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Arabic Linguistics
علم اللسانيات العربية • Presentations on Wednesday from Karin Ryding’s
book on verb patterns. The book is on reserve at the
Davis Library.
• We all read the chapter on Form I.
‐ 2 and 5 ‐ 3 and 6
‐ 4 and 7 ‐8
‐ 9 and 10
‐ 11‐15 and quadriliteral
Lecture #13
March 31st, 2014
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Morphology
• Morphology is the study of word structure and
word formation in human language.
Morphology • The main unit of analysis in morphology is the
morpheme, which is defined as “the minimal
unit of meaning or grammatical function in
the language”.
• So, …
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Morphology Derivational vs. Inflectional morphemes
• How many morphemes are there in “open”? • How about “reopened” then?
• One. That’s a monomorphemic or simple Right. Three morphemes: re‐, open, and ‐ed.
word. • Notice that while “re‐” and “open” have meanings,
“‐ed” has the grammatical function of signaling past
• How about “reopen”? tense.
• To distinguish between these morphemes, we say
• This has two units: “re‐” and “open”, forming a
that “open” is the root morpheme; “re‐” is a
multimorphemic or complex word.
derivational morpheme; and “‐ed” is an inflectional
morpheme.
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Not all morphemes are created equal:
some are free, and some are bound Root vs. Stem
• Another distinction between the three morphemes • To make a distinction between the indivisible
in “reopened” has to do with their ability to occur
alone in the language.
root of the word and other parts of the word
• So, while “open” can stand alone in English (e.g., I that have affixes combine with them, the term
want to open the door), “re‐” and “‐ed” are “stem” (or “base”) is used.
dependent morphemes; they cannot stand alone in • So, in the word “teachers,” while “teach” is
English (*I re‐ the door; *I ‐ed the door).
the root that combines with the affix ‐er,
• We call the former type free morphemes, and the
latter type bound morphemes. “teacher” is the base that combines with the
• Compare the status of the root in Arabic! plural affix ‐s.
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Representing multimorphemic words Morphological trees
• We can use tree diagrams to represent the internal • Similarly, for the word ‘unhappiness’:
structure of words such as teachers, where we can Noun
see the concatenation of morphemes to form words.
ru
Noun
ru Adjective Affix
Noun Affix ru |
ru | Affix Adjective ness
Verb Affix s | |
| | un happy
teach er
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Types of bound morphemes by position Types of bound morphemes by position
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Lexical vs. Grammatical morphemes Derivational morphemes
• Morphemes, whether free or bound, can also be • Derivation is an affixation process whereby a
categorized as either lexical or grammatical. word with a new meaning and typically a new
• Lexical morphemes have semantic content (e.g., category is formed.
nouns, verbs, adjectives, derivational affixes). They
are also called content words.
• The affixes involved in derivation are called
derivational morphemes.
• Grammatical morphemes serve a grammatical
function (e.g., articles, conjunctions, prepositions,
and inflectional affixes for plural, tense, case, etc.).
These are also called function words.
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Inflectional morphemes Suppletion
• Inflectional morphemes combine with a base • The “go‐went” example is an example of suppletion,
to change the grammatical function of the which is the replacement of a morpheme by an
base, e.g., entirely different morpheme to indicate a
grammatical contrast.
Inflectional affix Example
• Suppletive forms are found in many other languages:
plural -s book-s
French: aller “to go” ira “he/she will go”
3rd third person singular -s visit-s
Spanish: ir “to go” fue “he/she went”
comparative -er young-er Russian: xorofo “good” lutSSe “better”
• What is a case of suppletion in Arabic?
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Cliticization Reduplication
• Cliticization is a morphological operation that does not create
new words, but still combine two morphemes together in one • Reduplication is a grammatical operation that marks a
word. grammatical or semantic contrast by repeating all or part of the
• English shows cliticization in cases of contraction, e.g., base to which it applies.
I am I’m we have we’ve • Turkish and Indonesian exhibit full reduplication:
want to wanna Turkish: javaS “quickly” javaS javaS “very quickly”
• French and other Romance languages show cliticization with
pronouns, e.g., Indonesian: oraN “man” oraN oraN “all sorts of men”
Je t’aime. Suzanne les voit. • Tagalog exhibits partial reduplication (take the initial CV of the
I you‐like Suzanne them sees stem and repeat it at the beginning of the word):
“I like you.” “Suzanne sees them.” lakad “walk” lalakad “will walk”
• If the clitic follows its host morpheme, it is called an enclitic; if takbuh “run” tatakhuh “will run”
it precedes it, it is called a proclitic. • What are cases of reduplication in Arabic?
• What are cases of cliticization in Arabic?
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Arabic verb morphology Arabic verb morphology
• Arabic verbs inflect for aspect/tense: • They also inflect for mood:
‐ the perfect aspect/tense الماضي ‐ indicative المرفوع
‐ the imperfect aspect/tense المضارع ‐ subjunctive المنصوب
• They inflect for subject agreement in ‐ jussive المجزوم
‐ person: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd), • They can also host proclitics (e.g.,
‐ number (singular مُفرَ د, dual مُث ّنى, and plural )جَ مع, conjunctions) and enclitics (e.g., object
‐ gender (masculine مُذ َّكرand feminine )مُؤ َّنث. pronouns).
• For examples and conjugations, see class
handout.
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Arabic verb morphology Where classical morphology fails
ولكنھم سيسافرون،• ھم يدرسون اللغة العربية في ميدلبري • Suppose we try to do a classical morphological
.إلى عمان ويدرسونھا أكثر analysis of Arabic words, where would that
[wayadrusuunaha:] take us?
• How can we draw a morphological tree for
يكتبونor كتابة, for example?
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A different kind of morphology Roots and patterns
• The problem with languages like Arabic and • A root الجذرis a semantic abstraction, typically
similar Semitic languages is that their consisting of 3 consonants.
morphology is not concatenative for the most • A pattern الوزنis a ‘template’ for the root. A
part. pattern typically contains vowels (called the
• Hence we need a different kind of vocalic melody) and may also have prefixes
morphology, a non‐concatenative and suffixes.
morphology, which is frequently referred to as • The placement of a root into a template leads
root and pattern morphology. to word‐formation in Arabic.
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Arabic verb morphology َ َكت
Deriving the perfect active: َب
• The fundamental question in Arabic verbal
morphology is this:
How does a root make it all the way from a
semantic abstraction to a fully inflected
word?
• Prosodic morphology (McCarthy 1979)
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َ ُِكت
Deriving the perfect passive: ب Deriving Pattern II: فَ ﱠع َل
• Pattern II verbs are formed when C2 on the
root tier is linked to two C‐slots on the skeletal
tier.
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Verb classes Verb patterns أوزان الفعل
Regular الفعل الصحيح السالم • • On Wednesday, we talk about the verb
Geminate الفعل المضعّف • templates in the language.
Hamzated الفعل المھموز •
Assimilated الفعل المثال •
Hollow الفعل األجوف •
Defective/weak الفعل الناقص •
Doubly weak or mixed verb roots •
Quadriliteral الفعل الرباعي •
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Next class agenda
• Presentations on Verb Patterns from Ryding’s
book.
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