later establishment
of the University of Glasgow in the fifteenth century, it became a major centre of the Scottish
Enlightenment in the eighteenth century. From the eighteenth century onwards, the city also
grew as one of Great Britain's main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America and the
West Indies.

With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the population and economy of Glasgow and the
surrounding region expanded rapidly to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of
chemicals, textiles and engineering; most notably in the shipbuilding and marine engineering
industry, which produced many innovative and famous vessels. Glasgow was the "Second City
of the British Empire" for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, although many
cities argue the title was theirs.

In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, Glasgow's population grew rapidly,

reaching a peak of 1,127,825 people in 1938. Comprehensive urban renewal projects in the
1960s, resulting in large-scale relocation of people to designated new towns; such as
Cumbernauld, Livingston, East Kilbride and peripheral suburbs, followed by successive
boundary changes, reduced the population of the City of Glasgow council area to an estimated
615,070, with 1,209,143 people living in the Greater Glasgow urban area. The wider
metropolitan area is home to over 1,800,000 people, equating to around 33% of Scotland's
population. The city has one of the highest densities of any locality in Scotland at 4,023/km2.

Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is also well known in the sporting world
for the football rivalry referred to as the Old Firm, between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also
known for the Glasgow patter, a distinct dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand
by those from outside the city.

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 3.1 AREAS AND SUBURBS

CITY CENTRE
The city centre is bounded by the High Street to the east, the River Clyde to the south and the
M8 motorway to the west and north, which was built through the Townhead, Charing Cross,
Cowcaddens and Anderston areas in the 1960s.

RETAIL AND THEATRE DISTRICT

The city centre is based on a grid system of streets on the north bank of the River Clyde. The
heart of the city is George Square, site of many of Glasgow's public statues and the elaborate
Victorian Glasgow City Chambers, headquarters of Glasgow City Council. To the south and west
are the shopping precincts of Argyle Street, Sauchiehall Street and Buchanan Street, the last
featuring more upmarket retailers and winner of the Academy of Urbanism "Great Street
Award" 2008. The collection of shops around these streets accumulate to become known as
"The Style Mile".

The main shopping centres are Buchanan Galleries and the St. Enoch Centre (located adjacent
to St Enoch Square), with the up-market Princes Square, which specifically features shops such
as Ted Baker, Radley and Kurt Geiger. The Italian Centre also specialises in designer labels. The
London-based department store Selfridges purchased a site in the city some years ago as part
of its plans to expand stores—plans now shelved, according to the company. Glasgow's retail
portfolio forms the UK's second largest and most economically important retail sector after
Central London.

The city centre is home to most of Glasgow's main cultural venues: the Theatre Royal
(performing home of Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet), the Pavilion Theatre, the King's
Theatre, Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow Film Theatre, Tron Theatre, Gallery of Modern
Art (GoMA), Mitchell Library and Theatre, the Centre for Contemporary Arts, McLellan
Galleries and the Lighthouse Museum of Architecture. The world's tallest cinema, the
eighteen-screen Cineworld, is situated on Renfrew Street. The city centre is also home to four
of Glasgow's higher education institutions: the University of Strathclyde, the Royal
Conservatoire of Scotland, Glasgow School of Art and Glasgow Caledonian University.

MERCHANT CITY
To the east is the commercial and residential district of Merchant City. The Merchant City was
formerly the residential district of the wealthy city merchants in the 18th and early 19th
centuries, particularly the Tobacco Lords from whom many of the streets take their name. As
the Industrial Revolution and the wealth it brought to the city resulted in the expansion of
Glasgow's central area westward, the original medieval centre was left behind. Glasgow Cross,
situated at the junction of High Street, Gallowgate, Trongate and Saltmarket was the original

14
centre of the city, symbolised by its Mercat cross. Glasgow Cross encompasses the Tolbooth
Clock Tower; all that remains of the original City Chambers, which was destroyed by fire in
1926. Moving northward up High Street towards Rottenrow and Townhead lies the 15th
century Glasgow Cathedral and the Provand's Lordship. Due to growing industrial pollution
levels in the mid-to-late 19th century, the area fell out of favour with residents.

From the late 1980s onwards, the Merchant City has been rejuvenated with luxury city centre
flats and warehouse conversions. This regeneration has supported an increasing number of
cafés and restaurants. The area is also home to a number of high end boutique style shops and
some of Glasgow's most upmarket stores.

