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This study examines early childhood preservice teachers’ beliefs about developmentally appropriate
practices (DAP) and how they define DAP and interpret principles and characteristics of DAP. The study
shows that early childhood preservice teachers possess relatively strong beliefs about DAP. Preservice
teachers who were further along in the teacher training program demonstrated stronger DAP beliefs
than teachers who had just begun the teacher training program. Similarly, teachers who had undergone
more field placements reported stronger beliefs about DAP. Teachers’ own definitions and principles
of developmentally appropriate/inappropriate practice were examined. Implications of the findings are
discussed for preparing teachers to implement appropriate practice.
3. What are the teachers’ own definition and In order to assess beliefs about DAP, the
principles of DAP? Teacher Beliefs Scale (TBS) was used. The TBS
was developed to assess the early childhood
Methods teachers’ beliefs and practices about DAP. TBS
was originally developed by Charlesworth, Hart,
Participants Burts, & Hernandez (1991) based on NAEYC
DAP guidelines published in 1986. Then, TBS has
A total of sixty-five early childhood been revised based on revised NAEYC guidelines.
preservice teachers participated in this study. TBS consists of thirty-seven items including
The participants enrolled in an early childhood one item that asks the amount of influence in
education program in a university located in planning and implementing instruction and thirty-
southeastern area in the United States. This six items related to twenty-two developmentally
teacher education program has a three-year appropriate and fourteen inappropriate beliefs
program that students enter as juniors and questions. DAP consisted of appropriate social,
complete at the end of a masters year. It is a appropriate individualization, appropriate literacy
highly structured sequence of courses, through activities, appropriate integrated curriculum
There was a statistically significant Kathy: DAP is all about looking at each
relationship between beliefs about music and child individually and seeing what they need and
number of practicum placements (n = 65, r what their strengths are, what their weaknesses
=.364, p = .003). It indicates that beliefs about are, what you should focus on? You always hear
DAP positively related to numbers of practicum about that it is needs to be culturally appropriate.
placements. The relationship between beliefs You need to look at where they are coming from
about DAP and length of practicum experience what their life is like outside of a school. It is age-
also found statistically significant (n = 64, r = appropriate. For what level they’re at, what their
.384, p = .002). This implies stronger beliefs ages- just individually looking at them as a person
about DAP is related to longer field experiences. because no teacher would be at the same place
and need to realize that in your classroom.”
Preservice teachers who had more field
placements for longer period displayed stronger Kathy: what children are interested in, what
beliefs about DAP. Previous studies have also they need to focus on, what teachers think it
demonstrated a relationship between field would be important for children as an individual.
experience (i.e., internship, apprenticeship) and
teacher beliefs (Housego, 1992; Hoy & Woolfolk, Sera and Amy had some similarities in their
1990; Tschannen-Moran et al., 1998). These definition, particularly pertaining to the provision
studies showed internship or apprenticeship of appropriate activities depending on children’s
has a significant influence on teacher beliefs. ability through a modification of difficulty level.
Particularly, the graduate students had completed
an internship and had taken more than 60 credits Sera: DAP is just a way to have an
in early childhood education coursework, appropriate practice in your classroom so that
including early childhood curriculum. Therefore, you’re applying activities and giving activities
graduate students had more opportunities to to students so that they are able to complete that.
gain DAP related knowledge and develop their They are easy enough for them to complete but
own beliefs about DAP than did the juniors and also difficult enough for them to be challenged
Appendix
Charlesworth, R., Hart, C. H., Burts, D.C., Thomasson R. H., Mosley, J., & Fleege, P. O. (1993).
Measuring the developmentally appropriateness of kindergarten teachers’ beliefs and practices. Early
Childhood Research Quarterly, 8, 255-276.
1. Rank the following (1-6) by the amount of influence you feel that each has on the way you
plan and implement instruction. (Please be sure to use each number only once.)
Parents _________
Parish or school system policy _________
Principal _________
Teacher (yourself) _________
State regulation _________
Other teachers _________
Directions: please respond to the following items by circling the number that most nearly
represents YOUR PERSONAL BELIEFS about the importance of that item in a kindergarten
program.
