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  • Ultrasonic Bolt Tension Measurement p2

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    Measurement of Bolt Tensin

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    Measurement of Bolt Tensin

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    17 vistas2 páginas

    Ultrasonic Bolt Tension Measurement p2

    Cargado por

    zoranmiskovic
    Measurement of Bolt Tensin

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Descargue como PDF o lea en línea desde Scribd
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    de 2
    Comparing Preparation and Calibration Techniques for ——— Ultrasonic Bolt Tension Measurement — Part 2 by: Dave Archer, President “Archetype Joint, LLC 140 Engetwood Dr., Suite D Orion, MI 48359 USA. ‘www archetypejointcom Test 2 - Calibration Linearity and Repeatability The bol elongation required fr calibration can be created “with either tensile or torgue inputs. The torque backers point to the fact that since torsion will be applied tothe bolt inthe actual joint, it only follows that it be calibrated in the same manner. While the tension erowd generally agrees that's true in theory, they will counter that the quantitative benefit is unclear and unless the actual nut member and the bearing surface/finish are used in the calibration, the simulation ben- efit i reduced. Also, asthe undershead and thread surfaces are disturbed, the calibrated bolts are generally not used for testing thus increasing the customer's cost ‘Tensile bol calibrations are nearly always performed in 2 universal test machine (ie, tensile tester or UTM). Torque based calibration ean also be performed in a UTM although the fxturing must be altered provide access fo the tool ap- plying the torque and fr resisting rotation. Another means of torque calibration, and the one that wil used in this tes, i in a tension load cell designed for fastener testing. Independent of what means ofealibration is used, the grip length ofthe test, setup must simulate the actual joint as this has adiret impact on the relationship between load and elongation. ‘Table I, introduced in Part | ofthis article and shown again belony summarizes the test plan developed for the MIO PC. 10. hex head cap serews tested Tn this test, the piezo sensor was always applied to the tail of the bolt, While the head is generally not a preferred tightening location when there is an option, inthis case it was done in an attempt to maximize torsional stress applied to the boll as this is one ofthe reasons sited for differences between tensile and torque-based calibration. Figure 1 and Figure 2 summarize the linearity and repeat- ability ofthe individual elibration plots by comparing them ro the best it line established by linear regression, The standard error ofthe estimate used asthe comparative basi of Figure 1 is the square root of the sum of the errors between the individual trace and the best-fit ine, The maximum ems the maxiraumn ‘excursion of any individual trace fiom the best fit line, tis common before performing a tensile test to “exercise” the setup, by tensioning it prior to performing the test or TABLE 1— TEST PLAN ‘Dojecive [Test 9 | Cai Method] Grip [ Finsh [OTT] Wieccoftmstlanae | Tee fot | me | Catron rearty | 2 ren | mt | eméae | a0 ‘ rae | toe | oom | ‘ rows | aoe | guns | 5 + seman | ime | ernine | 5 20 FestonerTechology IntnstonaiDcember 2007 This is the second and final installment of this examination of bolt preparation and calibration for ultrasonic bolt measurement. The first part, published in the last issue of this magazine, provided background on the subject and covered bolt preparation. Comparison of Std. Errors of the Es' Basa aan) Test ID Fig. 1 — Standard errors ofthe estimate for the nine test groups. Range of Maximum Error weastegsaue Maximum Error, % Asiana cme Test iD Fig. 2 — Maximum individual error readings ofeach test group. calibration. That was done on each ofthe tensile calibrations in this test As opposed to standard practice, the results of the preliminary tensioning were recorded and a calibration file created so thatthe calibration ofthe first ran could be ‘compared tothe cond to get insight inta the effectiveness of this practice. The results show that this preliminary tensioning oes appear to be of value, providing an average 12% decrease in Standard Error. The tensile calibration files used in all est, ‘comparisons were second runs. ‘Test 3 - Tension Measurement Error ‘While Test 1 and Test 2 looked a the impact of prepara tion and calibration techniques on calibration accuracy, tis test will measure the impact of those variables onthe tension ‘measurement accuracy, the real test deliverable. If the accuracy of a measurement is to be determined it must be compared against a standard. For this est, determining ‘what that standard should be used was not obvious. Because th tooling available for the UTM was not configured to allow torque-based elongation, the tensile and torque calibrated bolts ‘were calibrated to two different load standards—a UTM anda tension lond cell twas decided that all tension measurement readings for this test would be taken on the tension load ell used for creating the torque-based calibrations. Each of the bolts in all test groups were placed inthe load cell and bolt was turned manually until the desired load cell tension was reached. The tension readings from both the Joad cel and the ultrasonic channel were then recorded. The procedure was then repeated in tensioning the bolt to the next level. Three tension readings were taken for each of the bolts at 30 KN, 35 kN and 40 KN. One of the reasons these values ‘were chosen is tha the 40 KN reading is beyond the maximum tension at which the bolts were calibrated, providing the op- portunity to compare the accuracy of that reading to those within the calibration range. All bolts were calibrated to 36 KN, 75% of the bolt’ proof toad. ‘The results of measuring the difference between ultrasonic tension readings and those from a load cell are surnmarized in Figure 3. Self-calibration refers to using the individual calibra tion of each bolt as the basis for its conversion of elongation to tension. Average calibration means that all bolts within each group in Table 1 would use the same calibration, one that is the average of all the bolts within the same group that were calibrated individually. For example, in Group 4 in Table 1 five bolts were calibrated using the tensile method. Five additional bolts were sensored but never ealbrated. They converted elon- gation to tension based on a calibration file created by averaging the results ofthe five bolts that were calibrated, The result that stands out the most i the high error of the short grip length relative to the long grip, particularly for the ‘tensile calibrated groups. This is an area where it is possible that the test method influenced the results. As grip length decreases itis increasingly important that the grip established

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