The Merchant City is the centre of Glasgow's growing "cultural quarter", based on King Street,
the Saltmarket and Trongate, and at the heart of the annual Merchant City Festival. The area
has supported a huge growth in art galleries, the origins of which can be found in the late
1980s when it attracted artist-led organisations that could afford the cheap rents required to
operate in vacant manufacturing or retail spaces. The artistic and cultural potential of the
Merchant City as a "cultural quarter" was harnessed by independent arts organisations and
Glasgow City Council, and the recent development of Trongate 103, which houses galleries,
workshops, artist studios and production spaces, is considered a major outcome of the
continued partnership between both. The area also contains a number of theatres and concert
venues, including the Tron Theatre, the Old Fruitmarket, the Trades Hall, St. Andrew's in the
Square, Merchant Square, and the City Halls.

FINANCIAL DISTRICT (IFSD)

To the western edge of the city centre, occupying the areas of Blythswood Hill and Anderston,
lies Glasgow's financial district, known officially as the International Financial Services District
(IFSD), although often irreverently nicknamed by the contemporary press as the "square
kilometre" or "Wall Street on Clyde". Since the late 1980s the construction of many modern
office blocks and high rise developments have paved the way for the IFSD to become one of
the UK's largest financial quarters. With a reputation as an established financial services
centre, coupled with comprehensive support services, Glasgow continues to attract and grow
new business.

Of the 10 largest general insurance companies in the UK, 8 have a base or head office in
Glasgow — including Direct Line, Esure, AXA and Norwich Union. Key banking sector
companies have also moved some of their services to commercial property in Glasgow –
Resolution, JPMorgan Chase, Abbey, HBOS, Barclays Wealth, Tesco Personal Finance, Morgan
Stanley, Lloyds TSB, Clydesdale Bank, BNP Paribas, HSBC, Santander and the Royal Bank of
Scotland. The Ministry of Defence have several departments and Clydeport, the Glasgow Stock
Exchange, Student Loans Company, Scottish Executive Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong
Learning Department, BT Group, Scottish Friendly. Scottish Qualifications Authority and
Scottish Enterprise also have their headquarters in the district. Royal

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WEST END
Glasgow's West End is a bohemian district of cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket
hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of Kelvingrove Park, the University of Glasgow,
Glasgow Botanic Gardens and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, focused
especially on the area's main thoroughfare, Byres Road. The area is popular with tourists, and
contains many hotels.

The West End includes residential areas of Hillhead, Dowanhill, Kelvingrove, Kelvinside,
Hyndland, Broomhill, and, to an increasing extent, Partick. The name is also increasingly being
used to refer to any area to the west of Charing Cross. This includes areas such as Scotstoun,
Jordanhill, Kelvindale and Anniesland.

The West End is bisected by the River Kelvin, which flows from the Campsie Fells in the north
and confluences with the River Clyde at Yorkhill Quay.

The spire of Sir George Gilbert Scott's Glasgow University main building (the second largest
Gothic Revival building in Great Britain) is a major landmark, and can be seen from miles
around, sitting atop Gilmorehill. The university itself is the fourth oldest in the English-speaking
world. Much of the city's student population is based in the West End, adding to its cultural
vibrancy.

The area is also home to the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Hunterian Museum and Art
Gallery, Kelvin Hall International Sports Arena and the Henry Wood Hall (home of the Royal
Scottish National Orchestra although they generally perform at the Glasgow Royal Concert
Hall). Adjacent to the Kelvin Hall was the Museum of Transport, which reopened in 2010 after
moving to a new location on a former dockland site at Glasgow Harbour where the River Kelvin
flows into the Clyde. The new building is built to a design by Zaha Hadid. The West End
Festival, one of Glasgow's largest festivals, is held annually in June.

Glasgow is the home of the SECC, Great Britain's largest exhibition and conference centre. On
30 September 2013, a major expansion of the SECC facilities at the former Queen's Dock by
Foster and Partners officially opened – the 13,000 seat Hydro arena.

EAST END
The East End extends from Glasgow Cross in the City Centre to the boundary with North and
South Lanarkshire. It is home to the famous Glasgow Barrowland market, popularly known as
"The Barras", Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow Green, and Celtic Park, home of Celtic FC. Many
of the original sandstone tenements remain in this district. The East End was once a major
industrial centre, home to Sir William Arrol & Co., James Templeton & Co and William
Beardmore and Company. A notable local employer continues to be the Wellpark Brewery,
home of Tennent's Lager.

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The Glasgow Necropolis Cemetery was created by the Merchants House on a hill above the
cathedral in 1831. Routes curve through the landscape uphill to the 62-metre (203 ft) high
statue of John Knox at the summit. There are two late 18th century tenements in Gallowgate.
Dating from 1771 and 1780, both have been well restored. The construction of Charlotte
Street was financed by David Dale, whose former pretensions can be gauged by the one
remaining house, now run by the National Trust for Scotland. Further along Charlotte Street
there stands a modern Gillespie, Kidd & Coia building of some note. Once a school, it has been
converted into offices. Surrounding these buildings are a series of innovative housing
developments conceived as "Homes for the Future", part of a project during the city's year as
UK City of Architecture and Design in 1999.