1 - Not imporant
5 - Extremely
2 - Not Very
Item
Important
Important
Important
Important
3 - Fairly
4 - Very
at all
5 - Extremely
2 - Not Very
Item
Important
Important
Important
Important
3 - Fairly
4 - Very
at all
As an evaluation technique in the kindergarten program,
4 1 2 3 4 5
performance on worksheets and workbooks is
It is for kindergarten activities to be responsive
5 1 2 3 4 5
to individual differences in interest.
It is for kindergarten activities to be responsive
6 1 2 3 4 5
to individual differences in development.
It is that each curriculum area be taught as
7 1 2 3 4 5
separate subjects at separate times.
It is for teacher-pupil interactions in kindergarten
8 to help develop children’s self-esteem and positive feelings 1 2 3 4 5
toward learning.
It is for children to be allowed to select many of
9 their own activities from a variety of learning areas that the 1 2 3 4 5
teacher has prepared (blocks, science center, etc.)
It is for children to be allowed to cut their own
10 shapes, perform their own steps in an experiment, and plan 1 2 3 4 5
their own creative drama, art, and writing activities.
It is for students to work silently and alone on
11 1 2 3 4 5
seatwork.
It is for kindergarteners to learn through active
12 1 2 3 4 5
exploration.
It is for kindergarteners to learn through
13 1 2 3 4 5
interaction with other children.
Workbooks and/or ditto sheets are to the
14 1 2 3 4 5
kindergarten program.
Flashcards (numbers, letters, and/or words) are to
15 1 2 3 4 5
the kindergarten program for instructional purposes.
The basal reader is to the kindergarten reading
16 1 2 3 4 5
program.
In terms of effectiveness, it is for the teacher to
17 talk to the whole group and make sure everyone participates 1 2 3 4 5
in the same activity.
In terms of effectiveness, it is for the teacher to
move among groups and individuals, offering suggestions,
18 1 2 3 4 5
asking questions, and facilitating children’s involvement
with materials and activities.
5 - Extremely
2 - Not Very
Item
Important
Important
Important
Important
3 - Fairly
4 - Very
at all
It is for teachers to use their authority through
19 treats, stickers, and/or stars to encourage appropriate 1 2 3 4 5
behavior.
It is for teachers to use their authority through
20 punishments and/or reprimands to encourage appropriate 1 2 3 4 5
behavior.
It is for children to be involved in establishing
21 1 2 3 4 5
rules for the classroom.
It is for children to be instructed in recognizing
22 1 2 3 4 5
the single letters of the alphabet, isolated from words.
23 It is for children to color within predefined lines. 1 2 3 4 5
It is for children in kindergarten to form letters
24 1 2 3 4 5
correctly on a printed line.
It is for children to have stories read to them
25 1 2 3 4 5
individually and/or on a group basis.
26 It is for children to dictate stories to the teacher. 1 2 3 4 5
It is for children to see and use functional print
(telephone books, magazines, etc.) and environmental print
27 1 2 3 4 5
(cereal boxes, potato chip bags, etc.) in the kindergarten
classroom.
28 It is for children to participate in dramatic play. 1 2 3 4 5
29 It is for children to talk informally with adults. 1 2 3 4 5
It is for children to experiment with writing by
30 1 2 3 4 5
inventing their own spelling.
It is to provide many opportunities to develop
31 1 2 3 4 5
social skills with peers in the classroom.
32 It is for kindergarteners to learn to read. 1 2 3 4 5
In the kindergarten program, it is that math be
33 1 2 3 4 5
integrated with all other curriculum areas.
In teaching health and safety, it is to include a
34 1 2 3 4 5
variety of activities throughout the school year.
In the classroom setting, it is for the children to
35 1 2 3 4 5
be exposed to multicultural and nonsexist activities.
36 It is that outdoor time has planned activities. 1 2 3 4 5
37 Input from parents is . 1 2 3 4 5