East of Glasgow Cross is St Andrew's in the Square, the oldest post-Reformation church in
Scotland, built in 1739–1757 and displaying a Presbyterian grandeur befitting the church of the
city's wealthy tobacco merchants. Also close by is the more modest Episcopalian St Andrew's-
by-the-Green, the oldest Episcopal church in Scotland. The Episcopalian St Andrew's was also
known as the "Whistlin' Kirk" due to it being the first church after the Reformation to own an
organ.

Overlooking Glasgow Green is the façade of Templeton on the Green, featuring vibrant
polychromatic brickwork intended to evoke the Doge's Palace in Venice.

The extensive Tollcross Park was originally developed from the estate of James Dunlop, the
owner of a local steelworks. His large baronial mansion was built in 1848 by David Bryce, which
later housed the city's Children's Museum until the 1980s. Today, the mansion is a sheltered
housing complex.

The new Scottish National Indoor Sports Arena, a modern replacement for the Kelvin Hall, is in
Dalmarnock. The area was the site of the Athletes' Village for the 2014 Commonwealth Games,
located adjacent to the new indoor sports arena.

To the north of the East End lie the two massive gasometers of Provan Gas Works, which stand
overlooking Alexandra Park and a major interchange between the M8 and M80 motorways.
Often used for displaying large city advertising slogans, the towers have become an unofficial
portal into the city for road users arriving from the north and east.

The East End Healthy Living Centre (EEHLC) was established in mid-2005 at Crownpoint Road
with Lottery Funding and City grants to serve community needs in the area.

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SOUTH SIDE
Glasgow's South Side sprawls out south of the Clyde. The urban area includes some of Greater
Glasgow's most affluent suburbs such as Newton Mearns, Whitecraigs, Clarkston, Giffnock and
Thorntonhall, all of which are outside the city boundaries in East Renfrewshire. Newlands and
Dumbreck are examples of high-value residential districts within the city boundaries. There are
many areas containing a high concentration of sandstone tenements, examples being
Battlefield, Govanhill, Mount Florida and Shawlands. The large suburb of Pollokshields
comprises both a quiet western part with undulating tree-lined boulevards lined with
expensive villas, and a busier eastern part with a high-density grid of tenements and small
shops. The south side also includes some post-war housing estates of various sizes such as
Toryglen, Pollok, Castlemilk and Arden.

The towns of Cambuslang and Rutherglen were included in the City of Glasgow district from
1975 to 1996, but are now in the South Lanarkshire council area.

Although predominantly residential, the area does have several notable public buildings
including, Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Scotland Street School Museum and House for an Art
Lover; the Burrell Collection in Pollok Country Park; Alexander "Greek" Thomson's Holmwood
House villa; the National Football Stadium Hampden Park in Mount Florida (home of Queens
Park FC) and Ibrox Stadium (home of Rangers FC).

The former docklands site at Pacific Quay on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the
SECC, is the site of the Glasgow Science Centre and the new headquarters for BBC Scotland
and STV Group (owner of STV), which have relocated there to a new purpose built digital
media campus.

In addition, several new bridges spanning the River Clyde have been built or are currently
planned, including the Clyde Arc known by locals as the Squinty Bridge at Pacific Quay and
others at Tradeston and Springfield Quay.

The South Side also includes many public parks, including Linn Park, Queen's Park,
Bellahouston Park and Rouken Glen Park, and several golf clubs, including the championship
course at Haggs Castle. The South Side is also home to Pollok Country Park, which was
awarded the accolade of Europe's Best Park 2008. Pollok Park is Glasgow's largest park and the
only country park within the city boundaries.

Govan is a district and former burgh in the south-western part of the city. It is situated on the
south bank of the River Clyde, opposite Partick. It was an administratively independent Police
Burgh from 1864 until it was incorporated into the expanding city of Glasgow in 1912. Govan
has a legacy as an engineering and shipbuilding centre of international repute and is home to
one of two BAE Systems Surface Ships shipyards on the River Clyde and the precision
engineering firm, Thales Optronics. It is also home to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital,
one of the largest hospitals in the country, and the maintenance depot for the Glasgow
Subway system. The wider Govan area includes the districts of Ibrox, Kinning Park and
Cessnock.

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NORTH GLASGOW
North Glasgow extends out from the north of the city centre towards the affluent suburbs of
Bearsden, Milngavie and Bishopbriggs in East Dunbartonshire and Clydebank in West
Dunbartonshire. The area also contains some of the city's poorest residential areas. Possilpark
is one such district, where levels of unemployment and drug abuse continue to be above the
national average. Much of the housing in areas such as Possilpark and Hamiltonhill have fallen
into a state of disrepair in recent years.

This has led to large scale redevelopment of much of the poorer housing stock in north
Glasgow, and the wider regeneration of many areas, such as Ruchill, which have been
transformed; many run-down tenements have now been refurbished or replaced by modern
housing estates. Much of the housing stock in north Glasgow is rented social housing, with a
high proportion of high-rise tower blocks, managed by the North Glasgow Housing Association
trading as NG Homes and Glasgow Housing Association.

Maryhill consists of well-maintained traditional sandstone tenements. Although historically a

working class area, its borders with the upmarket West End of the city mean that it is relatively
wealthy compared to the rest of the north of the city, containing affluent areas such as
Maryhill Park and North Kelvinside. Maryhill is also the location of Firhill Stadium, home of
Partick Thistle F.C. since 1909. The junior team, Maryhill F.C. are also located in this part of
north Glasgow.

The Forth and Clyde Canal passes through this part of the city, and at one stage formed a vital
part of the local economy. It was for many years polluted and largely unused after the decline
of heavy industry, but recent efforts to regenerate and re-open the canal to navigation have
seen it rejuvenated.

Sighthill was home to Scotland's largest asylum seeker community but area is now regenerated
as part of Youth Olympic Games bid.

A huge part of the economic life of Glasgow was once located in Springburn, where the
Saracen Foundry, engineering works of firms like Charles Tennant and locomotive workshops
employed many Glaswegians. Indeed, Glasgow dominated this type of manufacturing, with
25% of all the world's locomotives being built in the area at one stage. It was home to the
headquarters of the North British Locomotive Company. Today part of the St. Rollox railway
works continues in use as a railway maintenance facility, all that is left of the industry in
Springburn.

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 4. SCOTTISH PEOPLE

The Scottish people, or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically,
they emerged from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who
founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century. Later, the neighbouring Celtic-
speaking Cumbrians, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons and Norse, were
incorporated into the Scottish nation.

In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic,
cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The Latin word Scoti originally
referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or
pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for Scottish people, primarily outside Scotland.
John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents the
descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and
affectionately referred to themselves as 'Scotch'. He states the book was meant to give a true
picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century.

People of Scottish descent live in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced
by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, Scottish participation in the British
Empire, and latterly industrial decline and unemployment, have resulted in Scottish people
being found throughout the world. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages
and culture. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and
South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish
descendants per capita in the world and the second-largest population of Scottish
descendants, after the United States.

Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history.
The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their respective origin myths, like most medieval
European peoples. Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th
century, while the Norse invaded and colonized parts of Scotland from the 8th century
onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was some
emigration from France, England and the Low Countries to Scotland. Some famous Scottish
family names, including those bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray and
Stewart came to Scotland at this time. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United
Kingdom, and the majority of people living there are British citizens.

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 4.1 ETHNIC GROUPS OF SCOTLAND
In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland saw several ethnic or cultural groups mentioned in
contemporary sources, namely the Picts, the Gaels, the Britons, and the Angles, with the latter
settling in the southeast of the country. Culturally, these peoples are grouped according to
language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included,
at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the
Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth
of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of
Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, Old English, was the earliest
form of the language which eventually became known as Scots.

Use of the Gaelic language spread throughout nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century,
reaching a peak in the 11th to 13th centuries, but was never the language of the south-east of
the country. King Edgar divided the Kingdom of Northumbria between Scotland and England;
at least, most medieval historians now accept the 'gift' by Edgar, in any case, after the later
Battle of Carham the Scottish kingdom encompassed many English people, with even more
quite possibly arriving after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. South-east of the Firth of
Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early
Scots, was spoken.

As a result of David I, King of Scots' return from exile in England in 1113, ultimately to assume
the throne in 1124 with the help of Norman military force, David invited Norman families from
France and England to settle in lands he granted them to spread a ruling class loyal to him. This
Davidian Revolution, as many historians call it, brought a European style of feudalism to
Scotland along with an influx of people of Norman descent - by invitation, unlike England
where it was by conquest. To this day, many of the common family names of Scotland can
trace ancestry to Normans from this period, such as the Stewarts, the Bruces, the Hamiltons,
the Wallaces, the Melvilles, some Browns and many others.

The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking (the west of Caithness
was Gaelic-speaking into the 20th Century, as were some small communities in parts of the
Central Highlands). From 1200 to 1500 the Early Scots language spread across the lowland
parts of Scotland between Galloway and the Highland line, being used by Barbour in his
historical epic The Brus in the late 14th century in Aberdeen.

From 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-
speaking "Highlanders" (the language formerly called Scottis by English speakers and known by
many Lowlanders in the 18th century as "Irish") and the Inglis-speaking "Lowlanders" (a
language later to be called Scots). Today, immigrants have brought other languages, but
almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language.

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 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh

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